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A MANUAL 



OF 



HOMCEOPATHIC 



VETERINARY PRACTICE: 



DESIGNED FOR 



3ij; 



HORSES, 

ALL KINDS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 

AND FOWLS; 



PRESCRIBING THEIR PROPER TREATMENT WHEN INJURED OR DISEASED, AND THEIR 
PARTICULAR CARE AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH. 



BOFRICKE & TAFEL:i 

NEW YORK: PHILADELPHIA: 

No. 145 Grand Street. No. 635 Arch Street. 

1 8 7 3. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, 

By BOERICKE & TAFEL, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



SHERMAN & CO., PRINTERS. 



1 1 f 



PREFACE. 



The design of the present work is twofold, — including, as it does, the 
whole care of domestic animals in health and in sickness. The first part, 
therefore, relates to the choice, feeding, training, and breeding of the ani- 
mals and fowls useful to man ; while the second part describes the various 
forms of disease and different casualties to which these animals are liable, 
designates the principal remedies and their chief indications, and suggests 
the proper dietetic and accessory treatment. But to these two general 
divisions is added a third, the Materia Medica, apparently secondary to 
the latter, but iu reality no less important. 

The superior care bestowed in Great Britain upon each class of domestic 
animals, the remarkable perfection attained in the culture of horses, and 
more especially of sheep and horned cattle, and the consequent high value 
set upon them when imported into this country, have induced us to em- 
body in the first part of this work the substance of a recent publication — 
"Veterinary Homoeopathy" — by Messrs. Leath and Ross, of London. 
Much that is contained in this section is indeed more applicable to Eng- 
land than to America ; but we have preferred to present it as a whole, in 
order that our readers may be enabled, as far as possible, to profit by the 
longer continued studies, more particular attention and greater experience 
of our transatlantic cousins. 

For the same reasons we have freely availed ourselves of the descriptions 
of disease furnished by the above-mentioned work. To these have been 
added much valuable matter from the writings of Messrs. Moore and 
Lord ; much also that has been gleaned from homoeopathic literature in 
general, aud that has not heretofore been incorporated into any manual of 
veterinary practice. Indeed the entire range of homoeopathic periodical 
literature, as well of this country as of Great Britain, has been explored 
in order to enrich this work with authentic accounts of the homoeopathic 

( vii ) 



Vlll PREFACE. 

treatment of veterinary disorders. But, for reasons already given, the 
English journals have proved more fruitful in such material than our own.. 
In the same spirit, also, we have carefully scanned the principal works on 
veterinary homoeopathic practice already published, both in the German 
and in the English language. From the writings of Gunther, Gooday, 
Trager, Boehm, Jackner, and Schwabe, in addition to those already re- 
ferred to, much valuable assistance has been derived. And in quoting, we 
have always preferred the exact language of the author, whether mentioned 
by name or not. In this division it has been a principal object to lay be- 
fore our readers authoritative accounts of the different diseases, and for 
this purpose frequent use has been made of the works of allopathic veteri- 
narians, to which reference has usually been made in the margin. 

Much valuable matter, especially relative to the more recent forms of 
disease, obtained from independent and original sources, is now for the first 
time included in a Homoeopathic Veterinary Practice. In this class may 
be reckoned the accounts of the European and American Binderpests, and 
especially that of the Epidemic Catarrh, or Horse Distemper, of 1872. 
The account of this last, at once entirely new and perfectly reliable, and 
of its successful homoeopathic treatment, as here related, is believed to be 
richly worth the whole cost of the work to every owner of horses. 

Another important feature of this second portion of the work deserving 
to be instanced here, consists in the very full details of what may be termed 
surgical diseases and casualties, such as sprains, splints, spavin, lameness, 
&c. In this connection we have made free use of the labors of Colonel 
Fitzwygram, an English cavalry officer, and the author of a valuable 
(allopathic) work, "Horses and Stables," which is frequently quoted in 
the following pages, and from which many impoitant illustrations have 
been borrowed. In these surgical diseases the homoeopathic treatment is 
usually alike simple and successful when once the particular affection, or 
its exact location, has been determined. And it is believed that the pages 
devoted to furnishing ample means for making such an exact determina- 
tion and particular diagnosis of evident unsoundness in horses, will greatly 
enhance the value of this work. 

It seems proper to refer, in this place, also, to the new remedies now for 
the first time introduced into a manual of veterinary practice. Among 
these may be mentioned Cimicifuga for chorea and rheumatic affections ; 
Gelseminum for rheumatism ; Glonoine for diseases of the brain, sunstroke 
especially ; Phytolacca, specific for garget, and invaluable for rheumatic 



PREFACE. IX 

and throat affections ; and last, although by no means the least, Carbolic 
acid, indispensable in glanders and every variety of zymotic disorders and 
parasitic skin diseases, useful also in malignant fevers, in putrid affections 
of the fauces, and in gangrenous ulcerations — employed internally and ex- 
ternally. The curative action of this truly homoeopathic remedy, as re- 
corded in the present work, marks a new era in veterinary practice. 

Of the third, or Materia Medica, portion of this work, little more needs 
to be said here than merely to invite attention to its value and importance. 
To the preceding pathological and therapeutical division, it fully corre- 
sponds, presenting at length the characteristic symptoms by which the 
remedies are made capable of curing the disorders therein portrayed. But 
this third section does more than thus correspond to the second; for so 
complete is the statement given here of the specific effects of the medicines, 
that by means of a thorough study and knowledge of this section, the vet- 
erinarian may become prepared to treat with equal confidence and success 
varieties of disease either entirely new or not described in the present work. 

In conclusion, we tender our hearty thanks to those who have supple- 
mented our experience with their own, both with the new remedies and 
with the new forms of disease. From all these sources, from previous vet- 
erinary works, from homoeopathic literature, from facts and recorded ex- 
perience communicated by friends in different parts of the country and 
supplied by our own administration of homoeopathic remedies to domestic 
animals for more than twenty years, we have endeavored to prepare a 
work which should be at once easily useful, practically valuable, and, 
above all, perfectly reliable. If these essentials shall prove to have been 
secured, we can trust a generous public to excuse, for the present at least, 
unavoidable imperfections and apparent deficiencies. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Preface, . f ;. # . . vii 

List of Kemedies, xv 

CHAPTER I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Advantages of homoeopathic treatment of domestic animals — Object and 
plan of the present work — Preventive treatment — Examination of 
animals — Pulse of different animals — Diet of animals during treat- 
ment — Form of the medicines — Potency — Dose — Rules for repetition 
and suspension of the dose — Exceptional cases, „ . .17 

CHAPTER IL 

Of the Choice, Training, Breeding, Feeding, Accessory Treatment, and 

General Management of Domestic Animals and Fowls, 39 

CHAPTER III. 

Affections of the Head, Eyes, Nose, and Mouth, .. 163 

CHAPTER IV. 

Catarrhal Diseases, and Disorders Affecting or Connected with the Re- 
spiratory Apparatus. (Including the Horse Distemper of 1872), . 205 

CHAPTER Y. 
Disorders of the Nervous System, . .,.;.... 285 

CHAPTER VI. 

Diseases of the Digestive Apparatus, , 297 

(xi) 



Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER VII. 

Inflammation in General — Simple, Irritative, Inflammatory Fever — 

Typhoid, Typhus, and Milk Fever, 338 

CHAPTER VIII. 
Eruptive Fevers and Cutaneous Disorders, 364 

CHAPTER IX. 
Affections of the Urinary Organs, 393 

CHAPTER X. 
Diseases Affecting the Organs of Generation, 410 

CHAPTER XI. 
Affections of Limbs and Extremities, , 429 

CHAPTER XII. 

r 

Lameness — Sprains — Rheumatism — Myalgia — Injuries — Wounds— Sup- 
purations — Abscesses and Ulcers, 4G1 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Wounds — Abscesses — Ulcers (continued), 484 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Miscellaneous Disorders, 506 

CHAPTER XV. 

MATERIA MEDIC A. 

Specific Effects and Characteristic Symptoms of the Remedies, . . 536 

List of Remedies, 537 

Table of Analogous Remedies, . . . . . . . 644 

Glossary, 648 

Istdex, 653 



LIST OF REMEDIES MENTIONED IN THIS WORK, 

WITH THE DECIMAL POTENCIES IN WHICH THEY ARE RECOMMENDED 
TO BE EMPLOYED, AND IN WHICH THEY ARE PUT TIP IN THE 
ACCOMPANYING BOXES. 

[N.B.— stands for mother tincture.] 



Aconite O and 3. 

Agaricus m. 6. 

Ammonium carbonicum 6. 

Ammonium causticum O and 3. 

Antimonium crudum 3. 

Apis mellifica 6. 

Arnica m. O and 3. 

Arsenicum album 6. 

Asafoetida 3. 

Aurum mur. 6. 

Baryta carb. 6. 

Belladonna 3. 

Borax venet. 6. 

Bromine 3. 

Bryonia alba 3. 

Calcarea carb. 6. 

Calcarea phos. 6. 

Calendula O and 3. 

Cannabis 3. 

Cantharis 3. 

Carbolic acid O and 2. 

Carbo veg. 6. 

Causticum 6. 

Chamomilla 3. 

China officinalis 3. 

Cicuta virosa 3. 

Cimicifuga rac. 3. 

Cina 3. 

Cocculus indicus 3. 



Colchicum aut. 3. 
Colocynth 3. 
Conium mac. 3. 
Crocus sativus 3. 
Cuprum acet. 6. 
Digitalis 3. 
Drosera 3. 
Dulcamara 6. 
Euphrasia offi. 3. 
Ferrum mur. 6. 
Gelseminum 3. 
Glonoine 6. 
Graphites 6. 
Hamamelis O and 3. 
Helleborus n. 3. 
Hepar s. c. 6. 
Hydrastis c. O and 3. 
Hyoscyamus 3. 
Hypericum O and 3. 
Ignatia a. 3. 
Ipecacuanha 3. 
Kali bichromicum 3. 
Kali carbonicum 6. 
Kali sulphuretum 6. 
Kreosote 3. 
Lachesis 12. 
Ledum p. 3. 
Lycopodium 12. 
Mercurius corros. 6. 



( xv ) 



XVI 



LIST OF REMEDIES MENTIONED IN THIS WORK. 



Mercurius jod. 6. 
Mercurius vivus. 6. 
Mezereum d. 6. 
Millefolium 3. 
Muriatis acidum 6. 
Natrum muriaticurn 6. 
Nitri acidum 6. 
Kux vomica 3» 
Opium 3. 
Petroleum 6. 
Phosphorus 3. 
Phosphori acidum 3. 
Phytolacca decandra 3. 
Platina 6. 
Podophyllum p. 3. 
Pulsatilla 3. 
Bhus tox. O and 3, 



Euta gr. 3. 

Sabina 3. 

Sarsaparilla &. 

Secale c. 3. 

Sepia 6. 

Silicea 6. 

Spigelia 3. 

Spongia 3. 

Squilla 3. 

Staphysagria 3. 

Sulphur 6. 

Sulphuris acidum 3. 

Symphytum offi. O and 3, 

Tartar emetic 6. 

Terebinth 3. 

Thuja oc. 3. 

Yeratrum alb. 3. 



VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 



CHAPTER I. 

INTEODUCTION. 

ADVANTAGES OF HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS — OBJECT AND 
PLAN OP THE PRESENT "WORK — PREVENTIVE TREATMENT — EXAMINATION OF 
ANIMALS — PULSE OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS — DIET OF ANIMALS DURING TREAT- 
MENT — FORM OF THE MEDICINES— POTENCY — DOSE — RULES FOR REPETITION 
AND SUSPENSION OF THE DOSE — EXCEPTIONAL CASES. 

1. Advantages of Homoeopathic Treatment of Domestic Animals. 

— The superior advantages of the homoeopathic treatment of diseases of 
horses and other animals may be summed up in a few words : 

Ease of Administration. — The doses being small and tasteless can be 
placed in the mouth of the patient with the greatest facility ; or it can 
be induced to take them in a variety of ways without difficulty — in its 
food, or drink, or on a little sugar, which is equally grateful to almost 
every domestic animal ; or the medicine may be mixed with a little 
water, and with a spoon, or horn, or glass prepared for that purpose, 
easily introduced into the mouth ; or combined with milk, or meal, it 
will be speedily taken up by poultry and small animals. 

Saving in the Cost of Medicines. — As the doses are smaller, so also 
are they less expensive ; and in many instances this saving is very great. 

Saving in Vital Strength. — This is a still more important item. The 
doses being less in size, their effect is not at all prostrating. When the 
animals have recovered from their first disorder, they are not obliged 
to spend in addition an equal or still greater amount of time in recov- 
ering from the debilitating effects of violent remedies — from some of 
which, indeed, such as calomel in drachm doses, they never can recover. 
Many working and pleasure-horses and cattle can be daily employed 
while taking homoeopathic medicines for a variety of minor affections ; 

2 (17) 



18 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

when, under the influence of the large doses of the ordinary treatment, 
they would be obliged to remain idle. 

Saving of Life. — Barbarous and destructive as the allopathic treat- 
ment of human disorders is, its application to domestic animals, as 
usually made, is still more cruel and fatal. Many horses are annually 
destroyed by the old-fashioned practice, which would have recovered if 
simply let alone, and many others die of disorders that readily yield to 
homoeopathic medication. In this connection it will be sufficient to 
point to the acknowledged universal success of the homoeopathic treat- 
ment whenever tried in the late epizootic. Every sound horse that was 
treated homoeopathically recovered ; while thousands of others, equally 
sound before the attack of this epidemic, were sacrificed to the old- 
school veterinary practice. 

Simplicity of Treatment. — From the ease with which the remedies 
may be administered, from the comparative minuteness of the dose, 
from the innocuous character of the medicines in the quantities recom- 
mended, and from the fact that each one is to be given by itself — no 
two or more remedies ever being mixed together in one prescription — 
from all these circumstances it results that the homoeopathic treatment 
is exceedingly simple. Thus it can in a short time be learned and 
employed, with a success far superior to that of the best allopathic 
veterinary practice, by persons of not more than ordinary education 
and hitherto inexperienced, who will faithfully observe the rules laid 
down in this book for the examination of the sick and for the selection 
of the appropriate remedy. While those who have before made use of 
the large-dose method are delighted with the greater ease and certainty 
of their cures, and with the increased success which invariably attends 
their careful adoption of the new system. 

Finally : The Homoeopathic Veterinary Practice is Most Thorough 
and Radical. — By the use of gentle means nature is guided or rather 
stimulated to action in her own way, and her natural instinct toward 
recovery is promoted — being neither thwarted by opposing influences 
nor diverted into other courses by violent remedies. Thus it happens 
that the homoeopathic cures are real, and not, as is too often the case in 
the old practice, merely the delusive seasons of quiet which intervene 
between the suppression of the former disorders and the appearance of 
the still more serious diseases which are sure, presently, to follow. 
Under the allopathic practice it is well known that men and other 
animals alike either acquire an increased disposition to the same par- 
ticular forms of disease, such as pleurisy or rheumatism, for which they 
were treated, or become much more liable to disease in general, in con- 



INTRODUCTION. 19 

sequence of the severe drug-medication to which they have been sub- 
jected. While under the homoeopathic treatment men and other 
animals alike become less and less liable to the attacks of particular 
forms of disease, and less subject to disease in general ; because they 
are here thoroughly and radically cured in harmony with the true 
physiological laws of their being. 

2. Preliminary Remarks. — It is not a little favorable to the gener- 
alization of homoeopathic treatment, that it has been first very exten- 
sively employed and approved upon the human species before the 
method has so universally been adopted in the management of inferior 
animals ; and as the general features and manifestations of disease are 
approximately similar in all the higher grades of animal life, the ex- 
perience already derived from human complaints is available in de- 
scending to the subordinate races. The great feature of homoeopathic 
science, moreover, consisting in a thorough research respecting the 
nature and characteristic operation of every drug employed against 
disease, enables us to generalize the rules or symptomatic indications 
for the selection of the remedy, and to extend them to all the varieties 
of domestic animals ; viz., the horse, ass, and mule, the ox and cow, 
the sheep, goat, pig, dog, poultry, &c. 

The first exception to this general rule arises from the peculiarity of 
'particular complaints to a particular species. 

The second exception does not apply to the selection of the remedy, 
but to the quantity which should be employed, which holds good of 
different ages as well as of different species. The treatment of the same 
disease, when all are alike subject to it, will therefore be reduced under 
one head; and the distinctions between the treatment of different 
animals will constitute separate sections only. 

The accessory treatment of each species will, however, differ in detail; 
and it will be necessary to devote brief separate sections to the particular 
method of managing each species. Inasmuch, however, as the purpose 
of this work is more especially the remedial treatment of disease (as its 
compass is necessarily circumscribed) — as there are already elaborate 
works devoted to the method of breeding, rearing, feeding, and man- 
aging cattle, and as these matters are already familar to most of our 
readers — we shall not occupy too much space with matters of this kind. 

3. The General Plan of the Work.— In order to bring each de- 
partment of the management of domestic animals distinctly and sepa- 
rately before the reader's attention : 



20 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Firstly, the general treatment of all animals (apart from the employ- 
ment of medicinal agents against disease) has been concentrated within 
one general portion of the work, wherein have been included directions 
for the choice breeding, rearing, feeding, and general management of 
horses, cows, oxen, sheep, dogs, pigs, goats, mules, &c, poultry, ducks, 
geese, turkeys, pigeons, &c, &c. 

The general indices of age, health, soundness, and the like, have 
been stated : 

The construction of buildings adapted to various animals has been 
described ; 

And the precautionary treatment has been considered. 

Secondly, the just discrimination of the particular nature of disease 
amongst the inferior animals being particularly difficult, owing to the 
absence of any means of distinguishing particular sensations, &c, and 
inasmuch as homoeopathic treatment is dependent solely upon the 
nature of the symptoms and their conditions, and not upon the nominal 
classification of disease, a part of this work has been devoted exclu- 
sively to the consideration of the specific operation of certain medica- 
ments, as exemplified by careful and elaborate provings, so that when 
any doubt exists as to the nature of the disease, the appropriate treat- 
ment may be clearly indicated by consideration of symptoms as ex- 
hibited by the pulse, skin, and external surface generally, eyes, nose, 
and nostrils, muzzle, mouth, teeth, gums, and throat, ears and horns, 
body, flanks, back, and belly, extremities generally, excrement and 
urine, breath, pulse, movements, &c, &c. 

The article on the " Specific Effects of the Remedies " thus becomes 
the guide for the choice of the remedy, even when the nature of the 
disease has been thoroughly ascertained. 

Thirdly, the nature and treatment of the diseases incidental to the 
inferior animals have been enlarged upon, so as to afford the reader 
every assistance in distinguishing between them ; and the whole of the 
remedies, which have been homoeopathically and successfully employed 
in each instance, have been briefly recited, with injunctions to refer to 
the article on the specific action of the medicaments so enumerated, for 
the selection of that whose specific medicinal operation is most closely 
analogous to the manifestations of disease. 

Thus it will be seen that this work, subsequent to this introduction, 
naturally divides itself into three distinct, yet mutually co-operating 
parts : the first relating to the care of domestic animals in health ; the 
second describing the principal forms of disease, accidents, and injuries 
to which they are liable, and the third containing the Materia Medica, 



INTRODUCTION. 21 

or account of the remedies, with the characteristic symptoms which 
indicate their adaptation to particular cases. Under each form of dis- 
ease will be presented first the medicines which experience shows to 
be most useful, and which are most remarkably indicated by their 
symptoms for those disorders. And the most prominent special indi- 
cations of each of these remedies for that particular form of disorder 
will be at the same time subjoined. 

In addition will be presented the names of other less prominent 
remedies, which have been employed, or may be indicated in the form 
of disease under consideration, and with respect to each of which the 
reader is referred to the Materia Medica for the particular indications 
which should authorize its employment in the case in hand. To the 
same treasury of the Materia Medica the reader is also referred always, 
even with respect to remedies, of which some characteristic indications 
are given under the head of "Treatment" in this therapeutical portion of 
the work. The object being to encourage and assist the reader to find 
in the Materia Medica a remedy, whose symptoms shall present the 
counterpart of those which are given in his patient's case. And the 
descriptions of the different forms of disease are thus seen to serve as 
a medium by which he may the more readily find in the Materia 
Medica the remedy exactly suited to his case. And the list of medi- 
cines subjoined to each form of disease, as well those with indications 
annexed as those without, must be looked upon in the light of a reper- 
tory or index to the Materia Medica for that particular disorder. By 
pursuing this course, carefully gaining an account of the actual con- 
dition of the patient, in the manner hereinafter to be described, and 
then finding, by the help of the therapeutical part of the work, the 
remedy in the Materia Medica which most exactly corresponds to his 
case, the veterinarian will be enabled to make cures quickly, easily, 
and certainly. And he will, by such study and comparison of the 
various remedies set down in the Materia Medica, acquire a practical 
knowledge of their respective virtues and powers, so that eventually 
he will as quickly and as surely know from his own knowledge what 
medicine will be required in any case which is presented for his advice, 
as the carpenter knows, without study or stopping to think for a 
moment even, whether he needs to use a saw or a hammer, a plane 
or a chisel. The medicines are the tools with which the physician 
works ; instruments with whose use he becomes familiar by study and 
experience. 

In the Materia Medica portion of the work will be found the char- 
acteristic symptoms of the remedies as respects various parts of the 



22 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

animal body, and a condensed clinical summary of the most important 
medicines is also added. 

4. Of Preventive Treatment. — This is a consideration to which it 
is especially desired to call the reader's attention, and it should be 
borne in mind that, whenever a remedy is stated to be directly specific, 
it is also understood to be effectually preventive. Homoeopathy alone 
can boast of the power of averting sickness, whilst it possesses the only 
direct and certain means of cure when disease has already accrued. 
But inasmuch as it is far better to avert it, if possible, when any dis- 
ease is observed to attack many animals at once in one or more locali- 
ties, or when it is observed to be communicated from one animal to 
another, the specific and preventive remedy will not be applied in 
vain. 

Thousands of valuable animals are sacrificed every year to the rav- 
ages of endemic, or epidemic, or contagious diseases, and the owners 
never dream of seeking to prevent the induction of disease in sound 
animals, or to modify its virulence should it occur. They rest satisfied 
with having recourse to a few mischievous nostrums when disease has 
already done irreparable mischief to the animal. The homoeopathist, 
however, will move in advance of the scourge, and the most severe of 
the epidemic diseases of cattle, such as murrain, abortion (in its epi- 
demic sense), &c, yield with astonishing certainty to his precautionary 
measures. Homoeopathy is destined to make a greater stride in the 
promotion of veterinary science than that which has already signalized 
its adoption in the treatment of human disease. 

5. The Examination of Animals for the Detection of Disease. — 
The most casual observer may notice that something is wrong with a 
horse or other domestic animal, and still be unable to make such an 
examination as shall discover exactly what the trouble is. The fol- 
lowing hints will show how this examination should be conducted ; 
and in this and in the succeeding section sufficient data will be given 
to enable any one to point out what parts or organs are affected, and 
to determine in what respect, if any, and to what degree, the animal is 
diseased. 

Firstly. Disease is distinguishable in animals by a change or irregu- 
larity in the general habits, such as those of rest and motion, of temper 
and of appetite. For instance, it does not follow because the animal is 
quiet that it is in sound health ; for, on the contrary, if the animal be 
habitually restive, the sudden suspension of vice itself would become 



INTRODUCTION. 23 

an indication of derangement ; or, in the case of a horse, an impatience 
not customary with him during grooming, the snatching and starting 
of the foot when the pastern or fetlock-joint is touched, or when the 
hoof is examined, are all indications that he suffers from some injury 
or indisposition. Peculiar timidity is a very common effect of de- 
rangement with animals of all kinds ; when, therefore, an animal ap- 
pears frightened at the approach of those who usually attend upon it, 
there is reason to believe that constitutional derangement exists. 

Secondly. Having ascertained, from any change or irregularity, as 
above described, in the habits of the animal, that there is derangement 
of some kind or other, we must next proceed to mark the details of 
such manifestation of derangement ; namely, the particular symptoms, 
whether local or constitutional ; and from the consideration of the in- 
dications present, and of the anterior circumstances, we may possibly 
also be able to trace the cause, and thereby to judge more positively of 
the features of the case. 

Constitutional Symptoms. — As in the cases of human beings, our at- 
tention is directed to the pulse and to the beatings of the heart, which 
are the truest indices to the condition of the vascular system ; we ob- 
serve the mouth, the state of the tongue, gums, the dilation, discharge, 
or burning dryness of nostrils, &c. ; we examine the eyes, from which 
we may most easily deduce the symptoms connected with the cerebral 
system — whether from the expansion or contraction of the pupils, the 
convulsive distortion or savage fierceness of the eye — whether the eye 
is sunken or protruded, and what (if any) be the irregularity in color ; 
the increase or decrease of natural heat, whether general throughout 
the frame or confined to the extremities, or to particular parts ; we en- 
deavor to distinguish the part from which the animal suffers most, 
which we may observe by its kicking at such part or endeavoring to 
touch it with the nose, snout, or tongue, or by lashing with its tail, as 
also by its avoiding contact, and being timid of our approach to the 
part so affected ; we observe the skin, which is frequently an important 
index of disease, as to the condition of the hair or fur, the sensitiveness 
to the touch and any inequalities of surface ; and frequently, also, in 
animals which have little covering on the skin, as to the discoloration, 
which is invariably an unhealthy sign. The hair of the horse, especi- 
ally in summer, should lie close to the skin, and be smooth and glossy; 
when rough, and standing on end, it is indicative of derangement. We 
should also remark the respiration, with respect to foulness, frequency, 
equality, or inequality, facility or evident impediment, emission of 
sound, hoarseness or whistling ; as also the sounds expressive of suffer- 



24 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

ing emitted by the animal. We should seek an occasion to notice the 
process of feeding, for instances in which animals wholly abstain from 
food are very rare; and we judge of the state of the digestive apparatus 
rather from the apparent relish, distaste, or daintiness with which the 
food is sought, and from the facility or difficulty of deglutition, than 
from the absolute absence of appetite. We examine the nature of the ex- 
crements and urine, the former being characterized in the horse by being 
detached in small and imperfect quantities, bullety, dry, and of a light 
color during inflammatory action ; whereas they are copious and slimy in 
the majority of cases of a low, depressed, or typhoid character. The gen- 
eral aspect of the animal should be remarked and considered relatively 
to age, temperament, particular species — whether male or female — the 
general circumstances, and the particular forerunning circumstances. 
In the cases of ruminating animals, especially horned cattle, the car- 
riage and averseness to motion alone are sufficient to indicate disease ; 
the head is hung down, the animal maintains a recumbent posture, and 
appears averse to motion, and in a prostrate condition, and it neither 
browses nor ruminates, &c, &c. The excremental discharges, also, 
are of a totally different aspect, occasionally violently relaxed, but 
more frequently insufficient, hard, and black. The sheep should have 
smooth, soft, and even wool ; patchiness and sores on the skin are bad 
signs ; the eye should be bright, the head carried high ; the motions 
unimpeded and readily evacuated • the breath sweet, and the nostrils 
clean; difficult evacuations, a dull and half-closed eye, a drooping 
head, foul nostrils, offensive breath, foulness of the mouth, and absence 
of the characteristic redness of the mouth and tongue, uneven, rough, 
or hard wool, &c, &c, are distinct and unmistakable signs of disease. 
It must *not be forgotten, that in all diseases, of whatever species, the 
particular conditions accompanying the symptom, or group of symptoms, 
to which oar attention has been called, is that which qualifies and char- 
acterizes the whole case, and, therefore, that we cannot take too much 
pains to mark the minutest details, not only in the symptoms, but in 
the 

Conditions of permanency ; 

" of amelioration or suspension ; 

" of palliation or return ; 

" of aggravation. 

As, for instance, if any of these circumstances are observed to follow 
immediately after motion or rest, or some time after the commencement, 
and during the continuance of a condition of motion or rest ; or whether 



INTRODUCTION. 25 

any particular circumstance of the kind occurs at night or in the morn- 
ing, after swallowing food or drink, and the like. 

Symptoms of Local Affection or Injury. — When the evident presence of 
some irregularity has called our attention to the condition of an animal, 
and after close investigation we have ascertained the presence of local 
symptoms, but the absence of attendant constitutional derangements, we 
conclude that the affection is of a purely local character. As such it 
may arise from an external or mechanical injury, viz., a sprain, strain, 
blow, concussion, fall, cut, bite, kick, &c, &c, or from exposure of the 
part affected to the action of some noxious substance or influence ; as, 
for instance, in inflammation of the eyelids, &c, &c. Affections of 
this nature, when very slight, may often be disposed of by external 
and purely local treatment ; but when the extent of the injury, or of its 
consequences, is in the least degree problematical, it is always advisable 
to submit the animal to concurrent constitutional treatment. 

6. The Pulse and the Method of Ascertaining its Nature in 
Domestic Animals. — As already stated under the general head of 
" Examination and Detection of Disease," the pulse, which is so im- 
portant an index in human beings, is perhaps a still more indispen- 
sable guide in the treatment of animals, which have no power of con- 
veying an accurate idea or history of their sufferings. But, in order 
to judge correctly of the value of this index, it is necessary to have 
obtained some standard whereby to distinguish the unhealthy from 
the healthy action of the apparatus of circulation. And it must again 
be repeated, that in the treatment of animals the perception of disease 
is more essentially comparative — i. e., with the condition of health — 
than in the management of human complaints ; wherefore it will be 
readily understood that we cannot have so many differential particulars 
relating to individual constitution ; and that we must depend more 
upon generalities, or, if they may be so termed, the statistics relating 
to the pulse of animals. 

The healthy pulse varies in strength and rapidity, not only in differ- 
ent species of animals, but also in different varieties or breeds of the 
same species. 

It must also be observed that the method of trying the pulse is most 
essential, because it is not only important to number the pulsations to 
time, but also to ascertain the nature of the pulsation ; as, for instance, 
whether it be bounding, full, and hard (offering a strong resistance to 
the touch), small, being also generally hard (conveying the like sensa- 
tion, but as if the current were suddenly checked and incomplete), 



26 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

oppressed (conveying the idea of passing with difficulty into vessels 
already overcharged), weak (or yielding to the touch, and apparently 
powerless to force the resistance of the touch), wiry, or thin, &c, &c, or, 
in fact, indicative of any peculiarity dissimilar to the habitual pulse 
of the animal. It must, however, be borne in mind, in estimating the 
nature of the pulse as the index of disease, that any sudden cause of 
excitement, any violent exertion just completed, and a variety of ex- 
ternal causes which would tend to flurry the animal, would operate to 
accelerate the pulse. In cases in which any such cause of momentary 
irregularity has manifestly been present, it were always desirable to 
await the subsidence of the emotion or excitement before we proceed 
to examine the animal. 

7. The Pulse of the Horse, the Ass, and the Mule ; its Natural 
Standard ; the Mode of Ascertaining its Frequency, and State- 
ment of the Remedies which correspond to its Morbid Conditions. 
— Mode of Ascertaining the Condition of the Pulse: The best method 
of judging of the peculiarities of the pulse, as well as of its frequency, 
is by pressing the artery of the nether jaw, in the cavity close to the 
throat, upon the bone, with the two fingers, as by this means the touch 
will convey an accurate idea of the nature of the pulsations as above 
described. The submaxillary artery passes over the lower jaw, and 
enters a groove about three inches from the angle of that bone in the 
horse. The old method of applying the hand merely to the left side, 
and judging from the beating of the heart, is very imperfect, because, 
although by this means the frequency can be ascertained, it would 
only be in cases of extraordinary irregularity that the touch would 
communicate the particular denomination of the pulse. 

The expedient of resorting to the heart for guidance must not, how- 
ever, be altogether overlooked, inasmuch as it is by careful examina- 
tion that we are secure of not overlooking any minute feature or ir- 
regularity, and because we frequently derive much assistance from an 
accurate comparison between the action of the heart and that of the 
lungs. It should also be mentioned that circumstances not unfre- 
quently occur which render the cognizance of the pulse at the jaw 
impossible. This comparative regularity or irregularity will frequently 
render important service to the cognizance of the case. 

The frequency of the pulsation of the heart, as respects that of 
the respiration in a healthy adult horse, is approximately as four 
to one. The perfect respirations take place about ten times to the 
minute. 



INTRODUCTION. 27 

The Natural Standard or Healthy Pulse of the Horse. — The healthy 
pulse of adult horses varies slightly in different breeds, but is almost 
wholly uniform in the same particular variety. The smaller varieties 
of horses have usually a more accelerated pulse, and this rule is also 
applicable to the higher breeds. The heavy labor- or farm-horse is 
characterized by a more sluggish circulation. 

The colt is also distinguishable for a more rapid pulsation, which 
gradually approximates to the general standard from the second year 
to the period of maturity or fifth year. 

The numerical standard of the labor- or farm-horse is from 35 to 40 
pulsations in the minute; in the smaller varieties and in the higher 
breeds this standard may be stated at from 40 to 45 pulsations in the 
minute ; for the colt it appears to be recognized that the frequency 
varies from 45 to 55 in the minute. 

An accession of ten pulsations above the maximum of the ordinary 
standard may be considered as indicative of more or less constitutional 
disturbance, which may be liable to continue on the increase unless 
arrested by seasonable treatment. 

When the acceleration ranges from 25 to 30 above the maximum of 
the standard, we have reason to apprehend untoward consequences, 
and an increase of from 50 to 60 pulsations above the maximum before 
stated is always to be looked upon as imminently critical. 

The Natural Standard or Healthy Pulse of the Mule and Ass. — Sub- 
ject to the same exceptions and conditions as already enumerated re- 
specting the horse as regards age, breed, &c, &c, the average number 
of pulsations of the adult Mule in a healthy condition ranges from 
42 to 48 in the minute ; and of the Ass from 48 to 54. 

Of the Peculiarities of the Pulse and the General Indications afforded 
by Them. — A pulse which is simply quickened, or which is hurried 
without any additional distinctive features, would indicate the selection 
of a remedy appropriate to the other symptoms characterizing the case, if 
possible, from amongst the following: Aconitum, Arsenicum, Bella- 
donna, Bryonia, Colocynih, Hyoscyamus, Ilercurius, Phosphorus, Pul- 
satilla, Secale, Silicea, Spongia, Sulphur. 

A hard pulse would similarly indicate the selection from amongst 
the subjoined list : Aconitum, Belladonna, Bryonia, Cantharides, Hyos- 
cyamus, Nux vomica, Phosphorus, Stramonium, Sulphur. 

A full pulse should lead us similarly to choose our remedy from 
amongst the following, which particularly cover that characteristic : 

Aconitum, Belladonna, Bryonia, Camphor (especially if much accele- 
rated), Colocynih, Ferrum. Hyoscyamus, Lachesis, Nux vomica, Opium, 



28 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Phosphorus, Pulsatilla, Sambucus, Secale, Sepia, Spongia, Stramonium, 
Sulphur, Tartarus emeticus. 

A pulse which betrays the sensation described above as attributable 
to oppressed circulation would lead to a selection from the subjoined 
list : 

Belladonna, Bryonia, Hyoscyamus, Mercurius, Nux vomica, Opium. 

A peculiarly retarded and small pulsation would point particularly 
to Camphor. 

A pulse especially answering to the characteristic denomination of 
small, would point to the following as the remedies from which (the 
assemblage of symptoms permitting) the selection should be made : 

If accelerated, — Aconitum, Arsenicum, Belladonna, Cantharides, 
Hyoscyamus, Lachesis, Mercurius, Nux vomica, Phosphorus, Secale, 
Silicea : if retarded, — Camphor, Cuprum a., Digitalis, Veratrum. 

A slow pulse would similarly indicate a choice from amongst : 

Camphor, China, Cuprum, Digitalis, Opium, Pulsatilla, Rhus, Sam- 
bucus, Veratrum. 

An intermittent pulse would generally indicate such remedies as fol- 
low, if otherwise characterized : 

Arsenicum, Lachesis (if scarcely perceptible as well as intermittent), 
China, Digitalis, Mercurius, Natrum muriaticum, Nitric acid, Nux 
vomica, Opium, Phosphoric acid, Secale. 

An imperceptible pulse, or one of which excessive feebleness consti- 
tutes the characteristic, should lead to a choice from amongst : 

Arsenicum, Carbo veget., Camphor, Cuprum a., Muriatic acid, 
Opium, Phosphoric acid, Rhus, Sambucus, Tartarus emeticus, Veratrum. 

A soft pulse, or one such as is described as yielding to the touch, would 
be characteristic of the following remedies : 

Carbo vegetabilis, China, Cuprum a., Veratrum. 

A tremulous pulse, such as would accompany or result froni nervous 
fevers of a low type, especially if it be the attendant symptom of a dis- 
ease which has generated from the inflammatory to the typhoid type, 
distinctly points to : 

Arsenicum and Rhus (more particularly), and to Cicuta, Mercurius, 
and Tartarus emeticus (secondarily). 

8. The Pulse of the Ox and Cow. — Mode of Ascertaining the Con- 
dition of the Pulse : Owing to the peculiar construction and course of 
the artery of the lower jaw, it is far more difficult to distinguish and to 
feel it than in the horse, and it is very frequently also quite impossible 
to render the pulsation appreciable at that point. The artery of the 



INTRODUCTION. 29 

temple is, however, not only more prominent and larger in the ox than 
in the horse, but extends over a more exposed surface. It is there, 
then (next to the expedient of applying the hand to the side), that 
the pulse will be most easily distinguishable. The common practice is 
to feel the pulsation of the heart, although that is never so satisfactory 
a method, as has already been explained. But, in the instance of the 
ox, where the temporal artery (not that of the lower jaw) becomes the 
point of examination, we have not such positive facilities to compass 
exactly the peculiarities of the pulsations. 

The Natural Standard or Healthy Pulse. — With reservations and 
particulars, respecting age, breed, &c, similar to those already described 
under the head of the "Pulse in the Horse," Title 7, the average 
number of pulsations in a healthy adult ox, or cow, ranges from 35 to 
42 in the minute. 

In all other particulars the same general rules apply, as have already 
been enumerated and detailed in regard to the pulse of the horse. 

9. The Pulse of the Sheep and Goat. — Mode of Ascertaining the 
Condition of the Pulse : In order to render the nature of the pulse per- 
fectly appreciable to the touch in examining Sheep, &c, it is requisite 
to have recourse to the artery which extends athwart the inner side of 
the thigh, and is known by the name of the femoral artery. Here the 
pulsation will be perfectly palpable, and the artery being susceptible of 
such compression with the finger as to elicit the peculiarity of the cir- 
culation by the touch, the distinct characteristic feature will be ascer- 
tainable. The same method, also, as holds good of all animals, namely, 
that of feeling the pulsation of the heart, is available in the treatment 
of Sheep, <fec., and will serve so far as the frequency is concerned, be- 
sides being useful in studying the comparative regularity of circulation 
and respiration. 

The Natural Standard or Healthy Pulse. — With reservations, condi- 
tions, exceptions, and particulars respecting age, breed, &c, &c, such 
as those already cited in treating of the Horse (Title 7), the average 
number of pulsations in a healthy adult Sheep will range from 65 to 
75 in the minute (or, according to some authorities, from 70 to 80), 
and in the Goat from 70 to 75. 

In all other particulars the same general rules apply as have already 
been enumerated and detailed in Title 7. 

10. The Pulse of the Dog.— Mode of Ascertaining the Condition 
of the Pulse : This is done most efficiently, as respects all the niceties 



30 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHT. 

involved in the peculiar nature of the pulsations, by applying the two 
fingers to the inner side of the knee, where the current will be com- 
pressible, and capable of communicating its characteristics to the touch. 
The heart may also be felt when only the frequency is to be ascertained, 
or when it is desirable to institute a comparison between the circulation 
and respiration. 

The Natural Standard or Healthy Pulse. — There is no domestic 
animal which is subject to a greater number of exceptions, in respect 
of the frequency of pulsation, than the Dog, because, although the 
various breeds of all animals are subject to slight discrepancies in this 
particular, there is no domestic animal of which two different varieties 
will be subject to so wide a difference. We, moreover, not only observe 
a difference in the frequency, but in the vigor of the pulse ; and this is 
not a little attributable to the endless variety in the habits to which 
Dogs are trained, and in which they are reared and sustained. As a 
general rule, however, we may state the average number of pulsations 
in the healthy adult Dog, as varying from 80 or 90 to 100 in the 
minute. 

The general exceptions as to age, &c, hold good, as stated in 
Title 7. 

11. Of the Diet of Animals during Treatment. — With the inferior 
animals (except, indeed, those which are pampered for the amusement 
of the proprietors), few and simple dietetic regulations only become 
necessary. The refinement of civilized people has rendered the cata- 
logue of food for use or for avoidance, on either hand, very copious; 
but for subordinate animals, or indeed for mankind in a condition of 
nature, the necessities being the only indicators for the choice of diet, 
we have, with few exceptions, but to tender the natural and habitual 
food, which will rarely be eaten if the animal be not in a fit state to 
digest it. There are comparatively few instances of animals eating 
that which provoked or aggravated derangement, especially during the 
prevalence of an affection of any intensity which could involve the di- 
gestive functions ; but, lest circumstances and artificial appliances should 
so far have modified the natural instinct as to provoke the animal to 
consume food which is noxious to it under particular and present con- 
ditions of derangement, it were as well to avoid tendering to it food of 
such a nature under such circumstances; as, for instance, raw grain to 
a horse laboring under inflammatory action of any kind; or raw flesh, 
fat meat, seasoned food, or the like, to a dog under similar circum- 
stances ; or stimulating food, or promiscuous wash, to a pig under sim- 



INTRODUCTION. 31 

ilar circumstances. The horse should be fed upon sweet hay, or bran- 
mashes, in moderation, and pure water, sometimes slightly warmed; 
the dog, upon light soaked biscuit, with the addition of a fourth part 
of meat, or liquor of meat, quite plain and unseasoned; or mixed ani- 
mal and vegetable food, in like proportions, also plain and unseasoned, 
all equally in clean vessels and in moderate quantities, and, above all, 
cold, and not more than twice in the day, care being taken to provide 
an abundant supply of pure water; the pig should have bran or the 
like substituted for barley-meal (if that be the customary food), and 
waste milk may take the place of mixed washes. 

Ruminating animals, such as the ox or cow, and sheep, may be cited 
as a general exception to the rule, that animals rarely, if ever, eat to 
excess, or of noxious food. With these, therefore, considerable caution 
must be observed, in feeding often and sparingly, and in withholding 
rich, young, green, and succulent food. Fine turf grass, good sweet 
hay, and dry food generally should be substituted for fresh. The ad- 
dition of salt with the food of the sheep is very essential ; and oxen, as 
indeed all the animals above enumerated, require an ample supply of 
pure water. 

With respect to the distinctive treatment of each species, or class of 
species, in respect of diet, more particular detail will be afforded under 
the head of each species or class respectively in a subsequent chapter. 
In this place we are only concerned to enunciate the general rule, that 
the most important consideration in the feeding of animals during dis- 
ease, is to provide them with diet as simple, natural, and consistent 
with circumstances as possible — perfectly clean and untainted, in small 
quantities, and at regular periods. 

12. Of the Selection of the Bemedy. — The selection of the remedy 
must depend upon the assemblage of symptoms characterized by being 
associated, and by distinctive conditions, which constitute the indication 
for its use, as hereafter detailed, after the citation of every remedy, 
under the head of each disease; and also in the " Summary of Charac- 
teristic Effects and Indications " of the remedies prescribed throughout 
this work. 

The most important remedies under each form of disease will be par- 
ticularly mentioned, with some few of the principal indications for each 
remedy in that disease. Other medicines, mentioned without special 
indications, under special disorders, should be carefully examined in 
the Materia Medica portion of this work. By the combination of these 
two methods, the general " Summary of Characteristic Effects " and the 



32 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

special indications under particular forms of disease, it is believed that 
ample means are afforded for selecting the remedy exactly suited to 
each individual patient, and after some experience this labor becomes 
very much easier. 

If there be any particular and characteristic feature in one or more 
symptoms which corresponds exactly with the operation of one remedy, 
whereas that remedy covers the aggregate assemblage of symptoms but 
imperfectly, we should have recourse to the one remedy so indicated, in 
alternation with or succeeded by one or more others, so that the whole 
together embrace the aggregate group. Thus, by alternate or succes- 
sive administration, will the distinctive feature of the case, as well as 
the entire range of development, be most effectually covered. 

But as an essential exception to this rule it should be observed, that 
the alternate or successive remedies should not be adopted if, by the ad- 
ministration of the first, the character of the symptoms has been so far 
modified as to indicate the employment of another remedy yet more charac- 
teristic of the new aspects of the case. 

For inasmuch as when the remedy first employed covers only a 
portion of the symptoms, it engenders or promotes the development of 
latent features, which are attributable to its own specific action, it is 
yet to be understood that these new developments do not appertain to 
the medicine irrespective of its relation to the disease, but rather to the 
disease in respect of its treatment. So that when the remedy selected 
is really characterized by any one feature of the disease, although it be 
but an imperfect agent in other respects, it does double service by 
operating specifically against the feature which represented it, and by 
bringing to light secret characteristics, of which we may afterwards 
avail ourselves. 

It not unfrequently occurs, in cases in which a remedy is adminis- 
tered and fails, which, upon repeated consideration of symptoms is 
found perfectly in accordance with the characteristic features of the 
disease, that the administration of a remedy of analogous character will 
be followed by the most signal success. In cases which appear to fall 
within this category, the reader is referred to the " Table of Analo- 
gous Remedies." 

13. The Form of the Medicines. — Homoeopathy offers a variety of 
forms in which the medicines may be preserved, and from which the 
doses may be administered. The globules or pellets are approved by 
many, and have the advantage, as is supposed, of more secure preser- 
vation. But the medicines put up in the liquid form, as dilutions, 



INTRODUCTION. 33 

afford equal facility for giving out the closes, and these latter are also 
much more efficient in general practice. And for this reason, and be- 
cause so much larger quantity of medicine may be contained in the 
same bulk, it has been thought best to employ this form altogether, 
both in advising the doses suitable for the sick, and as furnished in the 
box of medicines which is prepared to correspond to this work. There 
is, indeed, one disadvantage which attends the liquid form of the medi- 
cines ; this is their proneness to evaporate, especially in warm weather. 
But this can be guarded against, and in a great measure prevented, by 
securely corking the vials whenever they have been opened, and by 
always keeping the box in a cool place and tightly closed. The box 
for greater security should always be deposited in another box, chest, 
or trunk, which latter also must be kept locked, to avoid the possi- 
bility of the medicines being trifled or tampered with. New corks 
wnay be put in from time to time, as the old ones become less secure. 
Should any vial of medicine, from use or evaporation, run very low, 
a new vial of the same medicine should be at once ordered to replace 
it. Promptness and efficiency of action are the principal and indis- 
pensable qualities of medicines ; and since the liquid preparations 
secure these in the highest possible degree, the greater weight of ad- 
vantage is surely on their side. And even if the remedies require to 
be oftener replenished, their much greater activity and superior re- 
liability will much more than compensate for any possible increase of 
expense. 

14. The Potency. — For most of the remedies it has been found that 
the third decimal dilution of the vegetable preparations, and the sixth 
decimal of the minerals and other drugs, fulfil the indications in most 
disorders. Some few medicines, however, require to be used also in 
still larger doses in certain cases, such as Aconite, Camphor, Car- 
bolic Acid, and Rhus; others again are needed for external application 
as well As for internal use. The former are put up in the first dilu- 
tions ; the latter in the mother tinctures. The strong odor of some of 
these medicines, and the larger-sized vials required for all of them, 
render it necessary that these two classes of remedies should be put up in 
a box separate from those intended to be administered internally and in 
the usual manner. In this way the greatest good is believed to be ob- 
tained by simplifying the whole practice as far as possible, especially 
for those first beginning to use these remedies, who would be confused 
and embarrassed rather than assisted by a variety of potencies ; while 
those more experienced, who desire other preparations, whether higher 

3 



34 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

or lower, or even to have the medicines put up in pellets, can readily 
procure them on application to the publishers of this work. 

15. The Dose. — The dose should vary according to the nature of 
the disease, the age, sex, condition, and bulk or power of the animal ; 
and also for different species, equal in bulk, power, age, sex, and in all 
the qualifying conditions of circumstance, but of more or less lively 
susceptibility : as, for instance, a much larger dose is required by the 
ox than by the horse, and a larger dose again by the robust heavy 
labor horse than by the racer or hunter. In respect of disease there 
are three classes of disorders, conformably with which the dose must 
be qualified, — acute and critical, acute but not critical, and chronic dis- 
eases. In acute and critical diseases, amongst full-grown horned cattle, 
the dose may consist of five drops of the dilution, or tincture, in one 
pint of water. In acute diseases, not critical, three drops may be giver? 
for a dose in one pint of water. In chronic diseases a similar dose 
may be given but once or twice a day. 

The dose given to the young, before the period of weaning, should 
not exceed the proportion of one-third of that for the adult animal, 
and about two-thirds, as a general rule, from the period of weaning 
until the third year. The dose, administered as above stated, dissolved 
in the same quantity of water, to adult horses, has been in the propor- 
tion of two-thirds and one-half of that stated for the adult horned 
cattle. The dose for sheep, also in solution, may be stated as equiva- 
lent to that denominated for the horse. The dose, for full-grown dogs 
used for purposes of sport, or for hardy full-grown dogs in general, 
should consist of one drop, dissolved in a wineglassful of water ; or to 
their young before weaning, one teaspoonful of such a mixture may 
be given ; and from the period of weaning until the second year two 
teaspoonfuls of such a mixture may be given for a dose. 

In acute and critical diseases, the doses for the respective ages above 
enumerated may consist of three, two, and one teaspoonful of a mix- 
ture made by dissolving ten drops of the dilution in half a pint of 
water. 

The dose for full-grown animals, such as lap-dogs, cats, and the like, 
which are kept within doors, should not exceed one teaspoonful of a 
mixture made by dissolving six drops of the solution in one pint of 
water, and a much smaller quantity may suffice for the young of 
these animals ; ten drops, for instance, of such a solution. The maxi- 
mum dose for critical cases should be limited to about double these 
quantities in each age and condition. 



INTRODUCTION. 85 

These doses may, in every case, be repeated in one, two, or three 
hours, according to the severity of the case, as subsequently stated. 

The medicines may be given by placing the mixture on the tongue 
of some animals; by dropping the drops of the dilution directly upon 
a little sugar for horses and dogs ; or the mixture may be prepared 
with a little meal for poultry, or in drink. 

For animals, such as cats, which will take milk when it is offered 
to them, it has been found convenient to dissolve the medicine therein, 
as the least troublesome method of administering it. 

But, inasmuch as it would seem to result from long experience, that 
the most efficacious method of administration is the solution in water, 
that method will be found prescribed throughout this work. And as 
the dose will be explicitly stated, after every remedy prescribed in each 
direction for treating disease, it will be unnecessary to enter into greater 
detail on the subject here. Moreover, be the directions as positive and 
explicit as they may, they must be understood to be subject to any 
particular exceptional conditions which may arise in a particular case. 
Lastly, with respect to medicines administered in solution, it is advisable 
to mix a fresh solution for administration in all cases in which an in- 
terval of more than forty-eight hours intervenes between doses ; and 
also in all cases in which the care of the medicine is intrusted to sub- 
ordinates, whose scrupulous attention cannot be relied upon. The 
solutions should always be kept covered, to protect them from the dust 
and prevent their absorbing impure matters from the air, and they 
should be placed in a cool situation. Cups and spoons after being 
used should be cleaned in hot water. 

Finally, with respect to the dose, it must be remarked that, while 
these directions are set down as the best that can be given in general, 
and in advance, and as such are intended to afford a much-needed guide 
to those inexperienced, those ivho have experience should exercise their 
own judgment always in the presence of their patients, both as to the size 
of the dose and as to its repetition. 

16. Of the Recurrence or Repetition of Doses and Exceptional 
Conditions. — It is impossible to give a general and positive rule re- 
specting the repetition of doses, which should evade all exceptional 
conditions. Of the two, indeed, it is doubtful, whether the exceptions 
would not apply to a greater number of cases than the rule. In very 
many cases one dose of the remedy, which is distinctly homoeopathic 
to the disease, will suffice to subdue it, and in such cases as these the 
repetition is worse than useless. Whereas, in other cases apparently 



36 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

similar in every respect, but governed by different and unobserved 
conditions, a reiterated repetition becomes necessary, the disease resum- 
ing its ascendency as soon as the action of the remedy is expended* 
Moreover, the periods of recurrence will be particularly stated under 
the head of "Dose," after every medicine prescribed in this work, in 
so far as it is possible to set a positive limit to the greater or less dura- 
tion of influence exercised by the medicament. But in order, if pos- 
sible, to epitomize the whole, and to condense all general and particu- 
lar directions, and all apparent exceptional conditions, so as to bring 
them simultaneously under the reader's notice, we will here prefix a 
summary of the general rules and exceptional conditions which should 
govern the administrator in his treatment. The frequency of the 
doses, or the length of interval between them, must first of all be gov- 
erned by the general character of the disease ; and the better to define 
the rule, we shall once more divide the treatment into that of disease 
in three forms, — acute and critical, acute hut not critical, and chronic. 

In Acute and Critical Disease. — The interval between doses in acute 
and critical disease is quite arbitrary, and must be governed by the 
urgency of the case. The length of the interval will vary, according 
to circumstances, from five to sixty minutes. The intervals would, 
however, require to be extended as soon as distinct signs of ameliora- 
tion became manifest, and if after one dose had been given subse- 
quently to the improvement, such improvement continued progres- 
sively, it would be advisable to abstain from repeating the dose until 
the amelioration had reached a stationary or unprogressive point, or 
until signs of retrogressive action became apparent ; when, if the char- 
acteristics of disease remained the same, it would be desirable to re- 
sume the treatment with the same remedy, or if new characteristic fea- 
tures had transpired, it would be desirable to select another and more 
appropriate remedy wherewith to resume treatment. (See " Exceptional 
Conditions.") 

In this second course of treatment, however, it would not be neces- 
sary to return to the short intervals, unless urgent symptoms de- 
manded such a proceeding. The interval should, if possible, be ex- 
tended to three hours. 

In cases of aggravation, or of no change whatever, following the 
treatment at any period, see " Exceptional Conditions." 

In Acute Disease not Critical. — The minimum length of interval, in 
acute disease not critical, may be stated at three hours, and this length 
of interval should be doubled on the first appearance of improvement. 

If, after the first dose, at the second interval, the improvement con- 



INTRODUCTION. 37 

tinued steadily progressive, it would be advisable to suspend the treat- 
ment until the amelioration had attained a point at which the symp- 
toms became stationary or retrogressive, when, if the characteristic 
features of the disease remained the same, it would be desirable to re- 
sume the treatment with the same remedy; or if new characteristic fea- 
tures had transpired, it would be advisable to select another remedy 
conformable to the new aspect of disease, wherewith to resume the 
treatment. (See " Exceptional Conditions.") 

The minimum length of the intervals between doses in this second 
course may be stated at six hours, unless symptoms of a very acute 
character should supervene to indicate more active treatment. 

For cases in which no change of any kind, or aggravation follows 
treatment, see "Exceptional Conditions." 

In Chronic Disease, with the Presence of Intervening Acute Symptoms. 
— In cases of this kind, the length of the interval between doses may be 
stated generally at twelve hours, this period being doubled as soon as 
apparent improvement ensues ; after which, we should suspend treat- 
ment until the return of active symptoms should take place, when, if 
the characteristic features of the disease remained the same, we should 
resume the treatment with the same remedy, or, if new characteristic 
features became manifest, it would be desirable to select another 
remedy, in accordance with the new symptoms wherewith to resume 
the treatment. (See "Exceptional Conditions.") 

The least length of the intervals in this second course may be stated 
at twenty-four hours, unless the symptoms should be so severe as to 
render more active treatment necessary. 

For cases of aggravation, or of no change whatever, see " Exceptional 
Conditions." 

In Passive Chronic Disease. — The same rule applies to cases of this 
kind, as to the former species of chronic disease, with the exception 
that the minimum length of interval, during the first course, should 
vary according to circumstances, from three to seven days (followed by 
a suspension of from seven to ten days), and in the second course from 
seven to fourteen days. 

In Cutaneous Diseases, in particular, when they assume this aspect, 
the intervals between the doses should be very long. A single dose, 
allowed to extend its action over a period of six weeks, has in many 
cases been found more serviceable than reiterated treatment. 

Exceptional Conditions and Antidotes. — In the course of or after the 
administration of every remedy, one of two things must necessarily 
ensue : 



38 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

1st. Either there must accrue a change in the state of disease; 

2dly. Or the disease must remain unaltered. 

And a change in the state of disease implies one of three things : 

1st. Either that amelioration has taken place ; 

2dly. Or aggravation ; 

3dly. Or that the symptoms, singly or in the aggregate, present a 
different aspect. 

In cases of amelioration, the course has already been directed above. 

For Change of the Medicament. — If no change has taken place, or the 
disease remains unaltered, as suggested in the second of the former two 
alternatives, we should proceed according to the subjoined directions 
respectively : 

In Acute and Critical Disease. — When the symptoms are extremely 
urgent, and the animal is sinking, notwithstanding repeated doses of a 
medicine, extending over the lapse of thirty minutes, we may be justified 
in selecting another remedy, as nearly conformable to the symptoms as 
possible, and in continuing the treatment with such remedy, after a 
lapse of fifteen minutes since the administration of the last dose of the 
former medicament. If this new remedy be followed by amelioration, 
we should at once extend the intervals, or suspend treatment, as directed 
in the " Rules for the Repetition of Doses," above ; if, again, no change 
accrue, reconsult the symptoms once more. 

In Acute Disease not Critical. — The ineffectual administration of a 
remedy, in repeated doses, extending over an interval of twelve hours, 
and followed by no results at all, will warrant the selection of another 
remedy for administration after twelve hours from the last dose of former 
medicament. If amelioration follow this treatment, extend the intervals, 
or suspend the treatment, as before directed ; if, again, no change accrue, 
reconsult the symptoms once more. 

In Chronic Disease, with the Presence of Intervening Acute Symptoms. 
— The administration of repeated doses of any remedy selected, extend- 
ing over a period of three days, and followed by no results at all, should 
be a sufficient ground for the selection and administration of another 
remedy after forty-eight hours from the last dose of the former medica- 
ment. If amelioration follow this course, extend the intervals, or sus- 
pend treatment, as directed above. If no change accrue even yet, 
reconsult the symptoms for the choice of a third remedy. 

In Passive Chronic Disease. — These cases are subject to the same 
exceptional regulations as the foregoing, excepting as to the time. 
Here, the first course directed to be administered in the "Rules for the 
Repetition of Doses" should be fully completed, and an interval of 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 39 

seven days should have been allowed to elapse since the last dose of the 
former remedy, before the adoption of a new one. 

Conditions for Suspension. — (1.) Aggravation and Antidotes. When 
the administration of any remedy is followed by a sudden, distinct, and 
unnatural aggravation of the symptoms, of such accelerated action as 
clearly to point out a medicinal operation, we should at once suspend 
all treatment, to allow the reaction to effect itself, and the medicine to 
exhaust its influence ; except, indeed, such aggravation be so severe, or 
last so long as to prejudice the case, when we should have recourse to — 

The Antidote. — Antidotes to homoeopathic remedies, according to the 
most recent experience, and to very high authority, may be summed 
up under two heads, — suspension of treatment (which we have already 
mentioned), and the repetition of the same medicine, at an opposite potency , 
and in a less dose; that is, if the aggravation has followed the adminis- 
tration of six globules of the thirtieth dilution, we may administer three 
of the first or third potency, and vice versa. 

(2.) We should also suspend treatment in cases in which improvement 
is steadily progressive, as above directed, in the " Rules for the Repe- 
tition of the Dose." 

Conditions for Resuming Treatment. — These conditions consist, as 
before stated, in the reascendency of disease, and the selection of the 
remedy may fall upon the same as was previously employed, or upon 
some other, according to the existing symptomatic indications. 



CHAPTER II. 



OF THE CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, FEEDING, ACCESSORY TREAT- 
MENT, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC 
ANIMALS AND FOWLS. 

We come now to the choice, training, breeding, feeding, accessory 
treatment, and general management of domestic animals, which will 
form the subject-matter for this chapter ; and we shall commence by 
briefly setting forth the general rules to be observed in these particulars 
with respect to the horse, proceeding, in subsequent sections, to treat 
of the other animals in question, under distinct and separate heads, 



40 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

according to the importance attached to them for general purposes, or 
to the space afforded us within the limits of a work of this nature, and 
the materials which we can command respecting them. 

Section I. 

17. Of the Horse. — In this country, which is as remarkable as any 
other for the beauty, power, speed, and general capability of its horses, 
this, the noblest of domestic animals, holds undoubtedly the first rank, 
and deserves the first attention. We may divide the varieties of horses 
in general use or estimation into five kinds, exclusive of ponies, namely : 

The Race Horse, the Hunter, the Saddle Horse for the road, the 
Carriage Horse, and the heavy Draught Horse. The other subdivisions 
are merely composed of two or more of these in the same animal, ac- 
cording to the convenience and adaptation of the proprietor. 

Of ponies, we may say generally, that there is no particular rule as 
applied to their selection, breeding, feeding, or general management, 
which will not fall within the specifications hereinafter subjoined re- 
specting one or more of the other descriptions ; except it be that, as a 
general rule, they are more hardy, and require less attention. 

Of race horses, it may be stated generally, that, saving as respects 
their training for the turf (of which hereafter), they are subject to the 
same general rules for treatment, &c, &c, as we shall have occasion to 
enumerate under the heads of other varieties. We will, therefore, pro- 
ceed with the hunter. 

18. Brief and Simple Rules for the Choice of a Hunter.* — 

Choose, if possible, a three-part bred horse, between fifteen and sixteen 
hands high, a match for your weight. The foot should be sound and 
ample, and, above all, there should be no tendency to turn the toes 
inward ; there should be tolerable width in the profile of the leg from 
the shoulder downwards ; the fore leg should be straight ; he should 
bear lightly on the hand, the head being carried so as to obviate much 
strain on the reins ; the body should be firm, expansive, and bulky ; 
the chest broad ; the legs short ; the fore hand higher than the hind 
quarter ; the back and body short, and closely knit ; the hocks supple ; 
the loins expansive; the general development of the hind quarters 

* This account of the hunter, originally written for Great Britain, is retained, 
although of little interest in this country, because it is necessary to a complete ac- 
count of the most valuable domestic animal given to man. 



PLATE I. 



Skeleton of the Horse, as drawn by Professor Varnell. 




CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 41 

muscular and firm ; disposition manageable ; the temper and mettle 
spirited, but equable, and free from restiveness or caprice. 

19. Of the Training of the Hunter and Racer. — For ordinary 
purposes, horses require no further training than to be gradually ac- 
customed to the duties to which they are devoted ; but this method of 
accustoming the horse to his work (or " Breaking-in," which see), does 
not render peculiar treatment necessary, other than the mere physical 
tutoring, which may vary according to circumstances; whereas, for 
extraordinary purposes, under which heads we may fairly include hunt- 
ing and racing, the horse requires to be submitted to a careful pre- 
paratory regimen, to insure the utmost development of his capabilities. 
This regimen should consist mainly in daily exercise, both of pace and 
endurance, extended by slow degrees ; in the apportionment of sound 
dry food, such as will be hereafter mentioned in detail, under the head 
of " Feeding ;" in the observance of regular hours, and in careful atten- 
tion to the stable rules, hereafter enumerated under the head of " General 
Management." Whilst, at the same time, as regards young colts, which 
are on the point of being trained for the race-course, it may be desirable 
to promote the development of their physical powers, by occasional 
constitutional treatment.* Or, on the other hand, with respect to 
hunters, previous to the season, it may be desirable to watch every 
particular connected with the pulsation, respiration, and digestion of 
the animal, and to provide against any irregularities by treatment con- 
sistent with, and appropriate to, the symptoms. If, however, the regu- 
lations respecting the stable, the food, the grooming, and the exercise 
be punctually observed throughout the year (or the horse be turned 
out during the best part of the summer, but not after the nights become 
chilly and the ground permanently damp), there will not often be much 
necessity for having recourse to medicine. 

20. Precaution to be Observed in Using* the Hnnter. — No hunter 
should be used more than three times a week, and rarely more than 
twice, especially when there has been a severe run ; nor should he be 
allowed to remain without proper exercise in the intervals. We should 
also watch the state of the appetite, &c, after very severe work, in order 

* For this purpose, give Calcarea carb., followed by Silicea, as follows: Of the 
first, twelve globules to the pint of water, administered in half pints night and 
morning for ten days, then a pause of three weeks; after which resume the same 
remedy, in like proportions, night and morning, every third day, for ten days ; then 
pause a month, and resume treatment with a similar course of Silicea. 



42 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

to meet any irregularity with timely treatment, according to the symp- 
toms. 

21. Simple Rules for the Choice of a Saddle Horse for the 
Road. — Select a horse little over fifteen hands high, a match for your 
weight; above all, take notice of the manner in which he puts his feet 
to the ground. The foot ought to be grounded quite level; and in case 
of any divergence from this — that is, if the toe be grounded first — the 
shoe will soon betray the failing, by being worn away in front. He 
should neither raise the foot too high in trotting, nor shuffle too closely 
to the ground. The shoulder should be high, the chest deep, the legs 
and back short, the body full and round, the quarters muscular, the 
fore legs straight, and not wanting in width; the hock should have 
less slope than that of the racer (in particular) or the hunter, or of 
horses in general in which great speed is indispensable. An even pace 
is an acquisition ; and the absence of such vices as shying, bolting, and 
the like, as well as of general irregularities of temper, is most im- 
portant. 

22. Caution to be Observed in Using the Saddle Horse. — Never 
trust too implicitly to your horse ; it is ever desirable that the bridle 
should be available for a firm and powerful grasp in case of tripping, 
starting, and the like casualties. There are few horses that, with a 
little age, will not become careless goers by being carelessly ridden. 

23. Simple Rules for the Choice of the Carriage Horse. — The 
size is a matter of taste rather than of consequence relatively to capa- 
bility. If two or more horses are to be driven together, it is desirable 
that they should be matched as to paces, endurance, temper, &c, &c, as 
well as to size; and it were always as well if they had been well tried 
together. Too lofty an action of the knee is a defect, not a perfection. 
But the carriage horse should be of such proportions of body and limb 
as to render all his strength available for draught ; i. e., not wanting in 
bulk, but with a broad and muscular chest, and sturdy loins in par- 
ticular, and plenty of bone in the lower portion of the fore legs ; whilst 
the hoofs, again, should be broad, even, and free from blemishes. It 
is necessary to the carriage horse that the foot should offer a fair sur- 
face, as he requires all the purchase for his strength on the ground. 

24. Simple Rules for the Choice of the Heavy Draught Horse. — 
The quarters, fore legs, and thighs should be thick and muscular; the 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 43 

body deep, round, and ample; the shoulders massive, and almost per- 
pendicular; the loins raised and expansive; the hoofs ample and round, 
with moderate cavity, and plenty of space at the heels. But, in reality, 
it is difficult to say what horses should and what should not be appro- 
priated to heavy draught work, as so much depends upon the conveni- 
ence of proprietors. It is clear, however, that there is heavy work, 
which horses of a particular calibre, only, are capable of effectively 
performing, or, at all events, of performing continually ; because the 
question of power often resolves itself into a simple question of physical 
weight and power, apart from conformation, and conformation adds 
materially to the effectiveness of both. 

25. Of the Breeding of Horses — The Parentage and Brood-Mare 
— The Foaling — The Rearing and Breaking-in. — The Parentage and 
Brood-Mar e: Without entering into a dissertation on the various races 
of horses, or on the question as to what particular admixtures of blood 
are supposed to be productive of the finest or ablest offspring, which 
are matters irrelevant of the purpose of this work, and which have 
been elaborately treated of by various eminent Avr iters on the subject, 
we will content ourselves with recapitulating those general rules which 
apply equally to all races of horses, and which are essential to the pro- 
duction of handsome as well as capable colts. Great pains should be 
taken to avoid physical and constitutional defects in the selection of 
the stallion, as well as of the mare, and it would always be preferable 
to seek for the one or the other from a different stock, rather than to 
be continually breeding from amongst the same family. This does not 
imply the choice of a mare and stallion of a different breed or race, as 
this is part of the question into which we do not propose to enter. It 
must be borne in mind, that not only are defects of conformation, 
temper, or constitution hereditarily transmitted from the parents to the 
offspring, but, what is worse still, these defects are apt to be aggravated 
by inheritance. Thus, in order to insure a thoroughly good stock 
amongst the forthcoming foals, we must first of all be assured of the 
soundness and perfection of both the mare and stallion. Furthermore, 
not only are the natural or hereditary defects in the parentage thus 
transmissible to the offspring, but also defects arising out of the par- 
ticular circumstances, habits, treatment, &c, of the mare or stallion. 
Consequently, nothing can be a greater mistake than the prevalent 
custom of setting aside a mare for purposes of breeding, on account of 
being disabled, or of blemishes, imperfections, &c, the result of harsh or 
reckless treatment, which have rendered her useless for ivorling. The 



44 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

brood-mare, as well as the stallion, should be in the best condition as 
regards all capabilities of action, exertion, and the like. 

Another important point in breeding horses is, as much as possible, 
to choose the brood-mare and stallion of a construction and develop- 
ment conformable to the purpose to which it is designed to appropriate 
the offspring. The more perfectly adapted is this general structure in 
the parents, as hereinbefore described under the head of "Rules for the 
Selection of Horses for various purposes," to the particular employ- 
ment to which it is designed to devote the offspring, the more efficient 
and perfect will be the foal. Again, it is desirable not to put a mare, 
calculated by construction for one purpose, to a stallion of a different 
mould, inasmuch as the foal would probably inherit the qualities, and 
even the conformation, of both parents, and thus the result of an ill 
assortment of such a nature would be, to produce a colt adapted to 
neither purpose. 

Mares are fully capable of breeding, without prejudice, in their 
fourth year; and some of them, with careful management, and if con- 
stantly employed at light work, which conduces to promote general 
health, but cannot be productive of exhaustion or injury, will continue 
to breed well from ten to fifteen years. The plan adopted by some 
breeders of cattle, either from ignorance or false economy, of putting 
the mare to horse in the early part of the third year, is as erroneous as 
it is injurious. The structural development of the mare, apart from 
constitutional vigor (both of which are necessary for breeding), is 
hardly advanced to the completion, not to say strength of maturity. 

The duration of pregnancy in mares ranges from ten to twelve 
months, and sometimes a week or two more or less ; but the average 
may fairly be stated at the mean duration between the maximum and 
minimum. And, although a mare is always in heat at one season (the 
beginning of the spring), the breeder will be able to put her to horse a 
few weeks earlier or later, according to the period at which it is de- 
sirable that 'parturition should take place. 

For a racer, the earlier the better ; for, although the month of Janu- 
ary is not a propitious season either for the mare or foal, yet the racer 
is so much more artificially reared, that the external circumstances are 
of less consequence than the addition of three fair months of growth to 
the two and three year old. 

For horses designed for other purposes, the later the better, because 
the mare and foal will not only have the advantages of weather, 
warmth, and so on, but also of abundance of fresh fodder, which is of 
no small consequence. It is, therefore, desirable to dispose matters so 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 45 

that parturition may probably take place between the middle of April 
and the middle of May. 

Gentle work is advantageous to a mare in foal, and rather tends to 
beneficial results to the foal than otherwise; but care should be taken 
not to put her to any work which can produce a strain ; and, with 
these precautions, she can continue to be employed, in ordinary labor, 
until within forty -eight, or even twenty-four hours of delivery. About 
the fifth month from the time of covering, it is always advisable to 
improve the quality of the food, and to adopt additional precautions 
lest abortion take place ; and if this has previously occurred (once or 
repeatedly), there will be reason to keep the mare quite apart. A 
gallon of good white oats (in two feeds) every day will not be too 
much. When the time at which she is expected to foal approaches, it 
will be advantageous to keep a watchful eye upon her for the- earliest 
symptoms of approaching parturition, that she may immediately be 
taken from work, and kept close at hand. 

26. The Foaling. — The approach of the time of foaling will be pres- 
ently descried by any person of common experience; and no one who 
does not possess these ordinary qualifications should be suffered to 
attend upon a mare at such a time. The mare should be closely 
watched from the moment of the first indications of approaching par- 
turition, and should be turned into a well-fenced inclosure, thoroughly 
sheltered on all sides, and of a warm aspect. Within the inclosure, 
also, there should be a shed, with ample litter, easy of access. Light 
and air are important. If there be abundance of good grass on the 
spot, it will be needless to supply cut green fodder ; but if the grass be 
scanty on the spot, and there be means of procuring it elsewhere, it 
should be supplied. In addition to this, the mare should be supplied 
with good sound carrots, good hay, sainfoin, clover, &c, and a plenti- 
ful share of sound white oats ; as nothing is so materially conducive to 
the well-doing of the mare and foal as generous and wholesome food. 
It is also advantageous to bruise the grain, and to place it on the 
ground in some vessel, so that the foal may have free access to it as 
well as the dam. For a full month after parturition, the mare and 
foal will remain unmolested in their inclosure, and attended only by 
the person who has the care of them and feeds them. And here it 
may not be improper or superfluous to state, that the person so attend- 
ing upon them should be of a patient and even temper, and of a kindly 
disposition, as nothing is so likely to impair the temper of the foal, and 
to induce the various vices which are classed generally under the head 



46 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

of restiveness, as harshness or capricious treatment at first. On the 
other hand, careful, gentle treatment, and punctual attention, are cal- 
culated to render the colt patient, quiet, and tractable. 

27. The Rearing, Weaning, &c. — If the mare be used in farm work, 
she will, under all ordinary circumstances, be fit to resume gentle labor, 
for brief periods, within five or six weeks after parturition ; but at that 
early period she will not be accompanied by the foal, and therefore she 
should not be kept at work long at a time, both on her own account 
and that of the foal ; and during her absence it will be advisable to 
confine the foal within the shed, and not to let it have the range of the 
inclosure. But, after the lapse of two months from the time of partu- 
rition, the foal will be strong enough to accompany the dam, and then 
she may be worked for longer periods. The food should constantly 
be generous and wholesome. In many cases the foal may safely be 
taken from the dam at five months old, and should never be allowed 
to remain with her more than six months. It is desirable that the 
colt, thus separated from the mother, should have companions, which 
should also be young ; but it is necessary to have a care that it is not 
harassed or ill treated by its companions, as sometimes happens; and 
it is always preferable to afford the colt the run of a straw-yard, where 
good shelter, ample litter, sheds, and means of seeking refuge from the 
weather, are at hand. It should also be separated from its companions 
to be fed, at all events for some time, until it is able to cater for itself; 
and it should be supplied with two feeds of good bruised oats every day. 

28. Breaking-in. — The breaking-in for agricultural purposes con- 
sists chiefly in accustoming the young horse to his equipments, and in 
applying him, by slow degrees, to his work with other horses. This 
process of breaking should not commence until the young horse is fairly 
in his third year, when he may, by degrees, be put under the restraint 
of the head-piece bit, and subsequently of the entire harness, until he 
grows accustomed to wear them ; but no harshness or ill humor should 
be betrayed towards him, and, above all, chastisement shoidd never be re- 
sorted to with him, if for no other reason, because he will not under- 
stand it. With a little patience, almost any colt may be coaxed into 
the habits which are required of him. Put to work with other horses, 
he will have no resource but to move as they move ; and the driver 
should be ever at his side to guide and caress him. Gradually accus- 
tomed to the voice of his driver, he may be trained to turn, stop, pro- 
ceed, or back, by means of gentle guidance. In respect of training for 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 47 

the race-course, as this is beyond our province, we need only remark, 
that this must necessarily be conducted by persons who devote their 
whole time to such purposes. Suffice it to say, however, that where a 
young horse is designed for early engagements, the course of training 
must needs commence considerably before the period named above in 
respect of agricultural horses. In respect of carriage horses, saddle 
horses generally, and hunters, the breaking-in, to be efficiently done, 
must be conducted by persons of experience, and fully competent in 
these matters, as no brief directions would render much assistance to 
the unpracticed reader, and therefore we shall abstain from entering 
into detail on the subject. Suffice it to say, however, that the break- 
ing-in for these purposes should not commence before the young horse 
has fairly entered upon, or postponed after he has completed, his third 
year. At an earlier age, it will do mischief; later, he will never be 
efficiently broken-in. Moreover, every owner of a horse should select 
a breaker-in whom he can trust to conduct the training with gentle- 
ness; and it were always desirable to keep an eye upon the method and 
treatment adopted by the person so employed, lest the least harshness 
be used. The person to whom the young horse has been accustomed, 
and by whom he is constantly fed, should, if possible, be at hand 
during the lessons. 

29. The Teeth of the Horse as an Index of Age. — The perfect set 
of teeth of an adult horse numbers 40, which are thus arranged : 

Cutting teeth, incisors, or nippers — 6 above and 6 below, . . .12 
Tusks, or canine teeth — 1 on each side above (2), and the like below (2), 4, 
Grinders, or molar teeth— 6 on each side above (12), and the like below 
(12), 24 

Total, . . .* . .40 

But, previous to the gradual appearance of the teeth which constitute 
this set, and which are called the 'permanent teeth, the colt is provided 
with another set, which is more conformable to the exigencies of the 
young animal, and which we may call the temporary teeth. These are 
popularly called milk teeth. 

At the completion of the first year, the temporary teeth have all ap- 
peared, constituting the total number present, according to some authors, 
in which case the yearling colt possesses only his complete set of milk 
teeth, numbering 24,* thus : 

* This classification is erroneous, not as to the numbers of temporary teeth, but 
because the yearling colt or filly possesses, in general, the four first permanent 
grinders, the fourth, fifth, and sixth not being changed at all. 



48 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

, Cutting teeth, incisors, or nippers — 6 above and 6 below, . . .12 
Grinders, or molar teeth — 3 above on each side (6), and the like below 
(6), 12 

Total, 24 

According to higher authorities, however, the yearling horse pos- 
sesses the following, four of which (of the grinders) are permanent 
teeth : 

Cutting teeth, nippers, or incisors — 6 above and 6 below, . . .12 
Grinders, or molar teeth — 4 on each side above (8), and the like below 
(8), 16 

Total, 28 

The gradual development of these 24 temporary teeth, and of the 
additional grinders, takes place as follows : In the majority of cases, 
the foal is born with four grinders or molars, two above and two below 
on either side. In cases in which they are not present at the time of 
birth, they appear in the course of a few days. Before the foal is a 
month old, a third grinding tooth in each place is added to the former, 
which completes the number of those which are subsequently dis- 
placed ; and generally at or about the completion of the first year we 
have a fourth molar, or first primary permanent tooth, in each place, 
completing (with the nippers) the set of 28 teeth, as above. A whole 
year then expires, during which little or no modification takes place, 
other than in the degree of wear apparent on the crowns or upper sur- 
faces of the teeth, as hereafter described. Very early in the third 
year, we have the appearance of a fifth molar tooth, which is perma- 
nent (simultaneously with the first change of the early teeth) ; and at or 
about the completion of the third year, or commencement of the fourth, 
we may descry the incipient protrusion of the sixth grinding tooth 
(which is permanent) ; whereas, the first temporary molar has already 
been replaced, since the completion of the second year, by a permanent 
grinder ; and, whereas, the fifth is fall grown, making a complete and 
level set to this point. 

According to this account, the progress and disappearance of the 
temporary or milk teeth is rendered more simply indicative of the age 
of the animal, by showing the aggregate number present at one and 
the same time. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 49 

The number simultaneously present : 

From one to two years old, as before stated [vide anted). 

At three years old, as follows : M. T. P. T. 

Cutting teeth, incisors, or nippers — milk teeth, two on each 

side above (4), and the like below (4), .... 8 

Cutting teeth, incisors, or nippers — permanent teeth, two cen- 
tral above, and two likewise below, 4 

Grinders, or molar teeth — milk teeth, full grown, two above 
on each side (4), and the like below (4), i. e., the second 
and third,* 8 

Grinders, or molar teeth — permanent teeth, full grown, three 
on each side above (6), and the like below (6), i. e., the 
first, fourth, and fifth,* 12 

Grinders, or molar teeth— permanent teeth, in progress, one 
on each side above (2), and the like below (2), i. e., the 
sixth* 4 

Totals, 16 20 = 36 

The cutting teeth, incisors, or nippers, as they are more technically 
termed, are developed as follows. In the course of a week, or from 
that to a fortnight after birth, the two front nippers appear above and 
below (making four), and within the second month we have the addi- 
tion of four more, namely, one on each side of the first two, above and 
below. The first four having attained their full growth in about ten 
weeks, and the four new teeth being of course smaller. The construction 
of these teeth is the chief index of age ; because as they attain full 
growth, they begin to wear, and in the degree of wear from the obliter- 
ation of the original shape, and of the hollow indentation or cavity 
which stretches along the upper surface, and which constitutes the 
mark or index, we observe the progress of time. 

The incisors, in their original shape, are keen and more elevated at 
the outer edge, and incline inwards, rounded in front, and rather in- 
clined to concave shape on the inner side. As soon as these teeth have 
protruded through the gums they begin to wear away, so that the first 
which appear soonest betray indications of wear — in the gradual de- 
pression of the outer edge, the loss of sharpness, and the modification 
of the indentation or mark, by the wearing away of the surrounding 
edges, until the upper surface or crown becomes nearly level, and the 

* The fourth and fifth, although first teeth, cannot be termed temporary teeth, be- 
cause they do not change ; the same remark applies to the sixth. It must not, how- 
ever, be forgotten, that they are the first (as well as the only) teeth which occupy 
their respective places. 

4 



50 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

mark which at first was deep, dark, long, and positive, becomes fainter, 
broader, and shorter. The same rule, in this respect, applies to the 
temporary and permanent teeth. 

Another important criterion of age, during the progress of dentition, 
consists in the relative size, growth, equality, or inequality of the teeth, 
particularly until the yearling or coifs teeth are matured ; and from the 
commencement of the change of teeth to the fifth year, when the per- 
manent teeth are complete as to number, and nearly so as to formation. 
In about ten weeks after birth, as we have seen, the foal possesses eight 
incisors, four above and four below. 

At periods varying from six to nine months, according to the 
strength of the colt, the nature of its food, &c, four additional cutting 
teeth appear, namely, one on each side above, and the same below ; and 
this completes the number of twelve, of which the four central teeth 
above, and the same below, are nearly, if not quite, level as to growth 
by the twelfth month, whilst the four more recent teeth are not much 
deficient in respect of growth. But whereas the eight former (four 
above and the like below) are considerably worn, the mark or cavity is 
greatly modified in them, whilst in the four more recent teeth the mark 
or cavity is quite positive and unimpaired. 

Such, then, is the state of the incisors of a yearling colt. 

In six months more all the cutting teeth will have been worn down 
so as to render the crowns level, whilst the mark on the eight earlier 
teeth will be nearly obliterated. 

At two years old the temporary teeth stand apart, and then the change 
imperceptibly commences; imperceptibly, ^because the crown of the teeth 
'•only is shed, the roots being consumed in the growth of the permanent 
teeth. Simultaneously, therefore, with the change of the first molars 
as above described, the two central cutting teeth above and below are 
replaced by new and permanent teeth, which bear all the characteristics 
of new teeth as before described, and which at first are not level in growth 
with the adjacent temporary teeth. 

By the completion of the third year the next two adjacent cutting 
iteeth (one on each side of the two permanent teeth) above and below, 
will be considerably worn away and diminished in importance by the 
i increased size of the central teeth ; and before the completion of the 
fourth year we shall have the second of the temporary grinders shed 
and replaced, and one more of the temporary incisors on each side 
above and below (making four), supplanted by four new permanent 
teeth ; and the space left between the earlier permanent and the last 
, temporary teeth by the diminutive and inadequate elevation of the four 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 51 

new teeth, will constitute a distinctive feature of the jaws of a young 
horse between three and four years old. 

Upon the completion of the fourth year the young horse acquires 
four additional teeth ; namely, the tusks or canine teeth. At least at 
four years old they begin to show themselves ; whereas at the same 
time the last of the temporary grinding teeth has attained its full growth; 
the two central cutting teeth above and below will be fully grown, and 
begin to show signs of being worn ; whilst the adjacent new teeth will 
be almost level with them in elevation, but very distinctly indented 
and keen. 

During the progress of, and sometimes early in the fifth year, the 
last four temporary cutting teeth (i. e., one on each side above and 
below) will be supplanted by incipient permanent teeth ; whilst the 
tusks will have become developed and have attained a considerable size. 

The tusk is then convex without and slightly concave within ; it is, 
as it were, fluted on each side of the exterior convexity. 

At the completion of the fifth year we shall notice the vacancy oc- 
casioned in the place of the third (and last changing) molar tooth by 
the shedding of the temporary tooth, and the inadequate elevation 
of its substitute ; whereas the sixth and last of the grinders is fully 
grown and level with the others, whilst we may remark that the last 
of the permanent cutting teeth have also attained full growth, and that 
the fluting on either side of the external convexity of the tusks has be- 
come almost entirely obliterated. The mark is very distinct, and dis- 
plays a double arched line in the last incisors. At the completion of the 
sixth year, the distinctive features consist in the full growth of the 
canine teeth, which vary in a full-sized horse from three-quarters to 
one inch in elevation, being pointed keen at the edges, and still the 
same as respects the other particulars, whilst the last new (3d) molar' 
tooth is fully grown and level with the others. The mark as respects 
the four central incisors is obliterated, being converted rather into an 
even brownish tint than as before, a furrow. Upon very minute inspec- 
tion, however, we should still remark a slight sinking in the centre. 
As respects the next adjacent incisors the mark is much modified, and 
even the last new nippers begin to betray indications of being consider- 
ably worn. At the completion of the seventh year the tusks begin to 
grow convex on the inner side, and have already become far more ob- 
tuse both at the apex and along the edges ; and the last incisors only, 
on either hand, retain the least distinctive trace of the mark which is 
equally obliterated in the four others. And the completion of the 
eighth year, which finally precludes all further traces of age in the 



52 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

horse, may be distinguished by the complete interior convexity of the 
tusks, and the thorough obliteration of the mark even on the surface of 
the last cutting teeth. 

30. Age, as Indicated by the Teeth. — The very great practical 
interest which belongs to this subject leads us to take from a recent 
English book* the following additional account of the growth of the 
teeth, with the cuts which will enable any one to make himself master 
of the subject with a little careful study : 

Introduction. — The principal guide to the age of the horse consists 
in the indications given by the teeth. 

We shall proceed to explain the changes which take place, more with 
the view of enabling the reader to form a correct judgment in regard to 
age, than of giving a general dissertation on the nature and structure 
of the teeth. 

31. Structural Alterations in the Teeth. — Structural alterations 
take place in the teeth every year from birth up to the sixth year. 
Hence there can rarely be any question as to real age of a horse up to 
that date, though dealers often try to deceive the unwary by various 
tricks. Such tricks are however easily detected. 

After the mouth is fully completed, the age can only be approximately 
determined by the effect of wear in altering the shape of the teeth, by 
the receding of the gums, and by other such signs. 

Many circumstances, however, often contribute to modify the effect 
of wear on the teeth, and also to increase or decrease the action of time 
in other respects. Hence, after six years old, a correct opinion can 
only be formed by those who have given to the subject some time, 
thought, and trouble. 

32. Of the Back Teeth, otherwise called Molars or Grinders. — 
The foal is born usually with two, sometimes with three, temporary 
molars in each jaw. About twelve months old another molar, a per- 
manent tooth, appears, and before the completion of the second year a 
fifth molar, also a permanent tooth, shows itself. 

About two and a half years old the two anterior temporary molars 
are replaced by permanent teeth, and between three and four the re- 
maining, or third, temporary molar is similarly replaced ; and about 
the same time the last or sixth permanent molar begins to appear. 

* "Horses and Stables." By Colonel F. Fitzwygram. London, 1869. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 53 

Thus when the mouth is completed, there are six permanent molars in 
each jaw, or twenty-four in all. 

These structural changes afford a very good index of the age of the 
horse up to the period when they are completed, namely, four years 
old. The molars, however, are seldom referred to, because their posi- 
tion at the back of the mouth renders their examination inconvenient 
and often very difficult. Nevertheless, it is useful to be acquainted 
with the structural changes of these teeth in cases where there may be 
a doubt as to the true age, as indicated by the incisors. After four 
years old, the molars are not often taken into consideration in determin- 
ing the age of the horse. 

We may mention in passing, that a supplementary molar, known as 
a " Wolf's tooth," sometimes appears in either jaw. Such teeth seldom 
cause any inconvenience. If they do so, they can easily be removed 
by the pincers, as they are only of a rudimentary character. 

33. Of the Anterior Teeth or Incisors. — The anterior teeth, or 
incisors, are six in number in each jaw, when the mouth is complete ; 
and in the immediate rear of these in males, there is usually added one 
very peculiar pointed tooth on each side in each jaw, called a tusk. 
Though there are two crops of incisors, yet there is but one of tusks. 
In fact, these teeth, though they begin to appear about four years old, 
are not usually fully developed until the last permanent incisor is more 
or less up. 

For the sake of brevity we shall confine our remarks to the lower 
jaw, as the structural changes which take place in the upper are nearly 
similar. In passing, however, we may remark, that the upper incisors 
are considerably longer and larger than the lower. 

34. Distinction between Temporary and Permanent Incisors. — 

Temporary, otherwise called Milk, are easily distinguished from Per- 
manent incisors by the following well-marked signs, namely, they are 
smaller, whiter, and have more distinct necks. They are smooth ex- 
ternally, and grooved on the inside, — probably in order to enable the 
foal more easily to grip the teats of the dam. Their fangs are small 
and have but little attachment to the gums. The jaws are plump, 
fleshy, and round, and the teeth are arranged in something like a semi- 
circle. 

Permanent teeth, on the other hand, are larger, broader, wider in 
their necks, grooved externally and smooth internally, and more dis- 
colored than milk teeth. The discoloration is due to the lodgment of 



54 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

the juices and other matters connected with the food in the grooves. 
The object of the external grooving probably is to enable the animal to 
get a better grip on grass and such like food. The plumpness and 
circularity of the jaw is less than in the younger animal, and it gradually 
decreases, until in old age the teeth are arranged in a nearly straight 
line. 

35. Of the Temporary or Milk Incisors. — The foal is born with 
his teeth in a rudimentary state in the gums. At various periods 
during the first ten months the different temporary incisors appear. 
(Fig. 0.) Under one year old the foal is also clearly distinguished 
by a woolly tail. 

The yearling is complete in all six incisors, but several well-marked 
signs distinguish his mouth from that of the two-year old. The teeth 
at this period show but little signs of wear. The corner teeth are mere 
shells, having no inner walls, and all the teeth are in close juxtaposi- 
tion. (Fig. 1.) 

At two years old, the inner wall of the corner teeth has grown up 
level with the outer wall. The centre teeth show considerable signs of 
wear, and indeed all the teeth appear somewhat smaller than they did 
in the yearling. They also stand somewhat wide apart at their necks 
on account of the gradual growth of the jaw in width. (Fig. 2.) 

36. Development of the Permanent Teeth. — A few months before 
three years old, the horse sheds the two centre milk teeth, which are 
replaced by permanent. Thus the jaw contains at three years old two 
centre permanent teeth and two milk teeth on each side. (Fig. 3.) 

A few months before four, the horse sheds the two next milk teeth, 
which are replaced by permanent. Thus the jaw now contains four 
permanent and one milk tooth on each side. (Fig. 4.) The appear- 
ance of the mouth, when closed, and also the mode in which the teeth 
meet, are shown in Fig. 4a. This figure will be presently contrasted 
with Fig. 27, which shows the mode in which the mouth closes and 
the teeth meet in extreme old age. 

A few months before five, the horse sheds the two remaining milk 
teeth, which are replaced by permanent. Thus the jaw is now furnished 
with six permanent incisors, but the corner teeth are mere shells, having 
no internal wall. The absence of this wall distinguishes the five from 
the six-year old mouth. (Fig. 5.) 

A few months before six, the inner wall of the corner teeth has 
grown up level with the outer wall. (Fig. 6.) 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 55 

The mouth is now fully complete in incisors, and no further structural 
changes take place in them. As a general rule, we may add that the 
upper temporary teeth fall out a little before those in the lower jaw. 

Up to six years old, therefore, inasmuch as we have structural 
changes to guide us, there can seldom be any doubt as to the age of 
the animal. There are, however, some well-authenticated instances of 
abnormal development of the permanent incisors, but they are rare. 

Thorough-bred horses date their age from the 1st of January, whilst 
other horses are reckoned from the 1st of May. Thorough-bred mares 
are covered, so as to throw their foals as soon as possible after the 1st 
of January; whilst in regard to other mares the owner does not wish to 
have their progeny born, before the spring grass is available for the 
sustenance of the dam and her foal. 

High feeding encourages the growth of the teeth in common with 
the rest of the frame. Hence thorough-breds (independently of their 
earlier date of foaling) are somewhat more forward in their mouths 
than half-bred animals. 

It is a common practice among dealers to pull out the milk teeth 
next about to fall out. Nature however does not supply the permanent 
tooth much before its proper time. The absence of a milk tooth, when 
its place has not been supplied by a permanent tooth, need not mislead 
any one. 

37. Of the Mark.— Hitherto we have taken no notice of the " Mark " 
or Infundibulum. We have abstained from doing so, not because the 
marks in the young mouth do not afford some indication of the age, 
but because fuller and more satisfactory evidence up to six years old is 
afforded by the structural changes detailed above. After six, however, 
we are compelled to have recourse to the indications given by the marks 
and other slight, but gradual, alterations which take place in the form 
of the teeth. 

A satisfactory explanation of the mark cannot, we are afraid, be 
given without entering at some length into the structure and organi- 
zation of the teeth. The Mark or Infundibulum is a very peculiar 
hollow extending, when the tooth first comes up, about half an inch 
down the temporary and rather deeper down the permanent incisors. 
(Fig. 18.) 

Teeth practically may be said to consist of two materials, namely, 
enamel and dentine. Enamel, which is very hard, sharp, and originally 
of pearly whiteness, covers the outside of the teeth, and also lines the 
sides and bottom of the hollow or infundibulum. Thus in the tooth, 



56 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

as it originally appears, there are four walls of enamel. The remainder 
of the tooth consists chiefly of dentine, a substance of considerable, but 
less hardness than enamel, and more like ivory. A small quantity of 
crusta petrosa is also found on the outside. 

When an incisor first comes up, the hollow affords lodgment for the 
debris of the food and the juices expressed from it, and therefore soon 
looks black. As the tooth wears down, the hollow of course disappears ; 
but the surface of the dentine immediately below the original hollow, 
being a somewhat soft material, has become stained for some distance 
down. Thus there is still a black mark. With the further wear of 
the tooth the stained portion of the dentine wears away, and the " mark " 
is then said to be out. The mark, as the reader will easily see from 
this description, is in a constantly changing condition. 

Premising that the time which the mark will take to wear out, will 
vary to a greater or less degree according to certain circumstances de- 
tailed hereafter, we shall now endeavor to give some general rules for 
guidance. 

Between three and five years old the marks are very plain in the 
permanent incisors. (Figs. 3, 4, and 5.) At six, the marks are wearing 
out of the two centre teeth, which came up at three years old. They 
are plain in the two next, and perfectly fresh in the two corner teeth. 
(Fig. 6.) 

At seven, the marks have disappeared from the centre teeth, are 
wearing out of the two next, and are distinct and plain only in the 
corner teeth. (Fig. 7.) 

At eight, the marks have disappeared from all but the corner teeth, 
in which they are becoming indistinct. (Fig. 8.) 

At nine, the marks are not usually found in any of the teeth. (Fig. 9.) 

For about two years after the mark has disappeared in each tooth, 
there may still be seen in the form of a star a trace of the enamel which 
lined the bottom of the original hollow, and which underlies it for some 
depth. This star of course decreases in size with the wear of the teeth. 
About twelve or thirteen the last traces of the enamel have usually 
disappeared even from the corner teeth, but it may remain some time 
longer. 

Many casual circumstances, however, cause a certain degree of devi- 
ation from these general rules. The time which the mark takes to 
wear out, will vary in different horses according to the hardness or 
otherwise of the teeth, and according to the nature of the food on which 
the animal is kept. In grass-fed horses the marks usually remain at 
least a year and sometimes two years longer than in those fed on hard 



PLATE II. 



Fig. O.—TIie Foal. 




Fig. 1. — Yearling. 




Fig. 2.— Two years. 




PLATE III. 




Fig. 4. — Four years. 




Fig. 4 a. — lour years. Mouth closed. 




PLATE IV. 



Fig. 5. — Five years. 




Fig. 6. — Six years. 




PLATE V. 



Fig. 7. — Seven years. 




Fig. 7 a.— Seven years. 




Fig. 8.— Eight years. 




Fig. 9. — Nine years. 




PLATE VI. 



Fig. 10.— Ten years. 




Fig. 11.— Eleven years. 




Fig. 12.— Twelve years. 




Fig. 13. — Sixteen years. 




PLATE VII. 



Fig. 14. — Twenty years. 




Fig. 15. — Twentty-four years. 




Fig. 16.— Extreme age. 




Fig. 17.— Extreme age. 




PLATE VIII. 

Slope of the Teeth at Different Ages. 
Fig. 22.— Two years Fig. 23.— Six years. 





Fig. 24.— Twelve years. 



Fig. 2 5.— Eighteen years. 





Fig. 26. — Extreme Age. 




Fig. 27. — Closing of mouth in Extreme Age. 




)ur years. Fvie years. 



Fig. 28.— Tlie Tusks. 
Six years. Eight years. 



Twelve years. 



Old. 



PLATE IX. 



Fig. 18. — Section of a Tooth. 
k.—Infundibulum. B. — Fang Hole. 




Fig. 19. — Real and Simulated marks. 




Fig. 29.— Parrot Mouth. 



Fig. 20. — Removal by the saw of successive 
portions of a tooth. 






Fig. 21— Original form of a Tooth. 




CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 57 

food. Again in parrot-mouthed horses, that is, where the upper over- 
laps the lower jaw, the marks may remain for many years. (Fig. 29.) 

On the other hand, some horses, which have a trick of biting the 
manger, wear down their teeth very rapidly, and therefore lose their 
marks very early. Horses, fed on salt marshes where the sea sand is 
washed up among the grass, or on sandy plains or meadows, are affected 
by the increased friction on the teeth caused by the sand. Occasion- 
ally a projecting tooth in the upper jaw may cause unusual friction on 
the corresponding tooth of the lower jaw, and so may hasten oblitera- 
tion of the mark. 

Most of these and other causes of irregularity of wear, which might 
be mentioned, are at once apparent to a careful and accurate observer, 
and will scarcely prevent his forming a pretty correct opinion of the 
age. 

The upper incisors, as previously stated, are considerably longer and 
larger than the lower, and the infundibulum is nearly twice as deep. 
The marks therefore remain longer than in the lower teeth. We men- 
tion this in passing, lest the reader should be misled, if he should by 
chance refer to the indications given by the upper teeth to corroborate 
or correct any opinion as to age, about which he may be in doubt from 
the appearance of the lower jaw. 

Occasionally the dentine on the side of the infundibulum may be- 
come stained and even black, and in such cases something like a 
double mark may be observed. An instance of this peculiarity is 
shown in a seven-year old mouth (Fig. 7a), and in a slighter degree 
in Fig. 8. 

The mouth taken as a whole is broader at seven years old than at 
any other period. After this it gradually narrows with age. In this 
respect, the drawings, taken as a consecutive series, are in some degree 
at fault, as the author found it impossible to get mouths of the re- 
quired ages to form a perfect ideal series. For instance, the mouth 
represented in Fig. 16 (extreme age) obviously has belonged to a 
very different animal to that shown in the preceding figure. Again 
Figs. 16 and 17 are fair specimens, though very diverse, of what may 
be expected in extreme age in various cases. 

38. Bishoping. — Marks on the incisors are occasionally simulated 
by means of caustic or the hot iron by low dealers with the view of 
deceiving the unwary. 

The fraud is readily detected, because though it is easy to make a 
black mark on the crowns of the teeth, yet it is impossible to restore 



58 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

the wall of pearly enamel, which, as explained above, surrounds the 
natural mark or infundibulum. (Figs. 19 and 19a.) 

39. The Fang-hole or Secondary Mark. — About nine years old, in 
consequence of the wearing down of the teeth, a slight trace of the 
fang-hole usually appears in the centre teeth, and somewhat later in 
the other teeth. It is indicated by a slight discoloration of the tooth 
at the above point. There is, however, no actual hole, because with 
advancing years the upper part of the original cavity has become filled 
up with a sort of spurious dentine, which is more yellow than the true 
material, of which the body of the tooth consists. As age increases, 
this indication of the fang-hole, which is sometimes called the " Sec- 
ondary mark," becomes rather more plain. It, however, affords no 
reliable data by which to judge of the age, and is only mentioned in 
this place, lest the reader should mistake it for the remains of the in- 
fundibulum. The enamel, it will be remembered, is pearly white, 
whilst the mark of the fang-hole is brownish-yellow. The position of 
the fang-hole (marked B) is shown in Fig. 18. 

40. Further Changes Indicating the Age. — It will be seen that 
about nine the "marks" entirely fail us, and indeed after seven or 
eight they can hardly be said to afford any very reliable data. 

From eight years old and upwards the best indications of the age 
are given by the gradual alterations which take place in the shape of 
the teeth from wear and in the closing of the mouth. 

Lateral Breadth, &c. — The teeth originally are broad laterally at their 
upper surfaces, otherwise called their crowns or " tables," and thin from 
front to rear. (Figs. 4, 5, and 6.) They narrow gradually towards 
their necks and fangs. Hence, as their upper surfaces wear off, the 
teeth become narrower year by year. In very old horses there is often 
a positive interval between the teeth (Figs. 16 and 17), and they appear 
like sticks in the jaw. 

The gradual effect of wear in producing this alteration is shown in 
Fig. 20, where successive portions of the upper surface of the tooth are 
represented as having been removed by the saw. The original form 
of the tooth is shown in Fig. 21. 

The amount of wear on the upper surface of the teeth is greater in 
the young mouth than it is afterwards, because in youth the teeth meet 
more fairly than they do in after years. (Compare Figs. 4a and 27.) 
It gradually decreases, as years increase, because the teeth do not meet 
so directly, but on the contrary project more and more forward in 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 59 

something like two parallel lines. For example, a quarter of an inch 
will usually be worn off the surface between five and six years old, 
whilst probably not more than that quantity will be worn off between 
twenty and twenty-five years old. 

Triangularity. — A further very well-marked indication of increasing 
age is given by increasing depth from front to rear in the upper sur- 
faces or crowns of the teeth. This increase of depth will be noticed if 
Figs. 7 and 8 are carefully compared with Figs. 4, 5, and 6. Further 
wear causes the crowns of the teeth to assume a triangular form. The 
cause of this will be clearly seen on reference to Fig. 20. The teeth, 
though they diminish in lateral breadth, increase in thickness from 
front to rear all the way from the crown to the fang. (Figs. 20 and 21.) 

At six and up to eight years old, the teeth are all broad laterally at 
their upper surfaces. (Figs. 6, 7, and 8.) Up to this time the exact 
year, as the reader will recollect, is pretty well known by the "marks." 

At nine, when the marks fail, the alterations in the crown surface or 
table come to our aid. The two centre teeth, which came up at three, 
become somewhat triangular. (Fig. 9.) At ten, the two next teeth 
show similar signs. (Fig. 10.) At eleven, the corner teeth have become 
somewhat triangular. (Fig. 11.) At twelve, the triangularity has in- 
creased in all- the teeth. (Fig. 12.) This alteration continues to increase 
in all the teeth, until in very old horses the depth from front to rear 
exceeds the lateral width of the teeth. Fig. 13 shows an average 
mouth of sixteen years old. Fig. 14 represents the appearance at 
twenty. Fig. 15 shows twenty-four; whilst Figs. 16 and 17 may serve 
as specimens of the teeth in extreme age. 

Length. — Again, as age increases, the teeth, notwithstanding they 
really wear down, become apparently longer. This effect is due to the 
fleshy parts of the gums receding faster than the teeth wear doAvn. In 
extreme age, however, when the gums have receded as far as they can, 
the effect of wear causes the teeth to become visibly as well as really 
shorter. 

Slope. — An alteration also takes place in the position or "slope" of 
the teeth, as regards their closing. This is due to the effect of wear. 
The original form of the tooth is shown in Fig. 21. Its upper portion, 
it will be seen, is nearly perpendicular, whilst the lower part lies in a 
more horizontal position. Hence in youth the teeth meet directly, 
whilst in extreme age they can scarcely be said to meet at all. Then 
stumps project forward in two almost parallel lines. (Figs. 26 and 27.) 

The various changes which take place in the position of the teeth in 
reference to their position or "slope" are shown in Figs. 22 to 27. At 



60 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

two years old (Fig. 22) the gums are full, fleshy, and prominent, and 
the teeth are nearly perpendicular. The gradual changes which take 
place in the slope with increasing years, are shown perhaps more clearly 
in the plates than could be explained in words. 

Up to twelve years old, there can scarcely be much difficulty in 
forming a pretty correct judgment as to the age. After that time it 
requires more time, practice, and opportunity than most people have at 
disposal to obtain the requisite knowledge. 

It would probably scarcely interest the non-professional reader to 
trace very minutely the changes which take place after twelve years 
old. Suffice it to say, that the gums continue year by year to recede, 
the teeth become apparently longer and longer and really narrower, and 
consequently the intervals between them increase, and they project for- 
ward more and more in a straight line. 

About twenty-four and in some instances a good deal sooner, the 
teeth, which up to this period have apparently increased in length, 
begin to grow visibly shorter, because the gums are so far absorbed, 
that they can recede no further. Hence all further wear shows its 
effects by diminishing the length of the teeth. 

Loss of Circularity. — In the very young horse the teeth are arranged 
almost in the form of a semicircle. , Year by year this form decreases, 
until in old horses the teeth are arranged in something like a straight 
line. Compare Figs. 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, with Figs. 14, 15, 16, and 17. 

If the reader should happen to be in the neighborhood of a cavalry 
barrack, he will have the best possible opportunity of studying the age 
of living horses, because in every regiment an accurate register is kept 
of the age of every horse. 

Memorandum. — The drawings of the teeth have all been made from 
nature; and hence, although pretty normal specimens have been 
selected, yet in various ways they present in some instances irregulari- 
ties and deviations from a positively regular rule of wear. Perfect 
regularity in wear and in the effect of wear is seldom found in nature. 
In some instances it will be observed, that the enamel is higher and 
more prominent than in others. This difference does not indicate or 
in any degree depend on age, but simply on the comparative hardness 
or softness of the enamel and dentine. 

41. The Tusks. — In horses, as distinguished from mares, great 
assistance in determining the age is derived from the presence of the 
tusks, which are generally wanting in the latter. The tusks usually 
begin to appear in a very slight degree about three and a half or four 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 61 

years old. Their sharp points then just pierce the gums, and they 
continue to grow until fully developed about five or five and a half 
years old. They do not meet like other teeth, and therefore do not 
suffer from wear from that cause. They suffer, however, from wear in 
the course of mastication, and in fact undergo greater changes than any 
other teeth, and so form a valuable guide as to age. 

The tusk is a very peculiar-shaped elongated tooth. Internally it 
consists of dentine, and is protected on the outside only by enamel. 
The enamel, however, overlaps the dentine, and hence arises the sharp 
edge or hook of the newly developed tusk, which may be felt if the 
finger be brought round it from behind. 

This sharpness gradually wears off. After seven it has disappeared, 
and in each succeeding year the tusk becomes not only rounder and 
blunter, but its upper portion wears off. It also appears yellow, on 
account of the dentine becoming exposed by reason of the enamel 
wearing off its exterior surface. The tusks, unlike other teeth, do not 
apparently increase in length with years, but become shorter and 
shorter. In fact the effect of wear is greater on them than on other 
teeth, and it is also greater than the process of the receding of the gum. 
In very old horses the tusk is very little above the level of the gum. 
Mares sometimes have four small rudimentary tusks. 

The alterations which gradually take place in the form of the tusks, 
are shown in a series in Fig. 28. 

42. Collateral Circumstances to be taken into Consideration. — 

In judging of the age of the horse by the teeth, every collateral circum- 
stance requires to be taken into consideration, such as the form of the 
mouth, the way in which the teeth meet and close on each other, the 
food on which the animal has been kept, any irregularity in the upper 
teeth which may cause increased or diminished wear on the lower teeth, 
and also the habits of the horse in the stable. The teeth of animals 
which bite at the rack or manger whilst being cleaned, invariably pre- 
sent appearances of wear beyond their real age. 

The body also presents many indications of the age which may assist 
us in forming an accurate opinion, and sometimes may enable us tt» 
correct an erroneous impression produced by some abnormal appearance 
of the teeth. The young horse is fleshy about the gums and head, and 
the hollow over the eye is shallow. Year by year, as age increases, the 
gums lose their fleshiness, the head becomes more lean, and the hollow 
over the eye deepens. The shoulders lose much of their thickness and 
become finer, and assume an appearance of greater length. The hind 



62 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

quarters in like manner lose some of their roundness, and the animal 
generally gains an appearance of more breeding than he had in his 
younger days. The back becomes more or less hollow, a result partly 
due to the effect of weight especially in long-backed animals, and partly 
to loss of fleshiness in the muscles which run along the spine. 

Again, as the horse becomes old, the fulness of the chin under the 
mouth disappears. The inferior margin of the branches of the bone 
of the lower jaw also become thin. Lastly, the general appearance of 
the aged horse is much influenced by the work he has done and the 
treatment he has received. 

Age must not be judged by any one sign, but by a mean judiciously 
struck between all the signs, and by a careful consideration of all col- 
lateral circumstances. It never happens that all the signs combine 
together to deceive a careful and well-informed observer. 

From these pages the reader will perceive that after six years old, 
i. e. y after the structural changes in the mouth are completed) it is im- 
possible to lay down any one single definite rule by which the age can 
be ascertained. Still, with a little trouble and attention there is no 
real difficulty in acquiring a knowledge of the horse's age up to a com- 
paratively late period of his life. 

Such a knowledge is always valuable to an intending purchaser. 
Horses of eight or nine years old are still in the prime; but from want 
of knowledge of the means of ascertaining the real age and from very 
natural distrust of what the owner may tell them, the public are very 
shy of buying such horses ; and consequently they may generally be 
obtained at prices far below their real value. 

The author is well aware of the popular feeling in favor of young 
horses ; but in his own opinion a moderately fresh aged horse is generally 
a much more useful, presently available, and therefore more really valu- 
able animal, than a young untried horse with all troubles, ailments, 
diseases, and liability to disease before him. 

43. Of the Accessory Treatment and General Management of 
the Horse: comprising Hints respecting the Stable, Litter, Air, 
Light, Exercise, Food, Drink, Shoeing, &c. — The construction of 
stables would seem to have been often conducted by persons wholly 
ignorant of the necessities of the horse, judging from the imperfections 
which they frequently betray. Economy of space, such as that which 
characterizes your miniature grandeur in a suburban villa, in which 
the builder contrives to introduce all the elaborate apparatus of a palace 
within the compass of a nutshell, is perfectly inconsistent with the 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 63 

necessities of the horse. Where a horse must necessarily be maintained 
in the stable for lack of other retreats, such as the straw-yard or pad- 
dock, he cannot have too much breathing-room (within reasonable 
bounds). And this necessity is increased by the presence of two or 
more horses in one stable. Loose boxes are preferable to stalls where 
there is room for them ; but where the stable is stalled off, a clear seven 
feet in breadth should be allowed for each stall, and a depth (or pro- 
jection from the manger) of nine or ten feet. A further space of six 
feet should be added to the width of the stable for the clear passage, 
&c. The pavement, constructed most advantageously of sound bricks 
placed edgeways, and very even, should be gently inclined upwards 
from the ends of the stall-boards to the manger, in the ratio of one in 
twenty ; i. e., six inches in the ten feet, to admit of thorough drainage. 
The passage along the other side of the stable should similarly be in- 
clined upwards towards the wall, so that a kind of gully will extend 
along the entire length of the stable, at the foot of the stalls. Under- 
neath this gully (which should only be inclined between and towards 
the traps or gully-holes) should run the drain at an inclination of at 
least one in ten. The simplest method is to allow the drain its greatest 
elevation (i. e., to be nearest to the surface) at each end, descending 
both ways to the centre, whence a branch of considerable depth will 
convey the drainage away.* At the centre of the foot of each stall, or 
preferably sometimes at the foot of each stall-board, should be a small 
gully-holef communicating with the drain, towards each of which, as 
above stated, the channel or gully should be inclined from the centre 
between them. Thus, with a little attention, and the assistance of a 
little pure water and a stiff broom, the stable may be kept thoroughly 
clean. In hot weather it will be desirable to prevent the emanation of 
foul smells from the drain by cleansing it from time to time with a 



* This drain should lead to a reservoir at some distance from the stable, as the 
urine is too valuable for purposes of manure to be thrown away. 

f As it is certainly preferable that the footing of the horse should be as level as 
possible, some persons advise that the gully-hole should be in the centre of the stall, 
whereby certainly a less inclination is necessary, on account of the less distance from 
the hole to the extremities of the stall. But even then the slope must be less regular, 
descending from all sides, which is also objectionable, besides that the straw or 
manure is likely to prevent the thorough draining away of moisture, especially as 
the full weight of the horse, when lying down, or trampling the litter, would tend 
to compress it. In all cases in which the central gully-hole is adopted, as indeed in 
all the gully-holes, there should be patent traps, to prevent the exhalation of any 
vapors or odors through them, by means of the constant presence of water in the 
curve of the pan. 



64 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

small quantity of chloride of lime in a bucket of water poured down 
each of the gully-holes ; but this should be done early in the day whilst 
the horses are at exercise. The entire flooring of the stable should be 
raised about six inches above the level of the ground outside, and even 
more than that in very damp situations. The construction of racks 
and mangers needs no particular remark, except it be that the accessi- 
bility should be studied. But it may be remarked that, notwithstanding 
the superior advantage of manger feeding (i. e. y the use of cut fodder), 
the rack is not superseded because the variety is beneficial. The stall- 
boards or panels parting the stalls should be sufficiently high to prevent 
the horses from stretching over and biting one another. The height of 
the stable should not be less than fourteen feet, if that can be spared. 
It is better to decrease the depth of the loft than the pitch of the stable ; 
and the ceiling should be well plastered. In a four-stall stable there 
should be two ventilators at each side, or at each end, within six inches 
of the ceiling, protected by double perforated metal plates. These plates 
should be movable, so that one with a smaller drill might be used in 
cold, searching weather, and that with the larger orifices when a freer 
current of air was allowable. The loop-holes or orifices in the wall 
should be about eight inches deep by about twelve to fifteen inches 
long, and there should be means of closing one or more of them alto- 
gether at need. The number of these ventilators should be increased 
or lessened according to the size of the stable and the number of horses 
which it was constructed to accommodate. If possible the door of the 
stable should be so constructed as to lead into an outer recess (not shut 
off ) ; so that, if you entered having the stable on your right hand, ex- 
tending lengthways from you, you would have to turn to the right to 
enter the main body of the stable, and would then have the full length 
of the stable facing you to the extremity of the clear passage, the stalls 
being still on your right hand in succession. The consequence of such 
a construction is, that no direct draft can play upon any particular part 
of the stable ; whereas if the door be in the centre of the passage facing 
the stalls, the two middle stalls are much exposed. In a four-stall 
stable constructed in this manner, there should be two narrow latticed 
windows, the lower sill of which should not be less than from five to 
six feet from the ground, and of which the glass should be painted so 
as to moderate the light. These windows should be capable of being 
thoroughly thrown open for proper ventilation in hot weather, and 
during the absence of the horses, which should never be omitted. And 
it were desirable, either that they should be well shaded, or that they 
should not have a sunny aspect. On the same side of the stable (that 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 65 

is, opposite to the stalls), at an elevation of about a foot from the floor- 
ing, there should be ventilators similar to those above described, guarded 
on the inner side by two fan-boards spreading from the centre outwards, 
so as to prevent a direct current from rushing through them (as would 
be the case in very cold weather), and so as to disseminate the fresh air 
introduced through them, hither and thither. 

44. Temperature of the Stable. — In hot weather the stable should 
be kept as cool as it can be, — for the rule that the temperature of the 
stable should be regulated by that of the open air, is subject to a ma- 
jority of exceptions. In bleak weather without frost, the temperature 
within may range from ten to fifteen degrees of Fahrenheit above that 
of the air without. But when there is a keen frost, it is clear that a 
greater difference should exist. Because there is no advantage in ex- 
posing a horse to frost in his stable where he remains inactive, on the 
ground that he must needs be exposed to it out of doors when he is in 
motion. In this respect of temperature, moreover, it must be under- 
stood, that numerous modifications may occur to every rule according 
to the habits, condition, and sensitiveness of the animals. Suffice it to 
say that on one ground there is need of considerable caution : that is 
in avoiding too great heat, and especially closeness in the stable ; and 
that the free circulation of air should never he excluded on account of a 
few degrees of greater or less temperature, because the foulness of the 
atmosphere generated by the exhalations of the animals themselves, 
and emanating from the urine, dung, &c, &c, will do infinitely more 
mischief to the horses than even a very considerable fall in the ther- 
mometer. 

45. The Litter. — With respect to litter, as in all other matters re- 
lating to the management of the horse, we would impress upon the 
owner one most important and unalterable rule, which may be summed 
up in the words — unremitting attention and scrupulous cleanliness. If 
it be only for the course of one day, accumulations of foul matters in 
any part of the stable are highly injurious ; and it is notorious that 
the majority of grooms are satisfied with removing ordure or wet litter 
from the stall, and that they are in the habit of throwing it together in 
heaps, on the opposite side of, or at some spot in, the stable. This is 
merely to avoid the most trivial exertion which would arise from re- 
moving the waste litter at once and immediately from the stable. The 
exhalations from these accumulations of foul litter, &c, are known to 
be excessively powerful and noxious, being charged with very irritating 

5 



66 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

emanations ; and in cold weather, when the circulation of fresh air, and 
the rapid exit of vapors, are necessarily arrested to a great degree, the 
atmosphere becomes so charged with noxious ingredients as to be seri- 
ously injurious. It is not to be doubted that many more of the coughs, 
which affect horses which are always housed in the stable when unem- 
ployed, are attributable to want of attention to this particular than to 
other causes. 

First, therefore, the litter in every stall should be constantly and 
carefully attended to, for the removal of what is the least soiled or 
moist. 

Secondly, also, it should be removed at once and altogether from the 
stable. 

The horse, when standing in the stable, should never be without a 
certain quantity of litter under him, as, owing to the slipperiness of 
the pavement, he is never assured of his footing without it, and dreads 
to extend his legs backward, a position necessary for staling. He also 
stands with far less strain on the toes (which may otherwise be occa- 
sioned by the slope of the pavement and the sense of insecurity). 

The best kind of litter consists of wheat or oat straw ; but in farm- 
yard stables, pea straw and the like are also often used. 

These should not, and need not, however, be introduced into the 
private stable. 

Previous to making up the bed for the night, the flooring of every 
stall should be laid bare, and thoroughly swept. We may then strew 
the fresh or well-dried straw pretty plentifully over the whole flooring, 
•subsequently, also, packing it deeper and more abundantly on each 
side. 

46. Grooming". — Except in cases of wet weather, the horse should 
•always be groomed outside the stable. Cold is no reason for indoor 
grooming, inasmuch as the friction will be sufficient to guard against 
any ill effects of cold ; and inasmuch, moreover, as the action of fresh 
rair upon the horse, during the operation of grooming, will materially 
invigorate him. It is a mistake to scarify the skin in grooming ; few 
■ horses require more than a stout and hard brush, briskly applied • and 
the currycomb should always be lightly used. Friction applied to the 
legs (downward), with the hand, is very beneficial, especially after 
violent exertion. No horse should be left without grooming after 
hard work, or when the coat has become charged with dust, or caked 
by sweat; indeed, all work should be immediately followed up by 
.grooming. If ,at night, this should be done within ; if In the day 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 67 

(without rain), as already stated, without. After very severe exertion, 
washing the legs with lukewarm water should constitute a part of the 
operation of grooming; but they must be well dried. For horses 
which are never housed, but which are turned out even directly after 
work — the grooming when turned out (after work) or taken up (before 
work), should consist in the removal of dirt, such as mud, dust, &c. 
It is very desirable that the shin should not be disturbed. Beyond the 
removal of dirt, therefore, brushing with a soft brush, or passing a dry 
cloth briskly over the coat, should constitute a sufficient grooming. 
But this need not be done carelessly or lazily, nor be omitted. 

47. Exercise. — The exercise, by which is to be understood the sub- 
stitute for work, in horses whose employment is fitful and irregular, is 
distinctly involved in the question of treatment and management as 
•connected with the stable, and forms a most important branch of this 
section of the subject. The lack of proper, regular, and methodical 
exercise in horses, which, from want of occasion to use them, would, 
therefore, stand in the stable the whole day, is one of the most fre- 
quent causes of affections incidental to the respiratory organs or to the 
feet. Exercise is only rendered the more necessary by occasional and 
irregular calls for extreme exertion ; and during the intervals between 
such occasions, the substitute for work should never be omitted, other- 
wise the animal becomes incapacitated from performing any extraordi- 
nary journey, or will be injured by it. It is ever desirable that this 
duty should be performed under the owner's eye, or by him, if he has 
the leisure or inclination to drive or mount his horse for two or three 
hours in the course of the day. In taking horses out to exercise, they 
should never be suffered to move at more than foot-pace, until they 
have been out a good half hour ; the pace may then be quickened, ac- 
cording to the general service required of the animal ; but if heated 
(which it is desirable to avoid altogether), he should be again exercised 
at foot-pace until perfectly cool, before being reconducted to the stable. 
The better period of the day for exercise is from three to two hours 
before noon; but it is yet better, if there be time to devote to this 
duty, that the horse should be exercised for about an hour and a half 
in the morning, and for the same length of time in the afternoon. In 
summer, the morning hours should be (after feeding) between seven 
and nine o'clock, especially in very hot weather ; in cool weather, they 
may range from eight to eleven o'clock ; the afternoon hours, during 
the same season, should range from four till eight o'clock, according to 
the temperature. In winter, the morning hours may extend from nine 



68 VETERINARY HOMGEOPATHY. 

till eleven o'clock, and in the afternoon from two till five o'clock. In 
frosty weather, and particularly when the roads are insecure and slip- 
pery, the exercise should be conducted very carefully. The horse 
should not be exercised in the morning before feeding, nor within half 
an hour after he has fed. 

With respect to horses which are devoted to regular and easy work, 
that should be understood to constitute the best method of exercising. 

48. The Feeding. — Some horses require feeding more frequently 
than others, owing to the greater proportion of time during which they 
are employed. 

All horses require feeding often, and comparatively little at a time. 
No horse should be regularly fed less than four times a day, although 
many are only fed twice, and the majority only three times. 

All horses should be fed as nearly at regular periods as possible ; and 
when the employment prevents the housing and unharnessing of the 
animal, it is ever advisable that some contrivance should be adopted to 
feed him otherwise. The nose-bag answers this purpose. 

The habit of giving double quantities at a time, to provide for extra 
work, is as injurious as it is ridiculous ; for if the horse really feeds, 
and consumes the food offered to him, he is only rendered the less 
capable of exertion ; and if he does not, he spoils his appetite, and 
wastes his food. 

49. Drink. — The horse should not, in general, have water offered 
to him whilst feeding, nor immediately before feeding, nor does he 
require to drink so frequently ; but when exposed to severe exertion, 
in hot and dusty weather, an exception to this rule will hold good. 
In such cases it is often advantageous to allow half a pailful of water 
just before the feed, and as much more, if the horse will take it, towards 
the close of it. 

In general, the horse will not require water more than three times a 
day; but in such cases as constitute the last-named exception, it is de- 
sirable to regulate the frequency of drinking by the inclinations of the 
animal. Neither should the horse (in work) be allowed unlimited 
access to water. A small pailful, on each occasion of the periodical 
offer of drink, may be afforded, and in general will be more than 
enough. 

The water should be soft (yet clean), and free from the infusion of 
extraneous substances. Spring water should generally be avoided, 
unless, as is sometimes the case, it be soft, or unless the constant habit 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 69 

of using it has accustomed the animal to it. Even then, particularly 
when heated, he should not be suffered to swallow it quite cold. 

50. Green or Fresh Food. — Between the end of April and the 
beginning of August especially, one of the better methods of providing 
the horse with green food is, to turn him out to good meadow grass, 
where there are no trees, or very few, and where the herbage has plenty 
of bottom ; but for horses in constant work, there is much inconveni- 
ence attending this, much time being lost in taking them up. This is 
not a reason, however, for withholding the green food during the season, 
more especially from brood-mares; all Worses, and especially the latter 
(except, indeed, race-horses, during the currency of repeated engage- 
ments), being much benefited by such food. 

During the spring, summer, and autumn, we have, amongst the most 
desirable green or fresh fodder, sainfoin, lucern, clover, rye, and tares ; 
and during the winter, carrots, potatoes, and Swede turnips in particular. 

The potatoes should be boiled, although they may also be given raw. 

The quantities and relative proportions of these articles of food, 
identically or in respect of dry food (which should never be entirely 
withheld from the working horse), should be regulated according to 
the discretion of the stableman or groom, because these are matters to 
be governed by the particular condition, habits, &c, of each individual 
animal. 

The carrots, turnips, and potatoes are included under the category 
of manger feeding, and should be cut up small with the chaff or corn. 
The last, if boiled, should crumble up easily, and should thus be well 
mixed with the other food. Firm, adhesive potatoes are not good. 
Potatoes render water less necessary and even injurious to the horse, 
and the drink should be more sparingly afforded when they constitute 
a portion of the food. 

51. Dry (L e., preserved) Food. — Under this head are included oats, 
beans, pease, barley, wheat, hay (otherwise dried green fodder) of every 
variety, and chaff, consisting of the last, and of wheat, oat, and barley- 
straw. To these might also be added, as supplementary articles de- 
rivable from some of the former, — malt, which is occasionally used in 
mashes, — grains, which are very commonly used for draught-horses, — 
bran, which is sometimes used dry, but oftener (and very advantage- 
ously in cases of fatigue, cold, and the like) in mashes, — oat and other 
meals, oatmeal being very advantageously mixed with the water for 
sick horses. 



70 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

52. Banger Feeding. — The question of dry food involves that of 
manger feeding, in which are also included, as above stated, some of 
the fresh meats. Oats, beans, pease, barley, wheat, grains, bran, and 
meal, are necessarily given in the manger ; hay (including dry clover, 
sainfoin, lucern, &c.) is far preferably though not exclusively so, and 
chaff, including a proportion of straw, whether wheat, oats, or barley, 
is invariably so. 

The proportion of straw to hay (whether of clover, sainfoin, &c), in 
the chaff should be regulated according to the degree of intensity or 
rapidity required in the work of the horse. Where exceeding fleetness 
is required, the food consists chiefly of grain, the addition of chaff 
being only sufficient to render perfect mastication inevitable. It is ever 
preferable to bruise or crush the grain, whether oats, wheat, barley, 
beans, or pease; the splitting of the latter is hardly sufficient: unless 
they are so crushed and bruised they will not be thoroughly mingled 
with the chaff, so as to compel the horse to take both at the same time, 
but will sink to the bottom of the manger, whence the horse will pick 
them, in many cases avoiding the chaff. 

In this country oats* and corn constitute the food by far the most 
important and generally used ; barley being rarely used, and wheat 
still more so. Pease are only (or almost only) used for heavy draught- 
horses. 

In the absence of green food (i. e., during the winter), especially 
when other fodder is wanting, the horse in regular work should be 
allowed about twelve pounds of oats a day, divided into four feeds of 
three pounds each, or thereabouts. 

All damaged food should be alike avoided, whether hay or grain ; 
it is the most mistaken economy to give horses bad food. 

53. Rack Feeding. — The result of general experience, notwithstand- 
ing the opinion of very high authorities, would seem to show that rack 
feeding should not wholly be abandoned ; and it seems to be the prac- 
tice of the majority of the most successful breeders of horses, to persist 
in providing the animal with a little hay in the rack at night. 

This hay slightly moistened with salt water is better than perfectly 
dry. As a general rule, however, there can be no question that where 



* New oats should be avoided, if possible. Old oats are always preferable. If 
new oats must be used, however, they should be slightly and gently kiln-dried. 
The same may be said of oats which have been harvested in a damp and unfavor- 
able season. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 71 

rack feeding is persisted in, under the idea that it costs less, it is a 
great mistake, inasmuch as it will ever be a most wasteful method under 
very advantageous circumstances. If adopted as a mere accessory and 
sparingly, it is free from this important objection, and frequently proves 
very advantageous to horses. The quality of the hay (whether of 
grass, clover, sainfoin, or lucern) should be as unexceptionable for this 
purpose, as for the mixture of chaff described above. 

54. Of the General Treatment of the Feet, and Shoeing.— Treat- 
ment of the feet in the stable, &e. : So much necessarily depends upon 
the condition of the feet, and, moreover, they are liable to so great a 
variety of casualties, that too great attention cannot be paid to this par- 
ticular. It is by no means supererogatory to examine the hoofs twice 
every day, lest any particular circumstance respecting the adaptation 
of the shoes (which by the wear will betray ill-fit), or respecting the 
condition of the foot itself, should otherwise escape notice until lame- 
ness calls the attention to the matter, perhaps, when it is too late. 

Horses which have not much hair about the heel should be care- 
fully sponged after every journey, or if the hair be long and thick, they 
should be rubbed with the hand or with a twisted bunch of hay,* &c, 
so as to insure the removal of any dirt which may have accumulated 
about them. The whole circuit of each shoe on the under and inner 
side should then be probed with a proper hook or pick for the re- 
moval of small pieces of sharp stone which may be lodged in the foot. 

The shoes should be examined to ascertain if there be any misfit be- 
trayed by the wear, indicating, for instance, an uneven surface or un- 
equal pressure, especially if the gait of the horse is restrained, the step 
short, snatching, and irregular, &c. The outer circuit of the hoof 
should also be examined to ascertain if any of the nails have given 
way, or their clinched points have become reverted so as to lacerate 
the next leg. The feet should likewise be examined to ascertain if, 
by any means, the construction of the shoe be such as to wound the 
adjacent joint, when in action. 

Whilst standing in the stable the horse should constantly have his 
feet stopped either with moist tow or cowdung (the latter being often 
the most available), or with pads constructed on purpose. The two 
former methods are undoubtedly preferable. This is done simply by 
filling the cavity of the hoof underneath with the material used. The 



* If washed (under these circumstances), care should be taken to dry the parts 
thoroughly. 



72 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

upper circumference of the hoofs should also be moistened from time 
to time with oil and tar, in the proportion of seven parts of the former 
to two of the latter, a practice which will greatly contribute to the 
soundness of the hoof. 

When the work of the horse is not sufficient to wear out or cast the 
shoes, or any of them, so as to render fresh shoeing inevitable, the ani- 
mal should be reshod regularly at intervals of from four to five weeks. 

When turned out, it is ever advisable to remove the shoes altogether, 
at all events for a time, or else to substitute the grazing shoes, hereafter 
described. 

55. Shoeing. — Shoeing necessarily deserves the most careful atten- 
tion, as involving the condition of the foot, and consequently the capa- 
bility of the horse. 

The most important considerations which should govern the pro- 
prietor of the horse with reference to shoeing, may be summed up under 
the following general heads: 

1. The construction of the shoe, as a general rule, and its modifica- 
tions. 

2. The nature of the horse's work, and the adaptation of the shoe to 
such work. 

3. The condition of the foot for a similar adaptation. 

4. The paring or other preparation of the foot to receive the shoe. 

5. The fitting and fixing of the shoe. 

6. Whether local injurious effects (either temporary or permanent) 
are produced by the shoes, and what are the expedients whereby these 
may be avoided or modified. 

la. The Construction of the Shoe (in general) and its Modifications. — 
The common concave shoe will be found generally adapted to all pur- 
poses. It should offer a flat and level surface for the grounding of the 
foot, i. e., it should be such, that when the horse is stationary and the legs 
are perfectly erect, the pressure on all parts of the shoe may be equal. 
This rule most especially applies to the shoes of the fore feet, in which 
calking s should rarely, if ever, be tolerated. The outer edge (of the 
ground surface) should be furnished with a groove in which the nail- 
holes are to be punched, so that when fitted to the foot the heads of 
the nails may be imbedded in the shoe, and not project at all, or very 
little. The utmost number of nails inserted in this side should be five, 
in which case four would be sufficient for the inner edge. In the ma- 
jority of cases, when a horse is only employed for light work, four nails 
will suffice for the outer and three for the inner edge. The nail-holes 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 73 

should all be punched as far forward as possible, i. e., as far from the 
heel as can be, especially on the inner edge; on the outer edge the ad- 
ditional nail may be one point nearer to the heel. The nail-holes 
should also be punched as near the outer circumference of the shoe as 
is consistent with the hold required of the nails. The concave shoe is 
sloped off on the side fitted to the horn, nearly from the nail-holes 
gradually to the inner circumference, which is then very thin except 
at the heels, where the full width of the web (or plate) should be of 
equal thickness. 

The width of the web and the length of the heels should be adapted to the 
width and extent of the crust, so that the shoe may not either interfere 
with the office of the sole or frog, or leave any portion of the crust 
overhanging. 

For the hunter or racer, the degree of slope given to the upper or 
foot side of the shoe must be materially modified. For employments 
of this kind we must not admit of so much space being left between 
the shoe and the sole. The heels of the fore shoes, also, often require 
to be shortened, to provide against the detachment of the fore shoe by 
the tip of the hind shoe. 

lb. Half Shoes, or Grazing Shoes or Tips. — It is always preferable, 
if possible, to withdraw the shoes altogether when a horse is turned 
out to grass, if it be known that he is not addicted to any tricks whereby 
he will be likely to injure the foot. But if this be the case, and he has 
a frequent habit of pawing violently, &c, it will be advisable to pro- 
vide him with a pair of fore shoes, tapered off and incompleted towards 
the heel, so that the toes are guarded thereby. They should cover the 
front part of the crust only, because the more is left free the better will 
the foot recover from the ill effects of shoeing, or of bad shoeing in par- 
ticular. 

lc. Rough or Frost Shoes. — When there has been snow on the ground 
previous to a frost, and the roads are rendered dangerously slippery, it 
will sometimes be necessary to resort to calkings (i. e., to the turning 
down of the heels) even for the fore shoes, and always for the hind shoes. 
In many parts of this country, in winter, it becomes necessary to have 
all the heel and toe calks alike on fore and hind feet, made of steel and 
very sharp. But it should be observed that a very erroneous practice 
exists in this respect, namely, that of turning the outer edge of the heel 
only, without raising the inner edge as well, whereby the footing is ren- 
dered unlevel, and it should be held as an invariable rule either that 
both ends must be turned (which is the better method), or that the crust 
of the inner edge of the shoe must be thickened for the same purpose. 



74 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Calhings should, however, be abandoned in the fore shoes as soon as 
ever the emergency which rendered them necessary has ceased, because 
at best with any horses, whatever be their employment, they are but 
an expedient which by abuse may become more injurious than the 
hazards which they were adopted to guard against. 

1 d. Calhings. — Calkings are wholly unnecessary for saddle-horses of 
any kind, except in such instances as the preceding. But they are in 
general desirable for the hind shoes of draught-horses of every descrip- 
tion, whether carriage-horses or horses adapted to heavy work. It is 
not unfrequent, however, that this appliance is grievously exaggerated. 
The calkings only require to be sufficiently prominent to give the 
hind feet their full purchase, to prevent the horse from slipping or to 
facilitate his recovery when slipping, and to render stopping easier and 
of less strain. In every case in which calkings are used, whether on 
both sides of the heel or on the outer side only, the two sides should 
be brought to a level by the means named in the last paragraph. (See 
lc, p. 73.) 

le. Hind Shoes Generally, and Hind Shoes for Draught-Horses in Par- 
ticular. — The hind shoe requires some special notice, because for horses 
adapted to every description of employment, they should differ from 
the fore shoe in certain particulars of shape and construction. For the 
hunter and racer they need not be shortened at the heel, but would 
preferably be suffered to cover that part thoroughly ; and for all horses 
alike they should be less 1 ' confined at the heel and broader at the toe. 
Inasmuch, moreover, as there is greater likelihood of the hind shoe 
being cast, on account of the peculiar action of the foot and the excessive 
purchase applied to it for the purpose of motion, it were advisable to 
23lace the nails on both sides as much nearer to the heel as may safely 
be done. For horses which are addicted to forging (especially), the 
hind shoes should be sloped away inwards from the edge of the crust : 
i. e., that the web should be exactly fitted to the crust on the upper or 
foot side, but should have a narrower surface on the exterior face. For 
all draught-horses calkings should be adopted for the hind shoes (see 
Id, above), and the toe should be rendered more durable by means of a 
surface of steel welded into the front circumference of the shoe. This 
is the more essential when the fore edge is sloped off as has been just 
described; and it is for want of this precaution that we so often notice 
heavy draught-horses, dragging immense weights on pavement and up 
an ascending inclination, slip away at the hind feet; this arises from 
the toe of the hind shoe having been worn round instead of offering an 
edge for the surer purchase of the horse. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 75 

1/1 Bar Shoes. — These are sometimes useful as a temporary expedi- 
ent, when there is some disease or affection of the foot which renders it 
imperative to relieve the part affected from pressure or contact. But 
it should be remarked that the bar shoe is, in reality, only fit to be 
used for exercise at a foot-pace, and that when it is used for the purpose 
of working a horse in such a condition, it is likely directly and indirectly 
to become the instrument in doing serious injury to the animal. It is 
questionable whether, in the majority of cases in which affections (ex- 
cept corns) occur to render the use of such shoes necessary, it would not 
be preferable at once to remove the shoes altogether, and to turn the 
horse out or to lay him by for a time. The bar shoe consists simply 
in the completion of the circumference of the web; it cannot safely be 
used for any length of time. 

\g. Clips, — which consists in the reverting or turning up in a point 
the fore edge of the front shoes, — are very useful as applied to horses 
which have a trick of pawing with the fore feet, so as to wear out the 
shoes, as also for horses applied to very heavy draught work, and which 
dig the toes of the fore feet with great force into the ground to acquire 
a powerful foothold. But clips should, if possible, be dispensed with 
from time to time in every case, and should always be abandoned when 
they evidently serve to restrict the due expansion of the crust, which 
is easily observable by their becoming imbedded in the horn. 

1. Summary of Particulars respecting the Construction of the Shoes. — 
The construction of the shoes should be such as to fit exactly to the cir- 
cumference of the crust, to cover the heels sufficiently, especially to pro- 
tect the seat of the corn, wherefore the web should not be narrowed at 
that point, and so as to expose injured parts to as little concussion, &c, 
as possible. The slope or bevel of the foot side of the shoe as well as its 
thickness (with regard to the projection of the crust), must be such as 
to allow the frog to descend just sufficiently to prevent contraction : i. e. y 
the frog must barely touch the ground at the fall of the foot, but must 
descend as nearly to such a point relatively to the level of the outer 
surface of the shoe as possible, without being thereby exposed to a blow 
when the foot is grounded. The shoe must also be so constructed that 
casting and unequal wear are to the utmost avoided, and that cutting, 
forging, &c, are as much obviated as can be (when the defective con- 
formation of the animal renders him subject to such accidents). As 
regards cutting, due attention must be paid to the inner edge of the 
shoe, and to the clenches of the nails. Again the shoes, as has been 
observed in another section, should not be allowed to remain unchanged 
more than a month, even if they would wear longer ; they should never 



76 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

be broader than the foot, as there is no advantage in their being so, and 
as such a construction provokes cutting. And lastly, it were as well for 
all horses if they were deprived of shoes altogether for a certain time in 
the course of every season, because there are instances in which no pre- 
caution in the shoeing will obviate ill-consequences to which any par- 
ticular animal has a natural predisposition, and which are provoked 
and aggravated by the shoes. 

2. The Nature of the Horse's Work, and the Adaptation of the Shoe to 
such Work. — Apart from the question of construction, there is yet one of 
great importance in this respect, namely, that of weight. In proportion 
to the speed, and lightness of the work expected of horses, should be the 
thickness and weight of the shoes. For the race-horse, they should be 
as thin as possible to retain their shape ; for hunters, they should be 
but little heavier ; for the road saddle-horse they should have more 
substance, but only in comparison to the substance of the leg, the 
strength and bulk of the horse generally, and the size of the foot; for 
the carriage-horse, they require to be more bulky, stronger, and heavier ; 
and for the heavy draught-horse, the greatest weight and substance is 
needed. In all other respects, we have already dilated upon the adap- 
tation of the shoe to the employment of the horse. (See " Construction 
of the Shoe, &c." ante.) 

3. The Condition of the Foot, and the Adaptation of the Shoe thereto. — 
In shoeing the horse, it is always most essential that the condition of 
the foot should be carefully examined, and that the shoe should be 
strictly adapted to it so as to secure him from pain and injury. The 
pumiced foot, for instance, requires a deeper bevel on the upper or foot 
side of the shoe ; when corns frequently become troublesome, the heels 
require more breadth ; when the horn is brittle, and has been lacerated, 
great care should be taken respecting the position of the nails ; when 
there is a disposition to contraction, it is requisite to drive the nails 
further forward, and to allow the frog to descend as much as possible ; 
for sand-crack and thrushes, we have the bar shoe ; in cases of injury, 
or of inflammatory action seated about the foot and adjacent joints, or 
even of strains or other injuries affecting the leg generally, we resort to 
an intermediate sole, inserted between the shoe and the crust, and some- 
times covering the whole surface of the foot, as follows : 

3 a. The Artificial Sole* — Some practitioners have recommended 
elastic substances, such as caoutchouc, &c, for this purpose; but it 

* The additional insecurity given to the fastening of the shoes by these soles 
renders their use as limited as possible. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 77 

does not appear that any are so universally acceptable as felt or leather. 
The general method is to cut a piece of felt or leather to fit the web of 
the shoe, and to place it next to the crust, fastening the shoe over it. 
In some cases, also, a piece of leather is cut to fit the whole surface of 
the foot, and the stopping or dressing, of what kind soever, is inserted 
within it. The shoe is then fastened over the whole. This method, 
however, only applies to injuries affecting the entire surface of the foot, 
principally when there is not sufficient recession of the parts to relieve 
them from irritation (or contact) by the grounding of the feet. This 
application, however, involves a respite from all work; and the horse 
must only be exercised at a foot-pace whilst this appliance is used. In 
other respects we have already noticed the adaptation of the shoe to the 
condition of the foot, under the head of " Construction of the Shoe, 
&c," which see. 

4. The Paring and other Preparation of the Foot to Receive the Shoe. 
— The first operation is, necessarily, to remove the former shoes, or the 
remaining portion of them, and very carefully to extract the old nails, 
so as not to lacerate the horn. The clenches require to be straightened, 
or filed down as close as possible ; and if then the nails are not easily 
drawn, they must be gently punched back from the circumference of 
the foot. The shoe should never be wrenched off by force. The rough 
edges of the crust must then be submitted to the action of the rasp. In 
most cases there is a considerable quantity of superfluous horn, which 
requires to be removed, and this is done with the paring knife, until, 
upon compression, the sole is found to give. Paring, properly conducted, 
is the greatest safeguard against lameness. There should not be more 
horn left than sufficient to protect the inner and sensible portions of 
the foot. But here, again, very great attention must be paid to the 
condition of the foot, for there is no regular rule for the quantity of horn 
which may require to be removed ; and when the horn has grown very 
superabundant and hard, it is frequently necessary to soften it, by the 
application of a heated iron plate, before it can be sufficiently pared 
without the risk of chipping it irregularly. It should also be observed, 
that in cases of pumiced foot, we must rest satisfied with removing those 
portions of horn which have become lacerated round the edges of the 
crust. We should also carefully notice any irregularities in the wear 
of the foot, and pare accordingly, so as to bring all parts level. The 
paring as applied to the frog, should be such as to allow it, as nearly 
as possible, to rest on the ground when the horse is shod, without being 
actually exposed to a shock when the foot is grounded. Meanwhile, 
we must not lose sight of the condition of the heels, which are generally 



78 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

more worn on the inner than on the outer edge. The latter, therefore, 
requires more artificial reduction, the bar being left level with the crust ; 
and we should notice particularly, that the general level of the crust is 
from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch more prominent than the 
sole, and that the entire circumference is perfectly level. 

5. The Fitting and Fixing of the Shoe. — First of all, let due care be 
taken that the construction of the shoe about to be applied is of equal 
thickness throughout (except in cases of calkings, for which see " Con- 
struction of the Shoe, &c."); next, that the general construction of the 
shoe is in accordance with the rules already laid down (9ee ibid.) ; and, 
again, that the shoe is exactly fitted to the foot, according to the fore- 
going regulations. The shoe will then be heated sufficiently to singe 
the horn, and gently applied to the surface of the crust, so as to mark 
any irregularities in its surface, which must be rasped down. The shoe 
will then be cooled and fastened on, care being taken that the nails are 
placed as before described, and that they are only allowed to pass to a 
sufficient depth in the horn to have a firm hold, without risking any 
injury to the sensitive portions of the foot above. They will be driven 
more or less obliquely, so as to insure their passing out at the height 
required above the ground surface of the crust, when they will be 
clenched, the superfluous ends wrung off, and the butts reclenched upon 
the face of a duplicate hammer. In other respects, sufficient directions 
as to the number and position of the nails have been given under the 
head of " Construction of the Shoe, &c," which see. 

6. Whether Local Injurious Effects (either Temporary or Permanent) 
are Produced by the Shoes, and hotv they may be Avoided f — This is a 
question which is necessarily involved, in most part, in all the previous 
divisions of this subject ; there is, however, one thing to be added to 
what has already been said, namely, that the principal injury caused 
by shoeing (which is an indispensable attribute of almost every artificial 
resource) consists in the unavoidable check given to the natural devel- 
opment of the feet. As a part of this interference, we may mention the 
arrest of expansion incidental to the horny excrescence of the foot. 
Numerous devices, all equally ineffectual, have been suggested, whereby 
the horse might be provided with a shoe, as securely fastened, without 
in any way impeding the operation in question. There is really but 
one method which can serve this purpose (and that but partially) with- 
out doing greater injury in other ways, and this is, to adopt the plan 
of fastening the shoes on the outer edge and fore part of the circumference 
only, allowing no nails to be inserted along the inner edge. 

This method answers very well, if the shoes are frequently examined 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 79 

lest they be loose, for horses which are only employed in light ivork ; 
but it is perfectly inapplicable to the heavy draught-horse, the coach- 
horse, &c. ; and it is not by any means safe to trust to it for racers and 
hunters. The ordinary hackney or carriage horse may do very well 
with it. 

56. Clipping. — This operation, which has been sanctioned by 
fashion and fancy, rather than from beneficial results, needs but few 
remarks : 

1st. That it is one of many useless artificial appliances, as far as 
necessity is concerned. 

2d. That inasmuch as all artificial means should be as much as pos- 
sible avoided, this should be eschewed above all others. 

3d. That it does not even answer the purpose for which it was 
adopted more positively than nature w r ould provide for the same object, 
with a little additional labor. 

4th. That, on the contrary, whereas a well-groomed and unshorn 
coat would have the utmost smoothness and gloss, the mischievous 
effects of the exposure produced by clipping are likely to deprive the 
coat of these perfections. 

5th. That by causing the process of radiation to operate too imme- 
diately upon the skin and its vessels, very serious injury is done to the 
animal. 

6th, and lastly. That the custom was invented, and has been sus- 
tained by lazy grooms, for their own convenience alone, because they 
are thereby secured from much of the application so beneficial to the 
animal, which would have been rendered compulsory by an entire and 
unshorn coat. 

Section II. 

57. Of the Ox, Cow, &c. — The classification of this species of cattle 
is somewhat arbitrary ; and almost every w T riter on the subject has 
assumed the exclusive privilege of instituting a classification of his own. 
Our space will not allow us to enter very elaborately into this branch 
of the subject, nor does it strictly appertain to our province ; but we 
will endeavor briefly to sum up the varieties of cattle, especially cul- 
tivated in Great Britain, and to give a short review of their respective 
merits.* 

* It will be observed that this account of the varieties of cattle belongs to Great 



80 VETERINARY HOMCEO^ATHY. 

We may adopt the general classification which has become popular 
of late, without prejudicing any scientific distinctions, and may first 
divide the cattle bred and fed in the United Kingdom, into five chief 
varieties, namely : 

1. The short horns, whose origin is attributed to the counties of 
York and Durham, and subsequently to the northern counties of Eng- 
land generally, and which are remarkable for the quantity rather than 
the quality of the milk, but are considered as expensive and unprofitable 
feeders, and indifferent as fattening cattle, producing, in general, a quality 
of meat not highly esteemed. This breed is very generally fed in 
Lincolnshire. 

2. The crumpled horns, which, as a distinct variety, are not acknowl- 
edged as indigenous to this -country, but are attributed to Alderney 
and the adjacent islands. These are but little fed in Great Britain ; 
and they are not esteemed as generally profitable cattle, because, al- 
though the milk is of the finest quality, it is but very scanty, and is con- 
sequently rather choice than productive. They are, however, fattened 
with great facility. 

3. The polled cattle, or cattle without horns, which include the Gallo- 
ways, chiefly black, some dark gray-brown, or with a few white spots, 
yielding little, rich milk, and a remarkably fine quality of meat; the 
Angus breed, chiefly black, with some spots of white, peculiar for the 
facility with which they are fattened ; the Norfolk cattle, which are 
principally brown-red, with a ruddy rim round the eyes, a few also 
being black, or having an admixture of white: they are profitable 
grazers; and the Suffolk cattle (Suffolk dun-cow), in general light 
brown-red, brownish cream-colored, &c, being very plenteous yielders 
of milk, of which chiefly butter, and but very little tolerable cheese, is 
made, and being, moreover, very ready fatteners. To these might be 
added a few subordinate and unimportant varieties ; the Dumfries breed 
being, in point of fact, a mere offset of the Galloway. 

4. The long horns, including, first, the Irish breed (long horns prop- 
erly so called), which are but little esteemed, but which, under the 
modifications which they have assumed in the hands of experienced 
English breeders, and under the denomination of the Craven and 
Leicester breeds, have become very profitable grazers and fatteners, but 
indifferent dairy cattle. Another variety of this breed has arisen in 
Lancashire, where it has been preferred for the purposes of the dairy, 
and yields the material of some of the best cheese. Another variety, 
again, is attributable to Derbyshire and the adjacent districts, where 
the long-horned cattle have been found excellent for dairy purposes, 



81 

but very indifferent and unprofitable for fattening. Cheshire, War- 
wickshire, Worcestershire, Staffordshire, and Shropshire, also yield a 
portion of long horns, which are in general more profitably retained for 
the dairy than for slaughter. The Shropshire breed is, however, supe- 
rior as to its fattening qualifications. In the majority of these districts, 
as of many others in which the long horns were much esteemed half a 
century ago, they have been supplanted by the short and middle horns. 
5. The middle horns , which embrace the most productive, and some 
of the most hardy of British cattle. Amongst these may be ranked 
the Cornish cattle, a small, very hardy, black variety, of very little 
expense for provender, good yielders of milk, and not by any means 
unprofitable feeders for fattening; they are, moreover, like the Devon 
cattle, most useful draught beasts for the plough, &c. The milk 
yielded by them is rich, and produces exquisite cream, and very excel- 
lent butter. Another variety which is numbered amongst the middle 
horns, and which, in fact, constitutes the stock breed of the Dorset and 
Somerset breeds, both of which excel for feeding, milking, fattening, 
and working, is the North Devon breed, which is justly esteemed as one 
of the best and most profitable which we rear. To the same list we 
may also add the Herefordshire (inferior for the dairy, but far superior 
for slaughter), the Gloucestershire (excelling for dairy purposes), the 
Sussex cattle, which excel rather for the facility of fattening, and the 
superior quality of the meat, than for quality or quantity of milk ; they 
are also very good workers for purposes of husbandry. And, finally, 
the multitude of local varieties amongst the Welsh and Scotch 
Breeds, all of which are much sought after for their hardy habits and 
profitable productiveness. 

58. Of the Breeding and Rearing of the Ox, Cow, &c— Of 

Breeding : In order to become a successful breeder of cattle, it is neces- 
sary that the owner should devote himself to some extent to the study 
of the physiology of the cattle to which he particularly directs his at- 
tention. Too much regard is paid in general to mere prejudices, most 
of which are either founded in error, or lead to an erroneous conclu- 
sion from a sound basis. It will also make a great deal of difference 
whether, in the breeding of cattle, the proprietor has a purely com- 
mercial object, or whether it is rather a matter of research and amuse- 
ment which is sought. If the former, it is clear that his method must 
be limited by local capabilities, and must be governed by all the cir- 
cumstances attending the soil which he cultivates, the qualities in re- 
quest, and the markets which are accessible to him; but if he has 

6 



82 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

means and inclination for breeding cattle upon a more comprehensive, 
but certainly, to say the least of it, more speculative principle, he will 
venture to set aside these mere circumstantial details, in the considera- 
tion of general and universal perfection. There is a very erroneous 
idea amongst some breeders, that if they breed from good cows they 
are sure of good stock ; the truth is, that, as a general rule, the influ- 
ence of the male in animals of this kind is considerably greater than 
that of the female (if, indeed, the male be possessed of any distinctive 
features). The qualifications for breeding stock, both male and female, 
are the excellencies sought in the offspring ; ill-conditioned, unproduc- 
tive, and otherwise inferior parents cannot be expected to yield young 
possessing excellencies which would be merely adventitious. The 
same rule holds good, therefore, in respect of animals of this kind, as 
has already been cited in respect of horses ; that in selecting breeding 
stock, it is necessary to look for all desirable qualities, and to breed as 
little as possible from defective animals. 

In the male, we should look for a sound frame, freedom from cus- 
tomary diseases, strong, sinewy nervous construction, ample dimen- 
sions and just proportions, kindly feeding, and the making of sound 
flesh ; the entire bull-calf, to be reared for breeding, being chosen from 
a stock which had yielded profitable oxen, and being selected as an ex- 
cellent specimen of his breed, and therefore reserved. In the female 
we should look for — 

1st. A copious supply of milk, engendered without wasteful feeding. 

2d. Milk of a rich quality, and yielding a large proportion of 
butter, &c. 

3d. The continuation of the production of milk upon ordinary 
feeding. 

4th. Quietness, tractability, gentleness, kindness towards her young, 
and the absence of failures or difficulties in delivery, &c. 

5th. A disposition to fatten readily if set aside as a milch cow. 

The absurd idea of running after breeding-stock hither and thither 
to a distance, and transplanting them to one's own pasture, for the 
purpose of establishing, replenishing, or ameliorating a stock of cattle, 
cannot be too earnestly deprecated. The adoption of no fresh breeding- 
stock (not indigenous to the locality and soil) should be suffered until 
all the circumstances relating to the climate, pasture, general keep, &c, 
of its former locality have been distinctly ascertained ; because, if the 
previous circumstances in these respects were better than those relating 
to the soil and locality to which you are desirous of transplanting it, it 
will inevitably become deteriorated. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 83 

Always bring breeding-stock from poor to rich soil, &c, if possible; 
thus they will be improved. 

But, although these precautions are essential to the beneficial intro- 
duction of new stock, it is yet most desirable, and equally essential, 
that new blood should be introduced into every herd, without adopting 
a different or inapposite breed wherefrom to introduce such new blood. 
Every year, if possible, and certainly not more rarely than every fourth 
year, it were advisable to procure a fresh bull from some distant place, 
observing the precautions just recited. The bull, from which it is sought 
to breed in this way, should correspond in the general characteristics of 
the breed to which it is wished to introduce him ; because, if the stock 
be good, it is hardly worth while to run the risk of losing actual advan- 
tages in engendering a modified breed, upon the mere speculation that 
the original stock may be improved by the modification. 

Of the Age and Season for Breeding. — Two other questions, which 
are too often overlooked in the mistaken pursuit of profit in the breed- 
ing of cattle, are the age of both the male and female, from which it is 
proposed to breed, and the time of year or season at which the calf 
should be born. Instances of breeding either from a yearling bull or 
heifer are not wanting ; whereas both are much deteriorated by such a 
practice, especially the latter, which, if it be rendered productive a little 
sooner, continues to yield for a far shorter time, even if indeed it does 
not encounter difficulties in pregnancy or delivery. Besides these 
reasons, if the yearling heifer, which is not full grown, be in calf, a 
great portion of the strength which would otherwise have gone to de- 
velop her frame and capabilities, will be suddenly diverted to the sus- 
tenance of a new existence, and neither will end by being complete. 
We may safely breed from heifers of from twenty-four to thirty months 
old, and should not defer sending them to the bull for the first time 
after they are three years and a half old. The bull should not at first 
be allowed to serve until he has completed his second year. The na- 
ture of the pasture, and of the climate, however, in many instances, 
makes a difference of six months in the maturity of the animal ; and 
with cattle reared and fed on very rich pastures, and in fine, warm, 
sheltered, and luxuriant valleys, this must be taken into consideration. 

Next, with respect to the time of year at which it is desirable to se- 
cure the birth of the calf. In the first place, this must depend upon 
the relative local values of calves at different seasons ; in the next 
place, it should be governed by the season at which the pasturage be- 
comes plentiful. Taking, however, the average duration of pregnancy 
in the cow to be nine months, or rather thirty-six weeks, or varying 



84 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

from thirty-four to forty-two weeks, we may easily arrange matters, 
so that the parturition may take place about the time at which it is 
desired. 

59. Of Pregnancy, how Distinguished and how Managed. — Inas- 
much as all the productive or profitable qualities of the cow are in- 
volved in parturition, it is clear that pregnancy is the most important 
period ; and inasmuch as it is a period of great risk, and subject to a 
multiplicity of accidents, it requires attention in comparison to the 
values and dangers attending and resulting from it. It is also clear 
that much consequence is attributable to the accurate discrimination of 
the earliest periods of pregnancy, because if no regard be paid to this, 
the cow may go several months after the period of copulation without 
externally betraying the fact that no conception has taken place ; and 
all this time will have expired worse than profitlessly. To modern 
discovery, however, we owe a most important assistance in this respect. 
It has been ascertained that the action of the heart is perfectly distin- 
guishable in the young, and that the peculiar characteristics of the cir- 
culation about the womb of the pregnant beast are also distinguishable 
at periods varying from 45 to 60 days after conception. The easiest 
method of testing these characteristic indications consists in applying 
the ear, assisted with the instrument called a stethoscope, to the various 
parts of the right side, at the same time ascertaining the state of the 
pulsations in the heart of the pregnant beast by placing the palm of 
the hand on the left side, and also by feeling the temporal artery. 
Having thus ascertained the condition of the circulation, as respects 
the adult animal, we shall not be slow to perceive any intermediate, 
more rapid, and double pulsations, which will be distinctly audible in 
the side, if the animal be pregnant, but which will be wanting if preg- 
nancy has not accrued. 

Having been satisfied that the cow has failed to conceive, we may 
avoid losing more time, and either sell her, reserve her for slaughter, 
or place her once more with the male, as the case may be. 

If, on the other hand, we distinguish the unmistakable evidences 
of pregnancy, we must at once adopt all the precautions necessary to 
insure a healthy and profitable parturition. For this purpose very 
great attention should be paid to the quantity, quality, and peculiar 
nature of the food ; which should neither be too spare or poor to afford 
sufficient nourishment for the proper generation of blood and milk, nor 
of such rich, heating, or stimulating properties as to hazard or encour- 
age inflammatory tendencies. At no period during pregnancy (if ever) 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 85 

should damaged food be allowed. As the period of parturition ap- 
proaches, generally for about a fortnight before the period when preg- 
nancy will be completed, it will be desirable to lessen the quantity of 
food, or to have a care that it is particularly simple, wholesome, and un- 
stimulating. The state of the excrements should also be most attentively 
observed (even every day during the last six weeks of pregnancy), and 
if the least appearance of irregularity be observable, particularly if they 
be darker and more consistent, we should have recourse to medicinal 
treatment as hereinafter described. The period at which the milk 
must no longer be drawn, varies according to the condition of the beast. 
In some cases, that is when the cow is very robust and well conditioned, 
we may continue to draw off the milk until within eighteen days of 
the estimated period of parturition. Very lean, weakly, or ill-condi- 
tioned cattle require to be left unmilked as long as nine weeks before 
delivery, and the length of time during which we should abstain from 
drawing the milk, will therefore range between this maximum and 
minimum according to circumstances. Pure pasture-feeding is the best, 
especially towards the close of the period of pregnancy. 

60. Abortion. — No domestic animals perhaps require nearly so much 
or such constant and immediate care during pregnancy as cows, for 
none are so liable to incomplete, premature, unproductive, dangerous, 
or fatal deliveries. It might almost be said that irregularities in ges- 
tation are the more probable contingencies. Abortion, or, as it is tech- 
nically called " slinking" abruptly terminates the pregnancy of cows 
under an endless variety of circumstances. 

1st. It may be termed a species of epidemic disease spreading unac- 
countably amongst cattle, and continuing to affect them for years. In 
the majority of cases, however, it is rather of accidental or other local 
origin than attributable to epidemy. Nor even when introduced amongst 
particular herds by the admission of a strange cow previously subject 
to abortion, can it properly be termed epidemic, for even then the origi- 
nal cause may be traced to a particularity, not a generality. 

2d. It may very properly be termed an endemic disease, affecting 
all the cattle in particular localities, and arising in such cases from the 
stimulating, acrid, or other mischievous nature of the food, from the 
peculiarity of the water habitually drunk by the cattle : such, for in- 
stance, as the presence of chalybeate infusions; from the peculiar nature 
of the atmosphere, &c. 

3d. It may decidedly be looked upon as sympathetic, being induced 
even by the presence of a cow addicted to abortion, by the odors ema- 



86 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

nating from the discharges accompanying or following it, and many 
similar causes. Wherefore every precaution should be taken to neutralize 
odors, to cleanse the spot whether within or out of the stable or shed, to re- 
move all other cattle to a distance, and to sink the abortive calf deep 
into the ground, and in some spot entirely unfrequented by the cattle, 
such as a wood or garden, as far from the range of the pastures and 
cow-houses as possible. 

4th. There is no question but that abortion is hereditary in the few 
instances in which a cow, prone to slinking, has succeeded in rearing 
her calf. Wherefore we should strongly discourage the breeder from 
ever rearing such calves (if female) for milch cows, and recommend him 
either to dispatch them for slaughter as calves, or to rear them for fatting 
only. 

Again : abortion may be considered hereditary in another respect, 
as dependent upon hereditary defects of constitution. Wherefore, a 
cow of general unhealthy habit, and especially if unkindly and indicative 
of the presence of consumption, should never be appropriated to purposes 
of breeding. 

5th. Abortion may justly be held to be periodical or rather atmos- 
pheric, for it is very well ascertained that it becomes peculiarly preva- 
lent during certain seasons under particular conditions of weather, &c. 

6th, and last. Abortion is often, and perhaps most frequently de- 
nominated as accidental, and may be occasioned by any circumstances 
which tend to interfere with, or to interrupt, the regular operation of 
any particular function ; for it must not be forgotten that the cow is of 
a peculiarly hysterical temperament, that is to say, that anything which 
affects the beast in ever so slight a degree, is likely, especially during 
pregnancy, to react upon the womb, and may sometimes affect a future 
pregnancy when the cow is not actually in calf at the time. Amongst 
these general accidental causes of abortion, we may number fright (from 
any cause) ; excess of food ; over-stimulating food ; plethoric condition 
arising out of food or confinement ; want of fresh air and free scope ; 
foul, close, unhealthy cow-houses ; deficient or unwholesome food ; 
acute diseases in general, especially those of an inflammatory nature ; 
sudden changes of pasture or stall food; as also mechanical injuries, and 
intercourse with the male during pregnancy, &c. 

61. Premonitory Signs of Abortion, Precautions against it, and 
General Treatment to follow it. — Cows which have once slinked a 
calf should be constantly watched, especially about the twentieth week of 
pregnancy, and from that time to a period varying from seven to four 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 87 

weeks before the estimated period of parturition. By observing this 
precaution, proper general treatment and proper remedies (for which 
see the article hereafter on the " Medicinal Treatment of Abortion as a 
Disease,") may be resorted to in time to arrest any untoward conse- 
quences. 

The approach of abortion will be distinguishable in the gait and 
movements of the animal, which will have a tendency to retain the 
same position whether recumbent or erect. The movements of the calf 
in the womb will be less distinctly observable, and whereas under pro- 
pitious circumstances these movements would be palpable externally to 
the eye, it will be necessary, on the near approach of slinking, to place 
the palm of the hand upon the right flank towards the hind quarters 
in order to distinguish them ; the cow will feed but irregularly, evidently 
without relish, insufficiently, and without" ruminating ; the belly will 
droop, lose its sideway fulness and roundness, and become lank. This 
last will more especially be the case when the calf is dead, under which 
circumstance all motion will have ceased; the pace will be uncertain 
and wavering ; the milk will fail ; and, as the premature labor becomes 
imminent (and almost always unavoidable, but invariably so when there 
are symptoms of decomposition), sounds indicative of pain will be 
emitted; the respiration becomes catching, interrupted, irregular, and 
difficult; a discharge either of a yellowish or darker and bloody hue ex- 
udes from the parts, which if very offensive indicates the decomposition 
of the contents of the womb; and the pulse indicates considerable pros- 
tration (much resembling that attendant upon the low species of ner- 
vous fever), and is frequently very irregular ; sometimes even barely 
perceptible. 

The homoeopathic treatment especially adapted to approaching abor- 
tion, will be stated in greater detail hereafter ; but it may not be super- 
fluous to state, that the homceopathist possesses a peculiar advantage 
in having direct specifics to employ against the disease, whereby, even 
in cases in which he might mistake the precursory for more imminent 
symptoms, his treatment will have been as apposite to prevent, as it 
would later be to facilitate, the deposition of the calf. In the earliest 
incipient symptoms of predisposition to slinking, alone, would his me- 
dicinal resources materially differ. 

The after-treatment of cows which have slinked their calves should 
consist in the most expeditious removal of all offal, in treatment to 
promote the ejection of the after-birth (of which hereafter), and if neces- 
sary, of mechanical means for this purpose ; in thoroughly cleansing the 
animal and its litter, and in allowing the free circulation of fresh air. 



88 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

The only food allowable immediately before or after abortion, should 
consist of thin gruel, slightly warm. 

The subsequent treatment of all cows which have prematurely de- 
posited their calves (except in some rare cases in which mechanical in- 
juries are purely the cause of the accident), may be summed up in four 
words, — get rid of them! 

62. Parturition ; Treatment Before, During, and After it. — The 
delivery of the calf either takes place in due and proper course, and 
without difficulty, or it is impeded, painful, slow, very difficult, or even 
totally arrested. In the former case little or no interference is requisite, 
other than to watch the progress of the labor, to be at hand at the 
moment of delivery, and to render every assistance to the cow and calf, 
as well as to see that the after-birth is properly ejected. If the latter 
is the case, however, and the labor has continued ineffectually for nine 
or ten hours, medicinal, and even mechanical, interference becomes 
necessary. 

The removal of the after-birth will sometimes require medicinal, or 
even mechanical, interference, but this is rarely the case. As soon, 
therefore, as the labor is safely brought to an issue, we should content 
ourselves with placing the calf immediately within reach of the mother, 
and with seeing that a thin mash of tepid gruel is given to her. The 
suckling of the calf should be encouraged and facilitated (unless there 
be profuse and prolonged discharges of blood, when it must be with- 
held) ; and if the calf does not suck freely, we should resort to the ex- 
pedient of drawing off the milk. But, under any circumstances, we 
should not remove the calf from the mother without sufficient reason. 
The process of licking, to which the cow submits its young, is alike 
advantageous to both. In the event of profuse and prolonged discharges 
of blood following delivery, we should have recourse to the medicinal 
treatment hereinafter recommended under the head of " Parturition." 

Approaching parturition is indicated by the following symptoms, 
and, when these are present, the cow should be conveyed to a place 
where she will not be exposed either to the inclemency of the weather, 
or to accidental intrusion or interference, quiet being essential to her. 
Cold water should be sedulously kept out of her reach, because, if at 
hand the febrile action, which in all cases, more or less, accompanies 
calving, will induce an inclination to drink it, and the pains may 
thereby be so far modified as to render them inadequate to the expul- 
sion of the calf. We may allow harmless warm drinks, such as un- 
stimulating mashes, gruel, &c. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 89 

The Premonitory Symptoms are generally these: great uneasiness, 
gradually increasing, the cow constantly changing position, as, for in- 
stance, laying down as soon as it has got up, and vice versa; the dis- 
charge from the passage, such as has already been described under the 
head of " Abortion ;" the sudden distension of the udder, — the appear- 
ance of the belly being such as has already been described ; a peculiar 
slow, periodical moan, which is only heard on the approach of or during 
labor ; the swelling of the parts, and afterwards a peculiar muscular ac- 
tion of a forcing description, which regularly accompanies the recurrence 
of the pains. As labor approaches or begins, the pains become more 
regular, evidently more violent and quicker in succession, and the pulse 
and respiration quicker. During the whole of this time we should ab- 
stain from meddling with the beast; but when, from the presence of 
certain discharges, or from the length of time since the commencement 
of the labor, we have reason to believe that the delivery should be 
at hand, we should proceed to examine the cow, for the purpose of 
ascertaining the position and advancement of the calf, and whether or 
not there be any hinderance in the construction of the cow which will 
impede its progress. 

The position or formation of the calf is either natural or un- 
natural. 

1st. In its natural position, it should be extended on its stomach, 
with the back upwards (relatively to an erect position of the cow), and 
it should advance in the passage by the fore legs projecting forward, 
the head being also stretched forward, so that the nose rests upon and 
between the knees, but not so as to project below them. 

If there be nothing in respect of the conformation of the cow to in- 
terfere with ready delivery, and if the parts are properly dilated, whilst 
the labor-pains (as indicated by the excessive pressure and resistance 
offered to the hand) are strong enough to expel the calf, it is better to 
let nature do its work. 

2d. The position of the calf being unnatural consists in its being dif- 
ferent from that above described. 

It is sometimes reverted sideways ; 

Sometimes on its back, with the belly turned upwards, relatively to 
the erect position of the cow ; 

Sometimes with the nose so sunk as to offer an impediment to its 
passing, &c. 

In the majority of these cases, medicine will not suffice without the 
application of mechanical resources; and these mechanical resources 
sometimes extend to the partition of the calf, for the purpose of removing 



90 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

it by pieces, which is always justifiable when the calf is dead. Of the 
medicinal accessories hereafter (see " Parturition"). 

3d. The formation of the calf may be such as to preclude the possi- 
bility of delivery, when surgical resources can alone be of any avail. 
It has even been thought necessary to open the side of the cow for the 
extraction of the calf: the more common method is to extract the calf 
by pieces. 

4th. There may be impediments arising out of the construction, mal- 
formation, or accidental contraction, &c, of the parts in the mother. 
In the majority of these cases mechanical means become requisite. Of 
the medicinal means hereafter (see "Parturition"). 

5th. If the labor-pains become weakened or suspended, the treatment 
hereinafter directed, under the head of " Parturition," must be resorted 
to. It is obvious to every one who pays the slightest attention to these 
matters, that both the cow and calf are prejudiced by the undue exten- 
sion of the period of labor ; and consequently anything which tends to 
protract the expulsion of the calf should be obviated as soon as pos- 
sible. 

6th. If the labor-pains continue unabated, and strong enough to expel 
the calf, during more than from ten to twelve hours, we may infer that 
there is some mechanical obstruction, either in the cow or calf, and must 
proceed accordingly, as before directed. 

63. Mechanical Means for Assisting the Delivery. — The hand 
must be oiled and carefully inserted, so as to ascertain the position of 
the calf; and if the general position be found as it should be, with 
merely a slight depression of the head, it may be found sufficient to 
raise the head, and place the head and fore feet so that all difficulty is 
removed. In most cases it becomes necessary to attach a cord to the 
fore legs and jaw, wherewith to draw the calf forward simultaneously 
with the propulsion given by the labor-pains. The same means are 
often found sufficient when the difficulty arises from malformation in 
the mother. When the position of the calf is otherwise unnatural, we 
must endeavor to alter the position, agreeably to the description of 
natural position given above. The more complicated cases, involving 
serious operations, are beyond our province. 

64. The Earliest Treatment of Calves. — Apart from the more 
special directions for treatment, which will form part of the article on 
" Parturition " hereafter, it may be more properly mentioned in this 
place: First, that the navel-string should be examined, and proper 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 91 

bandages applied if the hemorrhage continue. Secondly, that, above 
all, the calf should (unless there be physical impediments) be allowed 
access to the first milk, than which nothing will more surely modify the 
first irregularities of the digestive functions. Thirdly, that the treat- 
ment of the calf should be incidental to that of the mother, for what- 
ever will tend to injure the mother, during the first few weeks after 
delivery in particular, will almost inevitably recoil upon the calf. 
Every precaution should, therefore, be taken to promote the secretion 
of good and abundant milk ; all regulations with respect to cleanliness, 
air, and the like, should be strictly observed ; and the first indications 
of derangement in the cow should be speedily obviated by appropriate 
treatment. Fourthly, that in the generalities the same precautions are 
observable with respect to the calf individually. Fifthly, that as soon 
as the calf has sufficient strength to follow the mother about in the 
pasture, and power as well as disposition to gambol, it will be far more 
consistent with common sense to allow it to remain with the mother, 
and freely to seek the udder or to ramble unrestrained, than to keep it 
pent up in a close and unhealthy cow-house. It is a great mistake to 
suppose that the unlimited access of the calf to the udder either dete- 
riorates or lessens the supply of milk ; the fact is quite the contrary, 
if the food be of a quality and abundance consistent with the require- 
ments of an animal giving suck. 

65. The Period of Weaning varies so much, according to the con- 
venience of the owner, and is so frequently set aside altogether by the 
slaughter of the calf, that it were difficult to set any precise limit for 
the guidance of the reader in this respect. It is clear, however, that, 
if it be intended to rear the calf, much must depend upon its strength 
and capability of subsisting independently of the mother. The advance- 
ment of the teeth is an important point whereby to judge of this ; and 
it is not very difficult to discern whether the calf readily and easily 
partakes of general food. If it be intended to breed again from the 
mother, it is natural enough that she should be separated from the calf, 
already sufficiently advanced to do without her support. 

Q&. Feeding of the Ox, Cow, &c. — The ox and cow, the latter es- 
pecially, are more adapted by construction, constitution, habits of 
motion, and the absence of any express requirement for fleetness, to 
pasture feeding only, and green food constitutes the staple article 
throughout the greater part of the year, but especially when there is 
sufficient grass to sustain the cattle. In the absence of a sufficiency of 



92 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

green food for browsing, the best method of feeding for the cow is that 
of the open straw-yard, where shelter is at hand in case of need. There 
the ox and cow w T ill alike feed upon whatever chaff, grass, clover, or 
other hay is placed at its disposal, as also upon wheat, oats, barley, and 
pea straw. It is customary to have square racks standing here and 
there in the straw-yard, whence the cattle may feed at pleasure. For 
winter feeding, Ave have also mangel-wurzel, beets where they are suf- 
ficiently plentiful, turnips, carrots, potatoes, horse-chestnuts (which are 
very much used in many parts of the Continent, and which are suffici- 
ently plentiful in this country, but are not used), acorns (which are also 
held of great value in some localities), grains, oil-cake, waste meals, 
&c. In fact, it may be said that these cattle may be fed upon nearly 
the same kinds of food as already described under the head of " The 
Horse " (with the exception of entire grain), and that they are also cal- 
culated, beneficially, to consume many articles of food which would be 
withheld from the horse. For such cattle we have also the resource 
of mashes of every variety. 

As respects what is said of meals, grains, oil-cake, and stimulating 
mashes, and other kinds of high and rich food, it must be understood 
to apply rather to the feeding of oxen for fattening, or to stall-feeding 
properly so called, than to that of the cow, which for the reasons al- 
ready stated under the head of "Breeding," should not be allowed 
very high or stimulating food. With respect to turnips, potatoes, and 
the like succulent kinds of food, they should be allowed in limited 
quantities only; because, as has been stated previously, ruminating 
cattle are apt to gorge themselves to such a degree as to annul the op- 
eration of the organ which distinctly characterizes their habit of feed- 
ing, when serious consequences, such as hoove, often ensue. 

With reference to the stall-feeding of cattle which are reserved for 
slaughter, as much depends upon feeding judiciously as upon the choice 
of rich and generous food ; as, for instance, it is very essential to feed 
frequently, sparingly, and at regular intervals. The process of diges- 
tion will then be assisted, promoted, and regulated, and the food will 
really produce adequate effects, and repay the feeder, whereas the best 
food, injudiciously tendered, will serve but little purpose, as far as the 
perfection of fat cattle is concerned. 

In no case, moreover, should lean cattle, recently brought from im- 
poverished or spare pasture, be gorged with rich fatty substances ; they 
should even be sparingly indulged in the richer pasture of their new 
locality, but should be gradually accustomed to both, with the inter- 
vention of dry food, such as grass-hay and straw. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 93 

If the cattle are subsequently to be stall-fed, the better method would 
be, perhaps, to feed them with hay and straw in the shape of chaff. 

With respect to the particular choice of food, from the general reper- 
tory adapted to cattle, breeders do not appear to follow any distinct or 
consistent rule; and if they adopt this or that species of food in prefer- 
ence to another, it is rather on account of the manure yielded by it than 
of the effect which it produces upon the cattle. Hence the frequent 
and very general use of oil-cake, turnips, and grains in stall feeding. 
ISTor is this so unreasonable as the casual reader may imagine, for the 
real economy of fat stock consists in the improvement of the soil for the 
more profitable production of grain. Fatted cattle can by no means 
be esteemed so profitable in themselves as many persons appear to 
imagine. 

67. Of Green or Fresh Food. — Under this head we may include 
pasture, of which much has already been said, clover, sainfoin, tares, &c. 

1. Pasture. — Where there is a running stream of rapid current, and 
the adjacent levels are well drained, there is no doubt but that the pas- 
ture of marsh lands is highly advantageous for the feeding of cattle 
generally, but care should be taken that ranhness, occasioned by a 
constant swampiness of the subsoil (whence an inferior admixture of 
grasses and other plants will spring), be not mistaken for genuine luxu- 
riance, because in such cases marshy lands are perhaps the least desir- 
able of all situations for pasture. When really well drained, &c, they 
constitute equally fine grazing for the ox or the milch cow, hitherto ac- 
customed to rich pasture. 

Uplands and down turf are, perhaps, the best adapted for the graz- 
ing (at all events for the preparatory grazing) of all hardy mountain 
cattle, such as the Welsh and Scotch. 

Table meadow-land, elevated above the level of waters, with a gentle 
slope towards the southwest, and partaking neither of the marsh nor 
of the upland, is perhaps the best adapted to all general purposes of 
grazing, as well as of haying. Grazing land of this kind should, if 
possible, have only trees enough for shelter, without such a prevalence 
of large spreading trees as to deteriorate the grass, or occupy much 
space. Trees are advantageous on the outskirts of a grazing meadow, 
to the north, northeast, and northwest, but are very prejudicial and 
wasteful when interspersed over the whole of the land. Hence the 
disadvantage of the so-called park lands, which are neither parks nor 
pastures, but in which the owners have incongruously sought to appro- 
priate to themselves the two in one. 



94 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

2. Clover is a most beneficial kind of green food, if allowed in mod- 
eration, and only to cattle in such condition that they can bear it. All 
cattle will gorge themselves to excess if they be suffered to have un- 
limited access to it. 

3. Sainfoin and Tares also constitute very valuable green fodder, 
and, though not quite so mischievous, in excess, as clover, should be 
measured out by the feeder, and allowed only in limited quantities. 

68. Construction and Management of Cow-Houses and Buildings 
adapted for Oxen. — In the first place, the majority of buildings of 
this kind are erected with a false regard to economy, the first cost being 
too much considered. They are either mere sheds, without the regular 
admission of light, air, &c, and without proper drainage (one of the 
most important of considerations respecting the dwelling-places of ani- 
mals, as well as of human beings); in these instances, also, they are 
low-pitched, narrow, and exposed to baneful draughts from certain 
quarters of the wind, and frequently ill covered (in which they wholly 
miss their object), or they are squat, low, solid buildings, with little 
better than six or seven feet of depth between the floors, that the upper 
portions may be appropriated to stowage of various kinds, and in very 
few cases are they detached, so as to admit of thorough purification, or 
to arrest the malignancy of any infectious disease which rages amongst 
the cattle. 

Besides these and other glaring defects of construction, we are almost 
invariably called upon to censure one very popular but very mischiev- 
ous species of mismanagement, which consists in the accumulation of 
manure and waste matters in progress of decomposition constantly be- 
neath the cattle. With stall-fed cattle, in particular, this is the case, 
and is attributable to the erroneous idea that the manure is better pre- 
served, and rendered more valuable by such accumulation, whereas 
the case is rather the other way. 

The evils of this method as regards the cattle are many : 

1. Drainage is rendered quite impossible, all the waste moisture 
being absorbed by the trampled straw, &c. 

2. The generation of noxious vapors is constantly sustained and 
encouraged. 

3. The food is often deteriorated by exhalations. There are several 
remarkable experiments recorded in illustration of this fact. 

4. A species of humidity is maintained, which is obviously injurious 
to animal life. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 95 

5. The manure is rendered less fertilizing, by being prevented from 
absorbing that which enhances its properties in the atmosphere. 

For stall-feeding, as for cattle generally, it is even questionable 
whether the best contrivance does not consist in a Well-sheltered quad- 
rangular straw-yard, surrounded on all sides by sheds, open on the 
side facing the interior of the quadrangle, well roofed, and well pro- 
tected from the outside, the whole being drained from beneath the sur- 
face, in such a manner as to convey all waste waters beyond the pale 
of the yard. Along the whole length of the back of these sheds should 
extend the troughs or mangers, whence the stall food is to be derived 
by the cattle, the green food and hay being placed here and there about 
the area in racks, and an abundance of troughs being fixed at divers 
places, wherein to keep good clean and soft water for the cattle to 
drink. In this case, the greatest objections to the accumulation of 
manure will be obviated, and hence much time and trouble saved ; 
whereas, for cases of sickness or breeding, Avhen the weather is very 
severe, separate buildings might be erected wherein to house the sick 
cattle or cows calving for the time. 



OF THE HORNS AND TEETH OF CATTLE. 

69. (a.) The Horns; their Adaptations ; and the Indications as to 
Age, Health, Ac, to be derived from them. — Adaptations of the Horns 
of Cattle. : These are highly useful in various manufacturing processes, 
according to the portion used, their construction being so various as to 
be productive of size for purposes of cloth-making, grease for the soap- 
boiler, and of horny substances, part of which, as is well known, are 
used for combs, the handles of implements, and as a substitute for glass, 
being less brittle, and consequently better adapted for rough use, and 
sufficiently transparent for many purposes. 

The Horns as an Index of Breed, &c. — As we have already stated, 
the clearest distinction between the different breeds of cattle is founded 
upon the difference in the length, construction, &c, of the horns ; and 
the advocates of any of the specific varieties of cattle consequently con- 
tend warmly in attaching a preference to a particular description of 
horn. The short and middle horns have of late years become the most 
popular ; but those who hold hornless or polled cattle in estimation, 
attribute a preference to the absence of this index. It should not be 
omitted here, as a curious and interesting distinction, that in respect 
of sex, the horns of cattle, such as the ox, bull, and cow, seem to vary, 



96 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

subject to rules directly contrary, or at least very inapposite to those 
on which the antlers of the stag depend. 

The Horns as an Index of Health. — The peculiar construction of the 
horn, intersected or perforated in every direction by the passage of in- 
numerable small vessels, as well as the exceeding thinness of the ex- 
ternal covering which surrounds the roots, renders it a most distinct 
index of the state of the circulation, and consequently of the con- 
dition of organs which are most immediately and distinctly affected 
by the condition of the vascular apparatus. If there be any undue 
state of heat in the blood, it will immediately be observable by touch- 
ing the root of the horns, where, as already described, the external 
covering is so thin, as to place us almost in contact with the vessels 
themselves ; whereas the vessels are so abundant, and in so important 
a position in relation to the superior organs as to convey the most 
positive idea of constitutional disturbance when present. In the undue 
development of heat, therefore, we distinguish the presence of inflam- 
matory action. 

The Horns as an Index of Age. — In this respect the horns may some- 
times serve us ; but as we shall presently explain in speaking of the 
teeth, the latter are, in reality, the only indices which are always to be 
depended upon. The horns of the cow are certainly of more certain 
instruction than those of the ox ; and those of the bull are the most 
likely of all to mislead us. But the traces of age, even in the cow, 
are often very indistinct, and too indefinite to induce a sure conclusion ; 
whereas in the ox we cannot hope for any trace of age between the 
completion of the first and fifth years, and in the bull but a very im- 
perfect indication even of the later period. In the heifer or cow we 
may (as in all cattle under a year old) distinguish the age until the 
completion of the first year, in the nature of the external covering of 
the horn, which will not be the external bright, smooth surface of the 
horn itself, but a species of scaling, desquamating skin, which seems to 
have been borne outwards in the growth of the horn, and which is 
dull, rough, and irregular. But in the ox, heifer, or cow, we observe 
a new indication at the completion of the third year ; namely, the rings, 
which constitute the trace of age from that time forward. But in this 
respect, again, we may be misled by the fact, that a period of preg- 
nancy, commenced at the termination of the second year, or sooner, will 
promote the development of the first of these rings by that time ; and 
it is w T ell known that these rings cease to be perfectly and distinctly 
developed at the sixth year ; besides which, they are often artificially 
imitated by designing persons, and afford great facilities for counterfeit. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 97 

70. The Teeth of Cattle as to Number, Construction, and the 
Indication of Age. — The teeth of cattle (as of the horse) constitute a 
much more certain indication of age than the horns. We may begin 
by stating that the permanent and perfect set comprises — 

1. Cutting teeth or incisors, which are only situated in the lower jaw, 

and which operate on an upper gum of peculiar construction, and 
which, moreover, are more properly described as 2 central and 3 
on each side, ........... 8 

2. Grinders or molar teeth, 6 on each side above (12), and the like 

number below (12), 24 

Total number, ...... 32 

It should not be omitted, however, that horned cattle, like horses, 
have two distinct sets of teeth, differing in the two species rather in 
relative numbers, and in the periods of change and maturity, than in 
the process which attends the change. These two distinct sets are 
divided, as has before been stated (see "Teeth of the Horse") into 
temporary or milk teeth and permanent teeth. 

The temporary or milk teeth of cattle are 28 in number, namely . 

1. Cutting teeth or incisors, which are situated only in the lower jaw 

and operate upon a peculiar formation of the gum above, and 
which are properly divided into 2 central and 3 on each side, . 8 

2. Grinders or molar teeth, 5 on each side above (10), and the like 

number below (10), 20 

Total number, 28 

These temporary or milk teeth are developed and absorbed, to be re- 
placed by the subsequent and permanent set, according to the order 
hereinafter stated. 

Development and Progress of the Cutting Teeth. — If the period of 
pregnancy has been fully run, and the term of parasitic existence has 
fairly expired at the birth of the calf, it will generally be born either 
with the two middle cutting teeth actually through the gum, or so far 
advanced as to be very soon pierced, whilst it will be furnished, in 
most case, with eight, and in some instances with twelve grinders.* 

* That is, 2 or 3 on each side above (4 or 6), and 2 or 3 on each side below (4 or 
6), in which case the mouth of the calf at birth, or very shortly afterwards, will 
display the following array of teeth : 

If two grinders have appeared in each jaw above and below — 

1. Incisors — the two central teeth in front of the lower jaw, . . 2 

2. Grinders, or molars, 2 on each side above (4), and the like number 

below (4), . 8 

Total number, 10 



98 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

In other instances, in which the calf is premature, or for various rea- 
sons, — such as constitutional debility in the mother, deficient and in- 
adequate food, and the like, — it will occasionally occur that these teeth 
do not even protrude at the birth. We will, however, assume the calf 
to be fully matured previous to delivery, more especially as there will 
be little difference after the completion of the first year of independent 
existence. 

At from ten to sixteen days old, two more cutting teeth will make their 
appearance, one on each side of the two first (making four altogether) ; 
in the course of nine days more we may expect a third pair, viz., one 
on each side (making six altogether) ; before the thirty-fifth day after 
birth, or, as it is said, within the first month, a fourth and last pair will 
protrude, viz., one on each side as before {making the complete set of tem- 
porary incisors, eight in number). 

These teeth begin by being covered over the top, or acting surface, 
with a species of bright enamel, which gradually wears away, and be- 
trays the coarser grain of the tooth beneath it. The front edges of the 
teeth, however, retain their sharp and positive structure much longer 
than the edges w r hich touch upon the tongue, and upon which the 
heaviest work rests. About the time that the last pair of cutting teeth 
begin to show themselves, namely, at a month old, the first two will 
already begin to show the wear ; another month will include the second 
pair in the same category ; a third month the third pair (about which 
time, also, we shall descry the gradual wear of the outer edges of the 
first teeth) ; towards the completion of the fourth month, the entire set 
will have become worn. We shall also be enabled to detect the growth 
of the animal from the changes in the general appearance of the teeth, 
which progressively take place, as well as from the mark which, from 
being rectilinear (first in the shape of a mere broad stroke on the crown 
of the teeth, parallel with the course of the circuit of the gums), whilst 
the crowns of the teeth are level, wall become dilated into the shape of 
a triangle, as the crown becomes obliquely inclined inwards by the 
greater wear to which the inner edge of the teeth is exposed ; besides 
which, as the milk teeth begin to be absorbed in the generation of per- 
manent teeth, interstices will become developed between them. All 

If three grinders have appeared, as above stated — 

1. Incisors, as above, .......... 2 

2. Grinders, or molars, 3 on each side above (6), and the like number 

below (6), 12 

Total number, 14 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 99 

these features are developed in the consecutive teeth, according to the 
order of succession in their appearance ; and we may date the triangular 
appearance of the mark above described, and the diminution of size in 
the two central incisors, at or about the completion of the fourth month. 
Between that period and the expiration of the first year, the same change 
will have become manifested in the two adjacent incisors (including four 
altogether) ; whereas, in the meanwhile, & fourth and fifth grinder will 
have perforated the gum, whilst, at the same time, the first is in course 
of being changed. In the course of three months longer, six of the 
cutting teeth will have become so modified, and a further period of 
three months (viz., that of eighteen months old) will involve the entire 
set in the change of appearance, the comparative degree of wear being 
still in accordance with the order of succession. 

A second mark, in the shape of a thin line, will now be developed, 
encompassing the former mark. The interstices, moreover, between 
the teeth, especially the front teeth, will become gradually greater as 
the teeth diminish in size (being already as wide as the teeth them- 
selves), until, by the completion of the second year, we may descry the 
appearance of the first two permanent teeth as substitutes in the centre 
of the set of incisors, whilst the second of the grinders is being changed. 
The change of the first two incisors will quickly be followed by the 
change of a second pair, so that, taking into consideration the pro- 
gressive change of the third of the grinders, the beast at three years 
old would be distinguishable by the following features respecting the 
teeth. There would be — 

M. T. P. T. 

1. Cutting teeth, or incisors — milk teeth, two on each side, much 

attenuated, ......... 4 

Cutting teeth, or incisors — permanent teeth, two central, and 
the two next adjacent on either side, .... 4 

2. Grinders, or molars — milk teeth, two on each side above 

(4), and the like number below (4), viz., the fourth and 

fifth, 8 

Grinders, or molars — permanent teeth, three on each side 
above (6), and the like number below (6), viz., the first, 
second, and third, ........ 12 

Grinders, or molars — permanent teeth wanting, one on each 
side above (2), and the like number below (2), viz., the 
sixth, 

Comparative total number (making an aggregate of 28 teeth), 12 16 

The course of another year will have slowly removed another pair 
of temporary cutting teeth y whilst, at the same time, the fourth grinder 



100 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

will have been cast, and will have been replaced ; and by the comple- 
tion of a fifth year we shall have a complete set of incisors, differing — 
(1) in the degree of development according to order of succession ; (2) 
in the degree of wear similarly ; (3) in the modification of the mark, as 
above described ; whilst, at the same time, the fifth and last of the tem- 
porary grindeis will have been supplanted by a permanent tooth. 

An additional and sixth year will be chiefly remarkable for the final 
completion of the entire set of permanent teeth, in the appearance of the 
sixth molar, which appears once for all (being never cast), and for the 
full growth of all the permanent incisors, the four central ones of which 
have already begun to betray wear in the obtuseness of the edges, and 
in the modifications of the mark. After this time the calculation of 
age in cattle becomes half problematical ; and the only way to form 
any approximate idea of it, is to consider the distinct change taking 
place in the development of the mark, the renewal and extension of 
interstices, <fcc, as involving one additional pair of the incisors in the 
course of every additional year. But it may also be added, that after 
the seventh year the question of age ceases to be of so much importance 
as to exercise material influence on the value of the animal. 

71. The Hides and Gluten, and other Products of Cattle. — In 
conformity with our purpose of touching upon all the points of com- 
mercial importance in respect of cattle, we should casually allude to 
the hide, gluten, &c. It is beyond the pale of this work to enter into 
the consideration of the value or profitable application of these products 
for purposes of manufacture, but it may be useful simply to mention 
them, in order that the breeder may not lose sight of them in the treat- 
ment of cattle. There are no especial rules relating to the treatment 
of cattle as regards the hide, unless it be generally that everything 
which tends to injure the skin, to destroy its regular surface, &c, will 
detract from its value ; and everything which tends to preserve a sound, 
even, and unbroken surface, &c, will comparatively enhance its value. 
As disease of any kind is very quickly betrayed by the condition of 
the skin, it is obvious that even its texture is liable to be affected by 
constitutional derangement, and it is obvious enough that whatever is 
conducive to the general health of the animal will be beneficial to the 
skin, as well as to every other organ, structural part, or function. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 101 



Section III. 

THE SHEEP. 

72. General Remarks. — The usefulness of instructions respecting 
the various kinds of domestic animals depends upon the degree of prac- 
tical information which they convey, as regards the uses and sources of 
profit which are to be derived from the subject of such a treatise. It is 
our object to fulfil this design to our utmost. Wherefore, in treating 
of the Sheep, which yields so large a proportion of the sustenance and 
comfort of civilized life, and of wealth to the breeder, it will not be 
superfluous to call the attention of the reader briefly to the chief sources 
of its productiveness. They may be divided as follows : 

1. The flesh, which ranks amongst the most nourishing and most 
wholesome of animal substances. 

2. The fat, which is variously used for manufacturing purposes. 

3. The wool, which supplies the material for the greater part of our 
woollen draperies. 

4. The skin, which, though of less importance than those of the ox, 
cow, &c, and horse, is nevertheless used for very many purposes in 
manufacture. 

5. The milk, which was formerly in much request, but has latterly 
been abandoned for the sake of enhancing the foregoing and more 
essential productions. 

For agricultural purposes, the sheep also possesses another transcen- 
dent merit, that of improving pasture and of contributing to enrich the 
soil with manure. The advantage of folding sheep upon arable land, to 
prepare it for the white crop, is well known, and needs no further re- 
mark. We will therefore proceed, first, to consider, briefly, the various 
breeds of sheep, and their comparative productive merits ; secondly, the 
wool and its peculiarities, and how the last may be modified ; thirdly, 
the breeding, rearing, age, sex, shearing, general management, &c, of 
sheep ; and fourthly, the kind of feeding which enhances any of the 
productive merits above named. 

73. A Glance at the Various Breeds of Sheep, and their Pro- 
ductive Merits. — The universal adoption and usefulness of the sheep 
as regards the necessities of mankind, cannot be better exemplified than 
by a glance at the universality of its location. Next to mankind there 



102 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

is no living thing which is so universally domesticated, and so abun- 
dantly cultivated as the sheep, or which has continued to engross the 
attention alike of the wandering hordes of semi-barbarous people, of 
every nationality, and of the most refined of civilized communities, as 
the sheep has done. The dog may, perhaps, be said to be as universally 
the companion, assistant, and favorite of man, but dogs are certainly 
not reared and nurtured in such numbers. 

Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, all number their various breeds 
of sheep, each being more or less adapted to climate, circumstances, and 
locality. In Europe we number about twenty-five varieties, which are 
again subdivided into a multiplicity of local breeds. Those in the 
eastern and southern provinces of Russia (which also include some 
of the Asiatic breeds) are famous for the delicate texture of the wool, 
which they yield abundantly. The Spanish sheep, which are short- 
woolled sheep, particularly those known by the distinctive name of Me- 
rinos, are unrivalled for the exquisite fineness, thickness, closeness, and 
abundance of their wool. The sheep of France include a great num- 
ber of varieties, of which those of the northwest, towards the Flemish 
frontiers and the English coast, yield the largest quantity and the best 
quality of meat and wool, but they are by no means of a very superior 
class. The Saxon sheep, also short-woolled, which are Spanish sheep 
transplanted into Saxony, and which have served to improve the stock 
of the neighboring countries, especially to the extreme southeast of 
Germany, rank first in the world for the quality and abundance of 
their wool. 

To these last may be added in succession, as to the comparative 
value of the wool (amongst the European breeds), those of Austria and 
its dependencies, of Wallachia and the adjacent provinces. The English 
breeds, such as they are actually, we shall presently have occasion to 
notice more at large, and shall therefore withhold any further remark 
in this place. Amongst the Asiatic breeds we notice more particularly 
the sheep of the Deccan, remarkable for good qualities of flesh, as well 
as for fineness of wool ; those of Persia generally, and of Kirman in 
particular, which yield a wool of peculiarly fine and delicate fibre; and 
those of Thibet, which possess no mean qualifications in respect of flesh, 
and the wool of which, like that of the Persian breeds, is of particularly 
delicate fibre. 

Amongst those of the British Colonies, exclusively of a few West 
Indian sheep, and exclusive of those of Canada, we have those of Aus- 
tralia, New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, &c, which, although 
they have not, until very recently, sent home to the mother country 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 103 

any wools of very high price, have been progressively improving as 
the colonies have been developed, and begin to constitute a very im- 
portant feature in British commerce. 

Besides the sheep of Canada, North America produces a few varieties 
of sheep, partly indigenous, and partly transplanted from England and 
elsewhere, whereby the aboriginal breed has been much improved. 
There are many districts in which the sheep yield a fair average quality 
and quantity both of flesh and wool. The South American sheep, 
which are chiefly attributable to Spain, have no doubt been equal to 
the merit of their extraction ; but whereas they still retain some of the 
characteristics of the peculiarly fine wool of the migratory Spanish 
sheep, they have seriously fallen off from the aboriginal excellencies of 
the breed. 

The African sheep are chiefly of the fat-tailed variety. There are, 
also, other varieties, partly due to European colonists, and partly to 
different localities. For the quality of flesh some natural historians 
praise the Barbary, Morocco, and Tunis sheep ; some of which also are 
not without merits in respect of the fleece. The most interesting, per- 
haps, to an Englishman, are those of the Cape of Good Hope, which by 
various admixtures have been brought to considerable perfection. 

Of British Breeds of Sheep. — Of the sheep which are generally bred 
in this country, we may divide the great majority into two classes, 
which distinguish them from those already described above as short- 
woolled sheep (under the heads of those of Spain and Saxony). British 
sheep generally are comprised under the heads of sheep with wool of 
medium length (middle-woolled sheep), and sheep with long wool (long- 
woolled sheep), some of which are polled sheep, and some horned. 

Amongst the former (the polled sheep) with medium wool we may 
number the Herefordshire, Cheviot, Welsh, and South Down, and 
amongst the latter (the horned sheep), with wool of the same character, 
we may include the Norfolk, the Dorsetshire, some of the Welsh breeds, 
the Heath sheep, &c. 

The Middle Wools. — This great class of sheep in this country belong 
chiefly : 

1. To the mountains of Wales and Scotland. 

2. To the midland, eastern, southern, and southwestern counties of 
England. 

Saving the exception of particular breeds of Lincoln and Leicester, 
or even Romney sheep (which belong to the long-woolled variety) the 
middle wools may be considered the favorites of the British agriculturist. 
In such counties as Sussex, Hampshire, Somersetshire, Devonshire, 



104 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

Wilts, Hereford, Worcester, Cheshire, Kent, and Surrey, we find them 
universally prevailing. It is amongst the middle-woolled sheep that 
we have to class one of the most choice breeds of this country, viz., the 
South Downs, well known for the superior quality of their flesh, and 
found to yield from certain soils and with ample ranging scope, a by 
no means inferior quality of wool. These South Down sheep, which 
are now very generally bred throughout Great Britain, have one great 
merit which should strongly recommend them to the farmer, namely, 
that they are more healthy and hardy and less subject to the ordinary 
diseases and casualties of sheep, than almost any other breed. Here- 
fordshire is noted for one remarkable breed of sheep in particular, 
known by the name of Ryelands, which although small, are unsurpassed 
in this country for the quality of wool. Amongst the Welsh breeds, 
that of Glamorganshire holds a high rank for merits at every point ; 
we have also the Anglesey sheep, whose double merit of fattening easily 
and yielding very fine wool, has strongly recommended them to the 
attention of the breeder. Whilst in the north of England (in Cumber- 
land), we find a breed known by the name of Hard wicks, which pos- 
sesses great merit, both in respect of fattening properties, wool, and 
other features of some importance ; whereas the most eligible breed of 
all, that which belongs to the Cheviot hills, and has obtained the dis- 
tinctive name of the locality, has successfully maintained its ascendency 
over the heath sheep or black-faced breed, as it is called by some. The 
Cheviot sheep possesses as much as or more than any other breed of 
British sheep, the three most essential qualities : 

1. That of making flesh kindly, and consequently being one of the 
most profitable feeders. 

2. That of being thoroughly hardy, and less affected by the accidents 
of season, &c, than any other yet brought into the market. 

3. Of yielding a particularly fine quality of wool. 

Of the Scotch breeds, the Shetland sheep, perhaps, deserve the palm. 
Their wool is of a particularly soft texture, and remarkably white. 

The Long Wools. — In alluding to the different varieties of the long- 
woolled sheep, we will rather follow uniformly a direction northward, 
from the first district in which they are, as it were, indigenous, than a 
classification as to respective merits, more especially because these dis- 
tinctions, in respect of a breed which does not vary in essential particu- 
lars of productiveness, are somewhat arbitrary, and because they are 
rather governed by the circumstances, more or less advantageous, under 
which they are reared, and in which they are sustained, than by natural 
superiority. To begin, therefore, in the extreme southeast, we first 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 105 

meet with a very valuable variety of the long-woolled sheep, in various 
portions of Kent. These have been peculiar to Romney Marsh from 
a very remote period ; and although the wool is not fine, it is generally 
very sound and serviceable, most abundant, and very long. These 
sheep have also the merit of being exceedingly good and economical 
feeders ; they fatten very easily, and require but a very small share of 
nursing and attention. They have been improved by some admixture 
of the Leicester and Lincoln breeds. We again meet with the long- 
woolled sheep in the deep lands, and in the luxuriant valleys of Devon, 
Dorset, and Somerset. In the rich lands of Worcestershire and Glou- 
cestershire we meet with them once more, in the few remaining flocks 
of pure Cotswold blood, and in the mingled breeds descended from 
them. Their peculiar merit consists in the quality and abundance of 
their wool ; they are certainly inferior to the majority of the long- wools, 
and certainly to the Romney and Leicester breeds in respect of flesh- 
making. The full credit of the long-wools is centred in those of the 
midland counties, and of the Leicester and Lincolnshire breeds, the 
former of which excels for the quality of flesh, and the kindliness of 
feeding, whilst the latter is the largest producer of avooI of any of the 
British breeds, but is perhaps the most ungainly feeder of all the long- 
wools. These differential merits are encouraged, to the depreciation of 
other qualities in each respectively, by the system of husbandry to 
which they are respectively subjected. 

74. The Wool and its Peculiarities, and how the Latter may be- 
come Modified. — In confining ourselves to the consideration of wool, 
in speaking of the natural covering of the sheep, it should not be un- 
derstood, that it is exclusively provided with wool, but merely that the 
wool is the more valuable product. There are, more or less, admix- 
tures of hair in the fleece, as there are, more or less, admixtures of wool 
in the ^oats of animals whose covering consists chiefly of hair. It is, 
however, the object of the breeder to free the covering of the sheep as 
much as possible from the presence of hair ; and this, as we shall pres- 
ently show, is to be effected by the judicious treatment and constant 
attention of the breeder. 

The wool is, in most cases, more or less improved or deteriorated by 
the abundance or scantiness of an oily alkaline substance, called the 
yolk, which evidently administers to the richness of the covering ; and 
the yolk is always encouraged by the degree of shelter and warmth 
which the sheep enjoy, and by the quality of the food upon which they 
are sustained. Where the breeding has been carefully and judiciously 



106 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

conducted, and proper attention has been paid to the progress of the 
animal, and to its protection from sudden changes of temperature, from 
severe inclemencies of weather, &c. ; and when the situation and quality 
of the grazing grounds, and the quality of the artificial food, have been 
as well adapted as possible to the habits, requirements, and origin of the 
sheep, the defects and irregularities of the wool will be gradually de- 
creased. Wherefore, breeds of sheep which are indigenous to elevated 
localities, and to whom mountains perhaps are natural, should be fed 
upon upland soils, whilst the heavy long-woolled sheep, which has in- 
variably been found in rich and irrigated plains, will thrive in low, 
marshy localities. Shelter from excess of heat, as well as of cold, is 
important, as the wool is as likely to be rendered coarse by excessive 
relaxation, and by the over-expansion of the pores, as to become wiry 
and harsh when exposed too inconsiderately to the utmost severity of 
a bleak winter. Nothing tends- so much to render the wool irregular, 
the coarse being mingled with the fine, and the fibre being of various 
thicknesses, as exposure to great and sudden variations of temperature ; 
whilst deficiency or unwholesomeness of food will quickly affect the 
color, elasticity and tenacity, which are so important, and the wool will 
lose its whiteness and with it other properties, whilst at the same time 
it will become patchy, and often also insufficiently thickened about the 
roots. The softness which we look for in wool will be affected by both 
contingencies, but by exposure in particular ; whilst the intervention 
of a hairy admixture in the fleece, w T hich should be so studiously 
avoided, will in general follow all irregularities in general treatment. 

The hair is distinguishable from the wool by being more regularly 
shed, and generally more than once in the course of the year, and that 
also more progressively, whereas the wool is cast in patches, if at all, 
and sometimes over the greater portion of the fleece at the same time. 
But it may also be stated, that the springiness of the fleece is compara- 
tive evidence of the absence of hair, which, from the absence of the sys- 
tematic coil which conveys this elasticity, is devoid of the peculiar 
buoyancy which is conveyed to the touch, upon pressure, by pure wool, 
and which is due to the spiral curvature of the fibre. 

With respect to the shedding of the wool, it is well known that the 
practice of shearing has obviated or forestalled this process. 

75. The Breeding, Rearing, Shearing, and General Management, 
&C, of Sheep. — As with other domestic animals, the first great precau- 
tion which must be observed by the breeder is to select judiciously from 
his own stock, or to introduce new blood, in order that the productive 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 107 

qualities or excellencies of both male and female be as distinctly de- 
veloped as possible; and in order that both be equally adapted to the 
climate, situation, and produce of the soil upon which the offspring is 
to be reared. In fact, it requires as much care, and as much attentive 
consideration of every peculiarity in the locality and in the animals, to 
breed successfully, as to rear successfully. Wherefore, at the earliest 
period at which the excellencies or defects of the lambs are observable, 
it were desirable to remove such as fall short of the characteristic good 
points of the flock in general, and to set them at once aside for fattening 
and for slaughter; so that they may not subsequently transmit their 
defects to a new generation, and thus gradually destroy the value of 
the breed. Besides these general regulations, another holds good of 
sheep, as well as of all domestic animals, and one, too, which it is the 
more important to impress upon the reader, that it is rendered impera- 
tive by the very care which the breeder takes to preserve the utmost 
integrity of his stock. It is ever desirable to select the ram as fre- 
quently as possible from other families and other localities, with proper 
precaution, however, that the interloper have as closely as possible the 
characteristic habits, requirements, &c, of the flock to which he is in- 
troduced. 

The Ewe : her Pregnancy, Yeaning, &c. — In respect of the period of 
delivery it is important to consider the probable advancement of the 
season, in accordance also with the average condition of climate and 
vegetation at such periods. If the locality be backward, cold, bleak, 
exposed, and elevated, the more desirable period of delivery will be 
later than in warm, forward, and sheltered valleys or plains. The 
most general period of lambing in this country extends from the first 
week in March to the close of April ; the March lambing being the 
more prevalent. The period should not be deferred until a season when 
there will, probably, be considerable heat, nor should the lambs be the 
least exposed at an earlier period, if the weather should happen to 
become unfavorable, and especially if there be a prevalence of cold 
northerly spring winds. As, therefore, the period of pregnancy in sheep 
lasts a few days over five months, the month extending from the first 
week in October to the third week in November may be considered as 
the appropriate season for copulation, unless, indeed, if it be desired 
to obtain house lambs, when the ram should be introduced as early as 
the month of August. The copulation requires considerable care, lest, 
indeed, the ewes be not in such condition as to warrant a judicious 
breeder in propagating from them, and lest they be ill-served by the 
ram, who in such cases should be superseded. If the ram be inadequate 



108 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

to the service, the ewes will continue to follow him, whereas, if his 
duties be fulfilled, he will gradually have fewer and fewer followers. 
In the second autumn both the ewe and the ram are sufficiently de- 
veloped for breeding; that is, if born in the month of March, and at an 
age varying from one year and seven to one year and eight months ; 
but the ram in his first season is incompetent to serve more than about 
two score of ewes, whereas in his second and third seasons he is fully 
adequate to the service of a flock of from three to four score of ewes. 
And no sooner does it become apparent that the ewes are effectively 
breeding, than they should be tended with especial care. This condi- 
tion is more immediately observable by the subsidence of the sexual 
evidences, and by their keeping aloof; and as this takes place they should 
be removed to a convenient and sheltered spot appropriated exclusively 
to them, and where they will be supplied with a sufficiency of generous 
food (in moderation). Good pasture and green winter food are advan- 
tageous, but should not be exclusively allowed; and care should be taken 
that they be not folded upon very wet and sodden soil, but that they 
be removed to dry places, in which also shelter must be afforded against 
the keen and cutting winds of uplands. Care should be taken that 
neither is the ewe gorged to excess with food, which is not uncommon 
where sheep have an unlimited access to some particular and favorite 
•article, nor that she be allowed too scanty and impoverished a species 
of food, nor that there be access for the ram after pregnancy has once 
ensued, nor that she be harassed by the drivers, &c, inasmuch as all 
these circumstances may induce a premature delivery ; when though 
abortion be less frequent and less communicative amongst sheep than 
amongst cows, and though it be generally attended with little or no 
danger to the dam, there is no chance of rearing the lamb. There is, 
moreover, but very rarely an opportunity of arresting the course of a 
premature labor, because the ewe betrays but few premonitory symp- 
toms until the process of ejecting the foetus has fairly set in. The in- 
dications of approaching abortion are akin to those already described 
under the head of the " Cow," &c. If the abortion should actually 
occur, the ewe will require such appropriate treatment as will be found 
described at large in the article on " Abortion," in the directions for the 
treatment of disease. 

76. Parturition. — All risk of premature labor having been passed, 
we next arrive at the period of yeaning or of parturition.* As the 

* It is obvious that, to the breeder, the production of twins is an important source 
of profit ; but twins are neither usual nor desirable at the first parturition. It is 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 109 

time approaches at which some of the earlier ewes of a flock are ex- 
pected to be delivered, the ewes should be confined within a compara- 
tively small inclosure, and near at hand, that individual attention may 
be bestowed upon them. An inner fold should also be constructed 
with thatched hurdles, or some other material which may serve to afford 
shelter ; and another portion of land, with abundance of keep (if pos- 
sible), should also be parted off, wherein such of the ewes as yield twins 
should be conveyed. It is by no means disadvantageous, moreover, to 
confine all the ewes, which have not lambed during the night, within 
a smaller and sheltered inclosure or fold, so that they may be more 
readily watched by the person whose duty it is to superintend the lamb- 
ing. This person will then continue to watch them night and day, 
always provided with the means of rendering mechanical assistance 
should it be required, and furnished with the medicaments w T hich may 
be urgently and immediately called for, as well as with the means of 
marking the lambs, to provide against confusion consequent upon the 
birth of many twins. In the meanwhile, also, the operation known 
by the name of dotting should be performed ; this consists of clipping 
away the wool from about the thighs and udder, so as to render the 
milk as accessible as possible for the lambs. 

But we do not wish to be understood to recommend direct interfer- 
ence during the progress of labor, unless this should become imperative 
from the duration of the labor and the exhaustion of the ewe. Because 
there are comparatively few cases amongst sheep which demand any 
positive interference. But if the labor extend over a period of more 
than twenty-four hours, and the ewe should appear to sink under the 
continued suffering, or if the movements of the animal should indicate 
that the pains were evidently diminishing, and were inadequate to 
expel the foetus, medicinal or mechanical interference would be called 



from the second yeaning (or third year) to the fourth yeaning (or fifth year) that 
twins are generally yielded, and are most advantageous to the breeder. 

At the first yeaning the ewe will not generally generate milk enough to sustain 
a double offspring. 

There are frequent cases of three lambs being yielded at a birth ; but in such cases 
it were desirable to leave one to be reared by hand, or by another ewe, because 
very few ewes are capable of nourishing three lambs at one time. 

In the majority of cases, the ewe is fattened after her fourth parturition ; and 
this is strictly in accordance with her capabilities, inasmuch as the absence of teeth 
incapacitates her from procuring sufficient sustenance for her own requirements 
and for those of her parasitic offspring. But when the teeth (as occasionally occurs) 
are not deficient, there is nothing to incapacitate the ewe from rearing two or even 
more additional lambs in successive seasons. 



110 VETERINARY HOM<EOPATHY. 

for. Or, again, if at any earlier period it should become apparent that 
mechanical obstructions to unassisted delivery existed, such a state of 
things would warrant an earlier interference. 

It should, however, be held, as a general rule, that interference is ob- 
jectionable, unless imperatively requisite. During the prevalence of 
cold easterly winds, it is generally observed, that the pains are less 
powerful than in a warm and moist state of the atmosphere, and con- 
sequently under the former circumstance the labor will naturally be of 
longer duration ; and all these conditions should be duly considered. 
The same rules apply respecting the proper position of the foetus, and the 
mechanical means for the assistance of the dam, as those already described 
under the head of " Parturition," in respect of cows (Section II), saving 
that the mere introduction of the hand will suffice where operations 
are unnecessary, and that there is no necessity for the same application 
of power. 

77. The Early Treatment of Lambs. — The first care should be to 
supply the place of the mother, in administering food to the lamb ; and 
this is not unfrequently requisite, not only from the inability of the 
lamb to find the teat or to suck, but often from the timidity or tem- 
porary recklessness of the dam. The shepherd should be provided 
with milk (ewe's milk if possible) in a bottle, whence he can feed the 
helpless or desolate lambs. It is almost needless to add, that this milk 
should be kept warm, by being carried in the breast as close to the 
body as possible. Even young ewes, in their first lambing, when 
they momentarily abandon their lambs, rarely abstain from seeking 
them out when the fulness of the udder begins to inconvenience them. 
Until, however, the lambs receive sufficient attention from the dam, 
in such cases it is incumbent on the shepherd to provide them with a 
sufficiency of warmth and food by artificial means. Where there are 
twins, it is desirable to remove the dam and her young to the fold ap- 
propriated especially to the twin lambs as soon as possible. And in 
cases (of occasional occurrence with the first lambing) in which the 
dam absolutely forsakes her young, we may easily provide a foster- 
mother, if there be any ewe in the flock which has lost her lamb, by 
stripping the dead lamb of its skin, and folding the substitute therein 
for a time, until the ewe has got accustomed to her false young one, by 
means of the scent which originally deceived her. In cases in which 
a lamb is abandoned by the ewe, she should be folded apart with it (the 
lamb being meanwhile fed by hand), until the dam becomes reconciled 
to it, and instinctively seeks to suckle it, to relieve the pain arising 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. Ill 

from distension of the udder. In cases of the first confusion, occurring 
amongst the twin lambs in the first days of their separate inclosure, 
constant attention will ; be necessary, as well to guard ewes, which are 
deficient of strength, from being drained beyond their strength, as to 
provide for such lambs as may be rejected on all hands. With respect 
to the lambs, this attention will constantly be requisite, until they are 
able to provide themselves with a sufficient quantity of food, independ- 
ently of the udder. Some will require to be reared by hand by means 
of the bottle, when they pine and fall away, and have evidently not 
sufficient strength to suckle of their own accord. 

Lambs are rarely difficult of treatment in this manner. But if after 
some time, and after the lamb has previously been suckled without 
artificial interference, we should notice an unaccountable falling off in 
condition, and an evident decline of health and strength, it will be de- 
sirable to examine the dam in respect of general health, and of the 
sufficiency and quality of her milk, and to provide against the ill con- 
sequences of any derangement by prompt treatment. If the deficiency 
be attributable to scantiness or poorness of keep, it will be necessary to 
obviate this mischief as gradually and carefully as possible, lest the 
too sudden transition should be followed by an inflammatory affection 
of the liver in the lamb, as is frequently the case. (See the article on 
"Gall-lamb.") If the milk be productive of continued purging in the 
lamb, it will be evident that for some reason it disagrees, and the lamb 
should be artificially fed, or supplied by another ewe, if possible, for a 
time. As the lambs advance, so as to afford some idea of their future 
qualifications in the evidences of strength and kindliness, and in the 
quality of the fleece, we have an opportunity of making our selection 
of those which should be preserved for breeding, a reason why the 
habit of castrating or spaying very early is an error ; because, with 
respect to the castration of the tup-lambs, of which very few indeed 
will be preserved intact, it is quite as well to have the benefit of as 
much development as possible to assist us in making a judicious selec- 
tion of the males, through which all the merits or defects of the breed 
are to be transmitted from one generation to another. And with respect 
to the spaying of the ewe-lambs, from which we will have to make a 
large selection, the same advantage accrues from allowing the lamb as 
much growth and development as can be safely allowed before the 
operation. (See the article on " Castration and Spaying.") 

78. Docking. — This operation, which some breeders, or rather 
fanciers, repudiate, evidently tends to enhance the profitableness of the 



112 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

sheep ; apart from the fact that it renders the lamb much less trouble- 
some by removing a frequent cause of uncleanliness. The principal 
thing is to choose warm weather for the operation, but to afford shelter 
to the lambs from too severe exposure to the sun. The fact that warmth 
is important to the lamb after docking, should be a sufficient reason for 
not performing the operation too immediately after birth. There is 
not so much risk of inconvenience attending it in the three-months-old 
lamb as in that of three days ; and, as the season is then far advanced, 
the disadvantages attending the exposure to cold, &c, are obviated. 

The most important precaution to be observed in docking is, that 
the tail should be severed without cutting through the bone, that is, in 
the partition between two of the vertebrae or links. The third joint is 
in general the point of separation. When the loss of blood is considera- 
ble, and continues for an undue length of time, it is sometimes found 
requisite to resort to mechanical means to arrest it, such as the binding 
round of the extremity of the tail — as it remains — tightly with stout 
thread for a short time* 

79. The Weaning of Lambs. — As a general rule, we may wean the 
lamb at from fifteen to eighteen weeks old. But, inasmuch as the 
period of copulation is very important (see " Breeding,") the weaning 
must, in many respects, be accommodated to the probable time required 
by the dam to acquire her strength for breeding again ; so that, on poor 
lands, and in ungenial climates, the period of weaning often ranges from 
ten to twelve weeks after birth ; whereas, under very advantageous cir- 
cumstances in respect of pasture and climate, the dam is not deteriorated 
in her breeding capacity if the lambs be not weaned until they have 
attained from twenty to twenty-five weeks of age. The lambs, at the 
period of weaning, should be removed to pasture more rich and produc- 
tive than that on which they had been folded with the dams; but, if 
possible, there should be intermediate gradations in the quality of the 
food; for, whereas the lambs will require better independent feeding, it 
will also be advantageous to be very careful in affording them an in- 
crease in the abundance and richness of the pasture. The better method 
of parting the ewe and the lamb is as follows : 

1st. To select a new pasture for the lambs, at a considerable distance 

* In the majority of cases, the use of tincture of Calendula is far preferable ; and 
the following application should in general be adopted : To one part of tincture of 
Calendula add four parts of water, and bathe the bleeding extremity freely with 
the lotion occasionally, until the bleeding ceases ; or even bind up the parts with 
linen rag, thoroughly saturated with this lotion. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 113 

from that upon which they were originally folded with the dams, con- 
sistent in abundance and quality with the above description. 

2d. To begin by folding the ewes and lambs together upon the newly- 
selected pasture which is intended to be appropriated to lambs only. 

3d. After the ewes and lambs have been together for several days 
upon the new pasture, to remove the former, either to the locality 
originally occupied by them, or to some other of an equally exhausted 
or impoverished description. 

The separation will thus be rendered less apparent and painful, par- 
ticularly if the ewes and lambs be so placed as to be beyond hearing of 
one another. So that upon farms of small extent (which, however, are 
ill-adapted to the breeding of large flocks), it should be so contrived 
that, when separated, the ewes and lambs are at opposite extremities of 
the tract of land. 

80. Ewe's Milk : its Uses, Advantages, and Disadvantages. — The 

custom of making use of ewe's milk, which is still adhered to in some 
parts of the Continent, requires some notice, for the very reason that it 
prevails; although, where the more profitable products of the sheep are 
properly considered, it will be found that the artificial extraction and 
adaptation of the milk reacts injuriously upon the fleece and flesh. In 
richness, the milk of the sheep is almost unequalled, but it possesses a 
peculiar oleaginous property which considerably detracts from the value 
and conservation of its products. The use of butter made from ewe's 
milk is thus almost precluded from its tendency to become tainted 
almost immediately; the cheese extracted from it is, however, much 
used, and yields a favorite commodity in some parts of Europe. Nor 
has the practice been totally abandoned in some of the mountainous 
districts of Great Britain and Ireland. 

It is obvious, however, from what has been stated relatively to the 
method of breeding and rearing of sheep, that the habit of milking ewes 
must be injurious. 

1st. Because, if they be milked before the lambs are weaned, the 
lambs will necessarily suffer. 

2d. Because the interval between the weaning of the lamb, and the 
renewed appliance of the ewe to breeding purposes should, in order to 
render the ewe most profitable, be only sufficient to promote an adequate 
strength of constitution. 

3d. Because the artificial removal and employment of this product 
will react to the deterioration of properties which are sources of far 
greater profit; namely, upon the wool and flesh. Moreover, it is im- 



*114 



VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 



possible to obtain a firm and consistent butter from ewe's milk, owing 
to the very oily nature of the cream. 

As in respect of all other products, however, it cannot escape the ob- 
servation of the sagacious reader, that the relative advantages of adapt- 
ing this or any other product to particular uses, must be regulated by 
the relative advantages which may be derived from them in particular 
localities. Wherefore if, in various parts of France, the custom of milk- 
ing ewes for the manufacture of cheese be still adhered to, it is because 
that is found a better source of profit than either the fleece or flesh. 
Although, nevertheless, it is very questionable whether the last two 
might not be rendered yet more productive and profitable by the sus- 
pension of this source of produce. 

81. The Uses of the Sheep's Skin. — The uses of the sheep's and 
lamb's skin, with or without the fleece, are sufficiently known to excuse 
us from entering largely upon this topic. It should be observed, never- 
theless, in respect of the comparative value of different skins, that 
whatever conduces to the fullest development of the general good 
qualities of the animal, in respect of flesh, and to the preservation of 
healthy action generally, will serve to enhance the soundness and value 
of the skin. 

82. The Teeth, &c, as Indications of Age in the Sheep. — In re- 
spect of sheep which are provided with horns, the same general remarks 
will apply to them as have already been recited in speaking of the horns 
of cows, oxen, &c. 

With regard to the teeth, we have also the same number and the 
*ame general construction ; that is, we find the absence of incisors in the 
upper jaw, eight incisors in the lower jaw, and six grinders above and 
below on each side, making a complete set of — 

Incisors or cutting teeth — 2 central (2), and 3 on each side (6) on the 
lower jaw, 8 

Molars or grinding teeth — 6 on each side above (12), and the like number 
below (12), 24 

Total number, . . . .32 

These teeth, however, like those of the horse, and of cattle before 
described, are of gradual development, and appear first of all as tem- 
porary or milk teeth (excepting two of the grinders) and are wholly 
perfected as a permanent set as early as the completion of the fifth 
year. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 115 

There is, however, frequently a variation of several months in the 
development of these teeth, according to the greater or less degree of 
strength, and to the quality and abundance of the food, and to a mul- 
titude of such qualifying conditions. 

In the majority of instances in which the ewe is in good condition, 
and the lamb strong, the latter will be born with the two central cutting 
milk teeth; five grinders on each side, above (10), and the like number 
below (10) being present. 

Thus, the first appearance of the mouth will present the following 
array of teeth : 

Incisors or cutting teeth, temporary — in the lower jaw only 2 central, . 2 
Grinding teeth or molars — 5 on each side above (10), and the like number 
below (10), 20 

Total number, 22 

Like that of the ox, cow, &c, the set of temporary incisors is com- 
pleted within the first month, making them a complete set of milk 
teeth, twenty-eight in number. 

In all general respects beyond this, we must refer the reader to the 
article on the Teeth, under the head of "The Ox, Cow, &c." 

But the temporary incisors cannot be said to be matured in less than 
from sixty to sixty -five weeks after birth, whereas, ordinarily, before 
the completion, we find the substitution of two central permanent in- 
cisors, and in the course of from thirty to thirty-five months we may 
observe another permanent incisor on each side of the two central teeth, 
making four altogether; each period of twelve months adding two more 
perfected permanent incisors to the jaw, until, at five years old, the 
sheep has completed its set of new cutting teeth, and has, in the mean- 
while, also completed its set of permanent grinders by the gradual sub- 
stitution of permanent for milk teeth, and by the protrusion of the 
sixth molar above and below on each side. 

The wear, damage, and casting of these permanent teeth, after the 
fifth year, offers but a very imperfect clue to age, as circumstances will 
always hasten this state of things. But it should also be remarked 
that, saving for slaughter, the sheep becomes comparatively unprofit- 
able after the fifth or sixth year, and that at that age the less time is 
lost in fattening the better, if it be anticipated to render the sheep of 
any value. 

The construction of the grinding teeth of the sheep is rather peculiar, 
which will explain for the casual observer the peculiar oblique method 
of mastication adopted by the animal. These teeth are furnished, on 



116 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

the grinding surface, with alternate ridges and indentations (running 
athwart the crown of the tooth, from the external to the internal edge), 
which indentations, &c, are exactly matched by similar alternate ir- 
regularities on the crown of those of the other jaw, so that they corre- 
spond with and fit one another. Besides this the crowns of the teeth 
above and below are matched, in respect of an oblique slope, those of 
the upper jaw being shorter at the outer than at the inner edge, and 
those of the lower jaw shorter at the inner than at the outer edge; the 
consequence of which (combined with the irregular surface above de- 
scribed) is that in the oblique action of the jaw all the food is secure of 
being thoroughly ground down. The age of the sheep can only be 
judged of by the degree of relative advancement of the teeth ; there 
are no positive marks to be conveniently modified from time to time. 

The difference between the temporary and permanent incisors is easily 
distinguishable in the size and in the sharpness, relatively to the gen- 
eral development of the frame, as evidence that they are too recent to 
have been much worn. 

The first glance of the mouth would lead many persons to mistake 
the sheep at four years old for that at five, but upon closer examina- 
tion it will be found that the two extreme incisors have become so much 
attenuated, and so overgrown by the larger permanent teeth, as to be 
almost totally concealed; whereas if they belonged to a sheep of five 
full years, the whole set of incisors would be equally developed. 

83. Shearing. — Shearing requires no particular notice, because all 
those who have tended sheep are sufficiently acquainted with the oper- 
ation, and because nature herself, in the increased heat of the season 
and the natural shedding of the wool, has sufficiently pointed out the 
period of shearing, which varies only according to climate and circum- 
stances. 

Section IV. 

84. The Goat. — The goat has not become of sufficient commercial 
importance in this country to attract very much attention. There are, 
however, many points of value about it, viz. : 

1st. The milk, which has many advantages over ewe's milk. 
2d. The skin, which is in high request for some purposes. 
3d. The flesh, which is comparatively rarely used in this country. 
4th. The hair, which is used in some of the higher orders of manu- 
facture. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 117 

The goat is, as a rule, more hardy than the sheep, and therefore is 
not calculated to require so much attention ; nor is there the same mul- 
titude of differences in breeds, owing to the lesser degree of cultivation 
which has been devoted to it. But as a general rule it will suffice to 
say: 

1st. That every tiling which tends to promote health will enhance 
the value of the produce derived from it. 

2dly. That in the majority of instances the remarks which are ap- 
plicable to the sheep are also applicable to the goat; except, indeed, it 
be that the latter may be milked as unprejudicially as the cow. 



Section V. 

THE DOG. 

85. Its Qualifications, Varieties, Breeding, Rearing, and General 
Management. — The superior organism and intelligence of the dog, 
combined with its attachment and fidelity to mankind, have rendered 
it the companion as well as the trusty servant of man, and have thus 
placed it in the highest rank amongst our domestic animals, although 
there be little of commercial value attached to it. That cultivation has 
greatly enhanced its qualifications is evident from the fact ascertained 
from experience, that the organism (if short of maturity) becomes 
materially modified by change of circumstances, and that the dog, which 
would first have found a place amongst one of the great natural divisions, 
will subsequently become merged into another by an imperceptible 
alteration, amounting, in many cases, to the change of organic construc- 
tion. When we select the greyhound, lurcher, spaniel, setter, pointer, 
Newfoundland, St. Bernard's dog, &c, for particular purposes, we do 
so, because their sagacity has already been directed to such purposes. 
Not but that many dogs, which do not belong to any or either of these 
races distinctly,* might, by early training, have been taught to perform 



* Some years ago we had occasion to observe the remarkable sagacity of a thorough 
nondescript. No dog-fancier would have tolerated such an animal, and no scientific 
naturalist could have succeeded in classifying it under the head of any particular 
"breed. It was one of those dogs which seem to contain a little of everything. It 
occurred, however, that in the course of a pedestrian tour in Switzerland, we one 
day contrived to be placed in a most perilous situation ; for, in crossing a precipice, 
the loose stones had given beneath us, and we were on the point of being borne down 



118 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

the same duties provided the organs of sight or scent were sufficiently 
developed; whilst two or three generations, deduced from dogs of a 
different organic construction, would, in many cases, have produced an 
approximation to the breed required if the attention of the breeder had 
been constantly directed to this object. It is clear, indeed, that many 
of those breeds of dogs, which are now distinguished for very different 
qualifications, may be traced to a common origin, and climate alone is 
well known to effect a complete change in the character and disposition 
of the dog. 

Organic Distinctions of Race. — These distinctions consist chiefly in 
the different construction of the skull and of the cerebral apparatus ; 
namely, for the greater keenness of the sight, the same of the scent, or 
for the general elevation of the powers of perception. The most emi- 
nent naturalists have simplified the classification of dogs, according to 
the degree of development thus afforded to the intelligence, into three 
classes: 

The first of which is represented by the majority of aboriginal dogs 
(wherein we may descry the absence of cultivation as having left the 
natural organism unchanged), and amongst tame animals, by the varie- 
ties of the greyhound. The distinctive peculiarieties of construction 



several thousand feet. Catching at the root of a stunted bush which overhung us 
as we passed, we had succeeded in arresting the perilous descent ; but another dif- 
ficulty, no less serious apparently than the former, occurred to discourage us. In 
the first place, there was no means of regaining secure ground unaided (on a wild 
uninhabited rock) ; in the next place, the hold which we had obtained was obviously 
giving way. We had been accompanied by the nondescript dog above mentioned ; 
and no sooner did the accident occur, than he placed himself on the most prominent 
jutting rock above us, and began to bay in the most piteous manner. The loud, 
long howl re-echoed amongst the adjacent hills and cliffs. But the echoes seemed 
the sad and only reply ; when, all of a sudden, the dog, which had previously stood 
motionless and baying, as above described, scrambled at full speed along the acclivity. 
We shuddered at the thought that our only companion had deserted us, when we 
were once more greeted with the same howl at a distance, followed by the intermit- 
ting tinkle of the mountain-goat bells. Then followed a pause, till, by degrees, the 
peculiar howl grew nearer and louder again ; and at last the dog reappeared, holding 
in his mouth the skirt of a shepherd-boy's smock, whereby he was dragging him to 
the spot. Upon perceiving us, the lad, who had been at a loss to understand the 
extraordinary demeanor of the dog, but who had followed him out of curiosity, 
readily understood the cause of the interference. We were rescued without loss of 
time ; and the shepherd conducted us to the spot (more than a mile distant) whence 
the dog had fetched him, describing the manner in which he had first of all stood 
and bayed at his feet, and then seized the skirt, which he held fast when we first 
perceived his return, whereby he had dragged him to the spot at which the accident 
had happened. 



119 

which characterize this class consist in the lengthening and attenuation of 
the head and nose (which recede in one continued line obliquely, but 
with little sudden elevation of the forehead and skull), and in the close 
propinquity of the parietal bones, whereby the cerebral apparatus is con- 
fined and depressed, whereas the important apparatus of the olfactory 
nerves has not sufficient scope for development. The consequence of 
these peculiarities is, that the dog is deficient in scent and in general 
intelligence, and that he is adapted to few uses, and to such only in 
which his instinct simply is in concurrence with his training. The ab- 
sence of higher qualifications is, however, compensated by physical 
advantages, and having less sagacity the greyhound has the greatest 
speed, being equal in this respect to the race-horse. He follows his 
game or prey by sight only. 

The second class comprises all the dogs of the highest degree of intel- 
ligence, nor are we to be understood to admit certain breeds only within 
the comprehension of this division. For, as has been already noticed, 
many nondescript dogs, which fall into contempt in the estimation of 
the connoisseur, are classed according to the development of the superior 
organs under this head. And although they be not adapted to the 
pursuit of particular game, they are often found the most sagacious, 
attached, and faithful servants. Amongst the distinct breeds which 
come under the general denomination of the second class, we may 
number all varieties of spaniels, the pointer, setter, Newfoundland, St. 
Bernard's dog, the sheep and drovers' dogs, the beagle and all varieties 
of hounds, the lurcher, &c, &c. The distinctive peculiarities of con- 
struction which characterize this class consist in the less degree of 
length and attenuation, and in the greater expansion of the head and nose 
(which recede as already described under the head of the first class, but 
which are subject to greater dilatation), whereby the olfactory nerves, 
which are in fact a continuation of the substance of the brain in them, 
as well as the general development of the cerebral arrangement, have 
the fullest scope, and, consequently, a higher degree and a broader 
range of capacity. 

The third class, which includes the majority of terriers, the bull-dog^ 
mastiff, and dogs of this description, is distinguishable by the less 
degree of development in the superior organs, and by the greater acces- 
sion of mere animal or physical powers. Dogs of this kind are useful 
in their vocation where it is requisite to secure ferocity rather than 
sagacity. The structure of the brain is such that the powers of percep- 
tion are deteriorated, nor is there the immediate connection between the 
substance of the brain and the main branches of nerve which serve the 



120 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

organs of sense. The skull rises somewhat abruptly from the root of 
the nose, and the latter, although not compressed, does not extend in 
the continual downward direction which is calculated to facilitate the 
adaptation of the scent. It should not be omitted, as an illustration 
of his less intelligent capacity, that the brain of the bull-dog, compared 
with that of the Newfoundland, averages one-fifth only of the relative 
proportion of weight to that of the body generally. 

86. The Intelligence and Superior Organism of the Dog, and 
their Adaptation by Training. — The organic construction of the brain 
is such, that the conducting or communicating branches are gifted with 
a capability as far superior to that of the human being, as the retentive 
or comparative department is inferior to that of man. Wherefore the 
senses, as they are called, including smell,* sight, and hearing, are by 
so much more acute as the reflective faculties are relatively deficient. 
Although, in the higher orders of the dog, we may remark a very con- 
siderable development of powers of combination, reasoning, imagination, 
and retentiveness or memory ; whereas mankind, in a state of nature, 
are known to be gifted with more sensitive recipient faculties in propor- 
tion as the retentive organs are uncultivated, and consequently less fully 
developed. The comparison clearly shows that, in the one instance as 
in the other, either or both branches of the organism of intelligence 
and perception may be heightened by training and exercise. It is well 

* The olfactory nerve in the dog is, as has already been observed, a continuation 
of the brain, and is more fully developed than in any of the animals hereinbefore 
described, whilst in all of them it is greater than in man ; because mankind, gifted 
with other faculties for purposes of discriminating between that which is beneficial 
and that which is obnoxious, and for securing the necessaries of life, have less need 
of this sense to assist them ; whereas, to the greater part of the subordinate animals 
it is essential. Some beasts of prey are deficient in this respect, because they depend 
upon the constant service of the power of following scent with which other and in- 
ferior animals in their own regions are gifted. The olfactory nerve in the dog is 
imperceptibly merged in the mucous membrane of the nostrils, whence it conveys 
the slightest communication of scent to the main branch, and to the retentive and 
comparative organs seated in the substance of the brain. Of all the animals which 
are included in this treatise, the horse, having the least need of strong olfactory 
powers, possesses the least development of this branch of nerves. The ox, cow, and 
sheep, which are, to a certain extent, more dependent upon this organ, possess a 
comparatively larger development in this respect; and the pig, which is provided 
with a snout, wherewith to muddle under ground and amongst offal, for the purpose 
of extracting his food, is also provided with a comparatively larger development of 
olfactory nerve to assist him in detecting the presence of food Of all these, how- 
ever, the dog has the greatest share, because he depends almost exclusively, in many 
respects, upon the power of distinguishing by scent. 



121 

known to the breeders and trainers of the dog that it possesses a strong 
disposition to persevere in the prosecution of any duty assigned to it, and 
that, therefore, it is particularly susceptible of being taught, and that 
the power of memory will also become developed to a remarkable de- 
gree by being exercised for any particular purpose. 

As soon, therefore, as the physical powers of the puppy become suffi- 
ciently developed to render him capable of being applied to any given 
occupation, the training may be commenced consistently with the natu- 
ral qualifications which the parents are known to possess. In the 
course of the first year every puppy, designed for some especial use, 
should haveijbeen subjected to a repeated course of lessons, accompanied 
by an old and experienced dog ; the last being as free from faults in 
his particular duties as possible. Because, insomuch as the dog pos- 
sesses remarkable powers of imitation, the puppy will be as likely to 
mimic defects as perfections, and especially because if the puppy be of 
a breed employed in the pursuit of game, and be under training for the 
same purpose, the natural stimulus afforded to him by the pursuit will 
render him more subject to folio w the defects (generally arising from 
lack of sufficient self-command) than the perfections, which consist in 
keeping the fullest control over the inferior order of instinct upon which 
the subsequent attainments are grafted. 

87. The Physical Construction of the Dog as adapted to Serve its 
Superior Organs, and its General Requirements.— These differ mate- 
rially from those of the animals already enumerated ; first, because the 
dog subsists upon totally different food, and, therefore, requires a dif- 
ferent apparatus connected with the process of digestion; and, secondly, 
because it moves in a sphere, as respects intelligence, which is more 
nearly approximated to the service of man in his various callings, than 
to the mere supply of his physical wants. The dog, in fact, occupies 
an intermediate gradation of animal life. For these distinct purposes, 
we have, therefore a totally different arrangement, amongst other things 
in respect of the tongue and teeth, and also in respect of the brain and 
nervous system. The tongue, wherewith the dog (as do also the majority 
of feline animals) laps whatever fluid he receives into his mouth, is so 
constructed as to form a species of basin wherein the fluid is first re- 
ceived, and whence it is deposited at the upper orifice of the throat. 
The teeth are so constructed as to render them not only the chief offen- 
sive and defensive weapon (as they are in the majority of carnivorous 
animals), but also to adapt them to the purposes of dividing and mas- 
ticating flesh and bone, which constitute the staple food of the dog. 



122 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

88. The Teeth of the Dog as to Construction, Number, &c, and 
as an Index of Age.* — The number of the complete set of teeth in the 
dog is subject to some variation. Some dogs have been known to pos- 
sess as many as six supernumerary teeth, making a total number of 
forty-six. In the majority of cases, they are provided with two addi- 
tional teeth in the lower jaw, making a total number of forty-two, in- 
stead of forty, as would be the case if the upper and lower jaws were 
provided alike. Thus, whereas we may consider the regular arrange- 
ment of the mouth to display an array of six grinders on each side 
above (twelve), and the like number below, making a total of twenty- 
four grinders, we very commonly find the presence of twenty-six grind- 
ers according to the following enumeration of the perfect set : 

Incisors or cutting teeth — 2 central above and below (4), 2 on each side 
above (4), and the like number below (4), 12 

Tusks or canine teeth — 1 on each side above (2), and the like number 
below (2), 4 

Grinding teeth or molars— Q> on each side above (12), and 7 on each 
side below (14), (including 1 supernumerary tooth on each side), . 26 

Making a total number of 42 

The array of teeth should also be represented thus in respect of the 
difference between the upper and lower jaws : 

Upper jaw : 

Incisors — 2 central (2), and 2 on each side (4), making ... 6 

Tusks — 1 on each side, 2 

Grinders — 6 on each side, . 12 

Total number in the upper jaw, . . . . .20 

Lower jaw : 

Incisors — 2 central (2), and two on each side (4), making ... 6 
Tusks — 1 on each side, .......... 2 

Grinders — 7 on each side, including the additional or supernumerary 
tooth on either hand, . . . . . . . .14 

Total number in the lower jaw, . . . . .22 

* As an index of age, in reality, the teeth of the dog serve but comparatively 
little purpose; for, in the first place, there is no regular progress of wear, as in re- 
spect of the animals hereinbefore described; in the next place, they are subject to 
an infinity of modifications, occasioned by the nature of the food, and the greater 
or less degree of violence to which they are exposed ; and, like those of all carnivorous 
animals, they are so much more rapidly and permanently perfected, as to preclude 
the possibility of watching the progress of from six to eight years, by their degree 
of development, substitution, or wear. It may be said, indeed, that little or no re- 
liance can be placed upon the indication afforded by the teeth after the completion 
of the fourth year. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 123 

As an Indication of Health and Soundness the teeth are of considera- 
ble service ; for in the absence of any deteriorating influences in these 
respects, they possess a peculiar and brilliant whiteness, which is un- 
mistakable. 

In Conformation. — The incisors, or cutting teeth of the upper jaw, 
differ from those of the lower, inasmuch as in the upper jaw, the two 
incisors which are adjacent to the tusks are the largest and strongest, 
and most prominent, overhanging the corner incisors of the lower jaw; 
whereas, in the lower jaw, the two central incisors maintain the chief 
importance. The cutting teeth of the upper and lower jaws fit exactly 
upon one another, and are so constructed with elevated and receding 
portions of the surfaces of contact, that the convex part, which is more 
distinct in the teeth of the upper jaw, fits into the concave parts of the 
opposite teeth below. 

89. The Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, and General Management 
of the Dog. — Breeding Physiologically Considered : The same general 
remarks apply to the dog, in this respect, as have already been recited in 
respect of domestic animals generally, and of each species in particular. 
But the dog is, perhaps, as a general rule, less subject to the especial di- 
rection of the owner in this respect than any of the other animals. If, 
however, the object be to propagate and rear a particular kind of dog 
for particular purposes, the owner or breeder must pay accurate atten- 
tion to the first indications of heat in the bitch, and must be careful to 
allow the access of no other male to her, but the male of the particular 
breed which he is desirous of rearing. He should consider, as already 
stated generally, and under the head of puppies particularly, what are 
the salient merits of particular dogs of this breed, and thus provide 
against the mischief of propagating hereditary defects, and secure the 
transmission of the merits which it is his object to preserve. 

There are defects or merits of physical construction, age, health, 
habits, and disposition generally, as well as respecting the particular 
employment, for which the brood is designed in particular. 

The Period at which Breeding may be Commenced, and Treatment 
during Pregnancy. — As a general rule, it should be observed, that the 
breeding, either from the male or female, not fully matured, is an 
error. Both should have completed the second year. The bitch 
should by no means be subjected to undue exposure, and should be 
compelled to take a sufficiency of exercise. The food should be ample 
and generous ; the periods of feeding regular ; her housing warm ; 
her litter very clean, and continual attention should be paid to the 



124 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

condition of the digestive functions, the nature of the excrements, the 
state of the teats, mouth, and pulse during the period of pregnancy, 
and especially towards its close. It is generally desirable to arrange 
matters so that the litter of puppies shall be born at the opening of 
the spring, or in the course of the summer, when they will have a full 
season, or the best part of it, before them, for the development of their 
physical qualifications. This, however, depends very much, of course, 
upon the condition of the bitch, and whether her heat, appearing at an 
inconvenient period, can be moderated by less stimulating diet, or by 
medicinal treatment.* The period of gestation lasts from two months 
to nine weeks. 

90. Parturition. — The delivery is not uncommonly followed with 
untoward circumstances, owing to the neglect of some of the most 
essential precautions during pregnancy, and often owing to mechanical 
causes, arising out. of the injudicious copulation of a male and female 
of inconsistent physical development. In cases of difficulty, the bitch 
in labor should be closely watched and appropriately treated with as 
little delay as possible. The number of puppies yielded at a birth 
varies considerably with different breeds (and sometimes with the same 
bitch, or with different bitches of the same breed), and there will gen- 
erally be a lapse of from ten to forty minutes between the delivery of 
each puppy. As soon as the whole litter is produced, every precaution 
should be taken to protect both the bitch and the puppies from expo- 
sure, and the mother should have an ample supply of milk provided 
for her. We should then turn our attention to the number of the 
pups ; because the best bred bitches can barely rear more than four or 
five effectually, and the sooner the supernumerary pups are removed 
the better. Breeders who are chary of their breed, generally destroy 
those which are removed, but they may always be reared by hand ; and 
if this be the intention, it were as well to select the finest puppies for 
this purpose. Some breeders have handed them over to the care of a 
foster-mother, but we must confess a strong preference for purely arti- 
ficial rearing, in which case there will be no hazard of deterioration 
from defects in the nurse. The milk with which the pups are fed, 
should at first be warm, but should be gradually given less and less 
heated, until it is given quite cold. 

91. The Rearing of Puppies. — By degrees as the puppies become 

* Cantharis is specific in this respect. It should not, however, be omitted, that 
breeding is very beneficial to the bitch. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 125 

strong enough to feed well, we may begin to add stale bread-crumb 
and oatmeal to the milk to facilitate and promote the weaning, and 
from this we may gradually introduce flesh, -at first in very small 
quantities, as the teeth develop themselves. The feeding should 
always take place at regular intervals. Great care should be taken 
always to give fresh food from clean vessels, allowing no residue of a 
former meal to remain with the food. The operations of cropping the 
ears, docking tJie tails, and removing the dew-claws, as they are called, 
are as injurious as they are foolish and fantastical. The two former 
arise merely from a foolish whim, and the latter from a no less foolish 
prejudice. It were strange, indeed, if art had better ascertained the 
natural requirements of animal life and structure than nature herself. 
It were far better if the breeder of dogs would confine his attention to 
enforcing regularity of feeding (in sufficiency, and not to excess), equal 
regularity and abundance of exercise, proper provision for the sufficient 
warmth and comfort of the young brood, as well as for the thorough 
cleanliness and ventilation of the kennel, &c. For in all these re- 
spects, a degree of inattention may materially deteriorate the natural 
qualifications of the puppy. The constant confinement in a kennel 
not sufficiently cleaned and purified, and consequently infected with 
noisome odors, is more likely than anything else to derange the olfac- 
tory organ so essential to the sporting dog. 

92. The Training or Breaking-in. — This is a process which the 
owner of a valuable puppy should take the precaution to see conducted 
under his own eye ; for, inasmuch as it is generally conducted with 
violence and inhumanity, it is thereby rendered the more imperfect 
and fruitless. There are very few well-bred dogs which are not to be 
trained without the least admixture of severity, other than the repri- 
mand of the voice, or the mere raising of the hand ; and it is notorious, 
in respect of the training of all animals, that the docility, tractability, 
and regularity of temper, so essential to a domestic animal, are one 
and all induced by gentle tuition, and generally injured by violence ; 
whereas implicit submission and obedience to a word or nod is induced, 
not by the infliction of punishment in cases of disregard which the 
puppy does not at first understand, but by the repeated gentle and con- 
stant indication of duty by signs, sounds, and manipulation. 

The breaking-in of a sporting dog cannot be properly conducted 
without the example of an older, experienced, steady, and manageable 
dog, whose intelligence, movements, and obedience should be as com- 
plete as possible. The puppy should be first taught to understand the 



126 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHT. 

words of command. The pursuit of game will be natural to him ; but 
if he be found to pursue inferior birds, &c., it will be desirable to inti- 
mate, by the tone adopted towards him, that he is at fault. In com- 
parison as he fulfils his duties, and obeys all his orders, to "down 
charge," "back," &c, implicitly, the puppy should be caressed in 
token of appreciation. Much greater results may be expected from 
rewarding obedience, &c, with kindness, than from the correction of 
error by violence. And it may be received as a general rule, that the dog 
which requires violence (or it might be added, which submits to it con- 
stantly), is barely worth the trouble of breaking in. 

93. Feeding and General Management. — In many respects we 
have already touched upon the more important points relating to these 
matters, but there are yet a few general regulations to which the 
reader's attention should be drawn. 

1st. The quantity of food, which should be governed by the degree 
of exertion required of the animal, and by his consequent requirements, 
as well as by the season and temperature. For dogs cannot only con- 
sume more food without prejudice in cold weather than during the 
prevalence of heat, but, moreover, they require it. 

2d. The quality and nature of the food, which should consist of a 
preponderance of vegetable over animal matter. Oatmeal, broken bis- 
cuits sopped, and mixed with the liquor of meat, with the addition of 
a comparatively small portion of flesh, constitute the better sort of food 
for the sporting dog. The yard dog, &c, may be fed upon the refuse 
of the table, where there is a sufficiency of such food, but seasoning and 
fat should be withheld from him. The food should be given cold, 
and always in clean vessels. 

3d. In respect of the drink, an ample supply of clean, cold water, 
should never be withheld. 

4th. The frequency of feeding, which should be limited to two ade- 
quate feeds every day • with this reservation, however, that the sport- 
ing dog, about to be employed in the field, should neither be taken out 
without being previously fed at all, nor should he be allowed to swal- 
low an equal quantity of food, or food of an equally substantial kind. 

The state of the kennel, as already repeated more than once, should 
never be lost sight of; dryness, cleanliness, ventilation, shelter, shade 
and coolness in hot weather, and warmth, without closeness, during 
the prevalence of cold, being the chief essentials. The exposure of the 
kennel (in which the dog has not sufficient incitement to motion to 
induce him to move continually) to cold searching winds, is a serious 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 127 

error. Lastly, no dog, whatever be his employment, should constantly 
be confined. Daily and free exercise in the open air is as essential to 
the dog as to other animals, and the want of it engenders many of the 
diseases which we shall hereafter have occasion to notice. 



Section VI. 

THE PIG. 

94. General Remarks. — The pig may be ranked amongst the most 
serviceable of domestic animals, although, indeed, it does not possess 
the extensive productive properties of some, or the superior intelligence 
of others. Not but that in respect of sagacity, as with regard to many 
other features, the pig is, in the vulgar acceptation of his gifts, a most 
villanously slandered creature. 

Firstly. There are numerous and well-authenticated anecdotes illus- 
trative of a considerable degree of intelligence possessed by him, and it 
is not unfrequent, even in the ordinary management of swine, that we 
have reason to remark a power of observation, memory, and combina- 
tion. Whereas it should not be forgotten, that the general method of 
treatment in respect of swine, as domestic animals, is calculated to keep 
dormant any of the finer traits of sagacity by leaving to nothing but to 
mere physical functions a field for operation. The pig seems to have 
nothing left to himself for the exercise of his functions but the mere 
routine of food, drink, and rest, which the merest animal instinct and 
necessity will prompt. Every necessity is provided for, every want is 
obviated. 

Secondly. The filth, which is proverbially attributed to the pig, is 
much more truly attributable to the mistaken economy of his master. 
The pig is naturally averse to foulness, but is constantly compelled to 
wallow in it by an artificial method of treatment. The pig has a natural 
disposition, prompted by beneficial results, to wallow in moisture ; and, 
if clean water, or mere earthy water be withheld, he will wallow in filth. 

Tliirdly. Far from being ungovernable, as is frequently represented, 
the pig, properly managed, is remarkable for tractability of disposition. 

The pig is fond of warmth and shelter, and is exceedingly sensitive 
to changes in the degree of temperature or in the state of the weather, 
of which he is one of the most sagacious soothsayers in nature. The 
nervous organism which provides for the senses of contact and scent, 
is admirably developed, and, next to the dog, the pig may be said to 
possess the most perfect structure in respect of the olfactory apparatus, 



128 VETEEINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

whereby, with the assistance of a peculiar construction of snout, he can 
pursue the search after his natural articles of food, which consist chiefly 
of roots. 

Fruit may be ranked with roots as the natural food of the pig ; he is 
also herbivorous and graminivorous in the general acceptation of those 
terms, and has, by artificial treatment, become carnivorous, to a certain 
degree, as well. The method of management adopted towards him in 
his domesticated state has in fact rendered him capable of subsisting and 
thriving variously upon food selected from the most universal repertory. 

The commercial value of the pig is well known to consist in the 
flesh and its products ; and the peculiar merits which may be attributed 
to him, in respect of the formation of flesh, may be included under the 
economy which may attend his feeding, from the fact, that he can live 
and thrive upon refuse which would otherwise be lost altogether; the 
less degree and complication of disease to which he is liable ; the abun- 
dance of the manure derived from the sty, which is peculiarly advan- 
tageous for horticultural purposes ; the small outlay required to house 
and rear him; and his very prolific powers of propagation. 

The sources of profit arise, first, from the quality of the flesh and its 
products; secondly, from the aggregate quantity or weight; and, 
thirdly, from the combination of the two. 

95. Of the Various Breeds of British Swine and their Respective 
Merits. — In the United Kingdom we may number more than twenty 
different breeds of pigs, attributable to particular districts and particu- 
lar localities. Many of these, however, are very closely analogous in 
every respect, and the distinction between them consists rather in the 
name than in the reality. 

Of all these, one of the best and most profitable may be identified 
in what is called the Berkshire breed. It possesses all the merits of 
hardihood, economical feeding, making flesh quickly, and yielding 
bacon of a very superior quality, and of being remarkably prolific in 
respect of the brood. This breed has no bristles, the legs are short, the 
flanks broad and deep, the back very full, the hair scanty, rather curled, 
and very thin ; the color generally yellowish, verging on brown, in- 
terspersed with darker spots ; the ears are erect, and are distinguishable 
by the long hair which surrounds them. The frame generally conveys 
the idea of being well knit together, firm and close, the jowl deep and 
thick, and the neck short and well carried. The Berkshire breed has 
yielded hogs of an enormous weight, and of a very superior quality of 
flesh. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 129 

We may also enumerate the new Suffolk breed (which has been 
modified by the infusion of a few of the better Lincoln characteristics), 
amongst the profitable breeds of pigs. They fatten readily, and yield 
a peculiarly-delicate description of flesh. 

The breed, known by the distinctive name of the Old English Breed, 
has also one of the staple merits, namely, that of being immensely pro- 
lific; but beyond that, we may safely affirm, that we have failed in dis- 
covering sufficient grounds either for admiration or approval. It is an 
ugly, ill-shaped, lanky, spare-framed beast, of voracious and wasteful 
appetite, and but little inclined to make good sound flesh. 

Amongst the breeds which are remarkable for the peculiar delicacy 
of the flesh, may be included that of Essex (the improved Essex breed), 
generally black, but sometimes black and white. This breed is also 
famous for fertility ; but we have reason to complain of the many in- 
stances in which the Essex sow fails to rear her young, so that the large 
litters dwindle down to very small ones before they become available 
for the market. 

There is also an improved breed attributable to Yorkshire, and en- 
gendered by the admixture of some share of Lincoln blood, which has 
been found far more profitable than the old raw scrambling breed, called 
the Yorkshire breed. 

Many breeders have contended for the superiority of the Lincolnshire 
breed over any other variety of the British hog, and have even pro- 
nounced it superior to that of Berkshire. And, indeed, if it be not 
entitled to the priority, it is certainly but little second to the rival race. 
The Lincolnshire breed is whiter. It is as remarkable for the abun- 
dance as for the very superior quality of the flesh, and has been found 
one of the most profitable of feeders. 

The skin is very fine, and of a beautiful pink hue when the pig is in 
health, and the hair and bristles are alike very thin. 

We may also mention some new varieties which are attributable to 
the judicious crossing between the delicate Chinese breeds and the coarser 
British breeds, already possessing desirable characteristics. Some very 
admirable stock has been derived from the Chinese and Lincoln, and 
from the Chinese and Essex breeds, as well as from a cross with the 
Berkshire, by which an increased tendency to feed profitably and fatten 
quickly has been obtained, as well as a peculiar delicacy of flesh and 
fineness of grain. 

The Irish breed of pigs, hitherto coarse, ungainly, and ill-knit, owes 
much of the improvement which has been observable of late years to 
the remarkable qualities of the Chinese pig, and of the more delicate 

9 



130 VETERINARY HOM<EOPATHY. 

English breeds upon which the latter had been grafted. But even now 
it is very questionable whether the most improved Irish stock can equal 
the small rough but profitable race which has been traced to the 
mountainous districts of North Britain and to the adjacent islands. 
This breed has been found remarkably susceptible of improved manage- 
ment and food, and has been fed with considerable success and profit 
more to the southward ; the flesh being of a very superior quality, and 
by no means scanty in proportion to the natural size of the animal. 

96. Physical Construction and Adaptation of the Pig. — The pecu- 
liar adaptation of the pig to his vocation may be readily distinguished 
in the mechanical construction of the snout, teeth, and stomach. 

The Snout. — The snout of the pig, in its admirable construction, 
serves a double purpose, namely : first, it is provided with a very con- 
siderable development of olfactory apparatus, terminating in an infinite 
ramification of delicate nerves about the mucous membrane of the nos- 
trils at the extremities thereof, whereby he is enabled to search for and 
detect his food, even if it be buried amongst offal or refuse of powerful 
odor; and, secondly, it is furnished with a peculiar combination of 
levers in the construction and connection of the bones, terminating in 
a narrow extremity, and in the connection, agency, and action of their 
adjacent muscles, whereby it possesses extraordinary strength and capa- 
bility for the exhumation of such food as has already been discovered 
with the aid of the olfactory apparatus. 

The Stomach consists of an arrangement rather akin to that of man- 
kind, and is therefore adapted to the mixed nature of the food which 
it has been subjected to receive. It is also admirably adapted by its 
superior simplicity to the apparatus of many other animals, to relieve 
itself of any obnoxious matter of which it may become the recipient 
in its promiscuous pursuit. 

97. The Teeth ; their Adaptation, and their Indication of Age. — 

Number and situation of the teeth at birth : 

Molars or grinding teeth — 2 on each side above (4), and the like num- 
ber below (4), . . . . . . . . . . .8 

.Number and situation of the teeth at or before sixteen weeks after birth : 

Molars or grinding teeth — as above, . ... . . .8 

Incisors or cutting teeth {temporary') — 2 central above (2), and the like 
below (2) ; two on each side above (4),, and the like number be- 
low (4), . 12 

'Tasks or canine teeth (milk teeth) — 1 on each side above (2) and the 
like below (2), 4 

Total at or about sixteen weeks, 24 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 131 

Number and situation of the teeth at or about six months old : 

Molars or grinding teeth — as above (8) ; 2 new fore teeth and 1 back 

tooth on each side above (6), and the like below (6), . . .20 

Incisors or cutting teeth — as above, . . . . . . .12 

Tusks or canine teeth — as above, ........ 4 

Total at or about six months, 36 

Number and situation of the teeth at or before the completion of the 
eleventh month : 

Molars or grinding teeth — as above (20) ; 1 new back tooth on each side 
above (2), and the like below (2), 24 

Incisors or cutting teeth — as above in number, four (viz., two above and 
two below at the corners), however, now being permanent teeth, . 12 

Tusks or canine teeth — as above in number, being now permanent teeth, 4 

Total number by eleven months complete, . . 40 

Number and situation of the teeth at or before the completion of the 
third year (sometimes as early as twenty -five months) : 

Molars or grinding teeth — as above (24) ; 1, and the last, new back tooth 
on each side above (2), and the like below (2), . . . . .28 

Incisors or cutting teeth — as above in number, the whole being perma- 
nent teeth, ............ 12 

Tusks or canine teeth — as above, . . . . . . . .4 

Total number, or the complete set of the adult animal, per- — 
fected at or before three years old, 44 

This progressive development of the complete provision of the mouth, 
as has been observed, however, comprises the formation and appearance 
of two distinct though blended sets of teeth, viz., the temporary or milk 
teeth, and the permanent or adult teeth. 

The milk teeth comprise the following : 

Incisors or cutting teeth — 2 central above (2), and the like below (2); 

and 2 on each side above (4), and the like below (4), . . .12 

Tusks or canine teeth — 1 on each side above (2), and the like below (2), 4 

Total number of the milk teeth, 16 

And these milk teeth are progressively cast and replaced approxi- 
mately in the following order : 

At or before the completion of thirty weeks after birth, the corner in- 
cisors of the upper jaw are replaced by two similar permanent teeth. 

At or before the completion of forty weeks after birth, the corre- 
sponding teeth of the lower jaw are also replaced by the permanent 
substitutes. 



132 VETEKINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

At the expiration of a period varying from eighteen to twenty-five 
months after birth, according to the nature of the food and the condition 
of the animal, we may observe the respective substitution of permanent 
teeth in the places of the upper and lower central incisors; and these 
teeth have already changed color, and become considerably more obtuse 
by the time that — - 

The next adjacent tooth, or intermediate incisor, on either side, above 
and below, making altogether the four last milk teeth, are replaced by 
permanent teeth, which usually takes place but little before the final 
completion of the set of grinders, and often not so soon, viz., at or 
before the expiration of the third year. 

Approximately about the time of the completion of the set of forty 
teeth, above exhibited — that is, at or before the expiration of eleven 
months after birth — we may observe the substitution of permanent 
canine teeth respectively in the places of the four first (milk teeth); and 
these new tusks have already become discolored, and, to a certain ex- 
tent, modified in shape, before, the period at which the first change takes 
place in the incisors. 

The complete set of permanent teeth may thus be represented at, or 
sometimes before, the completion of the third year : 

Incisors or cutting teeth — 2 central above (2), and the like below (2) ; 

and 2 on each side above (4), and the like below (4), . . .12 
Canine teeth or tusks — 1 on each side above (2), and the like below (2), 4 
Grinding teeth or molars — 7 on each side above (14), and like below (14), 28 

Total number, .......... 44 

After this stage, the only index to the advancement of age, in respect 
of the teeih, is very uncertain, and is evinced only by the degree of 
external prominence assumed by the tusks. But as this is of very 
gradual progress, and liable to be modified by a variety of physical 
causes, we can place but little reliance on any positive information which 
it may be supposed to convey. The canine teeth of the lower jaw, 
however, rarely project to any extent beyond the lips, and over the 
upper jaw, until the course of the seventh year; whereas we may per- 
ceive the less decided projection of the canine teeth of the upper jaw 
often as early as three years and a half after birth. 

98. Of the Sties, Litter, Feeding, and General Management of 
PigS. — The necessity and importance of warmth and comfort to the 
well doing of pigs are sufficiently evinced by their natural habits. ~No 
one who has observed them with any degree of attention can have failed 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 133 

to observe their disposition to nestle and huddle together, to congregate 
in warm and sheltered corners, and to bury themselves in the litter 
when that is dry, clean, and plentiful. 

The Sties. — For these reasons the sties should always be well 
sheltered from bleak and searching winds, and surrounded, if possible, 
on all sides by firm brickwork, at least breast high, but leaving sufficient 
space to admit of a free circulation and access of fresh air. The neces- 
sity for a considerable elevation in the walls is well known to those 
who have been plagued with breeding sows ; for they are, in particular, 
addicted to scrambling out of the sty, and either straying away, or 
finding access to adjoining gardens, for the purpose of muddling at dis- 
cretion for potatoes, &c. And the importance of providing adequate 
substance in the brickwork will soon be discovered, where the pigs 
have a disposition, notwithstanding the rings, for muddling away every- 
thing about them ; in which case, if the walls be not sufficiently sub- 
stantial, and above all, well ridged, or the pavement be loosely and 
irregularly laid, the whole will soon be reduced to ruin. It is not an 
unimportant particular to add, that the use of coal ashes in the mortar 
should be avoided, because some pigs have a great inclination to con- 
sume the ashes, which serve to whet the teeth, &c, &c. ; in which case 
they will perseveringly muddle away the interstices between the bricks, 
in pursuit of the small pieces of cinder which are imbedded therein. 

The shed attached to every sty should be thoroughly well roofed, 
having only a sufficient orifice to admit a man for the purpose of cleaning 
it out. Thatch is, as a general rule, preferable to any other description 
of roofing, not only because it is warmer in winter, but because it is a 
greater safeguard against the heat of the sun in the height of summer. 

Pigs, although fond of warmth, cannot bear an excess of heat, espe- 
cially not that of a scorching summer sun, wherefore the sty should 
always be protected, if possible, by trees, which can afford a refreshing 
shade without interfering with ventilation. 

99. The Litter. — In order to enhance all the better qualities of the 
flesh, due regard must be paid to this particular. If due attention be 
really paid to the litter, there will be far less wasteful consumption, 
and the sty will be constantly clean; for (what is no slight argument 
in favor of the natural cleanliness of this animal) the pig will never 
deposit dung in the nooks which he reserves for rest, but always in 
some particular spot set apart for this purpose. All foulness should, 
therefore, be removed every day, plenty of clean litter being always left, 
wherein the pigs may indulge their love of comfort by burying them- 



134 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

selves. Pigs which are carefully tended in these respects, are not only 
less wasteful as regards the litter, less liable to disease, and yield better 
manure, but they are more kindly and economical feeders. Some, 
breeders of pigs, who have devoted themselves to the improvement of 
their stock, rather for pleasure than profit, have gone the length of re- 
sorting to washing, and otherwise cleaning the pigs, and with such 
beneficial results as to have afforded an additional testimony respecting 
the love of cleanliness natural to the pig. The habit of allowing a 
dense deposit of manure and decomposing litter to remain in the sty, 
under the false idea of increasing and improving the manure, is one of 
the most foolish of vulgar errors. 

100. Feeding. — The goodness of the food depends upon its com- 
parative capability of engendering sound flesh and good fat. But the 
nature of the food depends very much upon the method in which the 
pig is kept. The ordinary farm pig seems to feed upon whatever he 
can pick up in the straw-yard, or in otherwise worthless pastures, until 
after harvest, when the whole herd is driven out into the stubbles, 
whence the fattening which is expected of them is derived. Nor is 
this so imperfect a method as it may appear. The pig will fatten 
quickly and well upon the waste grain, &c, which can be gathered 
from the stubbles, but pork which has been fattened in this way is 
never well interlarded like that which has undergone a slow, regular, 
progressive course of treatment in the sty. Under these conditions, 
the pig will, with great advantage, consume a quantity of refuse 
vegetables, and even of weeds which are obnoxious to the gardener ; 
such, for instance, as the sow-thistle. 

But our attention is rather directed to artificial or sty feeding, as 
that specially appropriated to the fattening of pigs. And here we find 
several varieties of food, viz., grain and its products, such as entire or 
bruised grain, rice, meals, grains (brewers' or distillers' residue) : green 
meats, including the grasses of permanent pasture, clover, sainfoin, 
lucern, tares, pea-stalks, waste vegetables, vegetable roots, waste fruit 
and nuts, and acorns, &c. ; dairy refuse, or residue, including sour 
milk, whey, &c. ; washes, including the general waste of a household* 
(which, however, should be decreased proportionately to the products of 

* Animal products, such as the liquor from boiled meats, should be sedulously- 
excluded from the hog-wash ; and those who have the care of pigs should take pre- 
cautions to prevent the admixture of such ingredients in the refuse-tub, or should 
abstain from using such refuse when they cannot rely upon its integrity in this re- 
spect. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 135 

grain and the dairy refuse, as the progress of fattening is to be pursued 
in earnest) ; and cooked vegetable roots and grains, including potatoes, 
carrots, parsnips, sometimes beets, bruised pease, and rice, &c. 

The method in which food of this kind is administered is most 
essential, viz. : 

1. The trough in which the food is placed should always be scrupu- 
lously clean, long enough in comparison to the number of pigs, and so 
parted off, that if there be several they can all feed without the hazard 
of some being driven away by the more greedy and the stronger pigs. 

2. The food should be given frequently, and in small quantities at 
a time ; six times a day, beginning with daybreak, and ending with 
sundown, in summer, or four times a day between the same periods in 
winter, is not too often to feed pigs confined to the sty. 

3. The food should be administered at very regular hours. 

4. In fattening pigs, the species of food hereafter stated as holding 
the first rank, should be reserved until the latter period of fattening, 
and the food should be gradually rendered more generous and more 
dainty as the fattening advances. 

5. The food should be as much varied as possible, within the com- 
pass of the most advantageous articles, as the greater degree of obesity 
renders the appetite more fastidious. 

The relative value of the above-mentioned articles of food, as regards 
the fattening of pigs, may be stated in the following succession : 

1. Second to none, not only in respect of the rapidity of its results, 
but also of the quality of the meat, we may name the dairy refuse or 
residue, such as whey, waste skimmed milk, sour milk, &c, wherewith 
we may mix barley-meal, sharps, bran, oatmeal, bruised or ground 
pease, &c. 

2. The residue or refuse of starch, thinned with water.* 

3. Potatoes, boiled, and well beaten into a smooth pulp, and after- 
wards mixed with any variety of meal, and, if necessary, thinned with 
water. 

4. Boiled and well-smashed carrots or parsnips, diluted with the 
liquor in which they were boiled. 

5. Bruised grain, or meal of grain, such as barley* oat or wheat 
meal, sharps, pollard, &c, liquidized with water. 

* Even in England, where it can be grown with anything like success, Indian 
corn has been found superior even to barley for the fattening of pigs. Indeed, it 
possesses the purely nutritive properties to a higher degree than any of the indige- 
nous grain of our climate ; nor would it be such costly food, if a little more atten- 
tion were paid to the situations adapted to it, and to the method of its cultivation. 



136 VETERINARY IIOMCEOPATHY. 

6. Pease. In moderate quantities pease are often very advantageously- 
given whole ; they are generally, however, better if bruised, and still 
better if boiled, beaten up, and diluted with their own liquor. 

7. Entire grain of the kinds above enumerated. 

8. Acorns and other nuts, which form a staple article in some dis- 
tricts, in which case the pigs are generally allowed the range of a forest 
to gather their food. 

9. Green meats, such as those described, as well as turnip-tops, 
lettuce and cabbage leaves, and the like, should, even in close sty 
feeding, be tendered from time to time, and will be found to act bene- 
ficially upon the system generally, whereby a new and increased zest 
will be given to the flagging appetite. 

10. An ample supply of pure cold water, in a separate and clean 
trough, is indispensable. 

The ordinary course of nature points out the most advantageous 
season of the year for fattening pigs. In their wild or less cultivated 
state, it is obvious that they would gather but little food calculated to 
generate fat until after the season of harvest, and whilst the nutty fruits 
and saccharine roots were abundant and in sound maturity. In con- 
formity with the natural course of things, we shall find that pigs are 
fattened better, quicker, and more economically, between the months of 
August and December, than at any other time of the year. 

The Ringing of Pigs. — Some artificial resource is evidently requisite, 
not only on account of the damage which an unringed pig will be con- 
stantly doing, when he has the full power of the snout at his disposal, 
unshackled and unrestrained, but also on account of the material inter- 
ference of his constant and self-inflicted labor, with the progress of 
fattening. At a very early age the old custom has been to perforate 
the extremity of the snout, from each nostril, and to insert a wire ring 
in each orifice. The more modern and improved practice has been to 
deprive the terminal structure of the snout of its power, by making such 
an incision as to separate the ligaments, &c, of the terminal bone, 
whereby the extremity of the snout is disabled. 

Preparatory Treatment, and Killing of Pigs. — With respect to the pre- 
paratory treatment, the pig having been ascertained to be in good health, 
and perfect condition, little need be said, except the injunction, to with- 
hold the food for an entire day previously, or to kill the first thing in 
the morning, and before any food has been administered. With respect 
to the killing of pigs, the inhumanity of the prevalent method of ex- 
posing the animal to the prolonged agonies of a lingering death, is so 
obvious, that any modification which could provide against this mischief 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 137 

would be worthy of notice. The most reasonable proposal is that of 
plunging the knife in such a manner into the throat as to separate the 
main artery. This, however, requires some experience; for very few 
of the ordinary bunglers who set themselves up as able managers of 
pigs would succeed in striking accurately, in many instances, in cases 
in which the animals were exceedingly fat. 

101. Of the Breeding, Rearing, Weaning, &c, of Young Pigs. — 

The general merits of both the male and female from which we are de- 
sirous of propagating, for purposes of breeding, consist, as in all other 
domestic animals, of all the desirable qualities which are sought for in 
the offspring, and which are summed up briefly thus : 

1. Kindly and economical feeders, and ready fatteners, yielding fine 
and delicate flesh. 

2. Prolific parturitions. 

3. Good nurses, and consequently successful in rearing their young. 
We should also seek for the following particular characteristics : 

102. The Boar. — In the boar we should look chiefly to construction, 
and to the consistency of such construction relatively to the breed of 
the sows, the locality, climate, and general circumstances. One boar, 
of desirable qualifications, may be deemed sufficient for the service of 
from eight to twelve sows. He should^ be between one year and four 
years old j and should be separately confined with the sows, one by one, 
and for a sufficient time only. If, however, the offspring of the first 
intercourse has been deficient, in any important points, and that the 
characteristic merits of the sows be undoubted, this should be a suffi- 
cient reason for setting him aside, and for ceasing to breed from him. 

103. The Sow. — The sows reserved for breeding, out of each litter, 
should be selected from amongst the most kindly of a prolific brood. 
There will be no incentive to retain young breeding sows from a scanty 
litter of less than eight pigs ; nor should we any longer retain a sow for 
breeding purposes which has not farrowed at least eight pigs at her first 
parturition. No sow should be retained for breeding purposes which is 
not furnished with at least ten teats; all others should be spayed,* and 
reserved for fattening. A sow which has once been guilty of rolling 
on her young, which has suffered a difficult labor, has proved a bad 
nurse, has failed to rear her young without any distinct circumstantial 

* The general period of castration and spaying is about four weeks after birth. 



138 VETERINARY IIOM(EOPATHY. 

cause, is in the habit of eating the after-birth, of devouring flesh of any 
kind, &c., &c., should at once be set aside for slaughter; she is utterly 
unfit for breeding from. A sow which has been delivered of a prolific 
litter at her first parturition (say of 10 pigs), and which has proved an 
excellent nurse at that time, and has reared her young successfully, 
acquires considerable value. A sow of really good qualities as a breeder, 
should rear at least two litters well every year, and may often furnish 
a third; but no sow should be retained for breeding more than three 
successive years. The average duration of pregnancy may be stated at 
nineteen weeks, although there is a variation of more than three weeks 
in this respect, between very young or very debilitated sows (which 
go a shorter time), and vigorous and matured sows (which go longer). 
Every sow ought to be between ten and twelve months old, when first 
applied to breeding purposes, although, as a general rule, few sows are 
so old. If possible, time should so be measured that the two yearly 
litters may be farrowed as near the end of February and August (or a 
week or two earlier in both instances) as possible. 

104. Pregnancy and Parturition. — The first pregnancy requires to 
be more closely watched, to prevent the untoward consequences of in- 
experience, than that of subsequent litters. A separate sty should be 
appropriated to the sow; the litter should constantly be kept clean, 
fresh, and dry ; the food should be good, but not too copious ; and the 
first appearances (if any) of fatness should be assiduously obviated ; un- 
wholesome and unsubstantial food, however, should be eschewed, as 
also a profusion of extremely succulent vegetable food, whereby, as 
by accidental causes, abortion is occasionally produced. The disposi- 
tion to premature and imperfect labors is by no means so frequent 
amongst sows as amongst the animals already enumerated, but may be 
preobserved in the presence of general symptoms, such as those already 
described elsewhere. 

But if the natural parturition is at hand, in due course, we shall 
notice indications of very severe anguish; the teats quickly becoming 
much enlarged, the back apparently borne down and bending at the 
drag of the weight of the belly beneath, and the belly being much 
lowered and distended. As labor actually comes on, we should watch 
to remove the young, one by one, as fast as they are born, until the 
whole is over, and the afterbirth has been cautiously removed. The 
young pigs should, in the meanwhile, be carefully preserved from the 
access of cold air, and should be carefully replaced with the mother as 
soon as the operation is over. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 139 

No sooner is the litter fairly delivered (the young being replaced) 
than we should return to concentrate our fullest attention on the sow; 
for it is now that a little neglect, in respect of her food, may not only 
prove of serious detriment to her, but may also react fatally upon the 
young pigs. The greatest precaution should be taken to accommodate 
the nature of the food to the condition of the sow ; whereas, also, if the 
milk be not sufficiently plentiful, or of good quality, we should begin as 
soon as possible to teach the young pigs to feed by themselves, or we 
should even have recourse to artificial food, after having separated the 
sow and pigs. The utmost regularity, small quantities at a time, and 
increased frequency, should be the particular subjects of attention as 
respects feeding. We should also watch the vascular action, and ac- 
commodate the nature of the food to the condition of the body. Exces- 
sive weakness will indicate restorative substantial diet, and the presence 
of fever, thin diluted cooling mashes, such as those of oatmeal and whey. 

105. The Weaning and Rearing of Young Pigs. — For a double 
reason, involving the benefit of the sow as well as of the young pigs, 
it is desirable that the young should not remain too long dependent 
solely upon the teats for support. 

Milk, slightly warmed, is the earliest substitute for the natural food 
of the period of suckling, and this should be administered to the young 
pigs at periods varying from ten to twenty days after birth; but the 
mother's diet should yet continue equally generous, if not more so, and 
should not be diminished until from thirty to forty days after birth, at 
which time the process of weaning may be commenced in earnest. 
From the time at which artificial food is first tendered to the young 
pigs to that when weaning fairly begins, we may continue to increase 
the quantity and consistence (by adding more and more meal) of the 
artificial food ; having parted off the sty in such a way, with narrow 
rails, that the young pigs may be able to run over the whole extent, 
but that the sow may be excluded from a certain part, in which small 
and flattened troughs should be placed to contain the artificial food of 
the young pigs. When once the weaning has been commenced in ear- 
nest, we must proceed to separate the young pigs from the sow for a 
longer space of time, diminishing also the frequency of their access to 
the teats by slow degrees, whilst the food of the sow is simultaneously 
withheld, as regards the full indulgences allowed during the trying period 
of suckling, and is rendered less stimulating or generous, whereas, at 
the same time, the food of the young pigs is being rendered day by day 
more solid and substantial. 



140 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 



Section VII. 



106. Of Poultry. — The importance and productiveness of poultry 
appear to be much overlooked in this country, whereas they are com- 
paratively in high estimation elsewhere. There are only a few dis- 
tricts in Great Britain where fowls of any kind are admitted to consti- 
tute a staple commodity for the market, and even then this consideration 
is confined to one or two varieties, viz., geese and turkeys generally; 
whereas, nowhere in the United Kingdom do we meet with the swarms 
of domestic poultry which hover about the homesteads of Picardy. The 
common domestic fowl, nevertheless, yields two very delicate, whole- 
some, and nutritious materials co the provision market, — the flesh and 
the eggs, and possesses additional value, from the appropriation of the 
feathers to various branches of manufacture. 

The Common Farmyard Fowl is divided, as it is bred in this coun- 
try, into seven or eight varieties, and these again into a series of sub- 
ordinate breeds, attributable to particular localities and the experiments 
of particular fanciers. Of these varieties, some are, more or less, purely 
foreign fowls, which have been introduced under the idea of improving 
the native stock. Such is the Spanish fowl. This breed is provided 
with black plumage, the bare parts being also black, and the comb and 
gills being large and very red. The flesh is much in request for the 
table on account of the whiteness and fineness of grain which charac- 
terize it, and the fowl is advantageously adapted for this purpose, 
owing to its size, in which respect it is second only to the Malay fowl 
and its combinations. Such also is the Malay fowl, the largest of the 
varieties known amongst the poultry of Great Britain; the eggs are 
very large and abundant, and possessed of peculiarly nourishing prop- 
erties — a remark which applies also to the flesh; but the latter does 
not possess the qualifications which constitute the fitness for the table; 
it is uncertain, never fine, and has always a darkish hue. The plumage 
is dark brown, with an occasional ray of yellow; the legs are long. 
As another distinct variety amongst the foreign fowls which have been 
introduced or naturalized in this country, we may name the Poland 
breed, whose merits, in the majority of respects, excel those of either 
of the two former, but which is not quite so large and much less gaunt. 
If anything, the flesh of this breed is more dainty than that of the best 
of our indigenous fowls. They fatten well and readily, and they yield 
an immense and never-failing profusion of eggs, which, however, per- 
haps as a natural consequence, are less in weight, thinner in shell, and 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 141 

sometimes considerably less charged with the peculiarly nutritive prop- 
erties than those of the generality of our poultry. Like all other fowls 
which are constantly laying eggs, the Poland breed are averse to hatch- 
ing them, and it is very rarely, in comparison, that they can be brought 
to devote themselves patiently and punctually to the offices of incuba- 
tion. The better way, therefore, is not to depend upon them at all, 
but to place their eggs at once beneath a steady sitter. The charac- 
teristic features of this breed consist in their possessing more rotundity, 
obesity, and shortness of limb than either of the foregoing; in the 
glossy blackness of the plumage, relieved only by the mingled white 
and black, or even by a predominance of white in the tuft which over- 
shadows the crown. In the place of a comb there is a circle of small 
fleshy points. 

107. Amongst the Indigenous British Breeds, we cannot but 
afford the first rank to the Dorking fowl. This breed is easily distin- 
guished by a white plumage of a peculiar cream tinge, or sometimes 
of a sandy gray, with which, however, there is no admixture of feathers 
of any other color; by the presence of a fifth claw on each foot; by the 
shortness of the legs, in comparison to the size of the bird, which is 
next to that of the Spanish fowl ; and by the expansiveness and rotun- 
dity of the shape. The flesh is deep, sound, delicate, and fine-grained, 
and partakes of the creamy hue of the plumage. 

The common Dunghill fowl cannot be numbered amongst specific 
breeds, inasmuch as it partakes in general of every variety, as is evinced 
in the endless variety of plumage, form, size, qualifications, &c. 

The Game fowl may rather be cited as the beau-ideal of a fancier 
than on account of any productive qualifications ; for, although the 
flesh be unrivalled in whiteness, delicacy, and flavor, it is but a scanty 
layer, and still more incompetent of being reared successfully, and 
in numbers. The Game fowl will be readily distinguished by the 
ruddy, brilliant, and dazzling hue of its plumage, by the admirable 
symmetry of its*shape, by the rapidity and activity of its movements, 
the fierceness and intolerance of its temper, and lastly, by the beauti- 
ful cleanness, slenderness, yet nervous and sinewy construction of the 
limbs. 

Next in importance amongst British poultry to the Dorking breed, 
we may mention the Bolton gray breed, remarkable for the abundant 
supply of eggs, and for the whiteness of the flesh. It is appropriately 
named from its peculiar mottled-gray plumage, and distinguishable for 
the invariable snow-white fold in the plumage on either side of the 



142 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

neck. The interspersion of black spots throughout the feathers is more 
or less frequent, and the tail is generally marked with black rays. 

The original breed, known by the name of ShacJcbags, has been in- 
sensibly merged into new varieties, principally by the introduction of 
Malay blood, as also by crossing with other breeds, and is, we believe, 
no longer to be found in its integrity. 

The pure Bantam breed, as remarkable for the yield of eggs, as for 
persevering incubation, besides the very superior quality of the flesh, 
has earned for itself, however, a reputation rather with the fancier and 
rearer of game (for whose purpose it is unrivalled), than with the more 
mercenary peasant. 

108. The Breeding 1 , Rearing", and General Management of 
Poultry. — Selection of Breeding Cocks and Hens: The breed from 
which these should be chosen is generally a mere matter of taste; but 
for purposes of profit, it is clear, that the selection should be made from 
such as possess most of the merits, and as few as possible of the defects, 
which are attributable to poultry. The cocks should, therefore, be 
possessed of high-mettled courage, and even of a savage disposition ; 
the cock which has not the courage to offer a bold front, even against 
odds, is ever deficient as a breeder. The breeding cock should also be 
of such a construction as has been attributed to the characteristic forma- 
tion of the most profitable breeds : the body should be long and deep, 
the legs short, the breast broad and expansive, and rotundity should 
be selected rather than gauntness. Both the cocks and the hens should 
be healthy and vigorous, as evinced by the bright crimson hue of the 
comb and gills. Amongst the hens we should combine, in the aggre- 
gate, what is rarely combined in individual birds, by providing an 
adequate proportion of 'prolific layers and of patient and persevering 
incubators. We should avoid yellow-legged, or large-combed fowls as 
a general rule, and we should pay particular attention to the indica^ 
tions of age. As breeders, cocks and hens alike, of about two years 
old, should be chosen ; or even of three years old. Fowls which have 
not completed the second year are not advantageous breeders. But the 
advantage of selecting a first stock at the earliest age when they are 
good and profitable breeders, consists in being provided with young 
substitutes, of adequate age, as the original stock declines ; whereas, if 
we begin by selecting fowls in their prime (three years old), we shall 
not have young stock to replace them until the first stock has ceased to 
be eligible for breeding purposes. As the fowls grow old, we may 
observe the gradual fading of the bright redness of the comb until it 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 143 

changes, to something of a dirty yellow-red or brown-red; we may also 
distinguish the increasing harshness, prominence, and size of the scales 
which cover the featherless parts of the legs; whilst the length of the 
talons, and the hardness, crustiness, and dull hue of the beak, aiford 
additional indices of age. The comparative number of hens, as respects 
the cocks, should be as six to one. Some breeders prefer even a greater 
proportion of cocks, but we have in general found, that the excess was 
worse than the deficiency, and the proportion of eight to one will more 
frequently prove advantageous than that of four to one. 

Selection of the Site, Soil, Conveniences, &c, for the Breeding and 
Rearing of Chickens. — The appropriateness of the situation should rule 
imperatively with those who seek for profit from the rearing of chickens. 
A dry, well-drained, and elevated situation is the best adapted for this 
purpose ; and when the situation in which it is proposed to breed them 
is otherwise, — as low, damp, ill-drained, stagnant, or of a heavy loamy 
soil, — either some artificial provision should be made to provide against 
the ill effects of such a locality, or else the project should be abandoned. 
Fowls thrive best upon dry sandy or gravelly soils, and also upon ele- 
vations where chalk prevails. Districts which are adapted to the 
breeding of sheep are equally desirable for the breeding of chickens. 
In the absence of an appropriate soil and situation, a spot may be 
selected where there is a slope of southerly, southwesterly, or westerly 
aspect, whereupon an inclosure of strong and lofty fences may be 
erected, the bottom of the fences being sunk into the ground, to prevent 
the wandering of small chickens, and protected by the additional sink- 
ing of broken glass, and other hard and keen substances beneath the 
foundation, a precaution which may serve to exclude such vermin as 
would find means to burrow beneath, to get access to the fowls, whilst 
the upper ridge of the fences should also be well armed with tenter- 
hooks, to prevent access from that quarter. The soil should also be 
removed to the depth of two feet or more, and replaced, first by a con- 
siderable quantity of bricks and other broken building materials ; and 
above these by layers of chalk and fine gravel, the upper surface being 
well hardened, and laid perfectly even to facilitate the proper cleansing 
of the inclosure. Heaps of fine coal-ashes or sand should be placed in 
some corner of the inclosure, whereon the fowls may dust themselves. 
From the western extremity of the inclosure to the northward, and 
thence to the eastward, that is on the side extending from the east by 
the north to the west, the sheds or roosts should be erected. Thus 
they will have a southerly aspect. They should be sufficiently lofty, 
thoroughly well covered and inclosed, and rendered proof against the 
v 



144 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

access of vermin. The flooring or ground within should be such as 
that already described. From the floor upwards to the thwarts or 
perches (all of which should be on a level in the upper parts), should 
rise oblique (not perpendicular) ladders consisting of a number of 
short rails projecting from the wall. The nests for purposes of laying 
should consist of a tier of parted shelves or boxes, not less than three 
feet from the ground, and accessible by means similar to those already 
described, for the ascent to the perches. These boxes should be open 
in front only, provided with clean hay or straw, and guarded along the 
bottom of the opening in front by a strip of plank about four inches 
deep. The nests for incubating hens should be similarly constructed, 
with the addition of a sliding grated door, which may be closed at 
pleasure, to exclude the disturbance of the other fowls ; but these nests, 
unlike those devoted to laying hens, should not be raised more than three 
or four inches from the ground, so that when hatched the chickens may 
not be injured if they fall out. 

If it can be so contrived that the side facing the inclosure can be con- 
structed of movable panels, this is a great advantage, because for the 
purposes of proper ventilation, the weather and temperature permitting^ 
the whole or part of the frontage can be thrown open. 

The same inclosure parted off for each respectively — the whole of 
the appurtenances being similarly constructed for the turkey, and the 
resting-places and nests differing only for ducks and geese (for which 
these conveniences should be on the ground-level), — is applicable to 
all domestic poultry. Because nothing will be easier than to provide 
an artificial pool in front of the shed in that compartment which is 
appropriated to the ducks and geese. If, however, there be no objec- 
tion to a separate establishment, and a suitable sheet of water be at 
hand, it is not improper to notice, that it is yet preferable to erect all 
inclosures and buildings appropriated to the aquatic birds, on the brink 
of such sheet of water. The thing is obvious; it is more consistent 
with nature. 

Care and General Treatment of the Poultry, Eggs, &c, for Breeding, 
— If there be any amongst the hens which are harassed and ill-treated 
by the cock, they should be removed ; and the better way is to ex- 
change them, providing also against the ill-usage of the substitute by 
its new companions. 

Many fowls seem, from time to time, to have an imaginary inclina- 
tion to sit, without any disposition to persevere in hatching their eggs ; 
it may not be superfluous, therefore, to try the disposition of the hen 
for some days, with a number of false eggs, in order to ascertain 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 145 

whether or not she will abandon the nest. And if she then appears to 
persevere, it will be time enough to provide her with an adequate 
number of real and sound eggs for incubation ; — because, otherwise, if 
the hen should be fickle, all the eggs placed under her at first will be 
addled. As hens grow old, and do not moult until late in the season, 
or continue very long in the process of casting and changing their 
feathers, they become comparatively valueless, either for laying or 
sitting, inasmuch as they never lay except in the season of abundance, 
and then only a few eggs; and as, moreover, they rarely possess suffi- 
cient breeding energy to hatch or rear their chickens. 

The eggs which are reserved for breeding should be taken from the 
laying nests when quite fresh, as nearly uniform in size, &c, as possi- 
ble, and exhibiting no flaws or irregularities in the shell. They should 
also be selected from amongst the full-sized eggs, lest they be those of 
the first season of pullets, which are generally smaller. They should 
not be kept longer than from twenty-one to twenty-five days, and, 
during that time, should be immersed in bran, and kept in a dark and 
cool place. Nor should we begin to reserve eggs for breeding until 
the spring is well advanced, lest there be none amongst the hens which 
are disposed to sit. Being provided with a stock of eggs for hatching, 
we will presuppose that some of the hens betray a disposition to sit, 
and have been proved, by the method above indicated, when we may 
select as many as can be well covered by the hen, carefully marking 
them with a pen or pencil, so as to detect any interloper (which may 
be deposited either by the sitting hen, or during her absence), and we 
may then place them in the nest which the sitting hen has already ap- 
propriated. There is a prejudice in favor of an odd number of eggs, 
eleven being about the average number. If, by accident, any of the 
eggs be broken in the nest, they should be removed, together with the 
adhering straw, &c, as soon as the fact is observed ; and if the others 
have been rendered glutinous and sticky, they must be very carefully 
washed w 7 ith water of a temperature of about from 90° to 110° of Fah- 
renheit. 

The nests appropriated to the sitting hens should be constantly and 
thoroughly cleaned so long as they are unoccupied, and should be ex- 
pressly cleaned and provided with fresh short-cut straw or hay, before 
the eggs are placed under the hen. But, in all these operations, it is 
necessary to observe as much gentleness and expedition as possible, lest 
the sitting hen be driven away from the nest to which it is desired to 
confine her. A sufficient supply of fresh grain and clean water should 
then be placed within the reach of the hen, in troughs appropriated to 

10 



146 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

this purpose only. These accessories should also be carefully renewed 
from time to time, care being taken to clean the vessels thoroughly on 
every such occasion, and to effect the removal with as little disturbance 
of the hen as possible. For the better effecting of these purposes, we 
may have the assistance of mechanical arrangements, whereby the grain 
and water troughs may be removed from the front of the nests without 
access to the interior of the shed, and without abruptly presenting one- 
self immediately in front of the nest. 

Indeed, it might be added, that a separate compartment of the sheds 
should exclusively be devoted, if this can be effected, to the breeding 
fowls. 

If the precaution of placing food, as above mentioned, within the 
immediate reach of the sitting fowls, be not adopted, they will often 
deprive themselves of food, in their obstinate perseverance in the duties 
of sitting. 

Some hens have a far greater disposition to sit than others, and a 
few even never persevere until the completion of the period of incuba- 
tion. But, whereas the eggs reserved for breeding should be placed 
only under good and patient sitters, these even should be so far dis- 
couraged from a constant disposition for incubation — firstly, because 
they undergo such privations as considerably to weaken them ; and 
secondly, because they do not devote a sufficient length of time to the 
rearing of the brood. 

The length of the period of incubation is subject to slight variations, 
according to the various circumstances involved in the season, climate, 
temperature, state of the weather, persistence, or restlessness, or condi- 
tion, of the hen, &c, &c. Nor can we always calculate correctly from 
the period at which the eggs are assigned to the hen, which will some- 
times feign to sit for some days before she actually does so. 

Ducks and geese are subject to less variation in this respect than 
farm-yard fowls. The former almost invariably hatch in a month, and 
the latter in two days more. Hens sometimes sit as long as twenty- 
three days ; but, under favorable circumstances, more commonly hatch 
their young on the twentieth. They have been known even to sit 
longer, or to hatch earlier. 

In respect of pigeons, we have remarked an extraordinary difference, 
attributable to the different position of the dove-cotes. One instance 
has been most credibly reported to us, of four distinct nests of pigeons 
in the same dove-cote, immediately under a slate roof, having been 
hatched on the fifteenth day, or at least four days before the average 
s period. The survivors of the pigeons thus hatched, amounting to five 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 147 

in number, it should be stated, were observed, one and all, to be more 
tame than the rest ; and, as it were, to seek the protection and inter- 
vention of their attendants. Two of them became entirely domesticated, 
and were oftener seen with the inmates of the house, by whom they 
were pampered, than with those of the dove-cote, by which they ap- 
peared to be harassed.* 

The Hatching. — In proportion to the difficulty, danger, and inade- 
quacy of mechanical interference in the liberation of the young of ani- 
mals from their prenatal condition, we remark the decrease of casual- 
ties attending such liberation naturally performed. Few animals which 
fall within the province of interference assigned to the reason of man, 
are subject to less difficulties at birth than fowls ; whilst few, also, are 
so little susceptible of a practical and beneficial intervention. 

With respect to animals whose parasitic existence (foetal) is completed 
before the completion of the animal organism ; that is, those which are 
twice born — once, in the emancipation of the egg, and again, in the lib- 
eration of the young animal from the egg — it is a strong argument 
against the artificial interference of man, that they are not even sus- 
ceptible of the interference of their own kind. 

The bird, of whatever kind, owes its final introduction into the ani- 
mated world to the efforts of its own strength and energy alone. Suffi- 
ciently developed to dispense with its temporary inclosure, the young 
bird lustly hammers at the shell of the egg, to start into actual exist- 
ence ; and even a blow from the beak of the parent bird, guided and 
prompted by the natural instinct and affection for the fruits of its own 
labor, suffering, and privation, would endanger the life of the off- 
spring. 

The cases are, therefore, very rare, although they sometimes occur, 
when the interference of man, with the manifold appliances of his reason 
and ingenuity, are needed, or can avail to facilitate the completion of 
this second birth. In these rare cases, we may sometimes resort to the 
expedient of breaking the shell of the egg, but this must be done with 
great care, and very gently. The signal for such a course will be the 
suspension of further strong efforts on the part of the incarcerated 
chicken, after a struggle of many hours' duration. In the majority of 
cases (i. e., taking the average), the chicken does not effect its release 

* This is a case illustrative of the deficient hardihood of animals, attributable to 
foetal or prenatal circumstances, and also of the extraordinary jealousy which ani- 
mals in the state of nature, or in an approximate condition, entertain towards those 
which have become the objects of peculiar care and attention, or which are petted 
and pampered. 



148 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

until after twelve hours of labor, although instances are not wanting 
of the hatching being completed within periods varying from one to 
twelve hours. Whereas, on the other hand, these efforts have continued 
ineffectually for nearly two days. When the period of hatching is about 
due, according to our estimate, we should pay every attention to the nest. 

A more frequent occurrence of the beneficial interference consists in 
aiding the removal of the membrane which incloses the chicken within 
the shell, and which will not unfrequently occur, owing to the inspis- 
sation of the size or white of the egg in which the chicken floats, by 
the heat applied during incubation, and the consequent adhesion of the 
membrane. The artificial removal of this species of skin, or film, can 
be effected with a little moderately warm water, which w r ill serve to 
liquefy the size, and consequently to release the membrane on the one 
hand, and the chicken on the other. 

As fast as the chickens are hatched they should be removed, depos- 
ited in a nest of wool, in a very warm situation, and there retained 
until the contents of every egg are extricated, when the hen must be 
cooped, and the chickens may be restored to her. No food should be 
given to the chickens (or, at least, not for twenty-four hours) until they 
are replaced. Nothing but sheer bruised grain, such as groats, should 
be offered to the chickens for some time, and the water with which they 
are furnished should be placed in such vessels as to prevent the chickens 
from falling into it, or becoming immersed. 

The coops of different broods should be as far removed from each other 
as possible ; and after the first week, the hen may be liberated from the 
coop in fine weather, as soon as the dew is dried up, so that the hen and 
chickens may wander in search of their own food ; but they should 
never be allowed (if it can be prevented) to be exposed in wet weather, 
or to run loose until the ground is dry. The chickens will continue 
with the hen until they are able to provide for themselves, unless, 
indeed, the hen abandons them ; in which case, if they be seen to mope 
and pine, and fail, they must be carefully treated and reared by hand 
for some time longer. There is a peculiar wailing, painful, disconsolate 
chirp, whereby a young chicken signifies its sensation of helplessness. 

109. The Feeding of Poultry for Market or Slaughter.— The 

chief considerations in respect of feeding refer : 

1. To the nature and quality of the food. 

2. To the quantity. 

3. To the method of feeding, and the contemporary general treat- 
ment. 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 149 

la. Without entering upon the consideration of the peculiar crotchets 
of particular breeders or fanciers in this respect, it will suffice to enume- 
rate the articles which are most serviceable for this purpose ; namely, 
entire grain, especially barley and wheat, and sometimes, also, oats, 
when they do not purge; malted or sprouting barley, grains, and other 
like products; meals of grain, especially of barley and wheat; animal 
substances, such as the ants' eggs ; or even pullets' eggs, boiled hard, 
and chopped up ; or, as recommended by some persons, unadulterated 
greasy animal substances generally. We may also name certain green 
vegetables and grasses, as conducive to the advantageous feeding of 
fowls. With respect to the quality, we have always found that there 
is greater economy as to actual cost, and that the results are infinitely 
more advantageous from using the best and heaviest grain, than from 
the use of refuse or tail corn, such as is commonly appropriated to the 
uses of the poultry. 

2a. With respect to the quantity of the food administered, that must 
be governed chiefly by the inclination of the fowls; generally speaking, 
the more the fowls contrive to consume the better. 

3a. The method of administering the food for fattening purposes 
resolves itself into the following proposition : 1st. The liberty to ram- 
ble in search of food, especially in farmyards, where, at the first thrash- 
ing, the fowls instinctively deriving the best of food from the refuse 
and waste of the barn, will fatten readily, and will yield the finest 
quality of flesh. 2d. Being confined, either to a section of the inclosure 
already described under the head of "General Management of Poultry," 
parted off as a feeding-ground ; or being confined to the still narrower 
circuit of a coop ; or even being deprived of light, to render the fowls 
more tranquil and indolent, and, consequently, less liable to waste a 
fraction of flesh, or fatty deposit ; or again, with similar confinement, 
by what is termed cramming, that is, compelling the fowl to swallow a 
given quantity of barley or wheat meal, or of such other substance as 
may be deemed advisable ; and lastly, by recourse to the operation of 
castration, with a subsequent similar course of feeding. The operation 
in question constitutes the variety of domestic fowls popularly called 
capons ; a species of refinement on the ordinary treatment of poultry, 
to the employment of which three or four districts in England have 
undisputed claims. 

If, however, young fattened chickens be in request, the best and true 
method of feeding consists in sustaining the condition which the chicken 
usually attains under the protection, and with the assistance, of the 
parent fowl, by unintermitting rich and generous food, never allowing 



150 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

the pullet intended for slaughter to degenerate into leanness, because such 
degeneracy, however temporary, will most materially deteriorate not 
only the quantity of the flesh, but the regularity with which it is inter- 
larded, and, consequently, the juiciness and flavor. 



OF DUCKS AND GEESE. 

110. A Few Remarks respecting them which are not applicable 
to Poultry Generally. — Ducks, like Guinea fowls, require watching 
as soon as the laying season sets in, that is, in February, lest they should 
stray away to conceal their eggs in some secret or inaccessible place. 

There are very few varieties amongst the ducks which are bred in 
this country. Those which appear to be indigenous are either white, 
as the White Aylesbury Buck, or have a great admixture of white or 
light-colored. feathers. The Rhine Duck, for which we are indebted to 
the Continent, when pure, is distinguished by the prevalence of dark 
colors, and by the greater bulk of the bird. There are not nearly so 
many varieties of color and marking, produced by hybridization 
amongst ducks, as amongst chickens ; whereas, amongst geese again, 
we distinguish more varied admixtures of color. Muscovy ducks, 
which are occasionally found even about the homesteads of very rural 
localities, are but fancy fowls. 

The Embden Geese seem to be held in estimation equal to that ac- 
quired by the white breed of ducks above named ; yet, of late years, 
they have generally disappeared from the flocks. Geese, in their wild 
state, are the most uniform in color of any birds ; they generally seem 
to correspond feather for feather. It is strange that, in their domesti- 
cated state, the uniformity has been replaced by the opposite extreme. 

Ducks are miscellaneous and foul feeders. Offal of any kind, flesh, 
weeds, vegetables, and grain — the insects or small fish inhabiting the 
water which they frequent, &c, &c, are amongst the articles which 
they consume. They seem to thrive and fatten near tan-yards, where 
they subsist almost exclusively upon the offal of animals ; but their 
flesh becomes comparatively rank in flavor. Acorns are also found 
very advantageous for fattening ducks, and they seek for them assidu- 
ously in the vicinity of extensive plantations or forests of oak. The 
best artificial food for fattening ducks seems to consist of mixed food, 
with the addition of a considerable share of crushed or bruised oats 
(especially) and pease. The meal of these kinds of grain may be con- 
sidered the best form. Barley is to be avoided. The mingled refuse 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 151 

of the household cannot be better appropriated than to the feeding of 
ducks. Confinement is not preferable for fattening. 

111. The Staple Food of the Goose consists of the finer grass of 
permanent pastures, such as commons, waste lands, &c, which, however, 
should be examined to see that it is free from poisonous herbs, such as 
hemlock, nightshade, &c, which would destroy the goslings ; and situ- 
ations should be selected where water is not wanting. Besides grass, 
if geese are intended for high condition and to realize considerable 
weight, we should supply them twice a day with other vegetable sub- 
stances, such as refuse cabbage-leaves, turnips, carrots, mangelwurzel, 
&c. (carefully cut up), lucern, tares, and the like. The range of stub- 
bles, immediately after harvest, will fatten geese as well as, if not better 
than, artificial home feeding, especially if they have been kept in high 
condition by the means just described. We may begin to fatten the 
goslings in the course of the second month, when green food should be 
allowed only very sparingly. It may also be added that, where there 
are only a few geese (or a few on which it is desired to bestow especial 
attention), we may very beneficially use crushed or bruised grain (as 
described above in respect of ducks), mixed, if possible, with super- 
abundant milk from the dairy ; malt and fresh grains are highly ad- 
vantageous as winter food for the geese to forward them for breeding, 
and to obtain an early brood so as to be able to rear a second in the course 
of the same year. Good pollard, sharps, &c, also constitute very desira- 
ble fattening food, or food for goslings during the first three weeks. 

The situation of the habitations appropriated to ducks has already 
been noticed under the general head of Poultry. 

112. Breeding. — Ducks are very abundant layers, and continue to 
lay until very late in the season. The period of incubation with ducks 
extends on the average over a period of one month, more or less. If 
watched during the time that they are still laying, it will not be difficult 
to detect the hiding-places selected for nests, but for this purpose they 
must be watched at night or at the first dawn of day. The drooping 
of the belly, and the peculiar waddle of ducks heavy with eggs ready 
for deposition, betrays them, and if on the water the tail will be ob- 
served spread out, and close to the water, instead of being held up. 
Ducks lay at night, or very early in the morning, and rarely, if ever, 
after the day is advanced ; and when they leave the nest, they invariably 
collect leaves or rubbish wherewith to conceal the eggs more effectually, 
a precaution which is also observed by the goose in rarer instances. 



152 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

According to its size and abundance of plumage the duck can hatch 
twelve, thirteen, or fourteen eggs on an average, some even more. 
The proportionate number of drakes to ducks should be as one to five. 

The period of incubation with geese differs little from that of ducks, 
the average being a day or two over the month. The relative numbers 
of the male and female are the same as with ducks. The number of 
eggs covered varies from thirteen to seventeen. 

The duck, during incubation, should not be disturbed, but should be 
left entirely to itself and perfectly secluded. Nor should the brood be 
meddled with until they are spontaneously brought out by the parent 
bird, when they should be cooped together upon smooth turf, or, in 
the case of the prevalence of very wet, cold, or changeable weather, 
they may better be cooped under cover within the hutches appropriated 
to them, the tails and the adjacent feathers being cut close. During 
this period whilst they are cooped, the soundest grain should be freely 
allowed to the old bird, as well as plenty of dry litter constantly changed. 
In wet unhealthy weather good meal should be supplied to the brood 
and the old bird, the earliest food of the brood consisting of oatmeal. 
Ducklings should never be hatched under the hen where there is water 
at hand ; and even when raised by one of their own kind they should 
be withheld from the water (the mother being confined to the coop) for 
a period varying from a week to fifteen or eighteen days, according to 
the state of the weather. 

A pan, containing a constant supply of fresh water, should be placed 
at hand close to the coop. This is indispensable. The coops contain- 
ing different broods should be far apart. 

Geese, as the period of deeding approaches, should be carefully 
watched. 

As early as the beginning of February, when the geese have been well 
fed on malt, grains, and the like, during the winter, we may notice them 
collecting straw and apparently busy in providing for a nest when this 
should be supplied for them. A quiet place should be selected for this 
purpose, and straw carefully deposited. 

During the period of incubation, when all the geese, which are sitting 
simultaneously (if more than one), are collected in adjacent nests, the 
natural guardian, namely, the gander, which is ever at hand, will suf- 
ficiently provide for their protection and their wants. The early gos- 
lings will be hatched in the course of the month of March. The earliest 
food of the gosling should be much the same as that of the duckling. 
For the first fortnight the goose and her brood should be housed during 
the night and during cold and wet weather, and should be folded in a 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 153 

small inclosure, set apart for this purpose, upon an adjacent grass-plat, 
as soon as the turf is dry, and the sun high above the horizon. At this 
early season the brood should be removed to the shelter appropriated 
to it for the night, at from three to five o'clock in the afternoon. When 
the goslings are from ten to fifteen days old they may be allowed the 
full scope of the pasture selected for them with the parent bird, with 
the addition of the richer fresh food and grain above described; but, 
unless the season be far advanced, or if the nights be cold, they must 
still be housed at sunset. 

OF TURKEYS. 

113. A Few Remarks respecting them which are not applicable 
to Poultry Generally. — The Rearing of the Chicks : During the com- 
pletion of the process of hatching the chicks must be removed and kept 
w T arm until the liberation of all is completed, when, for the first forty 
days, they will require to be kept under cover with the hen. They 
will then be fed with a thick mixture of oat or barley meal, and with 
chopped eggs, shreds of coarse boiled beef (unsalted) being soon added, 
the latter being strewed about to encourage the chicks to search for 
their food. Fresh-mown turf may also be afforded to them, but it must 
be thoroughly examined for the removal of noxious insects and vermin. 
As soon as they are allowed greater liberty, either by the cooping up 
of the hen in an open field, or by their being allowed to range abroad, 
a close watch must be kept over them to prevent their straying away, 
to which they are very prone, as well as to prevent the hen from stray- 
ing from them in her natural disposition to wander to a distance with- 
out allowing the chicks an opportunity of keeping close to her. In the 
event of their being sickly, within a few days after hatching, a little 
crushed malt may be added to their food. "Whilst they are kept in 
confinement it will be necessary to provide for the thorough cleanliness 
and dryness of the place appropriated to them. Good clean but small 
shingle makes the best flooring. 

Turkeys, it should be observed, are more difficult to rear than any 
of the other varieties of poultry domesticated in this country, and, there- 
fore, all the precautions already prescribed for other fowls will apply 
yet more imperatively to these, besides those regulations which are 
specially adapted to their treatment. 

After harvest, and later in the autumn, turkeys may very advanta- 
geously be driven over the stubbles and amongst oak plantations, 
whence they will derive much condition towards the fattening for the 



154 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

winter market. Where there are chestnut trees they may be allowed 
to range with still more advantage, but, in these excursions, they should 
be invariably attended and watched lest they should stray away, as 
they are much in the habit of doing. 

In the immediate vicinity of corn-fields, before harvest, they require 
no less attention ; they scramble into the standing wheat, when they will 
destroy a great deal, and derive little good themselves from the mischief. 

It is not uncommon, for the purposes of fattening for great weight, to 
castrate them in the same manner in which common fowls are converted 
into capons. At any rate the mixed meals, derived from wheat, barley, 
and oats, beaten up into a thick pulp with water, form the best artificial 
food which can be used to complete the fattening; such feeding, how- 
ever, is only adapted to turkeys which are pounded for fattening. It 
will not be of so much service to birds which are allowed to range as 
the natural food which they will pick up of their own accord. 

The proportion of the male to the females should be as six to one. 
The number of eggs upon which a turkey-hen may sit does not differ 
from that already mentioned of geese; and the period of incubation is 
of very regular duration owing to the perseverance of the turkey-hen 
as a sitter — it may be estimated at thirty-two days. The turkey-hen 
will frequently lay as many as from twenty to twenty-five eggs, so that 
in saving the eggs for incubation, we should in general await the issue 
of her laying, evinced by the omission to lay at the recurring period, 
before we place the adequate number of eggs under her. 

114. Of Pigeons and Doves. — In treating of pigeons it is intended 
to confine the subject to those which are purely and strictly domesticated 
pigeons, and moreover to those which are numbered amongst the breeds 
known and raised in this country. Not but what as regards this latter 
reservation it is barely operative as such, inasmuch as there are few 
animals which are so universally adapted to varieties of locality, climate, 
&c, as the pigeon. 

Again, in having exceeded the limits of veterinary science, properly 
so called, by entering into the consideration of poultry, we did so under 
the impression that much usefulness would be added to this work, by 
embracing the broadest compass of domestic animals, appropriated by 
artificial resources to the uses of mankind in civilized life. The main 
question is ever that of commercial importance, or of real productive- 
ness for purposes of consumption and profit. In adding pigeons to the 
catalogue of domestic animals included in this work, we have transgressed 
this limit also; for whatever may be urged in their favor by those who 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 155 

hold them in a somewhat fantastical estimation, pigeons cannot be 
ranked amongst the profitable species of animals. This article is there- 
fore rather directed to those who make a hobby or pleasure of rearing 
tame animals. For the pigeon is essentially a wasteful and destructive 
bird. It is the curse of the agriculturist, whose more valuable grain is 
sacrificed for no adequate substitute in the shape of productiveness, and 
voraciously consumed without yielding a moderate contribution of profit in 
another direction. Unless, moreover, pigeons are plentifully and con- 
stantly fed within the compass of the farm-yard or other homestead, 
they will invariably pursue the search for food abroad ; and sometimes 
even the utmost precaution in respect of home-feeding will not obviate 
the mischief occasioned by the continual predatory excursions of birds 
which are quick of flight, and constantly on the wing. A casual glance 
at the natural history, construction, habits, &c, of the pigeon, will 
evince that it is essentially a migratory bird. Being, therefore, fur- 
nished with the mechanical appliances for long and untiring flight, it 
is impossible entirely to divest it of its natural instinct and character- 
istics ; and it would be impossible to retain it in a state of complete 
bondage and constant confinement, without either wholly reversing its 
constitution, or on the other hand without depriving it of the peculiar 
characteristics and properties (if any) to which value may be attached. 
It is true that some varieties of the pigeon, such as the ring and turtle 
doves, which are, however, the least roving birds, are cooped up in 
cages, and survive a considerable length of time in this manner. But, 
in the first place, they are naturally deficient of the elevated qualities 
of wilder varieties (and therefore depend more easily upon artificial at- 
tention) ; and in the next place, they are never found prolific in this 
condition ; whereas in the state of nature, the pigeon is amongst the 
most 'prolific animals of which we have any knowledge. 

115. Various Breeds of Pigeons. — There are prodigious varieties 
of pigeons which, how T ever, in many cases, differ but in unimportant 
points from one another, and which are evidently derived by hybridiza- 
tion from one common stock. The wild varieties are beyond our pur- 
pose. The most common inhabitant of the dove-cote is the blue pigeon. 
To these, from which a great number of subordinate varieties are de- 
rivable, we may add the pigeons of fanciers, such as the tumblers, pout- 
ing horesman, fan-tails, runts, and dragoons, &c. ; and also the more 
serviceable breed, called the carrier pigeon, which has from time im- 
memorial been devoted to the rapid conveyance of intelligence, but 
which is becoming superseded by the yet more rapid, certain, and con- 



156 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHT. 

venient contrivances of modern science. The adaptation of electricity 
has in fact completely stripped the carrier pigeon of all importance. 

116. Habits, Peculiarities, &c, of the Pigeon. — Unlike the poul- 
try of which we have already spoken, pigeons associate in pairs. The 
cock and hen are thus matched, and are inalienable during the periods 
of breeding, as well as constantly accustomed to couple (the same male 
with the same female) at after periods; they are also frequently discon- 
solate if separated, even after the brood is reared. When, therefore, it 
is sought to match two particular birds, they should be caught and con- 
fined together until they have evidently paired, which will occur in a 
few days at the utmost. Pigeons, properly managed, will breed nine 
times in the course of the year, and sometimes oftener, whence they are 
very prolific, although they only raise two birds to each brood, and 
often only one. The two eggs laid by the hen pigeon are deposited 
with an interval of one day, so that the laying occupies three days, and 
the greatest length of time which elapses from the laying of the first 
egg to the hatching may be stated generally at twenty days; although, 
as we have remarked elsewhere, this period of incubation is often sub- 
ject to a variation of from one to three days, and sometimes even of 
five days — under particular circumstances. The duties of setting, and 
afterwards of feeding the young, are alternately fulfilled by the male 
and female. With respect to setting, the hen generally fulfils her 
share of the duty unremittingly during the night, whereas the cock 
takes his place on the nest during the greater part of the day. The 
hen is provided with a peculiar power of generating food within her 
own crop adapted to the first days of the young birds. This is called 
the soft meat, and seems to be yielded by some particular process acting 
upon the grain in the crop. The soft meat continues to be the only 
food of the young pigeons (which are called squabs so long as they are 
confined to the nest) for the first week, after which it is modified by 
the admixture of grain, which gradually predominates, until it becomes 
the only food tendered to the young. After the young have left the 
nest, under the name of squeakers, which is their denomination until 
they have reared the first brood, they quickly attain maturity, and 
are commonly beginning to breed at the expiration of the first six 
months. 

Some pigeons, under propitious circumstances, and if supplied with 
good and abundant grain, are known to breed every month. The ap- 
proach of the period at which the hen should deposit her eggs is dis- 
tinguishable by the persevering manner in which she is followed and 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 157 

hunted about by the cock, who will not let her rest (or roam) in peace, 
except upon the nest. 

It is somewhat remarkable that, gifted, as the pigeon is known to 
be, with a powerful instinct, which may be termed a high order of 
organ of locality, whereby it can find its way to its home from extra- 
ordinary distances (as is the case with the carrier), and even return to 
the same spot, after transmigration, it will yet be not uncommonly lost 
in the immediate vicinity of the locality in which it is kept. 

This is attributable to its incurable habit of straying, whether in 
search of food or merely of exercise. Hence the pigeons of one home- 
stead will very often mingle with those of another, and will form new 
associations. The full-grown pigeon, if transplanted from one home- 
stead to another, can rarely be retained, even by a long course of con- 
finement, as its habit leads it to stray away, or, especially, to return to 
its former home; a reason why squeakers should always be preferably 
selected for removal, as the young bird will be readily attached to the 
place and the attendants where and by whom it is fed and tended. 

Another habit which renders the pigeon to a great extent a pernicious 
vermin, consists in its plundering gardens, arable land, rick -yards, &c, 
of the grain, for which purpose it will wander to an astounding dis- 
tance. During seedtime nothing will sufficiently protect the grain 
from being removed as soon as it is deposited by the flocks of pigeons 
which leave the homesteads (where they are kept) in search of their 
favorite food; and even if they be somewhat useful in clearing the land 
of weeds, they will always do far more mischief than good as regards 
corn of every description, pease, the small kind of horse-beans, called 
pigeon-beans, &c. As soon as the clavel becomes sufficiently large, that 
is as early as the month of July (in this country), they begin to plunder 
the ears, and this spoliation never ceases until the rick-yards are clear, 
and the last spring corn, such as barley, is fairly above ground. Wheat 
is the chief object of these predatory excursions, and the best wheat is 
generally selected. 

117. The Breeding, Rearing, and Keeping of Pigeons. — Either a 
detached dove-cote may be erected in some part of the homestead, es- 
pecially in the centre of a sheet of water or pond, if such there be ; or 
a portion of the loft of a stable, or other similar outbuilding, may be 
parted off, and fitted up for the pigeons. In the latter case a species 
of dormer should be constructed to jut out through the roof, perforated 
in a number of places (consistent with the number of pigeons to which 
the loft is devoted), with small orifices of just sufficient size to admit of 



158 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

the ingress and egress of the birds. In front of snch dormer, and on 
a level with the bottom of the orifices, there should be a projecting 
shelf, upon which the pigeons may settle. The aspect of the dormer 
should be such as to embrace any quarter between the southeastward 
and the westward, in a direction from the east by the south, towards the 
west. The color of the external frontage should be white; this is not 
so insignificant as it may appear. The interior of the loft should be 
surrounded with shelves, from sixteen to eighteen inches wide, about 
the same distance apart, and divided into small cells of the same width 
by the intersection of perpendicular partitions. The upper shelves 
alone should be open, and one tier should be guarded in front by a per- 
pendicular slab, about four inches wide, along the basement, so as to 
prevent the eggs or nests from being shaken out, &c. In these com- 
partments there should be constantly a supply of clean hay for the 
nests, and the loft (as well as the breeding compartments, on account 
of the squabs) should be amply supplied with large pans of clean water, 
rendered easily accessible on all sides by means of blocks raised to the 
level of the rim. With respect to the nests, it may be remarked that, 
in a wild state, even, pigeons are very careless builders, generally con- 
tenting themselves with a few sticks loosely placed across one another, 
so that, in a great number of cases, the eggs fall through ; wherefore, 
when domesticated, it is very necessary to provide them with proper 
nests which they will otherwise never be at the pains of making. And 
with respect to water, it must be noticed that pigeons never thrive 
without access to it, wherein they bathe. They also require to drink 
very copiously and frequently ; it is therefore necessary to add an ade- 
quate number of vessels, constantly filled with clean water, and so cov- 
ered as to exclude dirt. 

The loft or dove-cote should be kept scrupidously clean, the floor being 
strewed with coarse drift-sand, and that, as well as the shelves, being 
daily cleared of offal and excrements, and very constantly also scoured 
out, to prevent the accumulation of vermin, or the generation of foul 
odors. With reference to the protection of the loft from the attacks 
of rats, weasels, stoats, and other vermin, which will destroy the eggs 
and squabs, or even the old birds, the protection of a good cat is 
very advantageous. But the cat so appropriated should have been 
reared for this express purpose, and should have been accustomed to 
associate with the pigeons, lest it should become their destroyer instead 
of their protector. The greatest safeguard of all is the insular position 
of the dove-cote, or its being erected at the summit of an elevated and 
stout post, or its standing upon two or more of such posts, the capitals 



CHOICE, TRAINING, BREEDING, ETC. 159 

of which are protected by an impendent crest, jutting out some eight 
or ten inches beyond the circumference of the post, and bristling with 
a profusion of very sharp and irregular tenter-hooks. The dove-cote 
would then be accessible for the attendants only, by means of a mov- 
able ladder, which should never be left attached to it; and the shelves 
in the interior, as above described, should likewise be accessible by 
means of oblique ladders, such as those described in respect of the hen- 
roost. 

When the squabs are deprived of their natural nurses by accidents 
of any kind, such as straying and the like, we must bring them up by 
hand, by assimilating the food as nearly as possible to that which nature, 
at the same age, would have provided for them. If, however, one of 
the old birds only is absent, the other, whether cock or hen, will rear 
them. The cock-pigeon, in fact, takes as much part in the hatching, 
and attention to the squabs, as the hen. 

The utmost precaution should be taken to keep the food as well as 
the water, &c, free from dirt. Nothing will, in fact, be so likely to 
induce disease, and to destroy the pigeons, as inattention to thorough 
cleanliness in any respect. 

118. Feeding of Pigeons. — In agricultural districts, where they 
may do serious damage, as above described, if allowed or tempted to 
stray in search of food by scanty supply, or the like, — if they are to be 
kept, great care should be taken to supply them with an adequate quan- 
tity of good grain. There should be an allowance for every pair of old 
birds with young, of at least one pint of seeds a day. The most econom- 
ical food consists of tares, next to which may be numbered gray pease, 
and the small horse-bean. Wlieat is their favorite food, but it is too 
valuable. They will also eat rape-seed, hemp-seed, canary, &c, if given 
occasionally; buckwheat may also be given from time to time. All the 
grain (grain of various kinds constitutes the only food of the pigeon) 
should be old, or thoroughly well dried. New corn should never be al- 
lowed unless it has been kiln-dried at a moderate temperature. And very 
large seeds, such as large horse-beans, should be strictly avoided. 

119. A Brief Notice of the Diseases prevalent amongst Poultry, 
with some Cursory Remarks on their Treatment. — There is, unfor- 
tunately, but a very inadequate clue to the diseases of fowls ; and patho- 
logical science has advanced but very little in the investigation. But 
it is a most remarkable provision of Nature, that the more the diseases 
and sufferings of subordinate grades of the creation are beyond the ken 



160 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

and assistance of mankind, the less are such creatures subject to disease. 
The casualties attending the feathered tribe generally, are certainly not 
varied in their character, nor are they nearly as serious as those of ani- 
mals of a superior cast, and whose organism we have ample opportuni- 
ties of investigating. When great mortality occurs amongst poultry 
(especially amongst young chickens), which is often the case, it is gen- 
erally the indirect consequence of neglect or inattention on the part of 
the breeder. 

In proof of this, we only require to take notice of the peculiarities 
attending the period during which there is an extraordinary prevalence 
of disease, or of the circumstances preceding and attending such preva- 
lence of disease, and we shall find : 

1st. That there has been some extraordinary atmospheric irregularity. 

2d. That there has been considerable electric disturbance ; these two 
circumstances resulting in variations of temperature, sudden transitions 
from heat to cold, and, vice versa, excessive prevalence of moisture, an 
excessive radiation, deficient or excessive evaporation, &c, &c. 

3d. That either in consequence of these circumstances, or accidentally, 
the food which has been apportioned to the poultry has been of inferior 
quality, and noxious properties. 

4th. That there has not been sufficient attention paid to cleanliness 
and proper ventilation. 

5th. That by having carefully considered all these relative or inde- 
pendent circumstances, we might have artificially obviated the perni- 
cious effects which they exercised upon the animals ; as, for instance, 
by investigation and change of food ; by proper protection, &c. 

6th. That if a comparison had been instituted between the fowls 
subjected to precautionary treatment and those which were left to take 
their chance, we should have detected an immense disparity. 

Thus we may deduce, that the diseases of poultry are attributable to 
one of two causes : inclemency of climate and weather, or unwholesome 
food, with or without filth, &c. The great majority of the diseases 
(out of a comparatively small number) to which any classification has 
been assigned, are of a catarrhal nature : such, for instance, as roup, 
chip, gapes; whereas others, such as vertigo, scouring, and costivencss 
(in some instances), pip and vermin, are attributable to mistaken, ex- 
cessive, or deficient feeding ; and affections of the claws, shin, &c, are 
attributable to want of cleanliness, air, exercise, &c. With respect, 
therefore, to the treatment, as a general rule we should indicate the 
modification of the cause ; as, for instance, against the former class of 
diseases, warmth, protection from the weather, with healthy ventila- 



161 

tion, dry housing, &c. And against the second class of complaints, a 
change of food, the withholding of miscellaneous food, the administra- 
tion of well-selected food at regular intervals, in small quantities, and 
carefully prepared ; as also the thorough cleanliness of the roost or 
dove-cote, the removal of all noxious vapors and odors, and thorough 
ventilation. The mechanical means, that is, the removal of the char- 
acteristic white scale from the tongue, in pip, is worse than useless — 
for to render it of any avail the disease must needs be purely local, 
which it is not. 

It is a fact worthy of notice, that most of the known remedies conse- 
crated by immemorial usage, in the treatment of the diseases of poultry, 
generally, are homoeopathic; but they are very erroneously administered 
according to existing notions. 

In the treatment of Bone-wen, an affection which has been thought 
incurable, we have succeeded with Hepar s. and Silicea, by dissolving 
three globules every day in the water apportioned to the fowls affected. 
We have also used Mercurius for Pip and for Protrusion of the 
Ovary ; Bryonia, Allium* and Arsenicum, in Roup ; Opium and Sul- 
phur, in Gapes and Constipation ; Ferrum a* (a popular remedy), 
Secale and Sulphur, against Scouring, with great success. Agaricus 
m., and Calcarea, during Moulting, also with considerable success. 
Colchicum and Sulphur for Chip; China and Staphisagria* for the 
spontaneous generation of Vermin ; as also Tobacco* (the last exter- 
nally), followed by Pulsatilla (internally), in the same case ; Mercurius, 
China, and Silicea, against Core ; Cannabis against general and unac- 
countable Emaciation. 

These seventeen, we regret to say, complete the whole repertory of 
medicines which we have had an opportunity of testing upon poultry, 
although these have, indeed, been used in a variety of less important 
affections, which it is barely Avorth while to recapitulate. 

The period of moulting is that in which poultry are most susceptible, 
and during which, therefore, they will require the most attention, and 
will be most likely to require medicinal interference. As soon as any 
serious ailment becomes apparent in one or more chickens, the better 

* These four remedies are amongst those whose popular use has prevailed from 
time immemorial, and are amongst the only 'medicinal agents hitherto successfully 
employed in the treatment of poultry ; whereas these even have been perniciously 
used, and have been deprived by^such means of much of their real value. This is 
a most interesting fact, and one which deserves to be attentively considered, if it 
be only as a starting-point which may lead to more important discoveries, and 
more especially as to the corroborative testimony which it furnishes in favor of 
Homoeopathy. 

11 



162 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

plan, both on their own account and on account of the rest, will be to 
separate them from the usual haunts of the poultry, and to assign to 
them compartments reserved for accidental requirements in the roost, 
or to remove them to the care and attention of the household. They 
will often do better in some apartment, such as a kitchen, where there 
is constantly a fire, than anywhere else. 

A Short Description of the Diseases referred to. — The bone-wen 
is an enlargement or excrescence, forming about the bones of the joints, 
similarly to that which we shall have to refer to in respect of the 
horse, under the head of "Splint." 

Pip is a complaint characterized by the formation of a white scale at 
the extremity of the tongue. The fowl begins by moping, and keeping 
apart, refuses to eat, and is dilatory and irregular in its motions. 
Costiveness is most frequently an attendant symptom, and we some- 
times find considerable heat, especially about the belly, close to the 
thighs. 

Roup is a term which includes a variety of catarrhal affections, aris- 
ing out of exposure to changes of temperature, wet, &c, &c. One of 
the characterizing features of the disease, in an advanced stage, consists 
of discharge from the nostrils ; the eyes are also occasionally involved, 
being swollen and inflamed. 

Chip or chipping, so called from the peculiar cry emitted by the 
bird, is another disease, which partakes of the general character of 
roup. It is confined to young chickens, and is very fatal if not taken 
in time ; but CoJchicum has been administered with admirable results 
in the earlier stages. It arises from wet weather, the light down of 
young birds becoming easily saturated and long in drying. The 
feathers droop, and lose their gloss; the chicken is extremely tender 
of being touched ; there is considerable fever, and external heat is re- 
markably developed, although the chicken sits trembling violently and 
continually. Chickens affected with chip seek refuge in solitary corners, 
where they are only detected by the regular and plaintive cry, — and 
thus they gradually sink and die. 

Scouring and costiveness need no particular description. 

Core consists of the formation of a species of deposit, or excrescence, 
either in the gullet or alvine passage. The core varies in color, some- 
times being brownish-yellow, sometimes darker, and sometimes of the 
vcolor of ochre intermingled with red. 

Gapes, or the yawning disease, so called from the prevalent charac- 
teristic symptom, is another modification of roup, and its subordinate 
•catarrhal affections. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 163 



CHAPTEE III. 



Section I. — Affections of the Head. 

INSANITY OF ANIMALS — GIDDINESS — INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN —ENCEPHAL- 
ITIS — PHRENITIS — MAD STAGGERS — BLIND STAGGERS — APOPLEXY — MEGRIM — 
SLEEPY STAGGERS — STOMACH STAGGERS — SUNSTROKE — CONCUSSION OF THE 
BRAIN — VERTIGO — DROPSY OF THE BRAIN. 

120. These various names are given to the different or similar brain 
affections of horses and other animals. The following descriptions, with- 
out attempting to distinguish all the different forms of cerebral disease, 
will be found to cover nearly, if not quite all, their principal conditions. 
And in the treatment of these various forms of head affections we have 
not undertaken to repeat under each form the medicines especially 
suited to this disease, with their particular indicative symptoms ; but 
have thought it better to set down in the order of their importance the 
principal remedies with their most characteristic symptoms for all these 
disorders of the head. Thus, whatever may be the nature of the brain 
affection of the patient — whether a horse or whatever other animal— 
the disease will be found described with sufficient distinctness. And 
if the corresponding medicine is not to be discovered among those here 
set down at length, the veterinarian is referred to the Materia Medica 
for further study of these, or for a careful examination of those com- 
posing the additional list at the close of the section. 

And it may be remarked here that a similar course is everywhere 
pursued throughout this book. A list of less frequently needed medi- 
cines being affixed to each "treatment" or remedies, whose indications 
are somewhat fully stated. But these indications can be regarded as 
little more than therapeutic hints, and in every case the Materia 
Medica should be consulted, in order to insure a complete correspond- 
ence of the remedy with the condition of the patient. 

121. Insanity. — Many animals, including all the domestic, possess 
a nervous system — brain and spinal cord — similar to that of man. 
This nervous system is subject to the same adverse influences with that 
of man ; and it is liable, although not to so great an extent, to similar 



164 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

disorders. In addition to their natural instinct, animals have also 
mental faculties, a mind of the same nature with that of man ; they have, 
as is well known, perception, memory, cunning, contrivance, reason, and 
judgment. And these faculties are equally Avith those of man liable 
to be deranged by nervous diseases or other injurious influences. More 
than all the rest, animals, both wild and domestic, have also a moral 
nature and moral faculties, feelings, affections, and propensities, such as 
are termed good and evil in man. They are courageous or cowardly, 
bold or timid, peaceable or quarrelsome, dangerous or harmless, grate- 
ful or revengeful, hateful or affectionate. They are capable of joy and 
of sorrow, of pleasure and of pain, of excitement and of depression, of 
being delighted by praise or humbled by reproaches, conscious, to a 
certain extent, of right and wrong doing, and keenly alive, in anticipa- 
tion, to the rewards and punishments which they know follow particu- 
lar actions. In many, wild animals especially, these moral traits pre- 
dominate over all others; as in their affection for their offspring, and 
their courage in defending them. These most powerful affectional 
feelings are so developed in domestic animals at certain times as to 
entirely change their whole character ; thus it is often dangerous for an 
acquaintance of the family even to go near the kennel of a bitch nurs- 
ing her young. And so strong are the affections of some dogs that 
they refuse all food when their masters die, and perish by their graves. 

These moral, emotional or affectional feelings of animals, like their 
intellectual faculties,, equally with those of man, are capable of being 
disturbed, disordered,, and totally changed by untoward influences. 
"Certain of the lower animals, especially those which are domesticated, 
are subject to many of the same diseases of the brain or nervous system 
that are so common to man ; and hence arises at least the probability 
that they are equally liable to those functional cerebral disorders that 
are productive of or constitute insanity in man." " Many of the lower 
animals exhibit the same sudden and apparently causeless and marked 
changes in disposition or habit that constitute the prodromata (fore- 
runners) of insanity in man. These phenomena include the develop- 
ment of perverted or depraved appetites, of alterations in the affections 
and temper, and of remarkable change of the natural habits of the in- 
dividual. It has been frequently noted that the horse, dog, ox, and 
other domestic animals become 'bad tempered } or ( curious 9 in their 
ways, — that they exhibit ( viciousness/ or look l wicked ? prior to the 
development of various diseases of the brain or nervous system." 

Mr. Williams, principal of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, has 
seen many cases of acute madness from inflammation of the brain and 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 165 

its membranes, arising idiopathically, traumatically, or from sympathy, 
as in engorgement of the stomach. He has also seen intermittent mad- 
ness from tumors on the brain, thickening of the membranes, abscesses, 
and one from softening of the cervical bones. In connection with the 
formation of abscesses, a horse under his care became, and for many years 
remained, an idiot He was called a " cranky " horse, but was harm- 
less and did his work well enough. Most people will have read of mad 
elephants, some even of those most tame and docile, at certain seasons 
will have paroxysms of furious and most determined madness. Prof. 
McBride, of the Royal Agricultural College, reports that he has seen 
cases of 'frenzy from blood disorder, or diseases of the digestive organs, 
and states that there are certain forms of excitement, commonly called 
vice, which he firmly believes to be insanity, and which is often heredi- 
tary. Where this disorder acts on the moral or emotional nature, a 
corresponding moral disturbance is produced; and animals formerly 
docile become at once vicious and intractable, and finally dangerous to 
approach. 

Madness, as applied to animals, is usually supposed to refer to rabies; 
and few farriers, or veterinarians, would stop to note the difference. 
Rabies is a specific contagious disorder, spontaneously produced in the 
dog, wolf, and other animals ; it is transmissible to animals of differ- 
ent species, and to man, in whom it constitutes hydroplwbia. Rabies 
proper, like hydrophobia in man, is of comparatively rare occurrence ; 
nor does it belong to the category of insanity, although there is little 
reason to doubt that insanity occurs as a symptom in all such cases 
when they are fully developed. 

Dr. Lindsay says* that it is "an easily provable fact that much, at 
least, of the so-called madness of lower animals is strictly equivalent 
to what is called insanity in man." He considers, as we think, with 
great correctness, that the majority of cases of so-called madness in 
animals, which are usually attributed to rabies, are really of the nature 
of insanity, strictly comparable with that of man. And that the 
majority of cases of animal madness which are not assignable to rabies 
are of the character of mania as it appears in man. The erotomania 
(amorous madness) of some animals in the rutting season, and the 
puerperal murderous mania which leads sows to destroy their new-born 
pigs, are instances of the same kind — i. e., of animal insanity, a mania 
which is not rabies — familiar to all. 

122. Treatment. — Homoeopathy alone offers remedies capable of 

* " Journal of Mental Science," July, 1869. 



166 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

being used with success in the various forms of insanity and madness, 
those especially which are not dependent on rabies. 

Belladonna. — This is one of the most important remedies in mania 
of the acute form ; and it may prove useful in every case when the in- 
sanity results from an affection of the brain, and in which the charac- 
teristic symptoms of this medicine — as laid down in the Materia Medica, 
and in the article "Inflammation of the Brain " — may appear. From 
four to ten drops of this may be given three or four times a day, accord- 
ing to the size and age of the animal and the severity of the symptoms. 

Stramonium very much resembles Belladonna, and may be indi- 
cated and do much good where the latter seems to be called for but 
does not avail. Consult the Materia Medica for particular indications 
of these and the following named medicines : Arsenicum, Sulphur. 

Hyoscyamus. — This may be required in erotomania or madness con- 
nected with the sexual instinct ; great excitability ; pupils dilated, 
sleeplessness. 

Study also the characteristic indications of the various remedies ad- 
vised under different forms of cerebral disorder. 

Dose. — Ten drops of the selected remedy may be dissolved in a pint 
of water, as directed on p. 34, and a wineglassful given once in one, 
two, four or six hours, according to the urgency of the symptoms. 

123. Giddiness. — Horses (in harness especially) are subject to pecu- 
liar attacks of giddiness and loss of consciousness, with or without 
falling, and more or less intense, which are known by the name of 
megrims, and which are occasioned by the too great dilatation of the 
vessels of the brain, and even of those which traverse the substance of 
that organ. See "Megrims" or "Vertigo," in subsequent sections. 

Causes. — Generally the excessive tightness of some parts of the har- 
ness, especially of the bearing-rein. 

Symptoms. — Suddenly stopping (without any previous appearance of 
derangement), shaking the head, and slightly reeling (evidently giddy 
and unconscious for the time) ; and sometimes falling, and lying motion- 
less and insensible, after which the animal gradually returns to its 
senses, and will proceed as before, with the only difference of being 
more sluggish and languid ; sometimes the issue is instantaneous death, 
and the horse is always liable to a recurrence of the attack. 

Treatment. — Consult the article on " Specific Effects," and select, ac- 
cording to symptoms and general habit, from : Aconitum, Arnica, Bella- 
donna, China, Conium, Lachesis, Nux Vomica, Opium, Pulsatilla, 
Rhus, Silicea, and Sulphur. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 167 

Doses. — Administer the medicine morning and evening, for a week, 
after a fit has occurred, as directed under "Insanity." 

124. Apoplexy of horses differs from staggers in this, that neither 
is there inflammation of the brain nor distension of the stomach. 

Symptoms. — The premonitory symptoms consist in the hanging down 
or resting of the head for support ; evident dulness of sight and hearing, 
and a toppling, reeling motion, even when stationary ; if erect, after a 
varied duration of these manifestations — (in a case within our recollec- 
tion, they continued twenty-three hours) — a sudden fall takes place, 
muscular twitchings are observable, the vessels of the neck are distend- 
ed, the muzzle is characterized by coldness, the eyes being prominent, 
wide open, and immovable, and the pupils much dilated, with grinding 
of the teeth, and incapability of deglutition ; sometimes, expulsion of 
all fluids through the nostrils, and spontaneous evacuations ; if convul- 
sions ensue the case is usually hopeless. Oxen, cows, &c, are subject 
to apoplexy exhibiting the following symptoms (with little or no pre- 
monition) — sudden falling, with loud, thick, heavy, noisy, or gurgling 
respiration, and fearful struggles. Sheep exhibit premonitory symp- 
toms, such as slow and languid movements, apparent stupor, deficient 
or lazy rumination, and slight heaving of the flanks ; they then, of a 
sudden, become perfectly motionless as they stand ; with insensibility 
of hearing ; immovable and insensible eyes ; dilated pupils ; or even 
purple hue of the conjunctiva and interior vt the nostrils (which are 
dilated) ; tottering of the limbs on attempting to move ; thick, gurgling, 
or snoring respiration, and a full, hard (distensive), pulse ; sometimes 
the pulse is impeded, confluent, slow, and full ; lastly, the animal oscil- 
lates, and finally falls ; the struggle which ensues is but of short dura- 
tion. The pig betrays similar symptoms, but the eye has a more fren- 
zied and bright-red appearance, and the surface of the body generally 
appears to be numbed and insensible. 

Treatment — Consult the article on " Specific Effects," and select ac- 
cording to symptoms and general habit, from : Aconitum, Antimonium 
crud., Arnica, Baryta carb., Belladonna, Cocculus, Conium, Digitalis, 
Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha (for sheep especially), Lachesis, Mercurius, 
Nux vomica, Opium, Pulsatilla, and Tartarus emeticus. 

Doses. — On the first appearance of premonitory symptoms, administer 
repeated doses of the appropriate remedy, at intervals of from ten to 
sixty minutes, until the symptoms subside ; or, immediately upon re- 
covery from a paroxysm, administer a dose, repeating it after two hours, 
again after three more hours, and again after six hours. 



168 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

125. Sunstroke, Coup de Soleil, may be called that form of apo- 
plexy, in horses particularly, which is brought on by over-exertion and 
exposure to the intense heat of the sun. 

126. Staggers is a disease to which horses are subject, and of which 
there are two varieties, viz., stomach or sleepy staggers, characterized 
by distension of the stomach, and purely occasioned by irregular and 
excessive feeding (eating too quick) : and mad staggers with inflam- 
mation of the brain, and corresponding with that disease in other ani- 
mals. 

Symptoms of stomach staggers (with distension of the stomach). — The 
animal standing listlessly, drooping, drowsy, and oscillating, or staring 
vacantly if disturbed ; continually dozing, or dozing with food in the 
mouth, as, for instance, a mouthful of hay ; and lastly, falling ; delirium 
sometimes ensues, the animal repeatedly falling, and getting up again, 
and violently striking at itself, or being seized with severe convulsions ; 
sometimes, also, there is great difficulty in backing ; if in action, the 
feet are lifted very high ; the head is turned right and left, without 
changing position, or the animal falling upon its haunches, and wheel- 
ing round, with the fore-legs stiff and straightened. 

127. In Mad Staggers the early symptoms are very analogous to 
those of the stomach or sleepy staggers ; but as the real nature of this 
disease — inflammation of the brain — develops its characteristic features, 
violent heaving of the flanks ensues ; the eyes become wild, red, and 
staring ; the nostrils are strongly dilated ; and, in the place of the heavy, 
drowsy, sleepiness of the eyes, the eyes become vivid, strongly and per- 
manently opened, and furious delirium, with frantic movements, en- 
sues ; the animal rushes furiously from place to place, but with no 
malicious destructiveness, as in rabies, and evidently quite unconscious ; 
whereas, in the rabid disease, consciousness is never lost; lastly the 
stupor returns in an aggravated degree, or the animal is perfectly ex- 
hausted and motionless. Colic is often characterized by movements 
and fury almost akin to that of staggers (frenzy, or brain fever), but 
consciousness is never lost in colic, and the rolling is the more preva- 
lent and characteristic of the movements. 

128. Inflammation of the Brain, Brain Fever, or Frenzy. — This 
disease, which prevails amongst oxen, &c, sheep, dogs, and other ani- 
mals, chiefly at the height of summer, and when the heat is excessive, 
and which may at such times be provoked by over-driving or excessive 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 169 

exposure to the direct rays of the sun, or by insufficiency of water, or 
excessive and over-stimulating food, is analogous to the mad staggers 
of the horse. Pigs are generally subject to this complaint, as the con- 
secutive result of apoplexy. 

Symptoms. — Cattle, in addition to, or with some modification of the 
symptoms of mad staggers, also exhibit the following peculiarities in 
brain fever : During the frenzied period there is a peculiar aversion to, 
or excitation caused by, red (a color of which cattle have a natural ab- 
horrence) ; the movements are, perhaps, more heedless and teidlong 
than those of the horse; the tail is arched, the furious galloping inces- 
sant, and the bellowing frightful ; the skin adheres to the ribs (as in 
hidebound), and the whole course of the spine and adjacent parts are 
peculiarly tender of being touched ; lastly, the animal falls head fore- 
most, and either relapses into stupor or remains motionless from ex- 
haustion; the premonitory symptoms consist of vivid redness and 
prominence of the eyes ; invincible repugnance to motion, heavy dul- 
ness and drowsiness, and thick, oppressed, and heavy respiration. 
Amongst sheep the symptoms partake of the features already described. 
It is more frequently developed amongst lambs than amongst full-grown 
sheep. As in the case of the pig, it is liable to follow as the consecu- 
tive result of apoplexy. 

Consult the article on Materia Medica, to select from : Aconitum, 
Arsenicum, Belladonna, Bryonia, Calcarea, Causticum, Cocculus, Digi- 
talis, Dulcamara, Ignatia, Pulsatilla, Rhus, Yeratrum (especially if the 
spine be severely affected) ; or, generally : Aconitum, Belladonna, Bry- 
onia, Camphor Tincture (if caused by sunstroke), Cantharides, Cina, 
Cocculus, Cuprum a., Digitalis, Helleborus nig., Hyoscyamus, Lachesis, 
Mercurius, Opium, and Sulphur. 

Doses. — Of Camphor Tincture, from four to ten drops, for oxen, 
&c, and from two to six drops, for sheep and pigs, every half hour, 
until the symptoms subside. The administration of the other remedies 
should be such as directed in the two following pages. 

129. Treatment. — In giddiness, apoplexy, sunstroke, and mad and 
stomach staggers, or inflammation of the brain, ten drops of the diluted 
remedy should be mixed in a little water for horses, a smaller number 
of drops for animals less in size, and a wineglassful given, as already 
directed, as soon as the premonitory symptoms set in, and the dose 
should be repeated at intervals of from ten to sixty minutes, until the 
symptoms subside. After recovering from a fit, the medicine should 
be given for a week at least, night and morning. 



170 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Aconite. — Ten drops mixed as above directed; dose, a wineglassful 
every hour or two hours, when the inflammation is very intense, the 
pulse rapid and hard, and the breathing labored. Aconite is our main 
reliance in the onset of inflammation, and should be continued till the 
violence of the fever abates, and the symptoms begin to indicate more 
particularly some other remedy. 

Belladonna. — Ten drops mixed as above directed, and a similar 
dose given every hour, or half hour, till easier, when the animal is 
plunging, rearing up, furious, unconscious. Attempts to bite ; has a 
wild, fierce look. Tries to leap out of the box. Foams at the mouth ; 
trembles all over. Falls down covered with sweat. Remains lying a 
short time ; rises again, and becomes violent as before. 

Belladonna is the most specific remedy for pure brain fever, espe- 
cially when the disorder aggravates in 'paroxysms ; and its influence 
should be continued as long as the improvement sustains its use. In 
this, as in all other remedies, the doses should be made farther apart 
as the symptoms become lighter, and the paroxysms return less fre- 
quently. 

Opium. — Ten drops mixed in a pint of water ; dose, a wineglassful 
every two hours, when there are redness about the eyes and eyelids ; a 
dull, heavy, stupid look; drowsiness ; his head hangs down, or he leans 
on the manger. Eyes glassy. Nostrils dilated. Obstinate constipation. 
Pulse slow and full. Suitable for "sleepy staggers" arising from an 
affection of the brain. 

Arnica. — Ten drops of the tincture in one pint of water ; give a 
tablespoonful once in one hour, or, in extreme cases, once in half an 
hour, with external application of the Arnica lotion, when the disorder 
of the head or brain results from a blow, a concussion, or other external 
injury. The external application may be made in alternation (or at 
the same time) with the internal exhibition of this remedy. 

Gelseminum. — Ten drops mixed in a pint of water; dose, as in 
Opium, every hour, or two hours, in congestion of the brain from ex- 
posure to the heat of the sun, when there is a manifest, almost paralytic, 
weakness of the muscles and limbs ; the pupils are dilated. 

Glonoine. — A dose prepared as above directed for Gelseminum every 
hour, or two hours, in apoplexy, or sunstroke, when there is most violent 
congestion to the head ; the eyes protrude and have a wild staring look ; 
but there is not the fury described under Belladonna. 

Nux vomica. — Ten drops, in a little water, may be given once in 
one, two, or three hours, according to the severity of the attack, especi- 
ally of sleepy staggers, and where the patient has already been drugged, 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH 171 

or labors under constipation, and in horses suffering from weakness or 
old age. 

Stomach staggers — palsy of the stomach — is a disease sometimes 
temporary, caused by driving too soon after eating a hearty meal, 
especially of corn ; and it may show itself in the mildest form by 
frequent and continual stumbling and hocking (stumbling with hind- 
feet) when driving under such circumstances. Nux vom. will greatly 
help in this case. 

The proper treatment of stomach staggers (caused in great measure 
by pressure of the contents of the stomach, flatus, and undigested food, 
upon the large nerves, and so reflected to the brain) will be greatly 
facilitated by freely opening the bowels as soon as possible. This may 
be done by giving one pint of Linseed oil, or half a pint of Castor oil; 
and, in urgent cases, the action of the purgative may be hastened by 
administering an injection consisting of half a gallon of warm milk and 
water, or warm soapsuds. 

Stramonium. — Ten drops mixed as above directed, and a similar 
dose once in three hours, may be given in what are popularly called 
"blind staggers," where the horse suddenly stops, shakes his head, 
staggers, falls down, presently he gets up and proceeds on his way, or 
he may stagger without falling. Trembling and convulsion of the 
whole body. Boiling of the eyes. Nostrils fully dilated. 

Lycopodium may be indicated in such a case as that described under 
Stramonium, and given in a similar dose, when the fan-like opening 
and closing of the nostrils is distinctly perceptible : it may then be 
given in conjunction with this remedy; a dose once in four hours. 
And in connection with Nux vomica when there is much and rapid 
formation of flatulence. 

If no one of the above-mentioned remedies seems to suit the case in 
hand, study in the Materia Medica portion of this work each of the 
following medicines : Arsenicum, Bryonia, Cocculus, Conium, Hyoscya- 
mus, Lachesis. 

To remove the tendency to apoplexy and many other brain diseases, 
Sulphur may be given twice a week with great advantage. 

In addition to the medicines already mentioned under various affec- 
tions of the head, and which should be more fully studied in the Materia 
Medica chapter, the following may also be consulted : Anti. c, China, 
Conium, Cocculus, Lachesis, Ehus, Digitalis, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacu- 
anha, for sheep especially, Mercurius, and Tartar emetic. 

130. Concussion of the Brain. — This disorder, the result of some 



172 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

mechanical influence, needs no particular description. Every violent 
blow or fall upon the head is liable to result in concussion of the brain. 
Treatment. — This is very simple. Arnica is the principal and, 
when the case is at all curative, the sufficient remedy. It should be 
given internally, in doses of three to five drops of the dilution once in 
three hours, or three times a day, according to the severity of the 
original injury. Externally the Arnica lotion should be freely applied 
thrice daily. 

131. Megrims, or Vertigo. — Vertigo, more commonly called Me- 
grims, is an affection of the brain, but the nature of the disease is not 
well understood. By some veterinarians it has been defined to be a 
momentary and passing congestion of the brain. 

The attack is very sudden and peculiar. There are seldom any pre- 
monitory symptoms. The animal suddenly shakes and throws up his 
head, or shakes it violently, or reels and then stands for a minute or 
two dull and listless, or runs round, and falls to the ground, remain- 
ing for a few moments partially insensible or in a state of violent con- 
vulsion. The attack rapidly passes away, the horse rises in a minute 
or two, shakes himself and proceeds, as if nothing had happened, 
though perhaps he may appear somewhat debilitated. During the fit 
he may stale or dung insensibly. The attacks are usually periodical, 
and occur chiefly during hot weather and at severe harness work. 

There is seldom any outward sign, which indicates liability to this 
disease. On the contrary, the horse looks well, has a good appetite, 
and shows no special nervousness or dulness. The best veterinary 
surgeon cannot detect a possible liability to this disease, and post- 
mortem examination also sometimes fails to reveal the cause. 

Certain sorts of horses are, however, more liable to it than others, 
such, for instance, as those known as star-gazers, with an erect and 
stiff neck, also those with an awkward protrusion of the nose, with the 
head so set on that it is difficult to be reined in. It has also been ob- 
served to be more common in animals that carry their heads on one 
side than in others. 

Though we cannot assign the positive causes of this disease, yet it 
is pretty certain that it is connected with retardation of the flow of 
blood from the brain. Harness-horses are far more subject to it than 
saddle-horses. Many horses, which suffer from it in the collar, are 
free from it at other times. The collar, probably by retarding the 
blood returning from the brain, appears specially to predispose to it. 

Various other circumstances also appear indirectly to develop the 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 173 

disease, and to increase or diminish the chance of its recurrence. Hot 
weather, bright sun, and high temper certainly predispose to it. Tight 
reining up and bearing reins, probably, by retarding the return of the 
blood from the head, develop it. Severe work and bad feeding on the 
one hand, and high feeding and little work on the other hand, are both 
apt to bring it on. Fair condition and moderate work diminish the 
tendency to attacks. Horses which have lost a vein from the effect of 
clumsy bleeding are said to be predisposed to it. 

It has been noticed as a practical fact, that horses are more often at- 
tacked during the intervals of sunshine, which sometimes occur on hot 
cloudy days in summer, than at any other time. 

132. Treatment, Preventive. — Aconite, Belladonna, and Hyoscy- 
amus have been recommended to be given to young horses especially, 
to prevent the recurrence of the attack. The predisposition to this 
affection may be removed in some cases by giving Sulphur once a day 
for one week, then omit a week, and so on ; give six drops for a dose, 
in the morning. The same dose may be employed for each of the 
above-mentioned remedies. 

This affection is frequently observed in oxen employed in draught. 
It is often the result of great heat ; the animal staggers on a sudden, 
and falls to the ground, where he remains for a time stretched and 
motionless. 

Consult also the medicines advised under the head of "Frenzy," 
Nos. 128, 129. 

Aconite affords instantaneous relief when the fit comes from fatigue 
during hot weather. Should the attack not readily yield, it assumes 
rather the form of sunstroke; consult, therefore, the remedies men- 
tioned for that affection. 

Arnica is indicated when the animal inclines to the right, or seems 
drunk, or holds the head very low (in the latter case if Arnica do not 
relieve, give Nux vomica). 

China and Cocculns are indicated when the smallest exertion dis- 
tresses the animal very much. 

Stramonium. — This remedy is remarkably indicated in vertigo ; see 
indications for its use, in the preceding section. Twenty drops may be 
given in a little water after the fit is over. 

Dose. — Of either of those remedies which is to be given, let ten 
drops be mixed in a pint of water, and give a wineglassful every hour, 
or two or three hours, according to the severity of the symptoms. 

Nux vomica will be required when the faeces are hard and the urine 



174 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

scanty ; and it may often be used with great advantage in the constitu- 
tional treatment (preventive), of vertigo, in alternation with Sulphur. 
Ten drops of the former medicine may be mixed in one pint of water, 
as directed in page 170; give of the mixture a wineglassful thrice daily, 
or when used in alternation with Sulphur — prepared in a similar dose — 
the Nux may be given at night, and the Sulphur in the morning. Medi- 
cines should be given at least once a day, for a week, after the attack. 

133. Water on the Brain. — This disease gives rise amongst calves 
to symptoms very analogous to those of apoplexy; but the slow, pro- 
tracted, often inactive, nature of these symptoms, besides the frequent 
enlargement of the head, will sufficiently distinguish it from an apo- 
plectic affection, whose course is always rapid. Lambs are subject to 
the same disease, which is of uterine origin. Many of the symptoms 
are also analogous to those of apoplexy, but here we further notice a 
more or less enlargement of the head, gradual and severe emaciation ; 
sometimes an obstinate state of costiveness, and occasionally intractable 
relaxation ; the appetite varying from total deficiency to craving, mor- 
bid, and ravenous consumption of food. 

Treatment — Consult the Materia Medica, and select from the follow- 
ing remedies : Aconitum, Arsenicum, Belladonna, Cina, Digitalis, Hel- 
leborus, Ledum, and Sulphur. 

Doses, from two to ten drops, thrice daily. 

134. Hydatids of the Brain. — A disease to which both sheep 
(especially) and cattle are known to be liable, and which, as regards 
sheep, is known by the familiar name of turnsick, and has also been 
designated by a variety of other local or rustic names. By whatever 
name it be called, it has been ascertained to arise from the presence of 
a quantity of small peculiar insects which are lodged in various parts 
of the cavity of the head, either upon the division of the two portions 
of the brain, or within the substance, or upon the surface, of the brain, 
or between the membranes which inclose it. Damp and ill-drained 
lands appear to provoke this disease, which is little known in elevated 
districts, or where the land has been efficiently drained. 

Symptoms. — The earlier symptoms are indolent and imperfect rumi- 
nation ; irregular and insufficient browsing ; listlessness, and solitary 
disposition ; oscillation during motion ; apparent absence of conscious- 
ness ; the flesh wastes away ; the expression becomes painful, and the 
face sunken; there is a peculiar attraction in the waterside, and if 
there be running water at hand, the animal will draw near to it, and 



PLATE XI. 



The Eye. 




1. Cornea. 

2, 2. Sclerotic coat. 

3, 3. Choroid coat. 

4, 4. Eetina. 

5, 5. Cornea. 

6. Aqueous humor. 

7. Yitreous humor. 

8. Crystalline lens. 



9. Capsule of lens. 
10, 10. Iris. 

11. Pupillary opening. 

12. Corpora nigra. 

13. Ciliary ligament. 

14. Hyaloid membrane. 

15. Optic nerve. 

16, 16. Arteries and veins. 






AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTn. 175 

stand abstractedly over it, often till giddiness supervenes, and it falls 
headlong into the stream or ditch ; whilst browsing, the animal appears 
from time to time to be suddenly startled, and after staring stupidly 
about it for a moment, it suddenly starts away at the top of its speed ; 
the substance of the eye becomes gradually discolored, until it is per- 
fectly blue ; and the head is fixedly turned to one and constantly to the 
same side ; or sometimes on one side, sometimes on the other, or lowered 
forwards (with repeated headlong falling), and occasionally, raised and 
reverted upwards towards the back, when the animal will oscillate from 
side to side in moving ; these symptoms increase until the animal begins 
to spin round upon one spot until it falls, whilst, upon getting up again, 
the same motion is renewed. 

135. Treatment. — Consult the Materia Medica, and select there- 
upon from : Belladonna, Cantharides, China, Cina, Graphites, Mercurius, 
Ehus, Ruta. Give five-drop doses. Upon the first detection of the 
premonitory symptoms, the administration should be repeated every 
twelve hours, until relief ensues. 

136. Cows are subject to a similar affection, arising, also, out of the 
presence of this peculiar insect, inclosed in tumors generated by it, and 
forming upon the surface, between the membranes, or within the sub- 
stance of the brain. The symptoms are very similar, differing only in 
the effects which are peculiar to the species ; increased heat, more or 
less intense, in the ears and roots of the horn ; staring coat ; dryness 
of the muzzle ; accelerated and small (sometimes) or full and bounding 
pulse ; little appetite, without rumination, and, by degrees, the com- 
mencement of the characteristic rotatory motion. The remedies above 
mentioned may be consulted, although the affection is obviously not 
very amenable to medication, in any domestic animal. 



Section II. 

137. Diseases and Casualties Affecting or Connected with the 
Eyes and Eyelids. — Affections of the eyes in animals are generally at- 
tendant upon other constitutional disturbance, and in these cases become 
symptoms which should qualify the treatment of the primary disease. 
Inflammatory affections of the eyes, however, sometimes occur inde- 
pendently of other derangements, as originating from lesion of any kind, 
such as a blow, the insinuation of gritty particles, or even exposure to 



176 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

keen winds, to catarrhal affections, or excessive exertion. There is also 
a prevalent disease which is of epidemic and intermittent character, and 
which is known as specific ophthalmia. The ox, cow, &c, the horse, 
the sheep, and even the dog, are especially liable to this periodical af- 
fection of the eyes ; but in respect of the last, it is characterized by 
totally distinct symptoms and effects. The sheep is subject to some 
affections of the eye, which are peculiar to it, or which accompany par- 
ticular diseases. All animals are subject to severe affections of the eyes, 
resulting from mange or scab, and must be treated by the selection of 
the proper remedy from amongst those recited under the head of " Mange 
and Scab." Dropsical swelling of the eye in sheep, attendant upon or 
resulting from rot, requires to be treated by an appropriate selection 
from the remedies indicated for the treatment of that disease (see the 
article on " Rot "). It should not be omitted, moreover, that the eyes 
of sheep evince premonitory symptoms, which are amongst the first and 
most distinct indications of incipient rot, wherefore, the comparison 
between the eye in health, and any deviation therefrom, is very im- 
portant. In health, the white of the eye is of a semitransparent slightly 
bluish tinge (like pearl), interspersed towards the corners with very 
small, bright-red vessels (without suffusion), and a dirty, brownish, or 
faint yellowish hue : on the approach of rot, the vessels becoming en- 
larged, and of a turgid, brownish-red, or murky color; the small, ele- 
vated gland (the caruncle) at the inner corner of the eye should be of a 
bright flesh color, or healthy bright blood color, but becomes paler, and 
of a thick, dull hue, as rot is imminent. Falling off of the eyelashes, 
and callous excrescences on the margins of the eyelids ; as, also, sore- 
ness, swelling, and even the turning up of the margins, exhibiting the 
edge of the interior surface, are not uncommon attendants upon scab, 
and should then be treated appropriately to that disease. Oxen, &c, 
are especially subject to the development of ulceration and fungous ex- 
crescences about the caruncle, the haw, and adjacent cartilages, either 
owing to affections of the eye itself, which react upon this apparatus 
very readily, or owing to the presence of irritating substances. If ob- 
served at first, and occasioned by lesion, as last named, Arnica lotion 
(one part of tincture to fifteen of water), applied by bathing gently, 
will suffice to obviate further mischief. The eyelids of oxen, cows, &c, 
are also peculiarly susceptible of irritation, whether sympathetically 
with the eye or independently of it. Thickening of the lid is the con- 
sequence. Dropsical swellings of the lids, which are prevalent in low, 
swampy, and unhealthy pastures, are dependent upon constitutional 
debility, and should be so treated. Dogs are subject to enlargements 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 177 

of the eye itself, occasioned by the presence of a morbid fluid (Digitalis, 
Helleborus, Kali carb., Ledum, and Phosphorus, should be referred 
to for this symptom). They are also liable to opacity, terminating in 
cataract, either owing to acute inflammation, local injuries, or even the 
infirmity of age, which last may be considered as hopeless. Blindness 
in the dog (from paralysis of the optic nerve) is distinguishable by the 
extreme glassy and unchangeable brightness and transparency of the 
eye. The horse is subject to callous excrescences on the eyelids, and 
even to an inflammation and ulceration of the cartilage, similar to that 
which has been described as affecting oxen, &c, or there is scaliness of 
the margins of the eyelids. 

138. Simple or Irritative Inflammation of the Eyes. — General 
Symptoms: Redness, swelling, and heat of the eyelids; a degree of filmy 
cloudiness of the cornea ; the development of red irregular lines over 
the white of the eye ; watering of the eyes ; the eyes being half closed, 
drooping, blinking, and evidently tender of light and exposure to a 
current of air. 

External treatment will often suffice, when lesion, or rapid motion 
against wind and drifting dust has been the cause, when Tincture of 
Arnica will be beneficially used. 

Application. — To one part of the Tincture of Arnica add from ten to 
fifteen parts of water, and bathe the eyes every four hours with the 
lotion, until the symptoms subside. 

See also indications of medicines under " Specific Ophthalmia/' 

139. Ophthalmia, Specific, Periodical, or Catarrhal.* — General 
Symptoms: The earliest indications are the same as in simple inflamma- 
tion ; this proceeds, however, to increased dimness of the cornea, to the 
gradual development of opacity in the lens, and in its immediate integ- 
ument. As the inflammation proceeds, the eyes become excessively 
tender of light, the pupils severely contracted, and the iris assumes a 
deadened hue; the inflammation will continue a great length of time, 
and then suddenly subside, little or no appearance remaining of the 
attack, unless it be that, when exposed directly to the light, the eye 
evidently suffers, blinks, and is convulsively closed, — -or that the lids 

* A disease which strikingly evinces the defects of allopathic measures, and serves 
equally to illustrate the admirable superiority of the direct specific and unerring 
adaptation of the homoeopathic medicament; wherefore, when treated homceopath- 
ically at the onset, the periodicity and continual return of the attack is wholly 
unknown., or occurs very rarely. 

12 



178 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

be slightly thickened ; after the lapse of several weeks, however, or 
sooner, the attack returns more severely than before, and this alternate 
return and subsidence of symptoms continues until the gradual develop- 
ment of specks, at first grayish or bluish, and gradually whiter and 
more opaque, terminates in cataract. Dogs and the feline animals are, 
however, subject to symptoms which are peculiar to them ; the white 
of the eye over the sclerotica is severely injected, the whole surface is 
suffused, vivid red ; spots are developed on the cornea, gradually whiter 
and more opaque ; and, subsequently, a superficial ulcer becomes devel- 
oped on the cornea, which gradually becomes larger and deeper, until 
it perforates the cornea, and allows of the exudation of the transparent 
fluid of the eye. After which a granulating process commences, the 
granulations appearing beyond and outside of the lids. As the ulcera- 
tion begins to subside, all these appearances subside also, and rapidly 
disappear altogether, leaving not even a defect of sight. 

140. Treatment. — Warm fomentations sometimes prove beneficial ; 
sometimes cold bathing the parts does more good. 

Aconite. — From six to ten drops may be mixed in one pint of water, 
as directed in page 34, and a wineglassful, a tablespoonful, a teaspoon- 
ful, or a few drops only, according to the size and age of the animal, 
may be given once in two, three, or four hours, according to the 
severity of the symptoms, in acute inflammation of the eyes. This 
remedy is often suitable at the commencement of specific ophthalmia, 
to reduce the violence of the congestion to the eyes and eyelids. And 
it is especially required when there is much fcverishness. 

Arnica may be given internally as above advised for Aconite, and 
the Arnica lotion prepared as above directed at the same time applied 
externally, when the eyes or neighboring parts have received mechanical 
injuries, particularly bruises or contusions. 

Baryta (with Belladonna) especially recommended for ruminants and 
horses, in periodical ophthalmia, when the spots appear on the cornea. 

Belladonna. — Congestion to the eye, inflammation of the eyeball 
itself, the membranes of the eye are injected and red, the lids swollen, 
and the eyes very sensitive to the light. 

Mercnrius vivus will be required in inflammations of the eye when 
the pupil changes its shape and the iris its color. Dose, same as directed 
for Aconite, four times a day. For other indications see Materia Medica. 

Mercurius corrosivns will be indicated when there is secretion of 
mucus with sticking together of the lids, and when the cornea is hazy. 
Profuse purulent ophthalmia. Dose as directed for Aconite. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 179 

Conium, dose as directed for Aconite and repeated three times a day, 
will be found useful when Aconite and Arnica have removed the im- 
mediate effects of contusions upon the eyes or parts near by, and there 
appears an exudation between the laminse of the cornea. Conium will 
be required in the first instance for consequences of former mechanical 
injuries to those parts, which are presented for treatment after some 
time has passed. Conium is as efficacious, so far as any remedy can 
be, for old injuries as Arnica is for those that are recent. 

Euphrasia. — Catarrhal inflammation of the eyes, copious flow of 
tears, great intolerance of light. 

Pulsatilla. — Similar condition to that under Euphrasia, where this^ 
latter remedy proves insufficient, or where there is much nasal discharge. 

Arsenicum. — This remedy may be required in the more severe forms 
of catarrhal ophthalmia, also in periodic ophthalmia, and when the in- 
flammation appears first in one eye, and after running its course then 
attacks the other. Especially useful for dogs. 

Nux vomica will often be found useful in catarrhal ophthalmia, as 
an intercurrent remedy, particularly where indigestion or constipation 
complicates the case. 

Sulphur may prove essential to the cure of eye diseases which fail 
to be removed by other and more particularly indicated remedies. It 
is especially advised in intractable ophthalmias of mangy dogs. 

Dose, for the above remedies, prepared and given as directed for 
Aconite. 

141. Purulent Ophthalmia, Blennophthalmia, Chronic Catarrh 
of the Eyelids, Blear Eyes. — Acute purulent ophthalmia, or catarrh 
of the eyes, probably never occurs except in conjunction with influenza 
or nasal catarrh ; and the suitable treatment will be found under that 
disorder. Chronic catarrh of the eyelids, chronic conjunctivitis, " blear- 
eyed/' requires both external and internal treatment. 

Treatment. — Hepar s. C may be given if there is rawness of the 
edges of the lids and profuse flow of mucus. 

Mercurius corros., if there is much secretion of mucus, which gums 
up the lids and makes them stick together. 

These remedies may be given in wineglassful, tablespoonful, or tea- 
spoonful doses of a mixture prepared (see p. 34) by dissolving ten drops 
of the selected remedy in one pint of water ; give a dose night and 
morning. And their action may be assisted, after they have been given 
for some time, by using a gentle astringent lotion composed of Alum, 
six grains to the ounce of soft water j or of Sulphate of Zinc, one to four 



180 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

grains to the ounce of rain or distilled water. The affected eyes and 
lids should be carefully cleansed with pure soft water three times a 
day, and then either one or the other of these two lotions may be applied 
freely with a soft and clean sponge. 

For other indications of these remedies consult Materia Medica; 
also with respect to other remedies mentioned in this section under 
various affections of the eyes ; and also with respect to list of medicines 
at the close of this section. 

142. Specks on the Lens ; Opacities of the Cornea. — These have 
been called False Cataract. A whitish gray speck (or specks) is seen 
on the lens or its capsule — sometimes the result of inflammation ; and 
will disappear, occasionally, without treatment. 

Cannabis may aid Nature to remove them ; it should be given in 
six-drop doses, night and morning. See the treatment recommended 
for Cataract. 

143. Cataract. — A term used to signify opacity of the crystalline 
lens, or its capsule — an opaque body gradually filling up the pupil of 
the eye, the color of which may be white, gray, or yellow. At first 
the vision is only partially impaired, as by amaurosis ; but the disease 
gradually advances until the sight is finally lost. The condition can 
easily be recognized if the horse is brought to the stable door in a 
moderate light, and the pupil carefully inspected. 

Ammo, mur., Cannabis, Conium, Ruta, and Sulphur may be used 
according to indications gathered from their characteristic symptoms 
in the Materia Medica, to prevent the formation of cataract. When 
once formed it cannot be removed by medicine ; and an operation 
would scarcely be attempted on animals, except, perhaps, in some re- 
markable case. 

Among the French both couching and extraction of the cataract have 
been performed ; but neither operation is now much in vogue ; although 
it could be performed, if deemed worth the trouble and expense, in a 
valuable horse. 

144. Blindness, How Prevented. — Many horses, especially young 
ones, are rendered blind, in one or both eyes, by severe driving, or 
overwork. Where such severe driving or overwork has recently oc- 
curred, and there is reason to apprehend loss of vision, the danger may 
often be averted by the timely administration of Arsenicum, in six-drop 
doses, put on a little meal or sugar, and repeated morning, noon, and 



EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 181 

night. Perfect, rest, and a light and easily digested diet should be at 
the same time provided. In this way valuable young horses may be 
rescued from the danger of blindness incident to some recent abuse. 
When the overwork has been maintained for some time, it may be too 
late to prevent the consequences of such exhaustion of the nervous 
system ; but the remedy above mentioned may be given in six-drop 
doses in the morning, and a like dose of Nux vomica at night. 

145. Amaurosis. — A term implying darkness, or obscure vision, 
caused by some derangement of the optic nervous apparatus; and 
varies in degree, being either partial or complete, according to the 
amount of sensibility affected. When incomplete, the sight will be so 
impaired as to resemble gauze drawn over the eye. This affection fre- 
quently follows stomach staggers. 

Symptoms. — The eye, on inspection, has a staring expression; the 
pupil dilated ; the contractile power against light slow, or absent ; the 
animal treads cautiously, and frequently throws the head higher than 
natural. Sometimes the eye has a glassy-bright appearance. 

Treatment. — Nux vomica and Sulphur, or Calcarea c, in alternation, 
the Nux at night, and the Sulphur or Calcarea c. in the morning, in 
the smallest doses, are best calculated to prevent this disease, where a 
tendency to it appears. Should there be much dilatation of the pupil, 
or a staring expression of the eye, Belladonna will be needed. Arnica 
lotion will help when the disposition to this affection results from a 
mechanical injury. In this case, also Conium may be needed, for the 
less recent effects of a bruise. 

146. Glass-Eye (Gutta Serena), is characterized by total blindness 
of one or both eyes, without any deterioration of brilliancy or trans- 
parency, or rather by unnatural brilliancy of the eye ; it is occasioned 
by pressure on the brain, resulting in palsy of the nerve, which ope- 
rates upon the retina of the eye, and may sometimes be overcome. The 
remedies which are appropriate for its treatment are : Arnica, Bella- 
donna, Bryonia, Lachesis, Nux vomica, Opium, and Rhus. 

147. Warts and Callous Excrescences on the Eyelids are best 

treated by Nitric acid and Silicea. See Materia Medica. 

Dose. — Mix ten drops in a little water ; a wineglassful may be given 
night and morning. 

148. Thickening of the Eyelids. — Give Silicea or Calcarea in a 
similar manner. 



182 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

149. For Ulceration of the Margins of the Eyelids, Tincture of 
Causticum externally is applied in the following manner: To one 
ounce of water add twenty drops of the tincture, at the second dilution, 
and use the lotion from time to time, against the progress of ulcera- 
tion, &c. 

Also the following named remedies which have been employed in 
various conditions of the eyes, may be studied in the Materia Medica : 
Chamomilla, Causticum, Digitalis, Dulcamara, Hep. s. c, Lachesis, 
Mercurius, Nat. m., Phosph., Ruta, and Sul. acid. 

150. Filaria, Worm in the Eye. — Parasites, supposed to be the 
Filaria papillosa, nearly an inch in length, are sometimes found in the 
horse's eye. Its body is elongated and cylindrical, in size and color 
corresponding with white sewing-thread, but with a semi-transparent 
lustre, attenuated on either extremity. Its presence is detected by its 
effects, which are those of a deepseated ophthalmia, usually confined to 
one eye only. The conjunctival coat is highly inflamed and tinged 
with red blood ; the transparent cornea is obscured and cloudy ; impa- 
tience of light and closed eyelids are also accompanying symptoms of 
the irritation. By attentive observation this minute filamentary worm 
is seen floating within the aqueous humor, and although its presence 
does not appear to occasion acute pain, yet, if it be suffered to remain 
many days, it invariably proves fatal to the eye. This affection is 
more common in India than elsewhere, but it has been observed in this 
country. In the Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Philadel- 
phia, A.D. 1820, appeared an account of "a living snake in a living 
horse's eye." In the Transactions of the Veterinary School of Lyons, in 
France, A.D. 1823, mention is made of two threadlike worms seen 
floating in the eye of a mule. Among oxen this difficulty is less in- 
frequent; M. Chaignaud, a French veterinarian, reports having met 
with upward of one hundred and fifty cases since 1805. 

Its removal is effected by puncturing the cornea in some part. By 
some veterinarians this is done a little below the centre; by others, 
a line's breadth from the sclerotic margin. The horse by some oper- 
ators is cast, by others not. Some use a lancet, others prefer a small 
trocar. As soon as the puncture is made, the worm usually escapes with 
the aqueous humor ; if not, the operation must be repeated on the next 
or following day, by which time the eye will have become filled again, 
and the worm also brought to view. 

151. Polypus; Excrescences on the Eyes. — Small polypous ex- 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 183 

crescences sometimes form on the globe of the eye or on the eyelids. 
Fungoid projections in the transparent cornea sometimes follow acci- 
dental abrasions or grow spontaneously. 

Treatment — These should be treated with the tincture of Causticum, 
and night and morning a wineglassful of a mixture of ten drops of the 
sixth dilution in one pint of water should be given for a week; then 
omit a week, and then resume, and so on till a cure is effected. Hy- 
drastis tincture may be used instead of the Causticum. 



Section III. 

AFFECTIONS OF THE NOSE. 

152. Catarrh or Common Cold, Coryza. — Catarrh or common cold 
is acute inflammation of the mucous membrane which lines the nos- 
trils. It is the same affection as that known in the human subject as 
"cold in the head." It is attended by a sero-mucous discharge from 
the nostrils, increased redness of the Schneiderian membrane, oozing 
of tears from the corners of the eyes, occasionally by swelling under 
the jaws, and a snorting cough with or without perceptible febrile dis- 
turbance. 

Catarrh in adult horses usually arises from some neglect or other in 
the management of the animal or of the stables — from what, for the 
sake of brevity, we may call preventible causes — probably aggravated 
at the time by sudden atmospheric changes. With young horses first 
brought into stables catarrh is of very frequent occurrence. It is also 
occasionally found as a consequence of, or accompanying, laryngitis or 
sore throat, because the inflammation set up in that disease very readily 
extends to the similar continuous membrane of the nostrils. 

Catarrh is commonly said to be epizootic ; but this result need not 
be feared, except where predisposing causes, such as neglect and bad 
ventilation, render the animals susceptible of the disease. It is most 
frequent, as we might expect, during cold damp weather. 

The premonitory symptoms are loss of appetite, dulness of the eye, 
staring of the coat, a tendency to sweat upon slight exertion, and a 
little watery discharge from the nostrils. These premonitory symp- 
toms are followed by slight feverishness, slightly quickened pulse and 
somewhat hurried breathing, and a hot mouth. The bowels are usu- 
ally constipated. In most cases the throat is more or less sore. 

In the early stage of the feverish symptoms the natural secretions of 



184 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

the part are, as is usual in inflammatory attacks, temporarily arrested ; 
but in the second or moist stage there is an increased discharge from 
the nostrils. 

If the disease runs on, the glands under the jaw become inflamed 
and swollen from sympathy with the inflammation existing in their 
neighborhood. If the throat become positively sore, laryngitis may be 
said to have supervened. 

Catarrh, if neglected, readily runs into laryngitis, bronchitis, pneu- 
monia, or other disease of the respiratory organs. In some few cases 
it becomes chronic, and is then known as nasal gleet. 

153. Nasal Gleet. — Nasal gleet is the name given to a chronic dis- 
charge, sometimes continuous, but more often intermittent, of mucous, 
or, in certain cases, of muco-purulent matter from one or both nostrils. 
Usually the discharge is only from one nostril. It appears to proceed 
from some peculiar irritation set up in one particular part, and to be 
local in its origin. It seldom proceeds from both sides. Occasionally, 
as a sequel of severe colds, the discharge may come from both sides, 
but such cases are much more amenable to treatment than those in 
which the discharge proceeds from one side only. 

The discharge usually falls freely away from the nostrils, and is not 
of that glue-like adherent character which is peculiar to glanders. In 
ordinary cases the matter is white and about the thickness of cream, 
generally uniform in character, but sometimes curdy, clotty, or lumpy. 
Occasionally it is yellowish in color. When, however, the discharge 
is connected with disease of the teeth, it is generally fetid. 

In nasal gleet the submaxillary glands may or may not be swollen. 
If it is caused by extensive disease of the bones of the head or of the 
fangs of the teeth, the submaxillary gland will probably be much en- 
larged; but if the discharge proceeds from increased and diseased action 
set up in the mucous surfaces lining the nose or sinuses, there will 
probably be no under-enlargement of the glands. It is to be observed 
that the swelling, if any, is of a diffused character, and not adherent to 
the bone. Sometimes, when there is much disease of bone, the Schnei- 
derian membrane is greatly inflamed. In ordinary cases, however, it 
betrays no symptom of acute inflammation, but on the contrary its sur- 
face is of a pallid hue, and it is free from pustules or ulcerative indica- 
tions. These symptoms clearly distinguish this affection from glanders, 
or perhaps we should rather say there is an absence of those specific ap- 
pearances which accompany and mark glanders, and which will be 
subsequently detailed at length under the head of that disease. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 185 

Common nasal gleet is usually a sequel of neglected catarrh or of 
influenza of a chronic character. 

In catarrh the discharge usually proceeds from the lining membrane 
of the nostrils. In nasal gleet it usually proceeds from the lining 
membrane of the frontal or maxillary sinus, which has sympathized 
with and become involved in the inflammation existing in the neigh- 
boring parts. In many such cases the inflammation loses its acute 
character, and perhaps subsides altogether in its primary seat, i. e., in 
the membrane of the nostrils ; but it lingers and becomes chronic in 
the lining membrane of the above-mentioned sinuses. There is then 
established a discharge known as nasal gleet. This result is especially 
apt to ensue in animals in a weakened condition. 

Subsequently the membrane becomes thickened, and may continue 
to pour out mucus for a length of time. The discharge is usually 
intermittent, because the sinus does not overflow, except when it is 
full. 

Again it may often happen, that the animal, either by putting his 
head down to feed off the ground or by violent effort of sneezing, may 
half or completely empty the sinus ; and then after the relief thus given 
by nature there will be an intermission in the discharge, until the sinus 
has refilled. In other cases the opening of the sinus may for a time 
be blocked up by a plug of inspissated mucus. 

The fact and seat of any such collection of matter may be ascertained 
with some degree of, but not with perfect precision by gentle percus- 
sion. A dulness of sound indicates pus or fluid in a sinus. Such 
dulness will be apparent by carefully comparing the sound produced 
by percussion against one sinus relatively to another. 

Nasal gleet may also proceed from chronic inflammation and thick- 
ening of the lining membrane of the nose. 

Chronic discharge from the nose is rather a symptom than a disease, 
but it deserves especial notice, not as a manifestation of catarrhal affec- 
tion, but as the result, or after-effect, of acute inflammatory disorders, 
particularly as the neglect of it frequently terminates in glanders 
(amongst horses), or hoose (amongst cattle) ; wherefore it is most im- 
portant that the distinction should be clearly defined. It is not neces- 
sarily connected with cough, or other catarrhal symptoms, and the 
simultaneous occurrence, or gradual development and continuance 
of cough, is a serious symptom. The consequences may issue in any 
of the severer disorders which affect the respiratory apparatus. In its 
local adaptation it consists of a chronic inflammatory action in the 
membranes of the nose. 



186 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Symptoms. — The horse is subject to an accumulation or discharge of 
very thick, discolored and mattery phlegm, often stained by the food — 
as, for instance, green, if the animal be at grass, — or yellowish, if 
manger fed, — or sometimes even bloody. There is, however, a natural 
and healthy secretion of phlegm in the nose, and it is therefore its 
excess which is morbid. If snorted out in quantities, from time to 
time, or continually oozing, or especially if offensive, or matter pre- 
dominating, it is of a still more serious character. The continuance of 
it generally develops constitutional disturbance, the breathing becomes 
difficult, the pulse hard and full — or, still worse, quick, small, and 
wiry ; and we may expect the appearance of worse derangement if not 
arrested. Oxen, cows, &c, are subject to a similar accumulation and 
discharge of thick phlegm, mingled with matter, which is generally 
offensive (contrasted with the natural fragrance of the breath), and 
which provokes much soreness of the nostrils. Primarily no cough is 
present, nor is there constitutional derangement. Both of these classes 
of symptoms would be of serious aspect. 

In young oxen and cows, coryza is sometimes met with of a very 
severe form. It begins with the ordinary symptoms of nasal catarrh; 
the discharge, however, is bloody, mattery, and offensive. The nasal 
membrane in the last stage sloughs off; the horns and hoofs also drop 
off. There is great prostration throughout, and convulsions very gen- 
erally come on immediately before death. This disease has been 
termed malignant coryza and also ox glanders. 

In the pig, the general symptoms are identical with those of the 
same disease in other animals. 

Place the animal in a clean, well-ventilated box, clothe him warmly, 
and feed him on mashes for a few days. In order to have the nose 
cleansed out, cause him to breathe the fumes of vinegar by pouring 
some of the fluid on a red-hot brick placed in front of his head on a 
shovel. This will make him snort and sneeze, whereby a large quan- 
tity of matter will be expelled. The fumigation should be used at 
least night and morning so long as the discharge is copious. 

Dogs are very liable to coryza, from exposure to cold. The symp- 
toms do not differ materially from those of the horse. Bronchitis and 
inflammation of the lungs are apt to supervene. Distemper in dogs 
usually begins with symptoms of cold in the head. 

Causes. — Acute inflammations ; or exposure to transitions of tempera- 
ture; impure air; or, in respect of cattle (especially), the irritation pro- 
duced by dust, or other extraneous matters attracted in dry weather by 
inspiration, and deposited in the nostrils. Amongst cattle it is peri- 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 187 

odical, returning with the autumn, and disappearing (sometimes of its 
own accord) in the spring. 

154. Treatment. — Aconite, ten drops, may be mixed in a pint of 
water (see p. 34), and a tablespoonful be given every four hours in the 
first stage of catarrh fever, to horses, and smaller doses to dogs and 
other animals. Aconite is indicated by dryness, stuffing and redness 
of the nose, quickened pulse and breathing, hot and dry mouth, thirst 
and loss of appetite, all symptoms denoting a febrile state. 

Belladonna will be indicated by inflammation and redness of the 
eyelids and eyes, flow of tears, soreness of the throat and difficulty of 
swallowing. 

Dose. — Similar to Aconite. 

Arsenicum. — Profuse discharge, great debility, loss of appetite, 
offensive discharge from the nose, which also tends to become chronic, 
rawness or excoriation of nasal borders ; attacks follow exposure to wet 
and cold. 

Bryonia. — The attack comes on in dry, cold weather, or from ex- 
posure to dry, cold winds ; difficulty of breathing. 

Dose. — Similar to Aconite. 

Hydrastis C. — Copious discharge from both nostrils, adhering like 
glue ; the whole of the nasal mucous membrane is vascular ; submaxil- 
lary glands enlarged ; rough, harsh, unhealthy coat ; low in condition 
and feeble ; bowels costive ; urine high-colored ; pulse 44, and feeble ; 
bad appetite. This case, reported by Dr. James Moore, was cured by 
giving ten drops of the first dilution of Hydrastis c. three times a day, 
and fumigating the nostrils with a solution of the same drug. 

Kali bichromicum. — " Pulse and respiration slightly quickened ; dis- 
charge of thick, yellowish matter from right nostril ; accumulation of 
greenish pus on nasal alse; horrible fetor; the box (stall) being ill- 
ventilated, the stench is intolerable and sickening; the right submaxil- 
lary gland is swollen and tender; appetite good." Kali bich., 1st dilu- 
tion, ten drops night and morning, was given to this case, and the 
nostrils fumigated with the same drug. The discharge began to de- 
crease from the fourth day, and the horse was discharged cured in one 
month. 

Mercurius. — Sneezing, coryza, sore throat ; the nasal secretion be- 
comes thicker, or smells foul ; cough frequent, worse at nights ; nostrils 
red, inflamed; glands of throat swollen and tender. In such cases 
Belladonna and Mercurius have been given in alternation every six 
hours, with great advantage. 



188 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Case. — "Pulse and respiration normal; no cough; copious discharge 
— muco-purulent — from the nose, which adheres to the alse nasi; 
the membrane of the nose is highly vascular ; the submaxillary glands 
are enlarged, and tender to the touch ; the animal is rather low in flesh 
and not in a thriving state ; appetite pretty good ; feces and urine 
normal; the hair is harsh and dry when felt, and the skin adherent." 
3fe?xurius, ten drops three times a day cured this case, as reported by 
Dr. J. Moore. 

Pulsatilla will often be required in nasal catarrh, of mild form, 
especially in the smaller animals ; or where, in the horse, it tends to 
influenza. 

Nasal gleet, the chronic form of catarrh, requires the exhibition of 
one or the other of these remedies, with an occasional intervening dose 
of Sulphur once or twice a day. The more particular indications for 
each remedy may be found in the Materia Medica ; and by reference 
to that the medicine appropriate to each case, whether acute or chronic, 
may be selected with perfect accuracy. 

Dose. — In either of the above remedies, as advised for Aconite, and 
repeated three or four times a day. 

In addition to these, consult in the Materia Medica : Ammonium 
carb. and mur., Calcarea, Cantharides, Carbo veg., Causticum, Conium, 
Graphites, Kali carb., Lachesis, Natrum m., Nitri acid., Silicea, and 
Thuja (if caused by acute inflammation) ; or generally, in addition, 
Hepar sulphuris, Phosphorus, Sepia, and Sulphur. 

If consequent on transitions of temperature (as, especially, amongst 
cattle) : Ammonium c. and m., Arsenicum, Belladonna, Chamomilla, 
Dulcamara, Euphrasia (if caused by dust, &c), Ignatia, Ipecacuanha, 
and Sambucus, and consult the indications of remedies under Influenza. 

155. Collections of Pus in the Nose in Horses. — In horses, after 
catarrh, matter is apt to accumulate in the frontal and nasal sinuses. 

There is, in addition to discharge of matter from the nostrils, swell- 
ing of the glands under the jaw, and dull sound when the bone of the 
face over these sinuses is struck with the knuckle. When only one 
side is affected, the difference between the hollow sound of the healthy 
side and the dull sound of the diseased one, is sufficiently marked to 
decide as to the exact locality of the collection. In some cases, that 
side of the face is also swollen, from the upward pressure of the im- 
prisoned matter beneath. 

Treatment. — Here it is imperative to remove a circular piece of 
bone by means of the trephine, and to remove the matter by thoroughly 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 189 

syringing out the cavities with warm water. Then, three times a day 
inject Hydrastis lotion* and give five drops of Hydrastis three times a 
day. MercuriuSy Kali bichromieum, and Arsenicum are of service in 
such cases, in the same doses. 

156. Glanders. — This malignant disease is at once identified, in its 
incipient stage, by the comparatively clear watery appearance of the nasal 
discharge, as also characteristically by its peculiar adhesiveness. Some- 
times it issues from one nostril only, sometimes from both, but it is al- 
ways fluent — not accumulated and discharged in masses, from time to 
time, and with an effort. This discharge is sometimes barely noticeable, 
and may continue for very many months without farther progress in 
the development of disease, and without any apparent constitutional 
derangement. Yet, from the first, it is highly infectious, virulent, and 
malignant. By degrees there is an admixture of matter with the dis- 
charge. 

At first, there is often no enlargement or swelling whatever in the 
glands ; but subsequently, according as the discharge takes place from 
one or both nostrils, the glands (lymphatic, submaxillary glands) of 
the nether jaw will be affected on the one, or on both sides — never, 
however, permanently, with general and diffused swelling of the adja- 
cent parts, but with swelling of (sometimes several) small kernels close 
to the bone ; the membranes of the nostrils are characterized by a pecu- 
liar color, varying from greenish-blue to deep purple ; and actual deep 
ulcers, with elevated margins, — at first small and gradually extending, 
— will be developed upon the membrane of the nose (not as in cancerous 
ulcer of the muzzle slightly within, but yet on the extending part of 
the integument of the muzzle) ; — the presence of these ulcers can be 
distinguished by the touch ; some symptoms of general disease are now 
developed, and as the discharge thickens with matter, becomes bloody 
and putrid, the strength, appetite, and condition will rapidly fail ; the 
coat becomes stariDg, rough and dull ; the ulcers will multiply, the hair 
will fall off, the belly will be retracted, the respiration will be accom- 
panied with a peculiar sound, as if the breath were expelled or inhaled 
through a multiplicity of little valves, and cough will supervene. 
(Compare " Strangles" and "Catarrh" for the distinctions; in the 
latter stage of catarrh there is sometimes a stickiness in the discharge, 
which might mislead, unless all the attendant circumstances were duly 
considered.) Tubercular disease of the lungs is the last stage of glan- 

* See " Medicines for External Use," at the end of this work. 



190 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

ders ; and glanders and farcy (compare " Farcy") will ever be liable 
to combine, being very closely associated. It is, however, very essen- 
tial to distinguish the first manifestations of glanders, lest it be spread, 
not only throughout the whole of one team, but throughout many suc- 
ceeding teams, through the excessive virulence of the infecting malig- 
nancy. 

This disease is seated in the lining membrane of the nostrils; 
may supervene on catarrh, influenza, bronchitis, inflammation of the 
lungs, or strangles ; more especially that form where the swelled gland 
does not suppurate, but becomes hard and cancerous. It would seem 
to be induced by bad ventilation, impure air, and impaired condition ; 
but, more than all, infection is the chief source. If not arrested, it al- 
ways proves fatal. 

Symptoms. — Early Stage : Discharge, from one or both nostrils, of a 
sticky fluid, about the substance of white of egg, but grayish in color. 
Smell more or less offensive. The nasal membrane has a leaden hue, 
and soon becomes ulcerated. Submaxillary gland (generally one first) 
feels hard, enlarged, fixed. The nasal discharge may be confined to 
that side of the gland affected. There is no cough, unless complicated. 

Second Stage: The ulcers in the nostrils are generally visible, and 
often the discharge becomes thick, and smells very foul. There is 
general debility of the system ; coat stares with a deaden look ; mane 
and tail come off upon the slightest force. 

157. Farcy, which is frequently attendant upon confirmed glanders, 
or which is aggravated by the complication with glanders in the ad- 
vanced stage, particularly when the vessels of the head are most dis- 
tinctly affected, is, externally, a very distinct disease — with the occa- 
sional manifestation of a variety of indications which characterize other 
diseases, such as eruptions like those of mange, apparently (edematous 
swelling of the legs, affections of the foot and heel (cracking), wasting 
away of the flesh, as in phthisicky disorders ; putrid discharge from 
the nose, as in glanders. The specific nature of the disease, however, 
consisting of the induction of a poison of a peculiar kind by the ab- 
sorbent vessels, the characteristic features are: the development of 
little knotty tumors or protuberances, " farcy -buds," along the course 
of these vessels, and which are particularly developed about the numer- 
ous valves which occur in the course of such vessels, so that there is a 
general cordy distension of the vessel throughout, with occasional in- 
tervening lumps : these are called farcy -buds or buttons ; — the disease 
gradually advances ; the buttons become more numerous, more promi- 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 191 

nent (being at first almost imperceptible), and hot, and generally exces- 
sively sensitive to the touch ; ulceration (or occasionally induration) 
subsequently ensues ; the development of these manifestations is some- 
times preceded, but always followed, by rapid loss of appetite and 
condition and by the staring, rough, unhealthy appearance of the skin, 
which characterizes most severe constitutional disorders. The muzzle, 
front part of the head, neck, and inner side of the thighs, are first (or 
alone) affected with the tumors ; but sometimes there is a sudden unac- 
countable enlargement of the legs (or of one of the hind legs), the limb 
affected being almost incapacitated, and the symptom being accompa- 
nied with considerable constitutional disturbance, whereas but a few 
hours before there was no appearance of ailing. If the ulceration is 
unarrested, the tumors extend, become multiplied, the groin and fore- 
legs are affected, and ulceration follows the course of the absorbents iu 
every direction ; whereas the appearance of glanders completes the de- 
plorable and hopeless condition of the animal. 

Glanders and Farcy are really modifications of the same constitutional 
disease. Inoculation with the matter of glanders or farcy or trans- 
fusion of the blood may produce either one or the other disease in a 
sound animal. They result from the presence of a poison in the blood, 
attended with a peculiar specific inflammation. This poison appears to 
arise from degeneration of some of the constituents of the blood ; but 
in farcy the virus seems to be in a less matured and less virulent stage 
than in glanders. Hence, farcy is in some degree amenable to treat- 
ment, whilst in glanders the disease nearly always proves intractable. 

Farcy is often combined with glanders, but is a disease of the lym- 
phatic system, its more common seat being the inner side of the thigh 
and leg, of the hinder extremity. It may attack the fore-legs, or the 
neck and lip. A small lump, named a farcy-bud, appears, varying in 
size ; some, the size of a small nut, inflame, ulcerate, and open up a 
sore, which may extend to the size of a florin ; from this broken surface 
a fluid exudes. At first these buds are confined to the leg, but soon 
extend to various parts of the body. When they approach the head 
and neck, glanders will also appear. Farcy is more readily cured 
than glanders, although inoculation of the same virus will produce 
either or both diseases. Between the farcy-buds, hard cord-like swell- 
ings may be felt ; these are the distended, inflamed lymphatic vessels. 
Farcy may be attended with dropsical swelling of the legs ; and is then 
called Water Farcy. 

In some cases, a peculiar slipping, or cracking of the joints may be 
heard when the horse walks. 



192 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Causes. — Mismanagement, excessive exhaustion, want of proper 
ventilation, want of drainage, impure air, neglected acute and inflam- 
matory disorders, or anything which tends materially to deteriorate 
the vigor of the constitution ; and, above all, contagion, that is, the in- 
fusion of the glanderous discharge upon any spot which may chance to 
be so excoriated (or otherwise) as to imbibe the poison. 

158. Treatment. — The first and most important step is to remove 
the animal beyond the reach of others. Few can afford to assign a 
totally separate establishment to one useless animal, and therefore the 
next step would be to destroy it, lest infection should chance to be 
conveyed by accident. But if there be means to devote some spot or 
building, or part of a building, to the glandered animal, the attempt 
may be made to cure the case ; for Homoeopathy alone holds out any 
prospect of saving animals infected with this poison. And the same 
means which might prove curative of a case actually developed would 
go far to prevent the development, if the suspicion is aroused of infec- 
tion received, and they are employed in Homoeopathy. At the same 
time every possible precaution should be taken to prevent the spread 
of this, the most virulent and destructive infection known to man. 
The least possible germ or effluvia from an animal suffering with this 
disease is capable of extending it to others, and thus the danger is 
again increased. The man who looks after a horse under suspicion of 
either of these diseases should not be allowed to go among the other 
horses. The sponge, brush, pail, and other articles of stable equip- 
ment, must of course be kept quite distinct. The attendant should be 
particularly warned that the disease is communicable to man, and no 
one with a broken skin should ever touch a glandered or farcied 
horse. 

MercTirins, Arsenicum, and Kali hydriod. have been recommended 
for animals affected with glanders ; but the ill success which has fol- 
lowed their employment hitherto would not warrant our wasting time 
on these remedies, when there are others so much better capable of 
subduing this dangerous disorder, and of destroying its infection. Dr. 
James Moore has treated successfully a large number of unquestionable 
cases of glanders and farcy with 

Kali fcichromicum. — He says : " The sovereign remedy for glanders 
and farcy is Kali bichromicum — a drug which I was the first to recom- 
mend and use in this disease. At the present time I dissolve one grain 
of it in twelve fluid ounces of water, and give a wineglassful of the so- 
lution three times a day. Locally, I apply night and morning to farcy- 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 193 

buds a solution consisting of one drachm of Kali bichr. and sixteen 
ounces of water." 

But even this remedy is surpassed by Carbolic acid. 

Carbolic Acid. — The well-known superior efficacy of this recently 
discovered antiseptic in destroying infection, renders it indispensable 
in glanders. This remedy has actually cured glanders in man, being 
the only one ever known to do this, and has proved equally capable 
of destroying the virulent germs in infected animals. 

When cold, pure carbolic acid appears in the form of minute crystals, 
these melt, when slightly heated, in their own water of crystallization ; 
one drop of the solution being considered equal to one grain of the 
solid crystals. In water it dissolves with equal readiness, whether 
liquid or solid, and in any proportion. 

Ten grains (or drops) of Carbolic acid should be mixed in one pint 
of soft water, and the whole given to a horse affected with glanders in 
one day, dividing the solution into four parts or doses. At the same 
time make a lotion by dissolving twenty grains (or drops) of Carbolic 
acid in one quart of soft water, and with this carefully wash out the 
nostrils, and bathe the affected parts. If there is reason to believe 
that the glandered surface extends beyond immediate reach up the 
nostrils, the lotion may be injected into them with a four-ounce 
syringe. 

Where the disease is properly called Farcy the Carbolic acid should 
be given as advised for glanders ; and the farcy-buds bathed with the 
same Carbolic acid lotion that is advised for injecting the nostrils in the 
kindred disorder, and in the same manner that Dr. Moore bathed the 
farcy-buds with the solution of Kali bichromicum. 

In diseases so grave as these, the physician must exercise his own 
judgment as to the size and repetition of the dose, according to the 
size, age, and condition of the patient. It is certain that this acid will 
destroy the virus of glanders, both externally and internally ; and it 
should be used with no sparing hand, as well to prevent the infection 
from spreading as to save, if possible, those already infected. Other 
drugs, like Sulphurous acid and Kali bichromicum, prove valuable 
antiseptics ; bat none can be compared with Carbolic acid in destroy- 
ing the virus of glanders, and in the treatment of this disease in man 
and beast. All sponges, brushes, and other articles employed about a 
glandered horse should be burned or deeply buried ; as it would be 
more trouble and expense to disinfect them, even with this antiseptic, 
than they would be worth. 

In addition to the specific remedies with which the disease must be 

13 



194 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

antidoted, it is necessary to take every means to put the animal in 
good condition. As both glanders and farcy, when not the result of 
direct infection, come from overwork, poor fare, and damp, foul, and 
in other respects unhealthy, stables, so it is of the first importance to 
change all this. The diseased animal of course must remain at rest • 
his food should be nourishing and easy of digestion. Carrots and 
other green food and esculent roots may be particularly recommended. 

159. Poll Evil. — Poll evil, as its name imports, occurs on the top of 
the head, just posterior to the ears. In its earliest stage, it is simply a 
swelling caused usually by the pressure of the head collar, or sometimes 
by an accidental blow, such as that which a horse may give himself, 
especially if frightened, on entering or quitting a stable through a low 
doorway. 

If the cause, whether it be pressure or a blow, be continued or re- 
peated, inflammation will probably set in. As a result of the inflam- 
matory action, the wound or injury frequently suppurates, and after a 
time abscesses will form around the attachments of the cervical liga- 
ment. 

From the peculiar position of the injury, the matter has no depend- 
ing orifice; and hence it generally happens, that unless artificial assist- 
ance by free incision is given for the escape of the matter, it will burrow 
downwards among and under the ligaments, which support the head. 
Among these it is apt to form large and deep sinuses and fistulas. 

These sinuses often extend down to the bone. The offensive smell 
of the matter contained in them will indicate this extension. If the 
matter is suffered to remain long in contact with the bone, it will prob- 
ably cause caries in that tissue. 

With moderate care and attention, no case of real poll evil ought 
ever to occur. Timely removal of the exciting eause will always check 
and prevent its development. 

When however the disease by neglect and long-continued recurrence 
of the cause has been suffered to develop itself, the treatment consists 
in laying the part open with the knife, so as to afford a depending 
orifice for the matter. 

When the injury is deepseated, it is good practice to assist the escape 
i of the matter by inserting a seton through the sinus, with a view of 
: affording it a depending orifice. 

If sinuses have formed in different directions (which may be ascer- 
tained by the probe), each sinus must be laid open, as far as practicable, 
rifroni its bottom by the knife, and treated as recommended above. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 195 

Great care must be taken to keep the wound open, until it has 
thoroughly healed from the bottom ; and for this purpose it will be neces- 
sary to insert into it a pledget of tow covered with digestive ointment. 
As the ligamentous tissues, among which the sinuses form, are of very- 
low reparative power, the process of cure is generally very tedious. 

When the wound is well, great care must be taken to guard against 
recurrence of the causes which produced it. 

In cases which have been long neglected, caries of the bone occasion- 
ally supervenes. From its position and from other causes, this further 
development is so difficult to treat, and the process of cure is so tedious 
and uncertain, that the better plan in the author's opinion is to accept 
the loss and to destroy the animal. 

160. Treatment. — Aconite, ten drops mixed in one pint of water, 
and a wineglassful given four times a day, may be needed to remove 
the primary inflammation. 

Hepar sulph., in a similar dose three times a day, will be useful to 
arrest the tendency to suppuration, and stop the flow of pus after the 
abscess has been opened. 

Silicea night and morning, in doses of six drops mixed in a little 
water, may cure the (fistulous) disorder, after Hepar has exhausted its 
action. 

Calendula tincture, mixed with nine parts of water, injected into 
the opening made for the free issue of the matter or pus already formed, 
will exert a most excellent healing influence, and obviate the neces- 
sity for the stronger injections of dilute chloride of zinc, and the ap- 
plication of lunar caustic recommended by some allopathic and other 
authorities. 

161. Fistulous Withers. — Fistulous withers are similar in their 
nature and require much the same treatment as poll evil. They are 
nearly always caused by pressure from the saddle, or collar, or by in- 
juries. 

In most cases the mischief is at first very slight, and a day or two's 
abstinence from work with a little alteration of the saddle or collar will 
generally effect a cure and prevent recurrence. If the skin is tender, 
a salt-and-water dressing may be applied. 

When however the cause is continued or repeated, the tissues under 
the skin become inflamed, and the cartilaginous pads of the heads of 
the spines of the vertebrae may be injured. If such should be the case, 
fomentations must be applied in the first instance to reduce the inflam- 



196 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

mation. If these fail, as they often do, in bringing about resolution, 
matter will probably form under the skin. 

Unless a free opening is made for its escape, it will burrow in, under, 
and among the muscles, tendons, and ligamentous tissues which lie on 
each side of the spine or withers, and will form sinuses. The treatment 
in such cases is exactly the same as that of poll evil. Nothing answers 
better than the seton recommended above. 

Caries of the spinous processes of the bones of the vertebrae occasion- 
ally supervenes. It will be indicated by the offensive smell proceeding 
from the sinuses. Unlike the similar occurrence in poll evil, this further 
development is easily treated ; and a radical cure without any injurious 
result may generally be effected by removing the injured portions of 
the bone by the pincers. The parts, as a general rule, heal over favor- 
ably, and nothing more than a slight hollow will be noticed about 'the 
withers. 

Treatment. — Arnica tincture, externally as a lotion, one part to nine 
of alcohol, may be applied twice a day with great advantage, especially 
in recent cases ; when the tumor bursts, or is opened with the knife, this 
remedy mixed with nine parts of water, instead of alcohol, may be in- 
jected. And, internally, the Arnica may be given in ten-drop doses 
three times a day. 

Conium maculatum comes next in order in the treatment of this 
disorder, considered as the result of prolonged compression or contusion 
of the parts. Six drops of this remedy may be given four times a day. 
When the above-mentioned remedies fail to arrest the disease, it be- 
comes similar in nature to poll evil, and requires a like constitutional 
treatment, in addition to the medicines advised in poll evil. 

Mercurius, thrice daily, in six-drop doses, may be employed if the 
suppuration is profuse, and Hepar does not help. 

Asafcetida will be indicated when the pus is fetid. 

Arsenicum when the edges of the ulcers are hard and everted, ac- 
companied by pain and inflammation, and the pus exhales a bad odor. 

This remedy may be given as advised for Mercurius. 



Section IV. 

AFFECTIONS OF THE MOUTH. 

162. Aphthae — Thrush. — Thrush is occasionally met with in the 
horse, although less frequently than in other animals. It consists in 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 197 

an eruption of small vesicles on the mucous membrane lining the 
mouth. When the fluid in these vesicles is discharged, small ulcers 
are observed, and this ulcerated condition may be somewhat widely 
spread from the small ulcers running together. The lining of the 
mouth peels off, leaving below a tender surface, which prevents the 
animal from eating as usual. On examining the mouth, these appear- 
ances are observed on the tongue, lips, inside of the cheeks, and gums. 
In the horse, thrush is sometimes accompanied by strangles. It arises 
in all cases either from the local irritant action of improper food, or 
acrid plants, or as the result of constitutional disorder. 

In oxen, thrush is often observed. The symptoms are the same as 
those found in the horse, Avith the addition of a more profuse discharge 
of stringy slaver from the mouth. Thrush is not "foot and mouth dis- 
ease :" it is not contagious, does not spread like an epidemic (epizootic 
in the lower animals), and is not associated with disease of the teats and 
feet; by these differences simple thrush may be known from the more 
serious murrain. It should also be distinguished from the rinderpest, 
in which disease there is a peculiar thrush-like condition of the mouth 
and lips. Oxen do not chew the cud as usual. 

Amongst sheep this disease appears to be either independent of or 
intimately connected with foot-rot. Amongst cattle it is very rarely a 
disease of any consequence, consisting of the development of vesicles 
and also of pustules throughout the mouth ; when they burst, however, 
they generally leave but very insignificant and superficial ulceration, 
even if the sores should become confluent. The constitutional disturb- 
ance is very slight, and the appetite generally unimpaired, although 
the soreness of the mouth impedes both feeding and rumination for the 
time. Amongst sheep it is not more serious, except as the accompani- 
ment of foot-rot, when it requires additional attention ; but even then 
may be readily checked if taken in time, and before the discharge has 
become offensive and ulceration has ensued. Independently of any 
other affection, thrush (which is not serious unless neglected) consists 
in the development of numerous vesicles in the mouth, with more or 
less discharge of adhesive phlegm ; the appetite is not so much impaired 
(unless fever run high), as the feeding and ruminating, rendered painful 
by the soreness and the constant motion of the animal (which is not 
indicative of feebleness, but simply of uneasiness, and,' as it were, a 
desire for something), sufficiently shows that there is no great deterior- 
ation of strength. 

The principal and usually sufficient remedy is — 

Kali chloricum. — Mix ten drops in a pint of water ; give a table- 



198 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

spoonful three times a day, and as often wash out the mouth with a 
solution of ten grains of Chlorate of Potassa to the ounce of soft water, 
and the vesicles and minute ulceration will quickly disappear. Any 
remaining symptom may be treated as directed under Blain, which see. 

Acidum muriaticum, Acidum sulphnricum, and Borax may be 
employed with advantage in the aphthae which sometimes attacks 
lambs in consequence of change of food, or on taking cold. Two drops 
of the selected medicine should be given night and morning, mixed in 
a little water or meal. 

Aphthous ulcerations sometimes appear in the throat of the dog, 
causing distress and preventing the animal from swallowing. These 
are readily cured by a few doses of Mercurius night and morning. 
Belladonna may be needed instead if there is some external swelling 
of the neck. 

Dose. — These remedies may be prepared and given as above advised 
for Kali chloricum. 

163. Blain, Gloss, Anthrax. — Blain is most prevalent amongst 
cattle ; it occurs, though more rarely, and in a less virulent or critical 
form, amongst sheep ; and in a still more tractable degree, or rather as 
a milder disease, amongst horses. In the two former cases it is clearly 
contagious,* or communicated by infusion; and in the majority of cases 
it may be considered of epidemic or atmospheric origin. Amongst 
horses it appears far more in the light of a local inflammation, which 
becomes constitutional if neglected. The treatment is so far identical 
in all cases, that the administrator's discretion, assisted by the statement 
of specific effects, will sufficiently guide him in the choice from the 
medicines enumerated to cover all cases. 

Symptoms of Blain. — It consists of inflammation, of which the mem- 
branes at the base of the mouth (or the sublingual glands) are the pri- 
mary seat. We may observe an increasing listlessness or uneasiness, 
and an abstinence from food (not always occasioned by lack of inclina- 
tion to eat, as is evinced by the eagerness with which the animal will 
devour soft and liquid mashes, such as gruel), rumination decreases, 
and is even suspended ; considerable fever follows, and constipation 
exists from first to last. Externally, the head and neck becomes 
swollen, and sometimes very much enlarged; profuse drivelling of 
saliva, which from being clear, watery, and without smell, soon changes 

* The supposed infection of sheep without contact or infusion of the poison, prob- 
ably arises from their nibbling in places on which the infected saliva of the blained 
sheep has been dropped. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 199 

to a thick mattery and bloody fluid with intense fetor ; the tongue is 
at first arched, so as to give the appearance of being swollen (which is 
not an early symptom), caused by the tenderness of the nether part 
and margins of the tongue and surface being covered with extensive 
vesicles of various hues, from vivid redness to deep and malignant- 
looking bluish-red ; the respiration becomes difficult and laborious ; 
the bladders expand, suppurate, and develop deep and angry ulcers ; 
these are succeeded by more, the tongue becomes really swollen and 
inflamed, and gangrene is not slow to manifest itself in the ulcerations; 
incision causes no demonstration of pain, and is followed by no dis- 
charge of blood ; typhoid or putrid fever usually terminates the disease 
with life. Blain is perfectly curable in its earlier stages. 

164. Treatment. — Mercurius and Arsenicum have been found most 
effectual in this affection. 

Mercurius V. will be indicated by the whitish pustules, canker, 
ulceration on tongue and mouth, reddish and offensive discharge, and 
especially profuse flow of saliva. 

Arsenicum will be required by threatening gangrene, excessive fetor 
from mouth, prostration, and even drowsiness. 

These medicines should be administered in doses of ten drops once 
in three hours. These doses are calculated for cattle ; for sheep and 
pigs, they should be one-half or one-fourth this size. And half way 
between the times for giving the medicine, let the mouth be carefully 
washed out with the Carbolic acid lotion, as directed under the head of 
Glanders. 

Carbolic acid, two drops (or grains) in a little water once every two 
hours, may be given if the disorder does not appear to yield to the 
above-mentioned remedies, which may be given in alternation, or sep- 
arately, according to the judgment of the attending practitioner. 

Precautions such as are recommended in the treatment of glanders 
must be observed to prevent this disease from spreading by the infec- 
tion being communicated to other animals. Equal care must be taken 
to avoid its coming in contact with any sore places on the hands of at- 
tendants. 

165. In Dogs. — A disease known as the " blain " is sometimes ob- 
served in the dog, but whether or not it be identical with the malady 
under consideration is doubtful. The symptoms are somewhat analo- 
gous. The tongue is enlarged, and subsequently covered on its sides 
and under surface with large vesicles, of a red or livid color, which 



200 VETERINARY IIOMCEOPATHY. 

may end in irregular, and even gangrenous ulcers. The attack often 
begins without any apparent cause or previous illness. The disease is 
most common in spring and summer, and sometimes prevails as an epi- 
zootic. In addition to the above symptoms the breath is highly offen- 
sive, the saliva profuse, purulent, and perhaps bloody, and the appetite 
impaired. 

166. Treatment. — Mercurius and Arsenicum: The former is to be 
given first, in from four to ten drop doses, four times daily, when the 
tongue is inflamed, enlarged, and ulcerated ; and the latter in the same 
way when the ulcers assume a livid tint, and when symptoms of low 
fever and debility supervene. 

For the last symptoms Kali chloricum is also a remedy of great value 
in a like dose. 

It may be advisable in some cases to open the vesicles freely, and 
then to apply Calendula lotion* to heal up the open ulcers which re- 
main. 

The weak condition of the dog, and its inability to swallow, in con- 
sequence of the swollen and painful state of the tongue, may necessi- 
tate the administration of beef tea or wine with a spoon. Fluid food 
should be within its reach, so that it may sip up some when inclined. 

167. Canker sometimes occurs in the dog's mouth, and may become 
similar to scurvy in man. Old stumps and loose teeth should be ex- 
tracted; if the jaw is diseased, the necrosed portions must be removed. 
The system must be sustained by nourishing soups, as directed under 
Blain, since solid food cannot be taken. 

Treatment — Kali chloricum (chlorate of potash), twenty drops of the 
first decimal solution three times a day for two or three weeks. This 
may be followed, if necessary, by 

Arsenicum, in doses of from four to six drops, night and morning. 

168. Strangles. — This is a disease to which young horses are sub- 
ject, and which is rather of a tedious than a dangerous character (unless 
much mismanaged), except as incidental to fat pigs, with which it is 
most rapid and fatal. Amongst cattle it is met with in the modified 
form of strangullion, which consists of inflammation of the parotid 
gland, and which may be very serious in its symptomatic relations, as, 
for instance, if attendant upon disease; whereas, amongst sheep there 
is a rare disease affecting the throat, and far more analogous to the 

* tSee list of •' Remedies for External Use," at the end of this hook. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 201 

strangles of horses. The majority of horses have strangles once, but 
they very rarely, if ever, are attacked a second time. 

Symptoms of Strangles amongst Horses. — The first symptom is a cough, 
without any distinctive feature of its own, but qualified by the preva- 
lence of yellowish, mattery, inodorous discharge from the nostrils, and 
by drivelling from the mouth, the discharge of stringy saliva being oc- 
casionally profuse, whilst the characteristic feature, viz., the swelling 
of the gland, in the channel between the jaws, and underneath the 
throat, becomes gradually developed, which renders mastication and 
deglutition painful (which increases until the parts under the throat 
are involved in one general tumefaction, gradually discovering the se- 
cretion of matter in the centre, and, lastly, bursting and discharging), 
and with which an increase of febrile action generally diminishes the 
appetite to a certain degree. The fever increases, and with it a con- 
tinual thirst, attended with so much difficulty and suffering in degluti- 
tion that, although the animal evidently longs to drink deeply, it only 
swallows one or two mouthfuls, and is immediately seized with a suffo- 
cative fit of coughing. The ox, cow, &c, are subject to swelling of the 
parotid gland, which renders the muscular action of the throat and 
jaws so painful that the animal will neither feed nor ruminate ; there 
is increased development of heat about the throat and adjacent parts, 
and thence up to the ears, and the sensitiveness to the touch is exces- 
sive ; as the swelling develops itself the febrile symptoms increase, and 
the respiration becomes seriously affected — very painful, difficult, im- 
peded, and laborious, and often stifled, as if suffocation were imminent. 
With -pigs the disease assumes particular features, which characterize it 
especially as a disorder of a somewhat different nature ; the glands be- 
neath the throat are also affected, but the general swelling of the neck, 
the intense and rapid prostration of strength, the fixed and immovable 
position of the head, the small, wiry, accelerated, and irregular pulse, 
the suffocative and rattling, hoarse, and sometimes sonorous respira- 
tion, the protrusion of the tongue, charged with glutinous, slimy saliva, 
and the eventual mortification, are features peculiar to the species. 

169. Treatment. — Aconite, six to ten drops every four hours, when 
the patient appears to have a common cold, and is feverish, restless, 
uncomfortable, or dull, mopish ; where the coat is rough, staring ; and 
there are loss of appetite, mouth dry and hot, pulse accelerated, cough 
occasional, swelling about the glands of the jaw. 

Belladonna. — If the fauces are red, inflamed, and dry, give Bella- 
donna, six drops, in a little water, or on a little meal or sugar, once in 



202 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

three hours ; or ten drops of this, or either of the other remedies here 
mentioned, may be mixed in one pint of water, and a wineglass or 
tablespoonful given for a dose, according to the size of the animal. 

Hepar s. C, ten drops every three hours when the following symp- 
toms present : The fever is considerable ; throat intensely inflamed, ex- 
tending to the mouth and nose ; swelling of face and head ; breathing 
difficult, and gradual pointing of swelling, indicating abscess. Hepar 
exerts a good influence in promoting the suppuration of the glands. 

Mercurins vivus, ten drops every three hours, when, as occasionally 
occurs, the abscess bursts internally, and the pus is discharged through 
the nostrils, or may plug up the air-passages, when the animal will 
become much distressed and threatened with suffocation. 

Sulphur and Arsenicum have been recommended to be given in al- 
ternation, the former in the morning, the latter at night, in six-drop 
doses. If the abscess does not burst, and the pus is absorbed into the 
system, the horse will continue sickly, and the disease may show itself, 
sooner or later, in different parts of the body. 

Regimen. — Pure air, without chill or exposure to drafts, scrupulous 
cleanliness, protection from inclemency of weather, avoidance of sudden 
changes of temperature, and weak, thin, and warm, but not stimulating, 
mashes (such as gruel) in the place of solid food; water somewhat 
warmed. 

170. Inflammation of the Mouth and Tongue in Horses — Gloss- 
itis. — It has been known to follow the internal administration of tur- 
pentine in too large doses, and it occasionally arises from other more 
obscure causes. The whole of the mouth is more or less affected with 
redness, pain, and swelling, and throughout the progress of the disease 
there is much febrile excitement. In course of time, the lining mem- 
brane of the mouth peels off, and the parts are left raw and sore, and 
extensive ulceration and even gangrene may result. There is copious 
discharge of mucus. In some cases the tongue is more severely in- 
flamed than the other parts of the mouth — then it is swollen and hangs 
out, and, in bad cases, matter forms in it, or it is left hard, stiff, and 
enlarged. When the tongue is much swollen, swallowing is difficult, 
and the breathing so impeded as to threaten choking. One of the 
most frequent causes of inflamed tongue in the horse is injuries re- 
sulting from violence in giving balls, or from the animal biting his 
tongue. 

In oxen, the causes are the same as in the horse, and it may also 
follow the administration of hartshorn given to cattle suffering from 



AFFECTIONS OF THE HEAD, EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH. 203 

hoove. The symptoms and treatment of this disease in the ox and 
other animals are those given above and below respectively. 

171. Treatment. — Aconite should be given at first when the mouth 
is dry and red, and the animal feverish, and the tongue swollen and 
painful. 

Arnica is indicated when the inflammation has resulted from injuries. 
Arnica lotion may also be applied locally. 

Mercurius may be given with good results when the tongue is hard 
and much swollen, and when there is great dribbling (salivation), dif- 
ficulty of swallowing, and redness and rawness of the mouth generally. 

Lachesis will be required if the tongue is swollen, sore, inflamed, 
and difficult of protrusion, and especially if there be any dark discolor- 
ation of it (black tongue). 

Arsenicum will be indicated by similar discoloration without swell- 
ing, threatening gangrene. 

Hepar may be needed, where matter is forming, to hasten the sup- 
purative process. 

Nitric acid has been found useful in dry inflammation of the tongue. 

Carbo vegetabilis will be required for the indurations which often 
follow inflammation of the tongue. 

Conium, Arsenicum, Lycopodium, Belladonna, Acid, sulphuric, 
and Silicea may be consulted in the Materia Medica. 

These remedies may be given in six-drop doses every two or three 
hours to horses and cattle, proportionately smaller doses for sheep, dogs, 
and swine. These doses may be dropped on a little sugar, and so 
placed upon the tongue to dissolve. Should the great swelling of the 
tongue threaten suffocation, it may be lanced superficially. 

172. Protrusion of the Tongue in Horses, Oxen, and Dogs. — 

This is a symptom of paralysis, weakness of the muscles of the tongue, 
and of injuries. Paralysis of the lips on one side sometimes coexists, 
resulting from local injury to the nerves distributed to the parts. The 
lower lip then hangs down, and food is picked up with difficulty ; there 
is also more or less slavering. Of course, the tongue is very liable 
to be severely injured when it falls between the front teeth, and re- 
peated injuries of this kind may result in troublesome wounds, or 
ulcers. 

In dogs it is not unusual to see the tongue lolling out of the mouth. 
This affection results from some weakness of the nervous system. Some- 
times the protruded tongue inclines to one side. 



204 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

173. Treatment. — It has been recommended to clip off the tip of 
the tongue when it appears to be protruding because too long. But 
this is never a very safe expedient. 

Arnica may be needed, if the weakness seems to result from mechani- 
cal injury. 

Belladonna may be given in the morning, and 

Nux vomica in the evening, in chronic cases of a paralytic nature 
apparently, or the Nux v. may be given by itself twice a day, and its 
use persevered in for many weeks, even if no improvement set in before. 

Dose. — Six drops for horses ; four drops for dogs. 

174. Salivation. — Excessive flow of saliva from the mouth may be 
caused by eating some kinds of grass or plants, e. g., Lobelia inflata; 
by inflammation of the mouth and salivary glands, and by mercurial 
poisoning. The two former causes are common to horses, cattle, and 
sometimes to sheep. When resulting from green food in the field, of 
whatever kind, a change of diet will be advisable ; and a few doses of 
Mercurius, or Nitric acid, given night and morning, will remove the 
difficulty. 

Dose. — Mix ten drops in a pint of water, give one or two tablespoon- 
fuls, according to the size of the animal. 

Salivation from mercurial poisoning is not unusual in dogs, especi- 
ally those to whom some mercurial ointment has been applied for the 
removal of mange or other skin diseases. Hundreds of dogs are said 
to have been destroyed in this manner. 

The effects produced by Mercury vary in severity with the quantity 
administered ; and the effects are precisely the same whether the drug 
is swallowed or absorbed into the system by the skin. The gums are 
tender, swollen, spongy, and red ; the teeth are discolored and loose ; 
the breath is peculiarly fetid, — this is a characteristic sign ; saliva 
dribbles freely from the mouth ; the glands at the jaw are enlarged, 
hard, and painful; there is no desire to eat, but great thirst; the mu- 
cous membrane of the mouth may be more or less ulcerated, especially 
under the influence of large doses. When the lining of the coat of 
the stomach and bowels is inflamed, there are frequent retchings, the 
rejected mucus being tinged with blood, and the stools are fluid and 
bloody. The hair falls off and is seldom reproduced ; irritative fever, 
debility, tremors, convulsions, and paralysis appear in quick succession 
and destroy life. Even in the most favorable cases recovery is slow, 
and long after both the teeth and breath give evidence of the havoc 
which the Mercury has committed, and of the difficulty encountered 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 205 

in ridding the system of the mercurial poison. The hair, too, seldom, 
if ever, grows as long as formerly. 

175. Treatment. — Chlorate of Potassa is the proper antidote for 
mercurial poisoning and salivation. This can be procured at any drug 
store, and ten grains should be dissolved in one pint of soft water, 
and one tablespoonful given to a dog four times a day. When the 
profuse flow is abated, the medicine may be given twice a day only ; 
or longer continued once a day for the remote effects of the poison. 

Hepar, four drops night and morning, may be given for the chronic 
effects of the mercurial poisoning, especially when the skin is still dis- 



Nitric acid may be given instead, if the throat and mouth present 
an appearance of chronic inflammation; and especially if there are 
ulcers, or excoriated spots in the fauces. 



CHAPTER IV. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS AFFECTING OR CONNECTED 
WITH THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 

Section I. 

176. The Horse Distemper of 1872. — The autumn and winter of 
1872 will long be remembered for the Epizootic, or Epidemic Catarrh, 
which, taking its rise in the British Provinces, gradually spread over 
the whole United States, causing great interruption of business and 
destroying some thousands of horses. This distemper seemed to par- 
take of the nature of a malignant catarrh or influenza, which, com- 
mencing in the head, extended to the throat and bronchia, and finally 
involved the lungs. But in many cases the miasm appeared to have 
affected the respiratory apparatus from the very first, and the short, 
dry, barking cough gave the earliest notice of the onset of the disorder. 
Mules and horses suffered alike, and in some sections the disease ap- 
peared to travel along the line of the canals, and was thus borne suc- 
cessively from place to place through the country. But, independent 
of this local conveyance, there is no doubt that the contagion of this 



206 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

virulent epidemic moved from the north toward the south, at the same 
time — although less rapidly — extending itself in a westerly direction, 
very much in the same manner that great storms, produced by mag- 
netic variations, spread themselves over the continent. 

From the very first the barking cough was characteristic, and was 
well described by the exclamation of the old lady who visited her son's 
stables : " My God ! them mules has got the hooping-cough !" Next 
to this, sometimes even before, the eyes watered, the animal drooped, 
there was little appearance of fever, but a slight discharge began to 
flow from the nose. This nasal flux, usually coming after two or 
three or more days of preliminary coughing, was regarded as a favor- 
able sign ; in some instances its establishment marked the crisis of the 
disease. Sometimes without the appearance of any such running at 
the nose, the bronchia became more deeply involved, and the disease 
assumed the form of a real bronchitis, with distressing, hoarse-sound- 
ing cough (mucous rale), instead of the previous hollow barking. 
Then the smaller bronchial tubes, the " air-pipes," were obstructed 
and clogged up with mucus, and the respiration became proportionally 
shorter, laborious, and abdominal. The animal would be very weak, 
lying down, looking sometimes as if breathing his last, and as if he 
never would be able to rise again ; but presently the necessity of 
coughing would compel him to get up. And it was curious to notice 
how, in a large stable, where, as one first entered it, all seemed quiet, 
in a few minutes one horse would cough, then another, and another, 
until, as if moved by a simultaneous influence or powerful sympathy, 
every animal in the building would respond. 

Very soon after the beginning of the disorder the appetite would 
commence to fail ; all grain would be refused as the disease advanced ; 
but except in the worst cases, hay would be eaten with relish, or fail- 
ing that, and in preference to the provender in the manger, the horse 
would consume the straw of his litter. In the severest cases all food 
would be refused, except, perhaps, some little from the hand of the 
attendant. But the most remarkable symptom of this disorder, and 
the only one which had not before been observed in connection with 
sickness of horses in this country, was the drooping or hanging down 
of the head. So great was the debilitating influence of this epidemic 
poison, that, like diphtheria in men, it affected the nerves of the cer- 
vical spine, thus causing a relaxation of the powerful muscles of the 
nape of the neck, provided by Nature to support the head in an up- 
right or even horizontal position without effort or fatigue. So great 
was this debility of the whole system that the epidemic seemed to 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 207 

spend much of its power in exhausting the vital forces ; and to this 
manifest weakness the loss of food greatly contributed. Hence it hap- 
pened that all the animals first taken, which, in the prevailing igno- 
rance of the exceedingly debilitating nature of this new disorder, were 
actively treated (with strong medicines, and especially by bleeding), 
quickly died ! 

The disorder seemed to run a regular and definite course, at least in 
those milder cases in which, from absence of necessity for active inter- 
ference, an opportunity was afforded for studying its natural operation. 
At first the cough, dry and barking, or short and hacking, gave notice 
of the onset of the new disease. This would continue for a few days, 
more or less ; then the nose would commence to run, the head would 
hang down, and the animal refuse his feed, especially grain. Next, 
the catarrhal affection manifested itself in the bronchia, and the cough 
became more loose and hoarse, or wheezing. An evident shortness of 
breath proved the obstruction of the bronchia ; this difficulty and in- 
sufficiency of breathing became more severe as the case advanced, and 
was accompanied and proclaimed by the abdominal respiration already 
mentioned. And in fatal cases, for a day or two, or sometimes even 
longer, before the close, the breathing seemed to be performed by the 
flanks — close before the hips — no other movement of the abdomen 
being perceptible. 

This disorder assumed, in some minuter respects, different appear- 
ances in different parts of the country. The following brief account 
of its course in the extreme East, furnishes some one or more symp- 
toms not elsewhere noted.* "Nearly all the cases which came under 
my observation were preceded by a great degree of languor, loss of 
appetite, indisposition to the usual exertion ; followed by a hard, dry, 
and apparently painful cough, the animal, when coughing, bringing 
the head down to the floor, turning it usually to the left, and groaning 
as if in pain. At this stage there was usually fluent coryza, with more 
or less sneezing, and accelerated respiration. 

"As the disease advanced, the submaxillary glands became swollen, 
and the nasal discharge more abundant, thick, and yellow, appearing 
in most cases, as it came from the nostrils in mass, like pure pus. But 
there were two conditions, by which the cough was excited or aggra- 
vated, that led me to the choice of the remedies which proved most 
efficient in my hands. In some cases a paroxysm of coughing was 
always brought on by drinking ; and in others, though the cough was 

* Dr. ¥m. E. Payne. Bath, Me. ; Hahnemannian Monthly, 1873. 



208 VETERINARY HOMGSOPATHY. 

usually excited when beginning to move in the open air, it invariably 
came on when descending. In the case of my own horses (three in 
number), a paroxysm always came on when the animal began to de- 
scend a hill, and continued till the descent was passed. In the former 
case Ammonium muriaticum 30 acted with promptness and efficiency ; 
and in the latter case Lycopodium, of the same attenuation." 

In those cases which yielded to treatment, or in which, as was true 
of many, Nature alone, or assisted only by good nursing, overcame the 
disorder, the symptoms began usually to abate in about a week or ten 
days. Sometimes, however, the convalescence would be still longer 
delayed, even in cases which terminated favorably. Some of the first 
signs of improvement would be a greater animation, less listlessness, 
the head more raised to its natural position, and returning appetite. 
Those first attacked were the severest sufferers, as is the case with epi- 
demics among men ; and few died except of those first taken. In 
some places, large cities especially, the pestilence raged with a violence 
and fatality far beyond all that might be inferred from the foregoing 
account. The deaths were numerous ; and some breathed their last 
within a very few days from the commencement* of the attack. In 
New York City, sixty horses died daily, on an average, for many days 
in succession. Many of these were no doubt hard-worked, overdriven, 
and sometimes poorly fed and sheltered, omnibus, car, and cart horses. 
But many others, whose wealthy owners spared no pains or expense in 
housing, feeding, and grooming them w T hen well, and in nursing and 
" doctoring" them when sick, fell victims to this widespread pesti- 
lence ; the most fatal ever known to attack horses in this or any 
other country. Some of these animals were doubtless already affected 
in their lungs, although such unsoundness had not been suspected. 
These were quickly reduced very low by the extension of the new dis- 
order from the head to the pulmonary organs, and its complication 
with the disease previously existing there. And if there is any good 
to be gathered from this universal evil, it must be found in the assur- 
ance that horses who have had the epizootic and recovered uninjured 
may well be deemed "sound in wind." All others, that is, those un- 
sound, must have perished or remained permanently disabled, unless, 
indeed, as happened in not afeiv cases, both the old and the new disorder 
were radically cured by homoeopathic medication. 

This epidemic reminds one of the severer forms of what in some 
sections of the country is known as horse-ail, or distemper ; and taking 
together the history of many cases, it seems to have combined one or 
more of the chief characteristics of catarrh, influenza, bronchitis, pleuro- 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 209 

pneumonia, and erysipelas. Nor was it free from a suspicion of the 
typhoid element, according to the views of many veterinarians. For 
in numerous instances, in New York City particularly, horses that w T ere 
put to work too soon, before having time to recover from the unsus- 
pectedly profound debility attendant upon this complaint, very quickly 
relapsed, became much worse than before, and cold extremities and 
dropsy appeared as the immediate forerunners of death. A similar 
coldness of the legs appeared also in many of the severer cases, even 
of those that finally recovered. But their recovery was due, under the 
ordinary treatment rather to stimulants and external applications and 
friction, and the very best of nursing, than to the specific action of any 
internally administered medicines. At first, partly from mistaken no- 
tions of expediency, and partly from the necessities of business, the 
owners considered that moderate work, if not conducive to recovery, 
would at least not retard it. But from hard experience it was soon 
found that perfect rest was indispensable, until the crisis was past ; 
that continued rest w T as equally necessary in order to prevent danger- 
ous or fatal relapse, and that protracted rest was also requisite, in ad- 
dition to secure complete recovery, this last item of rest demanding 
to be protracted in proportion to the severity of the original attack. 
In some places and instances, the animals were indeed " worked right 
along," although less arduously, and they appeared to recover equally 
well. But these cases were marked by two characteristics which notably 
distinguished them from those above mentioned, to whom premature 
exertion proved so destructive : they were less powerfully affected by 
the primary disorder, and so were less reduced in strength ; and the 
disease itself had not extended from the head along the course of the 
respiratory organs, and the lungs were not involved. When the lungs 
or even the bronchia are affected, it is well known that every extra ex- 
ertion, whether of drawing or of trotting, aggravates the cough, increases 
the pulmonary congestion, and renders convalescence difficult, or even 
impossible. We conclude our rather discursive account of this epizootic 
with a brief summary of its principal and successive 

Symptoms. — Short, dry cough ; nasal catarrh ; drooping of the head ; 
extreme listlessness ; swelling of throat; cough catarrhal, or wheezing; 
loss of appetite ; shortness of breath ; respiration slow, labored, and ab- 
dominal ; coldness of legs, and extreme weakness of the vital forces. 

The following elaborate account of the epizootic as it appeared in 
Central New York, prepared by an able physician and close observer,* 

* T. Dwight Stowe, M.D. 
14 



210 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

will present many particular features not noticed in our preceding ac- 
count: a This is an inflammatory disease which, so far as my knowl- 
edge extends, invades the Schneiderian or pituitary membrane of the 
nasal fossae and their cavities, the mucous membrane of the larynx and 
trachea, and of the bronchia. The number and intensity of the symp- 
toms keep pace with the extension and progress of the lesion ; and we 
iind many degrees of the same malady, from a mild congestion of the 
membranes involved, up to an active inflammation with solution of the 
continuity of the tissues. It is an acute equine coeyza ; misman- 
agement and exposure frequently bring complications and extensions 
of the lesion, and we frequently find capillary bronchitis and pneu- 
monia supervening. Instances are recorded of pulmonary or hepatic 
vomica, and of abscesses in the hoofs. Another occasional complication 
is paralysis of the locomotive organs, also rheumatism. The last two 
conditions are generally, so far as we can account for them, metastatic. 

"The discharges vary from thin transparent mucus in small quanti- 
ties, to thick, white-yellow, greenish-yellow, reddish, and bloody, with 
often broad, chunky, and irregular yellow or cheese-like masses. The 
quantity discharged is often enormous, completely plastering the manger 
and filling the nostrils. At times, the odor is very offensive, though, 
I believe, rarely so. The sense of smell is, in aggravated cases, blunted, 
and at times lost altogether. Cough is from the first a prominent symp- 
tom, and it is in most cases the first symptom which is noted. It is 
dry at first, and gradually grows looser, but more decided. The ani- 
mals frequently shake their heads, lengthen their necks, back or step 
up, seemingly to avoid pain, before and during a fit of coughing. In 
light cases the animals eat and drink nearly as usual ; but in aggravated 
cases they refuse food, are disinclined to move, look dejected, grow thin, 
are often cross. The tongue is hot, coated yellow or white, and is 
broad and flabby. The pulse varies from 35 to 60 per minute ; the 
respiration is hurried, particularly on even slight exertion. The ani- 
mal perspires easily, and coughs worse when working. The urine is 
scanty, frequently passed, and leaves a strong ammoniacal odor. When 
bronchitis or pneumonia follow, or are complications, the horse fre- 
quently stands with his forefeet braced and widely separated ; he shows 
tremor, seems anxious, gets thin, has dyspnoea with all the ordinary 
physical signs found in the human subject under similar circumstances." 

From Dr. Stowe's report* we also glean many particular indications 
for the remedies. 

* Hahnemannian Monthly, 1873. 



AND DISORDERS, ETC. 211 

177. Treatment. — Mild cases need rest only, with a warm, light, 
and dry stable ; the mangers should be thoroughly cleaned, as well 
as the stall and stable generally; the animal should be blanketed and 
kept warm ; the feed should be wet, so that no dust or must can be 
inhaled ; the patients should be taken out for exercise in good weather, 
but not led off of a walk, and the blankets may be removed at such 
times, unless it be in winter and quite cold. Aggravated cases require 
careful homoeopathic treatment, and no other. 

Of the great variety of remedies called for by the different forms 
assumed by this disorder in different sections of the country, we can 
undertake to present only the most important. In one section one 
class of symptoms would be the more prominent; another and quite 
different class would assume the pre-eminence in a different section, or 
in a remote part of the country. Thus it happened that cures were 
made in some places with remedies not at all used in others. And in 
any return of this epidemic, the practitioner will endeavor to seize upon 
the true type of the disorder, and find for it the exact homoeopathic 
simile ; and even then he will need to select his remedies with particular 
reference to the present condition of each individual patient. It is 
thus that brilliant cures are made in some cases, and the disorder 
shortened and robbed of its severity and danger in all others. 

Aconite. — This remedy may be useful in the first day or two of the 
more violent attacks. Its chief characteristic in this connection being 
the short, dry cough with which this form of influenza mostly sets in. 
But on account of the manifest tendency of this disorder to a typhoid 
condition, as shown by the quickly appearing debility, it is hardly 
probable that Aconite will exert a salutary influence even for a short 
time, unless in some rare cases of horses which have been very high 
fed and little exercised. 

Aconite may be indicated more particularly by shivering ; refusing 
water and food ; short and hurried respiration ; is uneasy ; may have 
much thirst ; pulse quick, but not very large ; blowing of nostrils, with 
discharge of thin, transparent mucus ; short, dry, harsh cough. 

Dose. — Ten drops may be dissolved in one pint of water, and a wine- 
glassful given once in two or three hours. 

This remedy is not indicated here by its own most important symp- 
toms, hard pulse and high fever — symptoms which scarcely find place 
in this epidemic. And even the initial cough, for which Aconite 
might seem required, will be far better remedied by Belladonna. 

Ammonium carbonicum. — This remedy, in the form of Hartshorn 
liniment, has been found very efficacious in the ordinary treatment of 



212 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

this epidemic. This is solely due to its homoeopathic correspondence 
to the disease. And even when externally applied it acts as an inter- 
nally administered homoeopathic medicine ; for its fumes are constantly 
inhaled into the system. 

Ammonium is indicated by dry coryza, fluent coryza, discharge of 
bloody mucus from the nose, coryza, with stoppage of the nose, worse at 
night, inflammation of the throat, angina, dry cough, especially at night, 
languor, glandular swellings in the throat. This remedy will be admir- 
ably adapted to the condition of overworked beasts who are seized with 
this epidemic. For the debility which results from the disease itself, 
Arsenicum may be more appropriate. For further indications, con- 
sult the Materia Medica. 

Dose. — Ten drops, once in three, four, or six hours ; or as advised 
for Aconite. 

Ammonium muriaticum. — This important remedy corresponds in 
many symptoms to the Ammo, carbonicum, but is especially indicated 
by cough, aggravated always by drinking. See previous account of 
experience of Dr. W. E. Payne. 

Belladonna. — This medicine is well known as one of the most re- 
markable for the cure of hooping-cough ; and the great resemblance of 
the primary cough of this epizootic to hooping-cough will naturally 
suggest Belladonna to the veterinarian. And its apparent homoeo- 
pathic similarity has been confirmed and proved to be real by much 
successful experience. Indeed, the resemblance between these two 
forms of cough is not confined to the sound. Both spring from im- 
pressions made upon the nervous system by some subtle miasm con- 
veyed through the medium of the inspired air. Belladonna is also 
suited to relieve whatever of congestion to the head may be present in 
the most violent forms of this disorder. And, finally, its powerful 
action on the throat will render it invaluable in removing inflamma- 
tion there, and in preventing thus the extension of the primary head 
affection to the bronchia. Belladonna acts also upon the bronchia 
themselves, particularly in the line of the present affection — of barking, 
apparently spasmodic or nervous cough — as already stated. Bella- 
donna may be more particularly indicated by: the animaPs laying 
back its ears ; drooping the head ; looks languid ; eyes dull ; has a 
short, dry cough, made worse by pressure on the windpipe; thick, 
white discharge from the nose. The appearance of the coryza or nasal 
flvrid and the loosening of the cough will show that the sphere of action 
of this remedy has passed, and we look to see which may be indicated 
next. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 213 

Pulsatilla. — This medicine may dispute the precedence with Arseni- 
cum and Nux vomica ; for one or the other, or more of these three 
remedies will be indicated in the great majority of cases of this disorder. 
Pulsatilla is called for in such instances as are " quiet, downcast, with 
great discharge from eyes and nose; but more watery and mild," want- 
ing the acrid quality which suggests Arsenicum. Pulsatilla will also 
be needed if there is much nasal catarrh, especially with yellowish- 
green discharge ; aggravation of fever and other symptoms in the even- 
ing and fore part of the night ; cough loose or wheezing, worse in ike 
morning ; flow of tears; loss of appetite; little thirst. 

Arsenicum. — This is one of the oftenest indicated remedies in this 
complaint, and one whose use was attended with the most happy re- 
sults. Its symptomatic indications are apparently very similar to those 
of Pulsatilla, and yet quite different. The nasal flux is more of the 
nature of a coryza, more fluent, watery, and even acrid. There is great 
debility from the beginning, with acrid, then corroding discharges. 
The cough is less catarrhal, more dry, as in the early stage of the com- 
plaint, and for this reason it mostly requires to come next after Bella- 
donna ; the eyes water profusely, and the fever is worse after midnight; 
cough dry, worse from cold air and at night after midnight (which is 
not the case with Pulsatilla), and from the least exertion; mouth dry ; 
thirst, but will drink only a little at a time. Arsenicum has also the 
shortness of breath, panting, heaving respiration, excessive debility, general 
languor, and restlessness, which go to make up the picture of this dis- 
ease. And in the more advanced stages of the disorder, characterized 
by .coldness of the legs, and disposition to dropsy, this powerful remedy 
has rescued valuable animals even when in an apparently hopeless 
condition. 

Arsenicum also is capable of antidoting the tendency to a typhoid 
state. It is eminently suited to remove from the system the malignant 
element of the disorder, and to prevent its triumphing over the vital 
powers. Many other more particular and minute symptoms might be 
brought forward which belong alike to this epidemic and to Arsenicum; 
but the great general indications already given will be abundantly suf- 
ficient to warrant its employment either by itself or in combination 
(alternation) with some other remedy. 

Dose. — Dissolve eight drops in a pint of water ; give a wineglassful 
once in three, or four hours ; Arsenicum has been very often alternated 
with Nux vomica in this disorder, and with apparent good effect. 

Nux vomica. — This remedy has been employed in numberless cases 
in alternation with Arsenicum, with the greatest success. A dose of 



214 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Arsenicum, four drops, would be given early in the morning, and again 
in the middle of the forenoon, and a similar dose of Nux vomica in the 
middle of the afternoon and at bedtime. Many veterinarians, however, 
preferred to give these two remedies directly in alternation, three or four 
hours apart. 

Nux will be required in those cases in which cramp or colic suddenly 
appears, indicating an extension of the mucous inflammation to the 
bowels. Here, also, Bryonia may be needed. Some post-mortem ex- 
aminations have shown evidence of enteritis, the bowel having been 
sphacelated. This will be prevented by these remedies. 

Nux vomica is particularly indicated by indisposition to move ; 
hanging down of the head; by copious discharge from botii nostrils; 
coryza, fluent by day, dry at night; sanguineous nasal mucus; fre- 
quent, dry, fatiguing, or continuous cough; cough with expulsion of wind 
from the bowels. This latter is a remarkable characteristic indication 
of Nux vomica in the cough of horses ; every time the animal coughs, 
air is violently forced out from the rectum. Cough always on being made 
to trot; this is another most decisive indication; while walking, as in 
harness, the horse does not cough ; but if made to trot, he coughs with 
every step, sometimes with expulsion of flatus from the bowel. Great 
listlessness (indifference), languor, and debility, like paralysis, drooping 
of the head. Trembling, hesitation, and weakness in the legs. Cold- 
ness of the legs. Great inclination to lie down. All these symptoms of 
paralytic debility, belonging to the cerebro-spinal nervous system, cor- 
respond to the prostrating indications of Arsenicum already referred to 
belonging to the sympathetic nervous system ; hence these two medicines 
have been found to work together admirably, rendering the attacks of 
this disease much lighter when given from the first, and procuring a 
much more speedy recovery in all cases. All that was said in the in- 
troduction to the present work with reference to the superior advantages 
of homoeopathic treatment in shortening sickness and in saving life, finds 
its proof and confirmation most abundantly in the history of the treat- 
ment by these remedies of this destructive epidemic. 

Bryonia. — This remedy finds its sphere of use after the cough has 
established itself, and become somewhat loose, and remains in spite of 
the medicines already employed. Its great power of promoting absolu- 
tion here comes into play with immense advantage. And the heaving, 
difficult respiration, too painful for comfort, and too short for safety, is 
soon improved by Bryonia, which removes at once the soreness and 
painfulness which occasions the distress, and the accumulated mucus 
which blocks up the bronchia. Numerous particular indications for this 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 215 

remedy may be found by referring to the Materia Medica ; but our 
object here, merely to point out the relative place of Bryonia in the 
treatment of this epidemic, is already accomplished. It is eminently 
characterized by cough worse in the open air and on motion; even the 
slightest movement manifestly aggravates the condition and gives pain. 
And the disappearance of these symptomatic indications will lead the 
veterinarian to look for some other remedy for the remaining diffi- 
culties. 

Sulphur. — This remedy will be found indispensable for the cure of 
the nasal catarrh, which shows a disposition to remain and become 
chronic. For this purpose it may very well succeed Bryonia, being 
equally capable of removing the lingering cough, or bronchial catarrh. 
But it is not advisable to give this remedy in frequently repeated doses. 
Six drops every morning will do good; larger doses, or more frequently 
repeated, will do harm. This remedy excites also a useful influence in 
antidoting a disposition to relapse, and to take cold on first going out 
after being shut up in the stable in winter. Sulphur is invaluable also 
in removing any tendency to other forms of disease which might 
threaten to succeed this epidemic. By reference to the Materia Medica 
many indications corresponding to particular cases may be found. But 
great debility with disposition to perspire, as a consequence of the pre- 
vious sickness, may be mentioned here as conditions which Sulphur is 
admirably adapted to improve. 

Rhus tox. — This remedy will be needed to assist in removing a 
stiffness of the joints and limbs consequent upon the epidemic, also swell- 
ing of the legs. It will be so much the more strongly indicated if the 
lameness and difficulty of movement seem to disappear, in a measure, 
upon exertion. Ten drops of the dilution may be given three times a 
day with advantage. 

Phosphorus. — This remedy was found suited to the form of the epi- 
zootic as it appeared in Philadelphia. Dr. Hering treated his own 
horses and those of his friends with this remedy and Bryonia, without 
any others, and cured all his cases. Phosphorus, as a leading remedy 
after the prodromic symptoms, is almost the first to be thought of. 
The nasal discharge is thick, greenish, heavy, copious, and at times 
very offensive ; the cough is hoarse, dry, hollow, racking, and painful, 
though at times the animal shows no pain ; pressure on the windpipe, 
dust, the odor from strong urine, cold air, and exercise aggravate the 
cough ; the expectoration is tough, yellow, green, rusty, and more 
abundant in the morning ; the animal loses flesh fast ; especially neces- 
sary in this complaint when the lungs become involved. Many other 



216 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

special characteristics of Phosphorus, which is alike adapted to dry and 
to loose or hoarse coughs, may be found in the Materia Medica. 

Tartar emetic has been found useful in some cases. It is peculiarly 
adapted to the loose catarrhal cough, and may be indicated in condi- 
tions to which Bryonia seems suited but does not do all. 

Dose. — Ten drops every four hours. 

Mercurius was successfully employed by some physicians in treating 
their horses. It was given after Aconite. 

Euphrasia was exactly adapted to the form of this disease in some 
sections. With this remedy, followed by Belladonna, some doctors 
cured their cases very happily. Symptoms : Profuse smarting lachry- 
mation and photophobia ; a dread of light ; frequently blows the nose 
(snorts) ; loose cough, with white and thin expectoration. 

Allium cepa proved of use in some instances. The following are 
the principal indications and characteristic symptoms : A profuse, thin, 
rather excoriating discharge of tears from the eyes, with redness of the 
same ; constant winking ; rubbing the eyes ; dread of light ; uneasiness. 
Profuse discharge of thin and milky mucus from the nose ; cough, with 
blowing out of much nasal mucus ; better in a well-ventilated room ; 
thirst, with mitigation of symptoms from drinking. 

Lycopodium. — Found by Dr. Payne (see previous portion of this 
section) to be indispensable in this epidemic when the cough was always 
brought on when going down hill. Coughs with this characteristic 
symptom have also been cured in horses with INfux vomica. 

Kali bichromicum. — Blows from the nostrils long strings of thick 
white or yellow mucus ; coughs up the same ; right nostril more affected 
than the left ; suited to sorrels and white horses. — Dr. Stowe. 

Many other medicines might be enumerated here, some of which 
have been employed, others of* which might be needed in case this dis- 
order return, as it surely will. But it is believed that those already set 
down will prove sufficient in the future as they have in the past, and 
in case others should be needed they may be found by a careful study 
of the remedies recommended for nasal catarrh, for influenza, for pneu- 
monia, and for cough. And these sections, the latter especially, may 
be studied for the sake of gathering more particular indications of the 
remedies above mentioned with general indications principally. 

Dose. — The selected remedy should be prepared in the manner indi- 
cated on page 34, and given once in three hours in the earlier stages 
of the disease. When the symptoms become less violent, a dose once 
in four hours will be often enough. When marked improvement ap- 
pears, the medicine may be given night and morning. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 217 

When the first onset of this disease is very violent it may be neces- 
sary to give the appropriate remedy every hour, for a few hours, and 
then once in two hours as the symptoms become less urgent. 

Diet. — Hay is grateful to the animals affected with this distemper, 
but should be denied to those very sick, and allowed to others only in 
moderate quantities. Bran-mashes warm and the drinking-water warm 
will be best suited to severe cases, in cold weather especially. Boiled 
turnips, boiled potatoes, and raw apples have been found useful, and 
to keep up the animal's strength in the later stages, corn-meal, over 
which scalding hot water has been poured, may be given in small por- 
tions, repeated every few hours, as the case may require. The horses 
should have warm blankets and warm bedding in cold weather ; the 
stable should be well ventilated, and when their condition will admit 
of it, they should be taken out doors and walked about a little, but not 
so much as to fatigue or distress them. If the legs become cold, they 
should be carefully and thoroughly rubbed every three hours, and in 
cold weather wrapped up in warm cloths. 

It has been customary to fumigate the stables with burning tar. 
This may serve in some instances to relieve the dry cough, or rather to 
diminish the bronchial irritability, but these advantages may be better 
secured by simply giving the appropriate homoeopathic medicines. The 
same may be said with reference to rubbing the throat with liniments ; 
the principal of these, as well as the best, are composed of hartshorn, — 
liquid Carbonate of ammonia, — and there is little doubt that if the old 
school veterinarians would confine their treatment of this and some 
other forms of head and throat distemper to the external and internal 
use of this valuable and truly homoeopathic remedy to such cases, they 
would be vastly more successful. But in the homoeopathic veterinary 
practice this remedy should be employed by itself when believed to be 
indicated, as others, specially called for, by themselves or in alterna- 
tion. The homoeopathic treatment is successful just in proportion as 
it is strictly adhered to and faithfully carried out, and in the treatment 
of this epidemic, which bears some relation to the rinderpest and 
American (Texas) cattle plague, little more need be asked for in the 
way of success than has already been attained. 

178. Rinderpest — Cattle Plague of Great Britain. — The Rinder- 
pest, or, as this German name is literally translated, the Cattle Plague, 
belongs to the class of zymotic diseases, those in which, according to the 
former pathology, the blood was believed to undergo a ferment. It is 
equally contagious, malignant, and fatal. It is a blood-disease ; but the 



218 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

blood experiences a change much worse than fermentation ; for it be- 
comes infected with the virus of the disorder, so that every single particle 
of the blood from an affected animal becomes capable of infecting all 
the blood of any other animal of the ox kind, with which it may be 
brought into contact. The rinderpest took its rise, according to au- 
thentic history, more than one thousand years ago, in the vast, elevated 
plains ("steppes") of Asiatic Russia. And how many hundreds or 
even thousands of years further back it may have prevailed, — the same 
infectious and malignant disorder, although somewhat various in the 
form of its manifestation, — is still, a matter of dispute. During the 
last hundred and twenty-five years many tens of millions of cattle have 
perished from this disorder in Europe alone.* The following is a brief 
account of this form of murrain, as it appeared in Great Britain in June, 
1865 ; brought by some Esthonian cattle imported from Copenhagen, 
and which in the short space of nine months destroyed three hundred 
thousand cattle. 

Symptoms. — The period of incubation varies with the mode of intro- 
duction of the poison ; where the disease has been inoculated it makes 
its appearance in four or five days ; when it is caught in the usual 
manner, in from eight to ten days. Within thirty-six or forty-eight 
hours after inoculation the blood is so thoroughly contaminated that a 
single drop is sufficient to develop the disease in all its malignity when 
employed as an inoculative medium for another animal. 

Primary and Successive Appearances, and External Symptoms of First 
Stage. — When first taken, the animal loses its appetite ; ceases to chew 
its cud ; gradually becomes constipated ; the dung is of a dark color 
and sometimes covered with slime; cows diminish their flow of milk. 
The animal stands in the same posture; looks depressed; with droop- 
ing head and reclining ears. There is also loss of the natural heat. 
The beast is remarkably heavy and dull; hangs its head, lowers its 
ears, stays behind the herd, and when in the stable keeps away from 
the crib. The head sometimes shakes to and fro ; if lifted up it goes 
down again like a dead weight; there appears also an uneasy, excited 
condition ; the animal acts as if in pain, stamps its feet, frequently lows, 
butts with its horns, and runs away from the herd. Trembling motions 
occur; the hairs bristle up; the insertions of the horns are sometimes 

* "Annual Report of the New York State Agricultural Society," 1867; to this 
volume, from which we have condensed our notice of the rinderpest, the reader is 
referred for a detailed account of all that is known of the history of this disorder in 
Europe, and for a complete illustration of its pathological anatomy, set forth in 
numerous colored (lithographic) engravings. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 219 

cold, sometimes warm ; the palate is dry ; the eyes shining. Respira- 
tion is slightly quickened ; there may be cough, with great difficulty 
of breathing, the animal making more noise on expiration than in 
pleuro-pneumonia. The vulva assumes a reddish tinge, of which the 
color deepens as the disease advances. The mouth shows a faint red 
or purple line on the under gums along the roots. 

In the second or congestive stage the pulse rises (from the healthy 
standard of forty-five to sixty, in the field and stable respectively) to 
eighty, ninety, or even one hundred and ten beats in a minute. Res- 
piration becomes from forty to ninety-six, instead of eighteen or twenty 
per minute, as in health. Temperature lowered and vitality depressed, 
characterize this disease throughout its course. Exudations from the 
eyes, nose, mouth, and vulva form with rapidity, consisting of a glairy, 
ropy mucus. An abundant yellow or bloody, stringy discharge comes 
from the nostrils, which gradually becomes white and fetid, and a 
tough, viscid slime flows from the corners of the mouth. The anus 
is frequently highly congested ; the urine becomes loaded with blood, 
and is passed with considerable pain and difficulty. 

With convalescence the animal improves in appearance ; begins to 
take food and chew the cud. An itching, scabby eruption sometimes 
appears on the skin of the nape or sides of the neck, or on the back. 
But when the disorder takes an unfavorable turn, and the period of 
congestion is not relieved by favorable indications, then follow the 
symptoms which result in death. Diarrhoea, often dysenteric in its 
character, or thin, watery, and offensive in the highest degree, sets in, 
exhaustion, accompanied by intense restlessness follows, and death takes 
place in consequence of the failure of the vital forces, which have been 
overwhelmed in the putrefactive dissolution of the fluids and solids of the 
body. Sometimes where the symptoms seem to have been improving, 
the animal suddenly becomes more dull, the head drops, the eyes look 
heavier, the conjunctivae are almost livid, the teeth are ground; the 
animal butts at everything within its reach, oftentimes becoming 
furious, and suddenly dies. 

With the following description of the course of the disease in a cow 
that had been inoculated by inserting in both sides of the neck be- 
tween the shoulders woollen threads saturated with the secretions from 
the eyes of a yearling calf, we close our account of this malignant dis- 
order: "On the sixth day, short, hacking cough. On the seventh 
day, loss of vivacity, drooping head and hanging ears; rumination 
ceased ; shaking of the head ; gnashing of teeth ; hair bristling, and skin 
lying in folds. On the right side auscultation showed blowing mur- 



220 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

murs; and percussion, dulness. On the same evening eyes and nose 
began to run; milk diminished, and had a strong, salty taste; respira- 
tion and pulsation equal to sixty per minute. On the eighth day these 
rose to eighty ; secretions increased; ears and horns alternately hot and 
cold ; mouth hot ; chilliness over the whole body ; neither eat nor drank. 
On the ninth day respiration one hundred, with sighing; left side of 
bowels tympanitic, but normal at six p.m., when the pulse was eighty- 
eight ; diarrhoea mixed with blood ; aphthous appearance of the vulva. 
On the tenth day, pulse one hundred and eight; respiration fifty and 
sighing ; bloody diarrhoea ; colliquative flux from nose and eyes ; body 
cold, and death at six p.m. 7 '* 

The morbid anatomy of this and many other similar cases is well 
described in the report already cited, and made clear to the eye by 
numerous colored lithographs. 

Treatment. — Says Professor Gamgee :f " Little can be done in the 
way of treatment beyond, &c, &c. ; but all treatment appears jutile." 
Such is the honest confession of the old school, or allopathic veterinary 
practice. It remains to show with what success homoeopathy has strug- 
gled with this deadly plague. But before proceeding with this, it is 
proper to refer to a method from which, at one time, great results were 
expected — inoculation. The plan is the same as inoculation with small- 
pox in men, which was deemed a great discovery, till superseded by 
Dr. Jenner's safer and equally certain method of vaccination, or inocu- 
lation with cow-pox matter. Inoculation for the cattle plague failed 
for the same reason that the inoculation with small-pox matter failed, 
that many cases proved fatal. And this method of attempting to arrest 
the progress of the rinderpest proved less successful just in proportion 
to the greater malignity and fatality of this disorder. 

179. Treatment. — The remedies which were found most effectual 
in treating the cattle plague of Great Britain are reported by James 
Moore, M.K.C.V.S., and A. C, Pope, M.D., the former a well-known 
veterinary surgeon, and the latter an eminent physician, who took great 
interest in practically studying the treatment for the sake of testing the 
power of homoeopathic remedies to cope with this malignant disease. 

* " If the disorder continued beyond the seventh or ninth day, if the breath con- 
tinued hot and the body cold, and the discharge from the eyes and nose increased, the 
animal appearing in pain, death was usually near." 

Delabere Blaine, " Outlines of the Veterinary Art," London, 1841, p. 294, from 
Dr. Lagard's Account of the Murrain in England in 1757. 

f "Dairy Stock, its Selection, Diseases, and Produce, &c." By Prof. John 
Gamgee: Edinburgh, 1861, p. 142; speaking of the Rinderpest of Europe. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 221 

And from the reports of these gentlemen we glean some hints as to the 
particular indications of the remedies employed.* 

Arsenicum. — This remedy was largely given as a prophylactic; but 
although it was at first believed to have exerted a favorable influence 
in some cases, and possibly to have warded off the disease in a few in- 
stances, its positive value to prevent the cattle plague generally is more 
than doubtful. In Mr. Moore's hands Arsenicum proved successful in 
one case, in which the animal had running from the eyes and mouth, 
and loss of appetite and milk. In another case where the cow was 
enormously emphysematous all over, except the ears and tail, so much 
so that the pulse could not be felt ; when the respiration was 80 per 
minute ; great difficulty of breathing ; the paunch much distended ; 
the nose poked out, and the faeces slimy, Mr. Moore saw little hope 
of recovery ; but prescribed a teaspoonful of Liquor arsenicalis and the 
same dose of Liquor ammonice, every two hours in alternation, with 
perfect recovery. Dr. Pope found Arsenicum chiefly useful in meeting 
the prostration about the fifth or sixth day. 

Lose. — Ten drops thoroughly mixed in a pint of water ; two table- 
spoonfuls to be given every three hours. 

Belladonna. — According to Dr. Pope, Belladonna more than any 
other' remedy corresponds to the prominent features of the English 
cattle plague. The difficult breathing, the congested mouth and throat, 
the engorged conjunctiva, the general congestion which pervades the 
mucous surfaces, with desquamation following, all point to this as 
the remedy par excellence. It has been, he says, " more valuable than 
any other we have used." The first, second, and third dilutions were 
tried in the early cases, but they were by no means so satisfactoiy in 
their action as the pure tincture, which was given in from four to ten- 
drop doses every two, three, or four hours. 

Mr. Moore reports a case in which he gave Belladonna and Bryonia 
with success ; the following were the symptoms : Pulse 72 ; respiration 
50 ; crepitation in left lung ; the membranes of the eye and nose red- 
dened ; the nasal wings swollen ; the muzzle spotted with purple-colored 
spots ; running from nose and eyes ; the vagina reddened ; the appetite 
and lacteal secretion diminished ; cudding suspended. Another case, 
a cow suffering from well-marked symptoms of the plague, such as dis- 
charge from the eyes and nostrils ; redness of the vagina in stripes ; 
pulse 76 ; respiration 64 ; crepitation in left lung ; little appetite ; ru- 
mination suspended ; diminished secretion of milk — recovered under 

* Monthly Homoeopathic Eeview, March and February, 1866. 



222 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Belladonna and Phosphorus. A cure was effected with these same 
remedies of another cow presenting the following symptoms: Pulse 72; 
respiration 60; crepitation in right lung; violent purging of thin, 
offensive fluid ; eyes sunken, and discharging muco-pus ; nasal mem- 
brane very red ; discharge from nostrils; short cough; head protruded; 
milk gone ; cudding suspended ; vagina red and mattery. 

Phosphorus w T as equally valuable with Belladonna, and given in 
alternation with it, in cases where the lungs became decidedly involved, 
and yet there was not the profound prostration which required Arseni- 
cum. Dr. Moore* reports a couple of cases cured with Phosphorus and 
Belladonna. These cases have been cited under the head of Belladonna. 
The cattle plague in Holland was successfully encountered by Phos- 
phorus in the sixth dilution. For the characteristic symptoms and 
indications for Phosphorus, in addition to the crepitation just mentioned, 
reference should be made to this medicine under the titles of " Treat- 
ment of Pleuropneumonia," " Pneumonia," " Equine Epizootic of 
1872," and " Cough." It should be given in ten-drop doses well 
mixed in a little water. 

Rhus tox. — The chief indication for this remedy, according to Dr. 
Pope, has been found in the muscular twitchings which characterize 
this disease in some of its stages. 

Dose. — Same as for Arsenicum. 

Mercurins has been found useful when the mouth has been long 
congested, and the patches of desquamation are general. 

Dose. — As advised for Arsenicum. 

Ammonium cansticum, first decimal, is of service when there is 
much abdominal distension, with heavy breathing and painful moaning. 

Dose. — Six to ten drops in a little water, every hour, till relieved. 

Terebinth (Turpentine), first decimal, has been of signal service in 
checking hematuria, a symptom which did not yield to Cantharis. 

Dose. — As above indicated for Amnion, caust. 

Phosphoric acid, first decimal, Mercurius solubilis, and Arsenic 
have appeared to control the diarrhoea more than any other remedies, 
according to Dr. Pope ; " but they have not proved altogether satisfac- 
tory. In a future case I should be disposed to try Muriatic acid or 
China. It has been a more difficult symptom to meet than any other." 
This diarrhoea must always be an incurable symptom in the last stages 
of the disorder ; then it simply results from the final decomposition of 
the tissues and dissolution of vital solids and fluids alike. 

* Monthly Homoeopathic Keview, March, 1866, p. 154. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 223 

In addition to the above-mentioned remedies, others, called antisep- 
tics, snch as Phenic acid (the original name for Carbolic acidj, Condy's 
Fluid (a solution of Permanganate of Potassa), and Arsenious acid, in 
the form of Liquor arsenicalis (Fowler's Solution), have been employed 
with great success. " Many of the veterinary surgeons in Holland 
believed that the disease was of parasitic origin, and on that ground 
they tried the Phenic (Carbolic) acid, and with considerable success.- '* 
Later experience, especially in the United States, demonstrates the 
power of these remedies to destroy the virus of the cattle plague, ex- 
ternally and internally ; but the Phenic (Carbolic) acid is by far the 
most efficacious of all. And the use of this internally in this class of 
infectious disorders renders it for them an abortive or preventive 
treatment. 

For further views of the antiseptic treatment of this malignant and 
infectious disorder, see the " Treatment of the American or Texas 
Cattle Plague," in the following section. 

180. " Texas Cattle Disease " — " Spanish Fever " — The American 
Rinderpest. — In June, 1868, a cattle disease appeared at Cairo, Illi- 
nois, which was quickly recognized as that called "Spanish Fever" in 
the Gulf States. This scourge previous to the late war had repeatedly 
crossed the Texan border, and swept off immense numbers of cattle in 
Kansas and Missouri. From Cairo it now spread through the interior 
of Illinois and Indiana, and made itself known along all the great 
lines of communication between the West and New York City. It was 
brought by cattle driven from Texas, and hence became known as the 
"Texas Cattle Disease." But the infection conveyed by these animals 
to the "native" cattle of the States through which they passed was 
vastly more fatal to the latter than to the former. Indeed, it was af- 
firmed at first, that the wild cattle from Texas, though imparting the 
disease to others, themselves constantly escaped ; but this was soon 
disproved. From the very able, elaborate, and complete Report of the 
New York State Agricultural Society, 1867, Part II, we have derived 
the material of the following statement of the symptoms and course of 
this disease, often employing in whole paragraphs, and descriptions of 
individual cases, the very words of the writer. And to this Report, 
illustrated as it is with numerous colored plates, the reader is referred 
for an exhaustive account of the natural history and pathology of the 
Texas cattle plague. 

* Monthly Homoeopathic Review, Dec., 1865, p. 746. 



224 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Origin. — The causes which originally developed the disease in ques- 
tion among the savage cattle owned by thousands in the wilds of Texas, 
it is not within our province to discuss. Suffice it to say, in number- 
less instances, steers selected at random from droves of Texan cattle 
which were to all external appearance in perfect health, would present 
on being slaughtered "the unmistakable scars which this disease in- 
variably leaves upon the coats of the stomach." And the hardships 
and privations of the long journeys which these poor animals were 
compelled to make — unable to sleep and deprived of all food and even 
water for many days in succession — sufficed to develop the seeds of 
this disorder already present in their systems into a state of virulence 
which destroyed whole herds, and in some instances completely exter- 
minated the domestic cattle in the regions through which these herds 
were transported. 

Nor was the manner in which the infection was communicated to 
what in contradistinction from the Texan droves were called "native" 
cattle, the least remarkable circumstance in the history of this Ameri- 
can rinderpest. Native animals mingling freely with these Texan 
strangers would of course receive from them personally whatever of 
infection they had to impart. But in the great majority of instances 
in which this plague was communicated, there had been no such 
personal intercourse. But wherever the foreign cattle had traversed 
the roads or been pastured, or even herded over night, their droppings 
retained so much and so active a form of the virus, that all native ani- 
mals that occupied the same ground, even weeks or months after, 
rapidly sickened, and the greater number of them died. 

The poison was apparently communicated to them through being ab- 
sorbed by openings in the cleft. For native cattle have been known 
to take this disease from being only driven over the same roads which 
had been traversed recently by those from Texas. In other cases there 
is no doubt that the disease is propagated through the excrements 
(droppings) coming in contact with the food, grass, and so being taken 
into the stomach of the animal. Hence the stomach, bowels, and kid- 
neys are seen to become the primary seats of the disease. The rains 
which might be supposed capable of washing away and totally dissipa- 
ting this poison, but served to render it more quickly fatal. Only the 
hard frosts which appeared late in autumn could effectually destroy it. 
Until then the very grass seemed alive with this death-dealing ele- 
ment. 

Symptoms. — The first indication of the presence of this disease con- 
sisted in increased heat of the body as shown by the thermometer. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 225 

The natural heat is about 100° Fahrenheit ; the temperature in those 
first beginning to be affected would be 102° or 103°, while in the more 
advanced stages of the disease, it rose as high as 106° or 107°. And 
even the internal organs, immediately after the beast was slaughtered, 
would carry the mercury up to 106°. This remarkable and uniform 
augmentation of temperature became an invaluable prognostic of the 
onset of the disease ; since it could be found three or even five days be- 
fore the appearance of the more obvious external symptoms. And 
this interval admitted of the timely administration of medicines calcu- 
lated to antidote the poison in the system even before it had fully de- 
veloped itself. 

The period of incubation was very short; in some instances native 
cattle have died within four or five days of being exposed to the infec- 
tion. But the rapidity of the course of this disorder may depend some- 
what upon the amount and intensity of the poison absorbed into the 
system. In other instances the native cattle began to be sick about two 
weeks after some Texas droves had remained over night in their vicinity. 

In the beginning of the disease there is an uncertainty of step and 
trembling, showing an inability to remain firmly standing on the feet, 
and with this a disinclination to move ; the head drooping. The ap- 
petite does not seem to be impaired, nor is there any unusual thirst ; 
the skin is alternately hot and cold ; the secretion of milk is dimin- 
ished ; and about the fourth or fifth day a marked change in the ap- 
pearance of the animal takes place. The abdominal walls are shrunken, 
the animals becoming lean, breathing quick and short, and do not have 
strength enough to raise themselves, and when raised cannot remain in 
that position for any length of time. The secretion of milk decreases 
daily, the secretion itself continuing until death, and is of a thick, 
creamy character. The secretion of urine is also changed, the animal 
having a constant desire to urinate, succeeding, however, in ejecting 
only a small quantity of bloody urine. The faeces are discharged with 
great effort, and are dry and hard. It is not easy to separate into any 
distinct stages the course of a disorder which so rapidly reaches its 
conclusion ; but we give successive pictures. 

In the more advanced progress of the disease, the animals stand 
apart from their fellows ; present a listless appearance ; the head hang- 
ing low down ; the base of the horns hot ; the ears drooping ; the eyes 
dull and staring; the spine, or back, peculiarly arched; the hind feet 
being drawn under the body and placed in a bracing attitude ; a trem- 
ulous creeping over the flank muscles, with frequent efforts at voiding 
faeces, which are generally small, hard, and rounded, and covered, with. 

15 



226 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

bloody mucus. In the further stages of the disease, there may be 
diarrhoea, and frequent passing of urine, which has a dark and bloody 
appearance. A fully developed case presented the following symp- 
toms : An arched or roached back ; head carried low down ; ears 
drooping ; eyes staring, with a dull, glassy appearance ; gait tremu- 
lous, and staggering in the hind quarters ; the faeces hard and streaked 
with blood ; urine copious, and bloody in appearance ; pulse about 
eighty ; respiration, forty in a minute ; the temperature of the rectum, 
as shown by the thermometer, was 107° Fahrenheit. The debility 
becomes so great, with refusal to eat, that the animal lies down, and 
is unable to rise ; death closes the scene. 

The rapidity with which, after its period of incubation, this disease 
advances may be judged from the following statement of the condition 
of a steer sick only thirty -two hours : Temperature of rectum, 107f ° 
Fahr. ; respiration, 36 ; pulse, 76 ; from nostrils, profuse mucous dis- 
charge, streaked with blood ; anus appears dry and contracted ; faeces 
almost natural ; urine bloody ; the animal balances himself by strongly 
twisting his head and neck to the left. The condition of an ox in the 
last stage of the disease, and unable to rise, is thus briefly stated : Head 
drooping near the ground ; eyes staring, dull ; horns cold ; body hot ; 
breathing rapid ; pulse feeble, unable to count it ; coat rough, flies ad- 
herent; temperature of rectum, 106J° Fahr. In another case, the 
temperature of the blood flowing from the aorta as it was slaughtered 
was 107° Fahr. The following description of another sick animal, 
also far advanced, will complete our picture, from which the reader 
will have no difficulty in recognizing the disorder, when the first case 
presents itself before him : A four-year-old steer, standing with head 
low down ; saliva running from the mouth ; ears drooping ; eyes star- 
ing, glassy, and dull ; coat rough ; arched spine ; hind feet drawn 
under the body ; voiding bloody urine ; faeces fluid and dark ; gait 
staggering ; trembling (subsultus) of a portion of the flank muscles ; 
great debility ; unable to walk any distance without falling down ; 
rising with great difficulty ; temperature of rectum, 105J° Fahr. 

Upon milch cows the general effect of this disorder is the same as 
upon other stock ; in most cases the flow of milk is instantly stopped. 
In two cases, which came under the observation of Mr. Atkins, a lead- 
ing agriculturist of Illinois, of cows with calf, the disease culminated 
in abortion, which was followed by immediate convalescence of both 
animals. Milch cows seem to be very susceptible to the disease. 
Calves are not so. Not a single instance, says Mr. Atkins, have I 
known of a calf dying of the disease. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 227 

When dead animals are examined, even three or four hours after 
death has taken place naturally from this disorder, it is found that 
putrefactive decomposition has already begun. And in some instances 
it was found in the dissection which instantly followed the slaughter 
of condemned animals, that putrescent disorganization was already in 
progress in the kidneys, spleen, and liver, and the capillary bloodves- 
sels of these organs and the surrounding tissues were already filled 
with gases resulting from general decomposition.* From the very 
nature of the malignant virus, which thus begins to putrefy the viscera 
even before life is extinct, it is evident that the disease itself — the ob- 
vious results of this virus — must run a very rapid course. In some 
recorded cases death occurred in four days from the first appearance of 
sickness ; in one in particular, the sickness set in ten days after expo- 
sure, and the animal died in a few hours. Thus it has been considered 
by some a fever of but one paroxysm. This last access of fever, which 
marks the sudden close of the animal's life, is ushered in by a chill. 
And from this and many other observed analogies, as well as from its 
far Southern origin, this disorder has been regarded as corresponding 
to the yellow fever in man. Indeed it is by Dr. Stites affirmed that 
the Texas cattle disease may properly be termed the yellow fever in 
cattle. But it is doubtful if the yellow fever in man possesses a virus 
so malignant, infectious, and contagious as this cattle plague does. 
This latter disease may be communicated to horses ; and an account is 
given by Mr. Hill, of Tolono, Illinois, of the prevalence of this Texas 
epizootic among the horses of the same district in which the cattle had 
been swept away before the horses began to die. In some cases, the 
disease has been found complicated with pleuro-pneumonia. What is 
quite singular, calves appear to remain exempt from this disease. 

Pathology. — The liver presents, upon examination after death, an in- 
crease in size and weight, and shows sometimes a " waxy " condition, 
especially in animals that had suffered long with the disease. Some- 
times there appeared a similarity to that peculiar "dry " condition which 
occurs in long-protracted fatal cases of yellow fever in man. The spleen 
also is very much enlarged, no doubt from the necessity laid upon it to 
become the temporary " waste-gate to the portal and gastric circulation/' 
in consequence of the engorgements and obstructions in the circulation 



* The following statement of the condition of the internal organs of an animal 
examined immediately after death shows that he died of putrid blood-poison: 
11 Liver enlarged, softened ; weight, 16| pounds ; gall very thick, dark ; bladder, 
one quart of urine, dark, bloody; kidneys perfectly disorganized ; rectum gangre- 
nous; spleen an enlarged, engorged, pulpy mass." 



228 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

of the liver. The kidneys would likewise be enlarged, dark-colored, and 
engorged throughout with dark blood. Their functional action was 
kept up almost to the last in the desperate effort of Nature to free her- 
self from this disorder ; hence the dark bloody urine which character- 
izes this disease, and with many people gives its distinguishing name 
of " black water." The kidneys, of course, became themselves destruc- 
tively affected by the poison they attempted to eliminate from the blood, 
and presented on dissection evidences of that " marvellous rapidity of 
disorganization and putrefaction " to which we have already referred as 
attacking the abdominal viscera even before death. 

131. Treatment. — The American rinderpest bears a striking resem- 
blance to that already described as prevalent in Europe at various 
periods for many centuries, and it especially corresponds to the form 
so lately raging in Great Britain. The more common homoeopathic 
preparations which then proved so successful, as well in Holland as in 
England, would no doubt be applicable to such a variety of this dis- 
order as appeared in the United States. But there is another remedy, 
Carbolic acid, which is no less truly homoeopathic to this complaint, 
and which, both as a preventive and as a remedial measure, leaves little 
to be desired. This most powerful antiseptic given in large doses de- 
stroys all the normal vital germs in the blood, and hass been known 
thus to produce death in three minutes.* In smaller doses, Carbolic 
acid has the wonderful faculty of attacking and destroying all the ab- 
normal or diseased living germs in the blood, and thus it acts inter- 
nally as an antiseptic in the same manner that it does externally. 
Hence this drug becomes a homoeopathic agent seemingly prepared for 
this very class of infectious virulent disorders, which yield with so much 
difficulty to any other medicines, since, in small doses, it saves life (by 
destroying abnormal or infectious germs) in exactly the same manner 
that in larger doses it destroys life by destroying all the vital germs. 

The treatment of the cattle plague in America may be divided into 
two stages : one preventive or prophylactic, the other curative. As the 
New York State Commissioners observe in the conclusion of their re- 
port: "With reasonable care on the part of stock-owners in keeping 

* Carbolic acid " acts by attacking vitality in some mysterious way. The pow- 
erful action which this drug exerts on the phenomena of life is the most remarkable 
property which it possesses. In the presence of carbolic acid the development of 
embryotic life is impossible, and before its. powerful influence all minute forms of 
animal life must inevitably perish." — Wm. Crookes, F.R.S., " On the Application 
of Disinfectants in Arresting the Spread of the Cattle Plague." London : 1867. 



etc. 229 

themselves supplied with carbolic acid in some one or more of its forms, 
and using it freely on their premises, there appears to be a perfect im- 
munity from diseases that have, hitherto, carried inevitable destruction 
wherever they appeared. 

" Further than this, the observations of the Commission warrant the 
belief that this same agent possesses curative properties of the greatest 
value when applied to - foot-rot ? in sheep. 

" From the fact that carbolic acid acts specifically upon all germs or 
seeds of disease that are propagated in a manner similar to the spores 
or fungous parasites of the Texan disease, it is not too much to hope 
that it may be used successfully in the treatment of many diseases in 
animals heretofore regarded as incurable, especially the glanders in 
horses ; inasmuch as the recent researches of the world-renowned Hal- 
lier, of Jena, have brought to light in the nasal discharges and circu- 
lating blood of gland ered horses the Coniothecium equinum, a micro- 
scopic parasite of the same genus as the Coniothecium stilesianum, which 
is the active agent in the Texas cattle disease."* 

"Disinfection and Disinfectants. — Carbolic acid is an absolute and 
perfect disinfectant. It not only destroys the odor, but kills the virus 
of the disease. We advise all farmers and drovers who have reason to 
suspect that their cattle have been exposed to the infection, to sprinkle 
the substance known as ' heavy oil/ which contains about ten per cent, 
of carbolic acid, abundantly about the yards where they are confined, 
and to put some carbolic acid into the water they drink in the propor- 
tion of one part of pure acid, with thrice its own weight of sal soda, to 
one thousand parts of pure water." 

For medical treatment the following method has proved very suc- 
cessful, as may be judged from a single statement. Out of a herd of 
thirty head, eighteen were diseased ; nine of these died before any treat- 
ment was instituted, the other nine were saved in the following man- 
ner : " The sick animals were placed in a small inclosure by themselves. 
Pure carbolic acid was placed in a large open-mouthed bottle, dissolved 
in water. This was held to the nostrils, and given by inhalation at short 
and repeated intervals. The heavy oil of coal-tar, containing seventy 
per cent, of carbolic acid, was liberally sprinkled upon the yard where 
they were kept, thus presenting the fumes of the carbolic acid constantly. 
The feeding was low diet, plenty of water, salt, and outdoor air."f 



* Annual Keport of New York State Agricultural Society, 1867, Part II, p. 974. 
By reference to the section on " Glanders," it will be seen that the anticipation 
above given has been confirmed. 

f New York State Agricultural Society Keport, 1867, Part II, p. 1025. 



230 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Carbolic acid seems to exert the same direct specific influence in de- 
stroying the noxious virulent germs of the infection of glanders and 
the cattle plague that camphor does in antidoting strychnine, or bella- 
donna in antidoting poisonous doses of opium. Carbolic acid may, 
indeed, have been first introduced into medical practice by the allo- 
paths, but it is none the less strictly homoeopathic in its remedial action, 
and is very properly given by homoeopaths, even in considerable doses. 
But the method of administering this drug by inhalation, which old 
school veterinarians have found most efficacious, is the very one for 
which Hahnemann, the founder of homoeopathy, has been subjected to 
such unsparing ridicule, 



Section II. 

CATARRH OR SIMPLE COLD, HOOSE, MURRAIN, CATARRHAL FEVER, 
SIMPLE AND MALIGNANT, EPIDEMIC CATARRH. 

Influenza. — The hoose (catarrh), simple or epidemic, and the malig- 
nant epidemic distemper or murrain of cattle, the common cold and 
epidemic disease (of very rare occurrence) amongst sheep, the catarrh 
of pigs, and that as well as the catarrhal and malignant disease of 
horses, and, lastly, the distemper of dogs, have been classed under one 
general head, because they are so intimately connected as frequently 
to constitute different stages of the same disease ; although it should 
be added, respecting the distemper of dogs, that it is not necessarily a 
catarrhal disorder (properly so called), whereas all the others are. 

182. Eoose, Epidemic Catarrh, and Murrain. — Symptoms: Hoose 
consists of symptoms very analogous to those already described under 
the head of nasal discharge and strangullion, with the distinction that 
the inflammation of hoose is always accompanied with cough, and that 
it extends farther down the throat and air-tubes, affecting the glands 
of the mouth and throat generally. On the first development of the 
cough, there is often no appearance of constitutional disturbance, the 
appetite and rumination are unaffected, there is no heaving of the 
flanks, and the muzzle is naturally moist; but unless the incipient 
stage of hoose be obviated by appropriate regimen and treatment, it 
will soon assume a more serious aspect; the muzzle will become dry, 
the pulse accelerated and full, or small and hard, the root of the horn 
will manifest increased development of heat, the appetite will be irregu- 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 231 

lar and diminished, rumination will be slow, listless, or suspended ; 
the coat will assume the characteristic roughness of fever. Or, at other 
times, these active symptoms will subside, and the disease will degen- 
erate into chronic cough ; the flesh falls away unaccountably, the milk 
is diminished, and, finally, fails; the lungs become permanently dis- 
eased, and confirmed and hopeless consumption ensues. Or, on the 
other hand, during the prevalence of catarrh or influenza, as an epi- 
demy, the neglected hoose will almost invariably degenerate into 

Epidemic Catarrh, which is attended with obstinate and intractable 
costiveness in its first stage, followed by equally invincible diarrhoea, 
the disease making fearful and rapid strides in sapping the constitu- 
tion and wasting away the flesh ; the evacuations become putrid, black, 
and in every respect indicate the rapid approach of a gangrenous con- 
dition ; tumors, accompanied (as also the skin generally is) with a 
peculiar crepitating sound upon pressure, become developed, about the 
joints, head, ears, neck, loins, and back. The discharges from the 
nostrils or mouth becoming excessively fetid, the breath tainted, the 
skin adhering to the ribs, the coat rough and staring, the gait oscillat- 
ing and uncertain, with reluctance or inability to move. The epidemic 
variety of catarrhal affections amongst cattle is virulent and infectious 
to an inconceivable degree, and becoming incorporated with the com- 
plications of other critical diseases becomes fatal in the majority of cases, 
according to the old method of treatment. 

183. The Murrain of cattle is another disease of identical origin 
and primary character, but of redoubled malignity — more severe gen- 
erally amongst cattle than horses, and of the most intractable and fatal 
character. It appears to occur in the double character of an epidemic 
and endemic disease, which is more or less prevalent at the moulting 
seasons (the spring and fall) every year, but which, on some occasions, 
rages with peculiar fatality over particular districts, where, owing to 
the greater proportion of woodland, evaporation is rendered slow and 
imperfect : or where, owing to swamps or imperfect drainage, the soil 
is constantly saturated with moisture. The primary seat of the disease 
may be traced to the organs of respiration, and the portions of the 
system immediately connected with them ; but it is invariably so com- 
plicated as to involve the whole, and all parts, of the system, more or 
less, in the progress of its development; and it finally assumes a fatal 
typhoid character. It may either be dependent upon neglected hoose 
or epidemic catarrh, or may appear from the onset in its idiopathic 
character. 



232 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Symptoms of Murrain amongst Cattle. — The incipient symptoms are 
very analogous to those already described; but the cough is gener- 
ally more severe, apparently causing much pain, very commonly un- 
attended with any other manifestation for many days, and generally 
more continual or frequent than that to which we have before had 
occasion to allude, and which even becomes still more reiterated and 
somewhat convulsive; by degrees, the flanks begin to heave, and after- 
wards become compressed, when the peculiar tenderness is replaced by 
more or less insensibility of the parts; heat of the mouth (which soon 
emits more or less dark sanguineous matter) and breath, with coldness 
of the base of the horns, becomes developed ; accelerated or irregular, 
small and wiry pulse, afterwards becoming, by degrees, more and more 
feeble ; the whole course of the spine, together with the entire surface 
of the skin, becomes characteristically tender of the touch; matter 
mingled with blood is discharged from the nostrils, which are often 
contracted convulsively ; incapability of retaining a recumbent position, 
or even a continually erect position, with few, if any, intervals of re- 
cumbency ; evacuations always very dark (black) ; sometimes, however, 
hard and costive, or at other times quite liquid and peculiarly offen- 
sive, and becoming more so; phlegm, and afterwards blood, predomi- 
nate; the respiration becoming more rapid as the pulse becomes more 
feeble; cold and very offensive sweat; stench from the mouth and 
nostrils with the breath ; the gait becomes oscillating ; there is a pecu- 
liar and continual moaning or lowing ; the eyes are swollen and watery ; 
there is continual grinding of the teeth, and a peculiar convulsive semi- 
jactitation of the head; during the course of these symptoms the tumors 
or blains which identify this disease begin to appear about the body, 
<fcc., and as they proceed to suppuration, the putrid odor becomes in- 
tolerable, and sometimes, also, the sloughing inordinately profuse; but 
the rapid progress of these blains, and their abundant discharge, so long 
as they continue* to be actively developed, are to be looked upon as 
the harbingers of a cure ; all that we have to dread is the retrocession 
or indolence of the boils. 

Causes. — Hoose, and its consequences, may arise from heated, 



* This is especially true of the homoeopathic treatment of murrain. The fear is 
that the vital energy should become exhausted and sink. But, whereas, under the 
old -system, the drugs themselves were as conducive to this consequence as the dis- 
ease, homoeopathy recognizes no exhausting resources, and not only does not sap 
the strength, but, by the analogy of the medicament to the symptoms, accedes 
to assist nature in the expulsion of this incubus of humors, and to promote and 
hasten the suppurative process. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 233 

crowded, and unhealthy cowhouses, absence of proper ventilation, from 
sudden transitions of temperature, from exposure to draughts or cur- 
rents of air, either within doors or in a half-sheltered yard; from 
atmospheric influences and the greater susceptibility of the animal in 
the spring and fall, during the process of changing the coat ; continual 
breeding from the same stock (or family) will render it almost heredi- 
tary; anything which serves to deteriorate the energies of the system, 
may occasion a susceptibility to hoose ; calving, when attended with 
severe labor, excessive loss of blood, or succeeded by inflammatory 
affections, may be followed by hoose; insufficient and improper food, 
and the change of locality, when the climates of the different places 
from and to which the animal is transferred, are not similar ; murrain 
may be occasioned by a damp and unhealthy locality, by the generality 
of the foregoing causes, by infection of the epidemy, and by conta- 
gion, &c. 

184. Common Cold and Influenza amongst Horses. — Common 
cold may either be a simple and very tractable affection, if appropri- 
ately managed, or it may degenerate into catarrhal fever or influenza, 
and thence into inflammation of the lungs, or into putrid malignant 
fever; or again, may finally result in chronic cough, thick wind, broken 
wind, whistling or wheezing ; or taking another turn, and developing 
itself in the membranes of the nose, in particular, it may proceed to 
the nasal discharge or glanders, as hereinbefore noticed. 

Symptoms. — In the incipient stage, and throughout the course of an 
ordinary cold, the almost invariable attendant will be a cough, more 
or less severe ; a degree of febrile action (evinced by a slight varia- 
tion of the pulse); the coat will be rather dull and rough; the eyes 
and nose will be affected with more or less discharge (watery or white) ; 
should the cold degenerate into influenza (distemper), the pulse will 
become greatly accelerated, assuming, also, in some cases, a degree of 
fulness; shivering sets in; the cough will become more frequent, and 
evidently painful ; the animal testifying much uneasiness, shifting from 
foot to foot, snatching the feet from the ground, or even stamping 
and pawing; the flanks begin to heave; the mouth in particular, and 
the general surface becomes hotter ; the discharge from the nostrils be- 
comes thick and lumpy, and gradually changes from that of clear and 
fluid, and afterwards thick and whitish phlegm, to that of thick, dis- 
colored, and offensive matter ; the interior of the nostrils varies from 
dull redness to a pale purplish hue, with heat and tenderness ; the eyes 
are half closed, and, upon examination, the conjunctiva will be found 



234 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

suffusedly red ; the glands of the nether jaw, as well as those of the 
throat (which is inflamed and sore) and neck become generally affected, 
so that the swelling and irritation render mastication and deglutition 
very painful and difficult; drinking even is painful, and provokes 
coughing; as the inflammatory stage begins to have expended its vio- 
lence, a debilitated stage, characterized by swellings in various parts of 
the body, and of the legs in particular, with wavering, uncertain move- 
ments, and exhaustion, which compels the animal to lean somewhere 
for support. This is not, however, a period which should excite ap- 
prehension, and will in most cases, under proper management, be 
quickly followed by the subsidence of the symptoms generally. But 
if the discharges generally should become mingled with blood, or more 
and more offensive, and the excrements, in particular, should evince this 
symptom, as attendant upon excessive and protracted relaxation, &c, 
the disease may be considered to have reached a serious crisis. Some- 
times, also, we have occasion to observe the appearance of symptoms 
indicative of incipient inflammation of the lungs, such as a sunken, 
painstricken appearance, with intense and vivid redness of the nostril 
(internally), and icy coldness of the extremities. If, on the other hand, 
the early symptoms above described are the forerunners of the worst 
form of catarrhal disease (which is analogous to the murrain of cattle), 
or putrid malignant influenza, they will quickly be succeeded by putrid 
odor, emanating from all the discharges, and of the breath, by total 
suspension of feeding, — by small, feeble, and hurried pulse, and very 
shortly by a rapid decomposition. 

185. Catarrh amongst Sheep, as in the cases already noticed, should 
not escape attention, on account of the serious consequences which it 
may entail in the extension of inflammation to the interior of the air- 
passages, or even to the substance of the lungs, and in the last and 
most fatal result, viz., that of consumption, which is of such frequent 
occurrence. 

Symptoms. — First, the nasal discharge, already mentioned under a 
separate head, which increases as the following symptoms supervene ; 
redness and watering of the eyes, cough superseding the sneezing which 
accompanies nasal discharge, as a local affection, and greater decrease 
of the inclination to feed, but without the presence of much constitu- 
tional disturbance and difficult respiration or heaving of the flanks. If 
this affection should assume the type of epidemic disease, which, how- 
ever, is very rare, we may observe increase and thickening of the dis- 
charges from the eyes and nose, incrustations of matter about the nos- 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 235 

trils and eyelids, dulness, drooping, and rapid loss of condition; 
hurried respiration, frequent sneezing, vivid redness of the interior of 
the nostrils and of the eyes, succeeded by a blackish-purple hue, loss 
of appetite and suspended rumination, swelling of the nostrils, lips, and 
occasionally of every part of the head, the admixture of blood in the 
discharges, trembling of the whole frame, lethargic stupors or loss of 
consciousness, and rapid sinking of energy. 

186. Nasal Discharge, or SniSling of Pigs, like all other catarrhal 
complaints, may be occasioned by any undue exposure, especially in 
very damp and imperfectly -drained situations, or by want of a suffi- 
ciency of clean, dry litter; — assuming, however, the character of glan- 
ders and distemper (of the horse and dog), as also of all phthisicky dis- 
orders, it is transmitted, hereditarily, from litter to litter. 

Symptoms. — The earliest manifestation of sniffling or sniffles consists 
of a thin watery discharge from the nostrils, which, however, progres- 
sively increases, and is soon followed by a painful cough, sneezing, and 
often, also, by discharge of blood from the nostril, which seems to 
operate as a palliative of the rest of the symptoms, although the con- 
tinual return of such discharges constitutes the most serious symptom 
of the disease, whereby the vital energy is gradually exhausted, and 
confirmed phthisicky habit is induced. As the disease advances, the 
nostril becoming swollen and distorted, with permanent thickening of 
the membranes, — the snout is peculiarly affected, as if by an irregular 
distribution of muscular power, occasioning the contraction of one side. 

187. Treatment. — Many of the indications for the medicines required 
in the various disorders, whose names stand at the head of this section, 
have already been given, especially under the titles of "Diseases of the 
Head and Nose," under the " Epidemic Catarrh of 1872 among 
Horses/' and under the " Cattle Plague of Great Britain," which last 
may be regarded as a malignant form of murrain. But we propose 
here to set down in order the principal characteristic symptoms of the 
most important remedies for the diseases described in this section in 
one consecutive view ; reference being made also to those already given 
with respect to the head and nose, and to those which in a subsequent 
chapter will appear under the head of the more particular bronchial 
and pulmonary disorders and cough. 

Aconite will be indicated in the earliest stage of all these affections, 
excepting always those that are marked even in their onset by symp- 
toms of debility and prostration ; hard pulse, high fever, severe local 



236 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

inflammation, as of the eyes, nose, and throat, and dry, sympathetic 
cough, all point to Aconite. Local congestions and inflammations, 
which may arise in the course of any of the above-named disorders, 
will also indicate the use of Aconite, either by itself, or as an intercur- 
rent remedy with others suited to the prevailing type of the original 
disorder. Aconite may be given in doses of from four to ten drops, in 
a little water (see page 34), every hour, or every two or three hours, 
according to the size and age of the patient, and according to the violence 
of the symptoms. Violent symptoms do not necessarily require larger 
doses ; but they do require that the doses be oftener repeated ; for the 
more rapid the course of the disorder, that is, the greater the (physio- 
logical) pathological excitement, the more rapidly is the action of the 
medicines exhausted. The decline of the violence of the symptoms, 
and the appearance of others which indicate a favorable crisis, such as 
perspiration, nasal flow, or loose cough, for example, will lead to the 
suspension of Aconite, and the substitution of another remedy more 
exactly suited to the changed condition. 

Dose. — See further directions for dose at the close of this article. 

Ammonium carbonicmn. — Lachrymation. Discharge of bloody 
mucus from the nose. Bleeding from the nose. Soreness of the throat. 
Heat and dryness of the mouth and throat. Flow of saliva. Thirst. 
Retention of stool succeeded by loose stool. Discharge of blood during 
and after the evacuation. Urination frequent, copious, involuntary. 
Heat of the female sexual organs (vulva). Dry cough. Alternate 
chilliness and heat. Coldness of the extremities. Excessive languor. 
For other indications consult the Materia Medica. Carbonate of Am- 
monia, popularly known, in solution, as Hartshorn, is a remedy of the 
first importance in catarrh and influenza, even of the severest epidemic 
Variety ; it has many of the symptoms of blood-poisoning, and has been 
found of the greatest value both externally applied as a liniment, and 
given internally, in these disorders, and even in the murrain or cattle 
plague and fatal epizootic of horses. 

Dose. — From six to ten drops mixed in a pint of water, and a wine- 
glassful given once in two or three hours. 

Ammonium muriaticum is very similar to the Carbonate just de- 
scribed; but may be more particularly indicated by ulceration and 
bloody crusts about the nose ; inflammation of the throat with swelling 
of the glands of the neck, such as occurs in horses with influenza ; dis- 
tension of the abdomen, with much flatulence, relieved by loose stools; 
loose, yellow stools, with great urging, and soreness of the anus. Urine 
scanty, frequent, bright yellow, or bright red. Violent, dry cough, 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 237 

worse on drinking; evening chilliness; frequent attacks of fever ; weak- 
ness of the limbs ; worse on the right side. 

Dose similar to Ammonium carbonicum. 

Arsenicum. — r Eyes water profusely ; bleeding from the nose ; dry- 
ness of the nose ; fluent coryza ; flow of acrid water from the nose. 
Tongue white, brown, or blackish. Offensive smell from the mouth. 
Small ulcerated spots in the mouth. Thirst. Inflammation and sore- 
ness of the throat ; gangrenous appearance in the mouth and throat; 
dry throat; difficulty of swallowing. Loss of appetite. Heat and 
burning in the abdomen. Swelling of abdomen. Flatulence. Diar- 
rhoea ; worse at night ; putrid stools ; dark stools, or black, or bloody. 
Urine involuntary, bloody. " Red water ;" " black water." Dry cough. 
Shortness of breath. Difficulty of breathing, with cold sweat. Drop- 
sical symptoms. Dropsy of the chest. Swelling of the legs. Coldness 
of the legs. Fever, alternately hot and cold. Cold, clammy perspira- 
tion. Excessive debility. General, rapid failure of strength. Emacia- 
tion. Trembling of the limbs. Stiffness and immobility of the limbs. 
Shuddering ; aggravation at night, after midnight, on lying down and 
on exercising. Relieved by warm applications. Arsenicum is thus 
seen to be indicated in the worst forms of epidemic catarrh and influ- 
enza, and to correspond to cattle plague and malignant horse distemper 
or " horse-ail." This remedy should be given in small doses at first, 
as some animals are very susceptible to its influence. Even the horse, 
which is said to have taken many grains of the pure drug with impunity, 
has been known to be made very much worse by a few doses of the third 
decimal trituration. Give, therefore, at first, four or six-drop doses to 
horses ; much larger doses may be given to oxen and cows, ten drops, 
and these doses may be repeated in three or four hours ; or where many 
doses are likely to be needed, twenty drops may be dissolved in one 
quart of water, and a wineglassful given once in three or four hours, or 
less often, as the severity of the symptoms and the improvement may 
require. Different sizes and ages of animals should receive proper 
attention in respect to the size of the dose, as already indicated. Often, 
however, it may be desirable to give an intercurrent remedy, such as 
Belladonna, or even Nux vomica, in alternation. 

Belladonna. — This remedy is remarkably suited to many forms of 
disease of domestic animals affecting the head, and which have also a 
malignant element. Adapted to pure inflammation of the brain, it 
likewise aids materially in the cure of such virulent disorders as the 
epizootic in horses and the rinderpest in cattle. 

In influenza and many other forms of disorder affecting the head, 



238 VETERINARY H0M030PATHY. 

throat, and lungs, it is indicated by swollen, closed eyes; flow of tears; 
sore throat ; dryness of the throat ; pain and difficulty in swallowing ; 
tenderness and swelling of the glands about the neck and jaw ; dry, 
hacking, short, or irritating cough ; appearances as if the animal suf- 
fered from pain in the head ; delirium. To these may be added great 
intolerance of light and discharge of bloody mucus from the nose. Bel- 
ladonna is an invaluable remedy in all those diseases of animals which 
seem to take their rise in the nervous centre, as the head, and to extend 
with more or less violent inflammation and even congestion over the 
whole upper portion of the body, that is, over the head with its smaller 
organs, and over the neck, throat, bronchia, and lungs. Its need is 
easily indicated by the violence of the symptoms to which it naturally 
gives rise, and which it homceopathically cures. 

Dose. — Six to ten drops once in one, two, or three hours. 

Bryonia will sometimes be needed in the loose cough which remains 
after the subsidence of the primary symptoms of many of the disorders 
described in this section. It is remarkably indicated by painfulness on 
motion, and will be called for whenever it appears that a rheumatic or 
pleuritic complication is present. Other indications of this great remedy 
may be found in constipation, and a tendency to sink into a typhoid 
condition in consequence of preceding disease. In this latter state, 
however, Rhus tox. will need to be studied also. Bryonia may be 
particularly indicated in catarrhal affections which appear to result 
from exposure to dry, cold winds. Aggravation after drinking, and 
from the least movement. 

Dose. — Six to ten drops every two or three hours. 

Dulcamara. — This remedy is needed in many catarrhal and rheu- 
matic disorders, or simple colds, which arise in consequence of exposure 
to cold and wet weather. Dry coryza; bleeding of the nose; sore 
throat ; swelling of the glands of the neck ; diarrhoea (white, green, 
mucous, slimy) ; difficult urination; urine white, turbid ; catarrh of the 
bladder ; retention of urine ; moist cough ; fever, with great heat and 
dryness of the skin ; sweat ; badly smelling sweat. Many symptoms 
appear to be worse when at rest, and relieved by motion. In many 
respects (except the cough) Dulcamara is the opposite of Bryonia. And 
its catarrhal disorder is more of a mueoits nature, with less inflamma- 
tory violence than that which indicates Belladonna. 

Dose. — Ten drops may be given every three or four hours. 

Camphor. — Influenza which occurs in intense cold, snowy weather. 
Prostration of vital forces. Suffocative catarrh. Retention of urine. 
To produce the prompt reaction which Camphor accomplishes, give 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 239 

from ten to twenty drops of the strong tincture in a little hot water, 
and repeat the dose till the chilliness is relieved by the appearance of a 
free perspiration. Camphor in this manner may be given to antidote 
narcotic poisons, in case any domestic animal should have accidentally 
swallowed such. But strong black coffee is generally more reliable in 
these cases. Strychnia, the active principle of Nux vomica, is only to 
be antidoted by plenty of Tincture of camphor, given in as little water 
as may make it drinkable. 

Euphrasia. — This is one of the most important remedies in epidemic 
influenzas ; it is indicated by burning tears ; corrosive tears and violent 
coryza; dry cough; aggravation in evening, from light and from mo- 
tion. For numerous other indications consult the Materia Medica. 

Dose. — Six drops once in three hours. 

Ipecacuanha. — Particularly useful for catarrhal affections of sheep ; 
loose cough; rattling of phlegm; frequent, incessant, dry cough; dan- 
ger of suffocation from bronchial catarrh ; coryza ; nausea ; vomiting 
of food; diarrhoea, green, or fermented stools; bloody urine; drowsi- 
ness; shuddering. For many other symptoms, consult the Materia 
Medica. 

Dose. — Four to ten drops every two or three hours. 

Nux Vomica. — One of the most frequently indicated medicines, for 
horses particularly, and for a great variety of complaints. Its chief 
characteristics may be found in the Materia Medica, and especially in 
the "summary" of its symptoms. Nux vomica will be needed when 
the bowels are constipated, or relaxed at one time and confined at 
another ; the evacuations are hard, lumpy, and covered with mucus ; 
there is tendency to drowsiness, and apparent paralysis of the hind legs; 
staring look from the eyes; coryza; fetid odor from the mouth; soreness 
of the throat ; tongue black, or dark red ; spasm of the stomach ; colic ; 
difficulty of passing urine, ineffectual urging ; urine scanty, red, bloody ; 
cough dry ; shortness of breath ; difficulty of breathing, worse from 
motion or exertion. 

Pulsatilla. — For the milder forms of influenza, with evening aggra- 
vation, as already stated with respect to nasal catarrh, this remedy is 
invaluable. It is especially useful also for sheep. Flow of tears ; 
yellow or green, or fetid discharge from the nose ; white coating on the 
tongue ; loss of appetite ; colic ; rumbling of wind in the bowels ; bloat- 
ing of the abdomen ; diarrhoea ; watery mucus, slimy ; retention of 
urine ; frequent urination ; brown-red urine ; cough dry in the evening ; 
loose cough in the morning ; oppressed respiration ; shortness of breath- 
ing; coldness; shuddering; evening fever; symptoms relieved by exer- 



240 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

cise, and in the open air ; worse in a warm stable, and at night, before 
midnight. (Arsenicum worse after midnight.) 

Dose. — Six drops once in two, three, or four hours. 

Mercurius. — This remedy much resembles Belladonna in the charac- 
ter of its symptoms, but they are less violent. It is especially indicated 
where there is slavering or profuse flow of saliva ; offensive breath ; 
yellowness of the eyes ; bilious stools, dysenteric stools or straining. 

Phosphorus will be needed when -the influenza seems to extend 
to and involve the lungs; threatened congestion of the lungs (with 
Belladonna this remedy is often alternated in such cases). Phosphorus 
is suitable for a loose or for a dry cough. 

Dose. — Six drops every three hours. 

Sulphur. — An occasional dose of six drops of this powerful medicine 
will sometimes greatly improve the efficiency of other and more closely 
indicated remedies. It w T ill be found useful in loose catarrhal cough ; 
for influenza which tends to become chronic and run into inveterate 
nasal catarrh. Upon all the mucous membranes Sulphur produces dis- 
charges of mucus which may be acrid or burning; constipation; pimply 
or vesicular eruptions on the skin; rattling of mucus in the chest; 
cough worse in the morning; unsteady gait; debility. 

Dose. — Six drops every morning. 

Lachesis. — This remedy may be required in disorders affecting the 
throat and glands of the neck, even those of the most dangerous kind ; 
throat greatly swollen externally and internally ; discharge from nose 
and mouth of an intensely fetid and excoriating fluid ; tenderness of the 
external throat to the touch, the slightest pressure there causes violent 
cough ; the disease in the throat, commencing in left side and extending 
to the right, indicates this remedy. Gangrenous appearance of the fauces. 
Gangrene of any kind, even that arising from wounds (traumatic gan- 
grene) will suggest Lachesis. It will also be indicated by coryza, 
thin watery discharge from the nose ; blood and matter from the nose ; 
tongue red, dry, or black ; diarrhoea in alternation with constipation ; 
putrid stools ; urine scanty, black ; difficulty of breathing, worse after 
sleeping ; coldness of the limbs, worse after sleep. 

Lycopodium. — This remedy has been found useful in affections of 
the chest or other parts, where a peculiar fan-like movement of the wings 
of the nose has been observed. Corrosive coryza ; dry, black, or cracked 
tongue ; inflammation in throat beginning on the right side and extend- 
ing to the left ; rumbling of flatulence in the abdomen ; constipation ; 
putrid stool ; urine profuse, pale, or dark and scanty, with brickdust- 
like sediment ; cough (dry at night) loose by day, brought on always 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 241 

by descending a hill ; difficulty of breathing, shown by the least exer- 
tion ; chilliness in afternoon. 

Dose. — Six drops every four hours. 

In veterinary, as well as in human medical practice, there is a con- 
stant tendency to give too much medicine ; and this is facilitated by 
the ease with which a few drops of the liquid may be placed on the 
tongue. But much economy of valuable remedies may be secured, and 
at the same time far better results in healing the sick, by mixing thor- 
oughly in a pint bottle used for that purpose (and if possible for that 
medicine alone) from eight to ten drops of the selected remedy, by vio- 
lently shaking the whole several times ; of this new dilution a wine- 
glassful, or tablespoonful, will in most cases exert as beneficial, if not 
as immediately powerful, influence, as the whole ten drops could have 
done if placed upon the tongue at once. This method is here detailed, 
as pointed out already on page 37, for use in other forms of the dis- 
order as well as in this. 

For other and in some respects more particular indications of these 
remedies consult the Materia Medica. 

The following additional medicines have been recommended in one 
or the other of the disorders above described, and the special indications 
for these also may be found in the Materia Medica : Calcarea, Carbo 
veg., Causticum, Silicea, Chamomilla, Antimonium c, China, Platina, 
Conium, Cina, Hepar s. c, Arnica, Hyoscyamus, Sepia, Sambucus, 
Nat. m., Nitric acid, and Veratrum. 

As convalescence appears, in these as in other disorders, the intervals 
between the medicines should be lengthened, and all medicines may 
occasionally be omitted for a day or two, in such cases with advantage, 
and then resumed. Equal temperature and ample ventilation should 
always be secured. So far as possible, great attention should be paid 
to cleanliness, fresh litter should be supplied twice a day, and an abun- 
dant supply of fluids for drinking, which should have the chill taken 
off in cold weather. In all epidemic or contagious varieties of disease 
separate stabling should be secured so far as practicable, and warm 
bran mashes, nutritious and unstimulating food, should be provided. 

188. Distemper of Dogs. — This disease appears either as the result 
of particular causes or as an epidemic, and is always highly contagious. 
It exhibits the most perplexing variety of complications, gradations, 
and symptomatic developments. There is no limit of age which will 
be a safeguard against it ; but it is less serious as occurring amongst 
dogs in the full vigor of their prime than in very young or very old 

16 



242 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

dogs. Nor, again, is a previous attack of distemper a safeguard against 
a second. There is no limit to the period over which the course of this 
disease may run. It may have appeared and have been subdued, or 
have terminated fatally, in a few days, or it may linger over several 
months. Distemper is also doubly endemic; first, as regards localities, 
and secondly, as regards breeds. Those breeds which are most subject 
to the disease are those in respect of which it assumes the most virulent 
character ; the Newfoundland pointer and setter may be classed amongst 
breeds which are particularly subject to distemper. In its earliest stage, 
like glanders, it may be considered as a local affection of the mucous 
membranes of the nose, but which is rapidly communicated to the 
membranes of other organs. Its first stage, therefore, is that of nasal 
catarrh. Some writers have set up a distinction between distemper 
and nasal catarrh. It appears to us to be a distinction without a dif- 
ference. The symptoms which have been described as characterizing 
this different disease are the identical symptoms of one of the many 
modifications of undoubted distemper. Inflammation of the lungs may 
transpire as a complication. At other times the inflammatory process 
attacks the intestinal canal more distinctly and severely. 

Causes. — General atmospheric influences, contagion, scanty and in- 
sufficient food, acute disorders ; mange not unfrequently degenerates 
into distemper ; inflammatory disorders affecting the respiratory appa- 
ratus ; severe exposure to transitions of temperature, wet, &c, and all 
circumstances which tend to exhaust and depress the vital energy. 

Symptoms. — Gradual and progressive deterioration of appetite and 
condition, accompanied by a peculiar depression, and disinclination to 
be disturbed ; the evident deterioration of the superior faculties ; the 
intelligence and keener instincts becoming impaired, and the natural 
devotion of the dog appearing, to abandon him ; the animal becoming 
sullen, or rather inanimate, and apparently but half conscious of 
familiar sounds ; slight watering of the eyes and nostrils, and some- 
times a slight secretion of matter during the night, distinguishable in 
the corners of the eyes in the morning ; these discharges increasing, 
either slowly or rapidly, and a considerable accumulation following, to 
the obstruction of the nostrils and the agglutination of the eyes. The 
discharge of matter from the nose becomes white, thick, and agglom- 
erated, and will occasionally be expelled in quantities by sneezing, or 
it will adhere to the nostrils, drying about the orifice, and obstructing 
the nose. If the disease attacks the digestive functions, excessive re- 
laxation ensues, the excrements being intolerably fetid, at first, ash- 
colored or white, or lead-colored, or grayish-brown, and gradually be- 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 243 

traying more and more the presence of blood and phlegm. Or, in 
other cases, the chest symptoms predominate, and we may identify the 
presence of inflammation of the lungs ;* the vessels of the eyes are 
dilated, murky, and of a brownish-yellow red hue ; the white of the 
eve is injected ; the fever symptoms are strongly developed, and the 
loss of flesh is more rapid ; the peculiar husky, hawking cough of dis- 
temper, which is easily distinguishable by the muffled, stifled absence 
of sound. The dog will continually appear to suffer from cold, although 
the external development of heat will invariably be increased, and some- 
times to a very considerable degree, whereas the animal will shiver, and 
crouch before the fire, or coil itself up in a corner, as much sheltered 
from cold air as possible. In many instances, the symptoms above de- 
scribed, in respect of the eyes, are superseded by severe inflammation 
of the eyes, with bright, fiery redness of the conjunctiva, and excessive 
tenderness of light, which rapidly proceeds to the development of spots, 
and deep granulating ulceration of the cornea ; the ulceration consists, 
at first, of one small circular and superficial spot, upon the centre of 
the globe of the eye, which extends on every side, and eats into and 
through the substance of the cornea, so as to admit of the escape of the 
transparent humor from within, out of which the protruding fungous 
granulations arise ; but it is very rare, severe as is this inflammation 
of the eye in distemper, that, in cases of recovery from the disease, the 
sight remains permanently affected. The internal irritation, emanating 
from the inflammatory action of the membranes of the nose and of the 
eyes, is, however, communicated to the external surface of the brain ; 
the discharge from the eyes is often suddenly suspended, whereas the 
nostrils continue to be affected by it ; drivelling of saliva supervenes, 
with more or less foaming at the mouth, and convulsive action of the 
nether jaw, with or without convulsive jerking, or muscular twitching 
of various parts of the body, the muzzle, nose, eyelids, &c, in particu- 
lar. These symptoms constitute the prelude to the fits which are inci- 
dental to distemper, and which are easily distinguishable in the pre- 
monitory stage which precedes them ; whereat paroxysms of the same 
nature attending other derangements are invariably sudden. It is also 
remarked that the fits incidental to distemper are preceded by a sudden 
morbid and voracious appetite, strangely contrasted with the absolute 
repugnance to food which has preceded it. 

189. Treatment. — Most of the following indications for the treat- 

* See .the article on that disease. 



244 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

ment of the distemper of dogs are taken from Dr. James Moore's 
Handy-Book of Veterinary Homoeopathy. 

Aconitum, in the first stage, when there is dulness, loss of appetite, 
inflamed, watery eye, quick breathing, and accelerated pulse. It may 
also be resorted to at a later period of the disease to check the tendency 
to local inflammations. 

Belladonna is indicated, especially when the eyes and throat are af- 
fected, as indicated by sensitiveness of the eyes to light, increased vas- 
cularity of the white of the eye, and of the inner surface of the lids, 
agglutination of the lids, and evident pain in these parts ; and, as re- 
gards the throat, by an inflamed appearance of the back of the mouth, 
and by dry, irritating cough, evidently excited by irritation at the top 
of the windpipe. It is also a valuable remedy when the brain is in- 
volved, with such symptoms as delirium and fits. In some cases of 
encephalitis, it may be necessary to give Aconitum and Belladonna in 
turns. 

Bryonia is required when symptoms of bronchitis set in, viz., short, 
hurried, and oppressed breathing ; rattling of mucus in the chest ; fre- 
quent moist cough, &c. Both this medicine and Aconitum may be 
needed in such a case as this. 

Arsenicum (second dilution), is indicated by these symptoms : in- 
tense injection of the vessels of the eye ; swelling and closure of the 
lids; profuse secretion of tears, and intolerance of light; ulcers and 
specks on the cornea. Also, by frequent sneezing and profuse dis- 
charge of thin, acrid mucus from the nostrils, with obstruction ; or an 
offensive and bloody discharge from ulceration of the nasal membrane ; 
also when the bowels are affected, with frequent discharge, accompanied 
by colicky pains, straining, weakness, and exhaustion. This remedy 
is indicated whenever the disease has prostrated the powers of life, the 
animal then being emaciated, weak, without appetite, and otherwise in 
a state apparently lifeless. 

Phosphorus is indicated particularly when the lungs are inflamed, 
as shown by the rust-colored expectoration, the labored breathing, and 
the characteristic signs heard on examining the lungs. It is also a 
good remedy for the diarrhoeic complication, when the discharge is 
thin and slimy, or even bloody. 

Phosphoric acid has been of service when there is excessive, slimy, 
or watery diarrhoea ; fetid, purulent discharge from the nose ; and gen- 
eral prostration. 

Mercurius corrosivns (sixth dilution), is indicated when the mouth 
is covered with small superficial ulcers, the secretion of saliva increased, 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 245 

and the breath offensive ; and also when there are frequent discharges 
of bloody mucus from the bowels, with colic, urging, and straining. 

Mercurius is more particularly required for the so-called "yellow 
distemper," the amount of which may be anticipated by the diminu- 
tion or absence of the natural coloring matter in the excrement. When 
this is observed, or when the disease is established, Mercurius should 
be immediately given in ten-drop doses every three hours, or less often, 
according to the severity of the symptoms. Should a feverish condi- 
tion exist at the same time, intercurrent doses of Aconite — six to ten 
drops — may be given in alternation. 

Rhus tox. must be given when the convulsions have attacked several 
parts simultaneously. 

Cosculus indicus should be considered in the same connection. 

Veratrum may be needed in cases where diarrhoea forms a prom- 
inent symptom. 

Nux vomica will be required when there is loss of appetite ; short, 
husky cough ; sudden loss of strength, especially of the hind quarters, 
which he drags behind him ; constant desire to evacuate the bowels, 
but very little passes from them. 

In addition, consult in the Materia Medica, Causticum, Cuprum y 
Hepar, Kali carbonieum, Iodine, Stramonium, and Sulphur. 

Dose. — See p. 34; and consult directions at close of preceding article. 

The diet should be very carefully attended to, no solid food, and 
above all, no meat should be allowed until the disease is entirely re- 
moved. Meat broth or gruel are suitable, with cold water for drink, 
when there is much fever ; boiled rice and milk and bread are suitable 
during convalescence. 

Section III. 

INFLAMMATION OF LINING MEMBRANE OF THE WINDPIPE — INFLAMMATION OF 
THE BRONCHIAL TUBES — PLEURISY — INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS — CHRONIC 

COUGH — THICK "WIND — BROKEN WIND — ROARING — WHEEZING WHISTLING — 

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA — BLEEDING FROM LUNGS — CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS — - 
ASTHMA — DROPSY OF THE CHEST — DROPSY OF THE BELLY. 

190. Inflammation of the Lining Membrane of the Windpipe. — 

Inflammatory affections of the upper part of the windpipe are prevalent 
amongst sheep and cattle, especially in the spring and fall of the year, 
when the transitions of temperature are frequent and considerable, and 
when the uncertainties of weather render the atmosphere particularly 
unhealthy. 



246 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Symptoms. — Amongst sheep we observe more or less discharge from 
the nose, but thinner or more watery than that which occurs in catarrh 
or influenza; sneezing occasionally takes place, with expulsion of 
phlegm, but is not necessarily attendant upon laryngeal inflammation ; 
the neck is stretched forward, to gasp for breath, and to facilitate the 
passage of the breath; the mouth is open, and there is a sharp, shrill, 
ringing cough, which identifies the disease. The disorder sometimes 
proceeds to the complete obstruction of the opening of the windpipe, 
by the dilatation of the membranes. Amongst cattle, we may first 
notice accelerated pulsation, increase of heat generally, and about the 
throat in particular, the respiration a little impeded, the strength fail- 
ing, and the appetite and rumination affected; slight swelling and 
extreme tenderness of the neck externally, from the part in the centre 
of the nether jaw downwards, which increases more or less rapidly ; the 
deglutition becomes difficult, and evidently causes severe suffering ; the 
head and neck stretched forward, and continually in one position, 
movement to the right or left, &c, being excessively painful ; in some 
cases a thick, white, or more or less yellow and bloodstained matter, 
generally very offensive, and mingled with shreds of false membrane,* 
is ejected, or exudes from the mouth and nostrils. 

191. Inflammation of the Bronchial Tubes is generally attendant 
upon, or the forerunner of inflammation of, the substance of the lungs; 
and the first appearance of incipient symptoms should be the signal for 
prompt and appropriate treatment. Owing to the construction of the 
quadruped, the lungs and air-tubes are yet more susceptible of being 
affected by the state of the stomach ; wherefore, when bronchial inflam- 
mation occurs unaccountably upon good, dry, and healthy upland pas- 
tures, and, as is occasionally but rarely the case in the finest summer 
weather, &c, &c, we must consider the state of the digestive func- 
tions, and may not unfrequently find that it arises from the exten- 
sion of an irritation produced in the intestinal canal by the presence 
of worms.f On low, marshy, swampy soils, and in the spring and 
fall of the year, it is sufficiently accounted for. A further complica- 
tion, often, or, perhaps, generally, supervenes amongst cattle, 'if this 

* This is evidently the formation and detachment of a false membrane. Some 
writers seem to attribute the appearance of these shreds to the dislodgment, bit by 
bit, of the mucous membrane itself. This hypothesis is, however, quite superfluous. 

f It should not be omitted, moreover, that young animals are very subject to a 
severe form of bronchitis, in which a profusion of worms are generated actually in 
the air-cells and windpipe. Pigs appear to be subject to bronchitis, in most cases 
attended or characterized by the presence of these parasites. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 247 

disease be long neglected, in the shape of inflammation of the mem- 
branes which envelop the lungs, or pleurisy. Young animals are 
mostly subject to it. 

Symptoms. — Amongst cattle the premonitory stage, which is more or 
less protracted, is characterized by a peculiar wheezing, husky, thick 
cough; — the irritation, if unarrested, will extend further into the in- 
terior of the air-cells, and assume the character of severe inflammation ; 
labored, evidently painful wheezing, and much accelerated respiration 
will ensue, the breath becoming intensely hot; there is then absolute 
repugnance to the least movement or change of position ; or, if com- 
pelled to move, the coughing immediately ensues more severely; the 
animal appears to dread the cough, and to try to stifle it ; the expres- 
sion becomes extremely depressed, and the general appearance sunken 
and cadaverous ; the loss of flesh is inconceivably rapid and complete, 
the animal being quickly left with every bone distinctly traceable, and 
the skin adhering to the flanks; the coat is staring, the belly corded 
and tucked up, sometimes the flanks heave much, and the cough is 
particularly frequent, painful, and with little remission. The flanks, 
however, are not particularly tender externally, and the animal will 
bear percussion or pressure without wincing. Nor can we perceive 
any indication of suffering about the flanks in the movements of the 
animal. These symptoms are sufficiently identical in this disease 
amongst horses, sheep, pigs, &c, to guide the reader in his diagnosis. 

Dosex. — During the incipient stage, or as a preventive treatment 
during the epidemic prevalence of the disease, the administration should 
be continued night and morning for a week. When highly inflamma- 
tory symptoms supervene, we may give three doses, at equal intervals, 
in the first six hours; and afterwards a dose every four hours, until 
amelioration ensues. 

192. Pleurisy. — Pleurisy amongst pigs occurs as an epidemic dis- 
ease, but it may be traced to particular causes, also, such as severe 
exposure to heat, overdriving in hot weather (especially if the animal 
be fat), the insufficient supply of water, — or even to the foulness, close- 
ness, and stagnant moisture of the sties, or occasionally to the super- 
abundance of dry and heating food. 

Symptoms. — Intense thirst and evident general increase of heat, the 
animal eagerly seeking for moisture to wallow in; the animal be- 
comes rapidly dull, depressed, and averse to motion, and continually 
grunts in a peculiar, painful manner ; the skin is intensely hot, the 
stomach is hard and distended, the flanks heave, the urine is scanty, 



248 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

the breathing is difficult, rapid, and impeded, the evacuations are hard, 
difficult, and scanty ; the eyes are weeping, and a short, sharp, or stifled 
and interrupted cough prevails ; subsequently the animals lean for sup- 
port against the walls or other fences of the sty, but cannot lie down, 
or if they move the gait is staggering and uncertain; there is rattling 
of phlegm in the throat, and the limbs are sometimes rigid, always un- 
naturally disposed. 

193. Amongst Dogs pleurisy is of two kinds, acute and chronic, and 
is especially characterized (when acute) by short, stifled, interrupted 
cough, with a peculiar twitching in the sides, and extreme uneasiness, 
and evident impatience, — by the continual erect position of the animal 
(generally seated), and by excessive tenderness of the flanks, the animal 
recoiling from contact ; shivering of the whole frame, especially of the 
forequarters, with evidence of fitful, colicky pains, and succeeded by 
perspiration, either about the cheek and flanks only, or throughout 
the frame. There is also short, interrupted, and irregular inspiration, 
followed by full and strong expiration, — but the breath is. not heated, 
and subsequently becomes cold (with the continuance of effusion) ; fuller 
inspiration follows, which becomes longer (as effusion continues), the 
cough being then suppressed, fitful, or altogether subdued, — but motion 
produces difficulty of breathing; the cough is at first dry, short, and 
faint; and the pulse small, accelerated, and wiry. When pleurisy de- 
generates into a chronic affection, the cough becomes fitful or frequent, 
dry, or sometimes attended with expulsion of phlegm ; there is more 
or less watery swelling of the chest and stomach, and sometimes also 
of the extremities (the fore legs chiefly), and occasionally a purring or 
gurgling sound attendant upon the breathing; the inspiration is now 
invariably deep and prolonged, and the expiration short and abrupt. 
The repeated and constant recumbent position is especially charac- 
teristic. 

194. Pleurisy amongst Horses differs from inflammation of the 
substance of the lungs, with which it is intimately connected, in respect 
of the pulse in particular, which does not indicate the peculiar oppres- 
sion, but is generally full and hard; the flanks are exceedingly tender 
of contact or pressure; the nostrils will be expanded, but the interior 
surface little if at all characterized by the fiery inflammatory hue 
which attends upon inflammation of the lungs; in other respects there 
is much similarity of symptoms. If this disease assumes a chronic 
character, there is gradual development of dropsical swellings, and 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 249 

more or less crepitation upon pressure of the chest, belly, &c. (See 
"Inflammation of the Lungs.") 

195. Pleurisy of the Ox, Cow, &c. — A disease which is more preva- 
lent amongst cattle than inflammation of the lungs, whereas the latter 
more frequently attacks horses ; it is generally caused by exposure to 
moisture and cold, and may follow calving if the cow be neglected and 
proper provision be not made to protect her from the noxious effects 
of such influences. It may also be occasioned by mechanical injuries. 

Symptoms. — The respiration is not so much oppressed, as catching 
and interrupted whilst inhaling, whereas the exhaling is full and pro- 
longed ; an undulating surface is manifested on the flanks or in par- 
ticular parts of the side ; the parts about the loin, and the nether side 
of the shoulders, or the whole side may be very susceptible and tender, 
recoiling from the slightest contact ; the cough is faint (not sonorous), 
abrupt, and short, and appears to be attended with acute suffering, and 
a peculiar twitching motion may be observed in the sides. The in- 
cipient symptoms are purely distinctive and characteristic ; such as the 
peculiar shivering and trembling which occur especially about the 
shoulders and chest, whether in rest or motion, or the general shiver- 
ing affecting the entire frame. 

Regimen. — Warmed fluids (except to dogs) in sufficiency, but no 
dry or substantial food ; avoidance of all stimulating ingredients ; free 
ventilation without exposure ; the removal of all moisture or soiling 
from the litter. 

196. Acute Inflammation of the Lungs amongst Horses. — To this 
disease the horse is particularly liable ; catarrhal affections or affections 
of the respiratory organs generally being less liable to attack the cover- 
ing membranes than the substance of the lungs. 

Causes. — The susceptibility of the horse to inflammatory affections 
of the lungs arises from the frequent occurrence of the causes which 
provoke it in the general habits and management of the animal ; the 
omission of proper precaution in removing all ordure or soiled litter, 
and the consequent inspiration of a pungent, impure vapor which ex- 
hales from it, is too frequently numbered amongst the direct causes ; 
the pernicious habit of excluding the proper access of fresh air under 
the mistaken notion of maintaining sufficient heat, whereas it is also 
clear that the extreme variation between the heat of the stable and that 
of the open air will be liable to provoke affections of this kind when 
the animal is repeatedly exposed to sudden transitions from the one to 



250 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

the other ; coddling and clothing the horse in the stable, whereby the 
pores are opened and the general surface relaxed, whereas the animal 
is suddenly called from the stable in cold or wet weather, necessarily 
without any covering (by which means the transpiration is suddenly 
checked) ; undue exposure to vicissitudes generally ; and lastly, errors 
of feeding (such, for instance, as a superfluity of chaff, &c), which, 
however, applies more strictly to chronic affections of the kind. 

Symptoms. — These are more or less suddenly developed, or they are 
preceded by a slow incipient stage of cough, or of any catarrhal affec- 
tion, as already described ; the extremities cold and becoming gradu- 
ally colder ; the same of the ears ; the breathing quicker and somewhat 
interrupted ; the coat more or less staring ; the animal loses vivacity 
and becomes listless, and the appetite is more or less deteriorated ; all 
these symptoms become aggravated; the respiration becomes exceed- 
ingly accelerated ; the expression becomes anxious and exceedingly de- 
pressed, and the animal maintains an erect position ; the flanks are 
agitated by a hurried, panting, imperfect action of respiration (not 
deep heaving); the head is stretched forward, the nostrils become 
dilated, the inner corner of the interior in particular, and generally 
even the whole interior surface being of a vivid, fiery-red hue, which 
afterwards changes to a deep purple (the inner corner remaining as 
vividly red as ever) ; the animal does not lie down at all, or only for 
an instant at a time, and stands with the fore legs splayed out to the 
right and left, and rigid (in which position the animal remains for 
hours together); there is evidence of acute suffering from the flanks, 
towards which the animal languidly turns its head with an anxious, 
pains tricken expression; the pulse is strikingly characteristic, being 
impeded, blended, not consisting of distinct pulsations, but of a per- 
manent and thrilling distension of the artery; if distinguishable (which 
is not often the case, owing to the repletion of the vessels), the pulsa- 
tion will be found excessively frequent and often irregular, especially 
in the advanced stages of the disease. Subsequently the legs and ears, 
and even the mouth and breath, assume a deathlike, clammy coldness 
(the previous coldness to a more intense degree), and grinding of the 
teeth supervenes. In the event of fatal issue, the animal will stagger 
and fall. 

The disease sometimes degenerates into a chronic affection, of the 
character of local organic dropsy ; in which case the animal will often 
appear to have recovered, saving the presence of a continued yellowish 
discharge from the nose, and the permanent irregularity of the pulse ; 
in the event of the recurrence of the former acute symptoms, there is 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 251 

much question as to recovery. Of thick wind, roaring, chronic cough, 
&c, as the consequences of inflammation of the lungs, we shall pres- 
ently have occasion to speak. (See No. 220, " Pleuro-Pneumonia in 
Horses.") 

197. Inflammation of the Lungs amongst Cattle.* — This disease 
is more rare amongst cattle, as traceable to particular causes (pleurisy 
being more frequent), but it occasionally occurs in consequence of 
overexertion, attended with sudden transitions of temperature, and 
more frequently, also, in the character of an epidemic disorder of the 
most serious nature. 

Symptoms. — Heat, or alternate heat and coldness of the ears and 
horns ; short, panting heaving of the flanks ; costiveness, with hard, 
black, fetid evacuations, or excessive relaxation, with black, perfectly 
liquid, and excessively offensive evacuations ; the muzzle is dry, the 
cough is harsh and frequent (but rarely if ever moist) ; the head 
droops, the interior of the mouth and the breath are heated, appetite 
subsides, rumination ceases, and intense thirst supervenes ; lassitude is 
manifested, and often a characteristic halting, especially in one of the 
hind legs. Subsequently, moreover, we may observe the stretching 
forward of the head and neck ; the more violent agitation of the flanks ; 
discharges of clear, watery phlegm from the nose and mouth, which 
soon becomes thicker, more adhesive, and more and more qualified by 
the admixture of matter and blood ; the cough becomes more severe, 
occasionally convulsive (but it is never so severe or frequent as in 
bronchitis) ; preternatural brilliancy of the eyes, with lachrymation 
(sometimes profuse) ; the excessive tenderness of the whole course of 
the spine, and of the crupper in particular ; grinding of the teeth ; con- 
stantly erect position, or the animal rarely, if ever, lying down, and 
then only for an instant ; the milk completely fails ; tumors are alter- 
nately developed, recede, and reappear ; there is continual change of 
the degree of heat in various parts, with or without local or general 
shivering ; partial or general sweating, and occasionally hardness and 
swelling of the teats. As these symptoms become more urgent, the 
respiration becomes still more panting, difficult, and accelerated, with 
or without a purring sound ; the nostrils are more extremely expanded, 
emitting phlegm variously discolored, and of a peculiar deathlike smell ; 
the strength fails to the last degree ; the limbs are gathered together 
under the belly, which is puckered together, the muscles being promi- 
nent ; the evacuations become more and more liquid, offensive (even 

* See JSfo. 221, "Pleuro-Pneumonia of Cattle." 



252 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

putrid), and appear to be attended with a great deal of urging ; the 
eyes exude an offensive (putrid) matter, and become unconscious of 
objects ; the pupils are dilated, and, if closely examined, deadened and 
filmy ; the membranes of the mouth, nose, &c. } and even the breath, 
grow cold, and the animal rapidly sinks. 

198. Inflammation of the Lungs, or Rising of the Lights amongst 
Pigs, may be recognized by the usual symptoms attendant upon inflam- 
matory affections of the respiratory organs, and by the rapid, short, 
and panting agitation of the flanks; continual and very severe cough, 
and total absence of inclination to eat (a symptom otherwise of rare 
occurrence). 

Causes. — This disease is variously attributed to epidemic causes under 
unhealthy conditions of general treatment and feeding ; or it may be 
occasioned more immediately by the same causes, such as the want of 
sufficient circulation of fresh air, the accumulation of ordure in the sty, 
and the consequent prevalence of obnoxious and pungent vapors, or by 
continually feeding upon overstimulating and irritating substances. 

199. Inflammation of the Lungs amongst Dogs may be recognized 
by the following manifestations : the labored and painful panting for 
breath, the inspiration being prolonged and full, and the expiration 
abrupt, imperfect, and short ; soft, yet strong, full, and accelerated 
pulse ; severe cough, sometimes succeeded by more or less expulsion 
of bright bloodstained phlegm ; general shivering of the whole frame 
(without indications of the colicky pains attendant upon incipient 
pleurisy) ; sweating developed in particular parts, such as the inner side 
of the thighs and along the flanks ; the eyes suffused with a fiery red 
hue ; the expression painstricken ; the breath hot ; the head stretched 
out, the position being continually erect (seated), and the tongue hang- 
ing out of the mouth or jutting from the lower lip, either terminally or 
on one side ; in later stages, or if assuming a chronic character, the ex- 
pulsion of the breath will become fitful and interrupted ; or the breath- 
ing will be difficult and impeded with motion but neither short nor 
interrupted ; or, again, either the inhalation or the exhalation will be 
interrupted, the cough occasional, abrupt, and half-checked and stifled, 
but in few cases attended with expulsion of matter or phlegm ; or, again, 
the dog will frequently attempt to lie down, but will be unable to re- 
main recumbent, the membranes of the nose, mouth, eyes, &c, will have 
a pallid and lifeless appearance, a discharge of matter very dark and 
offensive, grayish or almost white (and generally inodorous), will flow 
from the nostrils, and there will be rattling of phlegm on the chest. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 253 

200. Inflammation of the Lungs, or Rot of the Lights, amongst 
Sheep, may be identified by the following manifestations in its incipient 
stage : deterioration of appetite and imperfect or suspended rumination ; 
the pulse accelerated and hard ; continual and evidently distressing 
cough, with almost imperceptible agitation of the flanks : all these symp- 
toms are rapidly exacerbated, and an offensive discharge from the nose 
succeeds, the pulse becomes impeded and indistinct ; grinding of the 
teeth, and total neglect of feeding, with intense thirst, supervene; then, 
as the cough becomes more feeble, the pulsation is apparently wanting, 
the eyes become filmy and obscure, intense suffering is evinced in the 
expression, there is a crackling sound upon pressure when applied to the 
loins, the convulsive throbbing of the flanks supervenes, the cough sub- 
sides, consciousness fails, and the pulse is no longer palpable. 

Causes. — Any cause calculated to provoke catarrh may resolve its 
effects into inflammation of the lungs ; it is not unfrequently occasioned 
by shearing in unfavorable weather, by exposure to cold or wet after 
much exertion, &c, &c. 

Treatment of Inflammation of the Trachea, of the Bronchial Tubes, 
of the Pleura, and of the Lungs. — We combine in one detail, the reme- 
dies suitable to these various forms of acute disorders of the respiratory 
apparatus, in order to avoid unnecessary repetition. 

Aconite will be equally needed at the commencement of either of 
these acute disorders ; it will in all be indicated more or less promi- 
nently, according to the severity of the symptoms, by hard and full 
pulse, quickened breathing, hot and dry mouth, and short, dry, and 
frequent cough; membranes of the eyes and nose injected. 

Dose. — Ten drops dissolved in one pint of water, and one or two 
tablespoonfuls or teaspoonfuls given for a dose, according to the size 
of the animal, and repeated in one, two or three hours, according to 
the intensity of the symptoms ; diminishing the frequency of the doses 
as improvement appears. 

Belladonna. — Congestion of the lungs, in pneumonia ; soreness of 
the throat ; pain and difficulty of swallowing ; violent fits of coughing, 
short, dry cough ; apparent congestion of the head ; redness of the eyes ; 
wild look ; tenderness and swelling of the glands about the neck and 
jaw. Belladonna is especially called for in bronchitis, and in pneu- 
monia arising from or accompanying acute bronchitis. For old ani- 
mals, this remedy may be preferred to Aconite at the outset. 

Dose and repetition, see Aconite. 

Bryonia is indicated for quick, difficult breathing ; rattling in the 
windpipe and in the air-tubes in the lungs ; frequent, dry, irritating 



254 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

cough ; discharge of thick phlegm ; sides painful to the touch ; cough 
short and restrained, as in pleurisy ; the animal grunts when the sides 
are pressed against; respiration abdominal ; in pneumonia, the breathing 
although much shorter than in health is still performed by the ribs and 
diaphragm; while in pleurisy, the extreme tenderness of the pleura ren- 
ders the elevation of the ribs and thorax almost impossible, hence the 
movement is performed by the flanks, or walls of the abdomen. And 
these considerations will often serve to distinguish between pneumonia 
and pleurisy, and to determine the choice, where the breathing is short, 
between Belladonna for the former, and Bryonia for the latter. While 
in pleuro-pneumonia, where the pleura and usually both lungs are in- 
volved, Belladonna will be useful in the very first stage, but will soon 
need to be replaced by Bryonia, on account of its healing influence on 
the pleura, which Belladonna has not. Indispensable in promoting 
reabsorption when effusion has taken place. 

Dose. — Same as under Aconite. 

Phosphorus. — The principal remedy in pneumonia; indicated by 
cough, at first dry, and after some few days loose, bloody, frothy; or 
rust-colored phlegm is coughed up : this is an invaluable indication for 
Phosphorus, but unfortunately it is seldom that domestic animals ex- 
pectorate, and so permit to be seen the nature of the secretions from the 
bronchia in bronchitis or pneumonia. Hoarseness ; noisy respiration ; 
dulness of some portion of the lungs, discovered on auscultation. Con- 
sult the Materia Medica, and compare the symptoms of Phosphorus 
given under pleuro-pneumonia and cough. In the human subject the 
well-known indications for Phosphorus are " embarrassment of the res- 
piration more or less marked, a bloody, muco-sanguinolent, or muco- 
purulent, badly-colored, difficult expectoration, and a decided exacerba- 
tion of the symptoms towards evening and during the night." 

Dose. — Same as directed for Aconite. 

Ammonium Causticum. — Lungs congested, in complication with 
influenza (horse epizootic) ; hurried, labored breathing, dilated nos- 
trils, cold skin, pneumonia of a low form, verging on the typhoid, 

Dose. — Six drops may be given the horse in a little water every 
hour or two hours. Proportionally smaller doses for lesser animals. 

Mercurius Corrosivus alone of the mercurial preparations has pro- 
duced pneumonia. But Mercurius (solubilis or vivus) is especially 
adapted to those forms of pneumonia which seem to be developed in 
continuation of influenza, and partake of a catarrhal nature, such as 
may be termed pneumonia complicated with bronchitis. This form of 
pneumonia is always an epidemic disease; we quote from Bsehr his 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 255 

description of the use of this remedy in the human subject, but the 
resemblance to the case of animals is so remarkable that even the inex- 
perienced veterinarian will have no difficulty in discovering the condi- 
tion of his patients to which this invaluable remedy is adapted, especially 
as there is an outward symptom which points to it (when it does occur, 
and probably always when this remedy is most required), and this is 
the profuse and exhausting siveats : " Under the modifying action of a 
widespread influenza, that is to say, of catarrh accompanied by a deep 
irritation of the nervous system, the nose, larynx, and trachea become 
affected with a slight catarrh, which seems quite trifling for a few days ; 
suddenly the fever becomes more violent, the catarrhal secretion ceases, 
difficulty of breathing sets in, together with a spasmodic, general noc- 
turnal cough, without any or a yellow- green, blood-streaked expectora- 
tion; the pulse is rapid and weak, small, and has very little resistance; 
the skin is burning, but at times covered with copious perspiration ; the 
tongue is yellow and very soon becomes dry. Exploration (auscultation 
and percussion) shows extensive hepatization ; that is to say, there is 
complete dulness of sound with rales, and attended with bronchial res- 
piration. This condition resembles typhus to such an extent that we 
do not wonder at hearing many physicians assert that influenza has 
changed to typhus." In such cases Mercurius proved an admirable 
remedy. " The selection of Mercurius in broncho-pneumonia may be 
justified by its admirable action in bronchitis ; for it cannot be denied 
that the greatest danger proceeds from this quarter, and that, after 
the removal of the bronchial symptoms, the remaining pneumonia is 
comparatively insignificant. A third form of pneumonia, which is 
particularly adapted to Mercurius, is the catarrhal form or lobular 
pneumonia." 

Dose. — Same as directed under Aconite. 

Arsenicum. — Indicated in the advanced cases of pneumonia, or pleu- 
risy even, which are characterized (some even from the very first) by rapid 
and disproportionate prostration, tendency to col liquation and dissolu- 
tion (of the solids and fluids of the body, as seen in diarrhoea, especially 
with offensive stools), marked periodicity of the more prominent symp- 
toms, aggravation during rest and in a recumbent posture with excessive 
restlessness and anxiety, evident despondency, feeble pulse— all symp- 
toms showing that the powers of life are rapidly and profoundly de- 
pressed, a condition which may result from extensive hepatization of 
the lungs in pneumonia, or even from copious effusion in pleurisy. 

Dose. — Four drops, for horses, in a little water, repeated once in three 
or four hours. 



256 VETERINAEY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Tartar Emetic. — Loose rattling cough. In chronic bronchitis this 
remedy seems to correspond to Bryonia in the acute form. Copious 
discharge of frothy mucus from both nostrils, in a horse; frequent 
moist cough; pulse 48 and full; respiration sixteen per minute. 
Such a case was promptly cured by giving Tartar emetic night and 
morning. 

Sulphur may often be needed to complete the cure where convales- 
cence has already set in, or to promote the action of other remedies, 
where there seems to be some obscure influence in the way of improve- 
ment beginning. 

Dose. — Ten drops twice or three times daily. 

For other remedies and indications consult those set down in the 
" Treatment of Pleuro-Pneumonia in Horses and in Cattle," No. 222, 
and also those given under the head of " Cough." Study all these in 
the Materia Medica, also Digitalis, Hepar s. c, China, &c. 

201. Chronic Cough of Sheep. — This is invariably the result of 
mismanaged acute inflammation (in cases in which life is not immedi- 
ately extinguished by them). It consists of a subacute inflammation, 
which proceeds ultimately to tuberculous decay. There are few sheep 
which are not more or less affected by it. But, inasmuch as they are 
despatched to the shambles very young, there is not much time for the 
disease to waste away or deteriorate the flesh : the cough will continue 
very long without affecting the appetite, but after a time it becomes 
more severe, the membranes lose color and become pale and flaccid, the 
caruncle and the vessels of the eye have no longer the characteristic 
redness of health, and afterwards loss of flesh, dulness, languor, <fec, 
slow T ly and gradually supervene. In such cases the disease has changed 
its character, and has degenerated into consumption. (See Nos. 208-19.) 

202. Chronic Cough of Horses may either be the result of any of the 
foregoing acute diseases affecting the respiratory apparatus, or of worms 
in the intestinal canal, the irritation of which reacts upon these organs. 
It accompanies , thick wind and broken wind, which proceed from the 
first of the above-named causes. Excess of dry food will always aggra- 
vate it. Cough arising from permanent affections of the lungs : it will 
be provoked by eating ; from irritation in the air cells, — and drinking, 
will induce a fit of coughing : if from worms, we may notice the ap- 
pearances which are usually caused by those insects, which may be dis- 
tinguished in the dung ; and the cough will be rough, hollow, and 
sonorous ; pressure of the throat externally will always provoke cough- 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 257 

ing, when the air-passages are the seat of the disease, but not invariably 
so when they arise from worms. (See No. 208.) 

203. Thick Wind is likewise, in general, the result of acute inflam- 
mation, and more especially in the air-tubes, which become permanently 
obstructed by the incrustation or enlargement of the membranes. It 
may also be the result of fatness or malformation of the chest, but rarely, 
if ever, so in highly bred or fleet horses. It consists of very rapid, 
short, and difficult inspiration and expiration (in very quick succession), 
and will generally be followed by 

204. Broken Wind if the animal be put to severe exertion. Broken 
wind is identified not so much by the rapidity of the inspiration and 
expiration, as by the second effort which attends the latter (being 
effected by two puffs as it were) ; whereas, the former (inspiration) is 
unaltered. 

Causes. — Apart from the occurrence of broken wind as the immediate 
result of obstruction of the air-cells (thick wind), from previous and 
more remote acute inflammation, broken wind very often occurs amongst 
heavy draft horses, especially as the result of bulky feeding — straw- 
yard feeding, &c. — (the excessive proportion of fodder yielding little 
nourishment, and of which the animal consumes a great deal), particu- 
larly if the animal be habitually put to work directly after feeding. 

205. Roaring consists of loud sonorous breathing, provoked by ex- 
ertion (accelerated pace), especially up an acclivity, and is characterized 
by a peculiar groan uttered by the animal when suddenly struck or 
threatened. 

Causes. — It may result from purely local inflammation, followed by 
thickening of the membranes, or from the extension of the inflammatory 
action of strangles to the air-passages, or from other like causes, or from 
a peculiar distortion of the upper part of the windpipe, occasioned by 
the strain of a tightened bearing-rein. 

208. Wheezing is an affection sufficiently explained by the name, 
but in which the noisy breathing is continual, in rest as well as in mo- 
tion. It is more directly the result of bronchial inflammation, and 
will often remain after it as a chronic affection. 

207. Whistling is also explained by the name, but it is observable 
only after some continuance of rapid motion, particularly up an ac- 
clivity. 

17 



258 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Treatment in the majority of these chronic affections of the respiratory 
apparatus resolves itself into 

Regimen. — The food of a horse affected with chronic cough (proceed- 
ing from the lungs or air-tubes in particular) should consist as much 
as possible of a large proportion of fresh food of the better qualities. 
Early tares are very advantageous. Means should be sought to pre- 
vent it from eating the straw, and very little dry cut fodder should be 
afforded. The water should never be given quite cold. Transitions 
of temperature should be as much as possible avoided, as well as undue 
exposure. Ample ventilation, and regular exercise, without sudden 
and violent acceleration of pace, are essential. 

The thick-winded horse should never be overfed (as is common, under 
the mistaken idea of providing for a long journey), nor should it be 
put into motion immediately after eating • regular and sufficient exer- 
cise, and other precautions, as just stated. 

The broken- winded horse should be fed upon highly nourishing food 
of small compass, <fec, so as not to distend the stomach, and communi- 
cate any pressure from the diaphragm to the lungs, <fec. ; carrots are 
very beneficial. The other directions as just stated. Also, consult the 
Materia Medica, and select 

For worm-cough, from Belladonna, Bryonia, Dulcamara, Cina, 
Hepar s., and Sulphur. 

For cough after eating, from Arsenicum, Baryta c, Calcarea c, 
Carbo veg., China, Kali carb., and Phosphorus. 

For cough after drinking, from Aconitum, Arsenicum, Drosera, 
Hepar s., Lachesis, Ammo, mur., and Spongia. 

For thick wind, from Arsenicum, Cuprum a., Ipecacuanha, Lachesis, 
and Tartarus emeticus. 

For wheezing, and perhaps also whistling, from Belladonna, Carbo 
veg., Drosera, Dulcamara, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha, Phosphorus, 
Sambucus, Spongia, Yeratrum, and Nux vomica. 

For the pulmonary fever, or "rot of the lights" in sheep, when as- 
suming a low type, consult Arnica, Ipecacuanha, or Opium; and give 
the medicine whose symptoms, as set down in the Materia Medica, 
best describe the case ; or two or more of these may be given in alter- 
nations. 

Dose. — Six drops once in three or four hours. 

208. Cough in General— Cough is the most common, the most 
obvious, and in some one of its forms the most universal symptom 
which presents itself in inflammations of the lining membrane of the 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 259 

trachea or windpipe, of the bronchial tubes, of the lungs, and of the 
pleura, or serous membrane which incloses them. In some chronic 
forms of these diseases, and in some still more obscure disorders of the 
respiratory apparatus, cough is almost the only indication of the ab- 
normal condition. Hence it requires to be studied very carefully by 
itself; and for this reason we have taken pains to present in this section 
both a thorough description of the varieties of cough, and a careful 
statement of the characteristic cough symptoms and other obvious in- 
dications of the chief remedies which have been found useful in the 
coughs of domestic animals. 

The varieties of this symptom, as dry, loose, &c, taken in connection 
with the accompanying conditions, greatly aid in selecting the remedy 
suited to the case. It is not, indeed, always possible, especially for an 
inexperienced veterinarian, or still more for a lay practitioner, to de- 
termine whether in a given case there is bronchitis or pneumonia ; but 
if the symptoms are carefully compared, and the medicine selected in 
accordance with them, the patient will be in a fair way to improve, 
notwithstanding the uncertainty of the surgeon's diagnosis. And on 
account of the immense importance of the cough symptom in deciding 
the character of the illness present, we place before our readers the fol- 
lowing very full discussion of the various kinds of cough, communi- 
cated by W. C. Lord, F.R.P.S., to the British Journal of Homoeopathy ,* 
and from the same authoritative source we subsequently quote the 
symptomatic indications of remedies in cough, to which also are added 
others suggested by our own experience and observation, and from 
other authorities. 

209. Classification of Coughs. — 1st. Idiopathic, which seems to 
exist independent of any other disease, cough being the prominent and 
only symptom. 

2d. Symptomatic, when the cough depends on or accompanies other 
affections, such as bronchitis, catarrh, &c. 

These may again be subdivided into acute and chronic cough. 

The acute cough is of recent origin ; is frequently symptomatic, and 
usually disappears with the disease to which it owes its origin. 

The chronic cough is either a continuation of the acute for an in- 
definite period, or has been idiopathic from the commencement. 

Causes. — These are, irritability or inflammation in some part of the 
mucous membrane lining the air-passages or lungs ; nervous derange- 

* British Journal of Homoeopathy, Jan., 1869, p. 68. 



260 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

ment, especially of the pneumogastric and ganglionic nervous system; 
dentition ; organic changes in the thoracic viscera, or the passage of 
some foreign body into the respiratory tube. 

Diagnosis and Pathology. — To distinguish the seat of cough and its 
cause is a subject of the greatest importance to the scientific practi- 
tioner, who places more confidence in the pathologic state of his patient 
and the well-known local action of drugs than in mere symptom cover- 
ing. I will, therefore, endeavor to explain (although a very difficult 
task) the diagnostic symptoms attending the various kinds of cough to 
which the horse is liable, and afterwards point out the homoeopathic 
treatment which I have found most successful. 

210. (1.) The Cough from Dentition. — This is loud, clear, and 
ringing, heard chiefly in the morning and at night ; is met with in 
young horses, especially between four and five years old, when it seems 
to depend on nervous irritation, produced by the canine teeth or tusks 
coming up ; the mouth is hot, and the bars of the palate full, as in 
"lampas." The horse evinces a certain degree of tenderness in eating 
his corn, and takes longer time about it than usual, yet his spirits are 
good and the general appearance healthy. 

211. (2.) The Pharyngeal Cough. — It arises from irritation or 
inflammation of the pharynx, fauces, or neighboring glands; is not 
clear and loud, but moist, heavy-sounding, long, and as it were, hang- 
ing in the throat. This cough may be short and dry at the commence- 
ment, but only remains so until the secretions return, which they soon 
do, and in increased quantity. 

212. (3.) The Laryngeal Cough. — This generally depends on irri- 
tation of the membrane lining the larynx, but sometimes on derange- 
ment of the recurrent nerve. It comes on in paroxysms, and is easily 
produced by compression on the top of the windpipe. 

When caused by a dry state of the membrane, this cough is short 
and dry, has a hard, ringing or metallic sound, immediately followed 
by a long, harsh inspiration. When caused by derangement in the 
recurrent nerve, this cough is loud, dry, and spasmodic, and frequently 
chronic. As soon as the secretion returns to the membrane the cough 
becomes loose and less painful ; instead of the cooing noise heard on 
applying the ear to the larynx in the primary or dry stage of the mem- 
brane a mucous rattle will now be heard. These sounds will help us 
materially in forming correct diagnosis. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 261 

213. (4.) The Tracheal Cough. — If the secretion from the mem- 
brane lining the trachea be increased the cough will be prolonged and 
moist, sometimes followed by a thick, white discharge from the mouth 
or nose. In this case the ear applied to the trachea will hear the 
mucous rattle, and compression will cause the animal to cough. If, 
on the contrary, the membrane be dry, so will the cough, and on ap- 
plying the ear to the windpipe no moist sound will be heard, as in the 
former case, but instead either a shrill cooing or base sound — accord- 
ing to the size of the tube from constriction or deposition of lymph, 
and the dry state of the membrane. I have cured a case of tracheal 
cough of long standing where the aperture in the lower part of the 
tube was so small that a whistling sound could be heard during inspi- 
ration, and the cough was short, hacking, and feeble. 

214. (5.) The Bronchial Cough. — This cough, at first short, hard, 
dry, and frequent, soon becomes muffled, moist, and prolonged, when 
the secretion returns. The absence of irritation in the upper part of 
the air-passages leads us to investigate the lower portion by ausculta- 
tion, which alone can give a correct diagnosis. When the cough 
depends upon inflammation and dryness of the membrane lining the 
large bronchi, the ear or stethoscope applied to the hollow in front of 
the chest detects a cooing sound or rhonchus ; but should the small- 
bronchi be similarly affected, the ear applied to the sides of the thorax 
detects the dry or sibilant rales. As soon as the secretion returns and 
the cough becomes loose, the mucous rattle will be heard with dimin- 
ished and often suppressed respiratory murmur until the secretion be- 
comes removed by a cough. These abnormal and suppressed natural 
sounds, however, belong to symptomatic rather than idiopathic bron- 
chial cough, which is distinguished by negative rather than positive 
symptoms, such as absence of fever, sore throat, or any other catarrhal 
symptoms ; compression on the larynx or trachea, such as will produce 
laryngeal and tracheal cough, has no effect on this cough, which de- 
pends upon an irritable (not inflammatory) state of the bronchial mem- 
brane, and yields generally in two or three days to the homoeopathic 
treatment, which I shall presently describe. The idiopathic bronchial 
cough is loud, dry, and comes on in fits or paroxysms at uncertain 
periods of the day, causing the animal considerable annoyance, but not 
interfering with the general health or appetite. 

215. (6.) The Pulmonary Cough.— This is generally symptomatic 
of inflammation in the substance of the lung, or of some organic 



262 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

change, the result of previous inflammation. It is usually short, dry, 
and frequent, accompanied in the former case by dyspnoea and increased 
by percussion. As the inflammation increases, this cough becomes 
more constrained and painful, and ceases altogether. When inflam- 
mation is ^present in the parenchyma, auscultation detects the crepi- 
tant or other rales indicative of pneumonia. In chronic pulmonary 
cough, when organic change has taken place, it is usually indicated 
by absence of respiratory murmur in one or more circumscribed por- 
tions of the lung. 

216. (7.) The Broken- winded Cough. — This cough, which usually 
betokens vesicular dilatation and interlobular emphysema, is always 
symptomatic of a morbid state of the nervous system, which it is neces- 
sary I should fully explain, in order that the treatment which has 
proved successful may become intelligible to the reader. The cough 
is generally at first spasmodic and paroxysmal, but soon becomes short, 
single, and so feeble that it can scarcely be heard at a few yards dis- 
tance. To diagnose this cough is very easy, for not only is it peculiar 
in character, but it is accompanied by dyspnoea, and a double expira- 
tion or supplementary effort performed by the abdominal muscles. 
This is attributed by nearly all foreign and British authors to an em- 
physematous state of the lung, requiring this supplementary expiration 
to expel the extravasated air from the tissue which they suppose has 
been ruptured. Several veterinary surgeons, however, declare that 
they have examined broken-winded horses in which there was no 
emphysema (D'Arboval, Eodet, Volpi, Professors Dick and Sewell). 
In those cases which I have examined I have found the lungs much 
paler, and not collapsed, as usual, when exposed to atmospheric pressure. 

I have also observed dilatation of the small bronchi and air-cells, 
as well as interlobular emphysema, but have not been able to trace the 
latter to rupture of the cell. By some, a thickening or other altered 
condition of the membrane lining the air-passages has been observed, 
which has been put down by Laennec as the cause of the cough, and 
the latter as the cause of the dilatation and rupture of the air-cells, 
which he assumes does exist. The pathological changes which have 
been (though rarely) seen, are atrophy of the heart, and lesion of the 
diaphragm. Dupuy, one of our best French authorities, first conceived 
the idea that it was a nervous affection, and said that he had produced 
symptoms somewhat similar by compression and section of the pneumo- 
gastric nerves ; but our English authors, with very few exceptions, 
agree with Percival that " emphysema of the lungs is the true pathology 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 263 

of broken wind." Professor Gamgee, however, dissents from this doc- 
trine in the following words. "In stating our opinion on the nature 
of broken wind, we unhesitatingly affirm that it is at first a purely 
nervous disorder, dependent on the condition of the digestive organs, 
and in which the pneumogastric nerve is especially involved. As the 
result of a cause which thus operates through the nervous system, dysp- 
noea ensues and organic lesions soon follow, and most frequently in 
the shape of pulmonary emphysema." All these theories are no doubt 
highly interesting, but in a curative point of view of little importance 
to the allopathic practitioner, whose treatment would be just the same 
whether the disease of which the cough is symptomatic consisted in 
emphysema, thickness of the membrane, dilatation of the air-cells, or 
nervous derangement. It is, however, of the utmost importance to the 
homoeopathic practitioner to ascertain the fons et origo of this cough, 
which I shall now endeavor to explain. 

In my opinion not only the cough but all the attending phenomena 
depend upon loss of power m the nerves furnished to the lungs by the 
anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses ; and on a similar derange- 
ment in the gastric branches of the par vagum must depend those symp- 
toms of indigestion which are so frequent an accompaniment of the 
disease. This loss of power in the branches supplied by the pulmonary 
plexus, which are nearly all ganglionic, produces a degeneration and 
loss of power not only in the muscular coat of the bronchial tubes, but 
also in the elastic tissue of the lung, upon a healthy state of which 
principally depends the act of expiration. In consequence of this want 
of elasticity in the pulmonary tissue the cells became unnaturally di- 
lated, and this dilatation, or impurity of unchanged air, produces the 
short single cough, rendered feeble by the loss of power in the phrenic 
nerves and in the muscular tissues clothing the respiratory tubes. As 
these are unstriped muscles it is clear that the ganglionic system is at 
fault, and to it, not to the pneumogastric nerve (as taught by Professor 
Gamgee), must we turn our attention and apply our curative agents. 
This theory of loss of nerve power and elasticity will acount for the 
double expiration, not only in those cases in which emphysema exists, 
but also in those cases in which no such lesion has taken place, for in 
both, the abdominal muscles are called on to assist by a supplementary 
effort the weakened pulmonary elastic tissue. 

217. (8.) The Consumptive Cough. — This is very rarely met with 
in the horse, and may be diagnosed by absence of murmur in circum- 
scribed spots or patches of one or both lungs, bronchial respiration, and 



264 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

cavernous or spumous rales. This cough denotes tubercles in the lungs, 
which usually terminate in glanders. 

218. (9.) The Chronic Cough. — This is so named from its lasting 
for months or years without appearing to injure the animal's health ; 
may be an effect of previous disease in some part of the respiratory 
organs, or it may be idiopathic, when its origin must be ascribed to 
nervous derangement. 

There are three kinds of chronic cough, namely : 

1. The hollow, groaning cough. 

2. The loud, dry, spasmodic cough. 

3. The short, hacking, feeble, grunting cough. 

The first, or hollow cough, which seems to come from the inmost re- 
cesses of the body, is preceded by a groan, or made up of half groan, 
half cough. It comes on early in the morning or at night, and does 
not interfere with the general health for a very long time. Ausculta- 
tion sometimes fails to detect the seat of this cough, when I conclude 
that it arises from some derangement in the pulmonary and gastric 
branches of the par vagum. More frequently, however, it depends 
upon consolidation of a portion of the lung, which may be diagnosed 
by the absence of murmur, and dulness on percussion over the hepa- 
tized portion. 

The second, or spasmodic cough, seems to me to depend upon some 
derangement in the recurrent nerve, or on an irritable state of the 
membrane lining the larynx. It is generally heard when the horse is 
eating, drinking, or first brought out of the stable. 

The third, or grunting cough, is similar to the broken-winded one, 
but unattended by the jerking movement of the flanks or any emphy- 
sema. The pathology of this cough only differs from that of broken 
wind insomuch as the elasticity of the lung is concerned ; for in this 
case the pulmonary tissue does not appear to be affected at first, al- 
though it eventually becomes so, and then the animal is broken- 
winded. 

But the organic nervous system supplying the lining membrane and 
also the diaphragm is equally depressed, and as a natural consequence 
we find an alteration in the bronchial secretion, or some deposition of 
lymph in the air-passages, giving rise to a cough which is short, feeble, 
and devoid of resonance, owing chiefly to loss of power in the phrenic 
nerves. A strong forcible expiration or cough requires a sudden in- 
spiration, which cannot well take place if the diaphragm is out of order. 
This has been confirmed by Girard and other veterinary surgeons, 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 265 

who observed a cough similar to the one under consideration in horses 
that they afterwards found had sustained a lesion of the diaphragm. 

219. Remedies for Cough. — Aconitum napellus. Aconite may be 
used in the primary stages of all inflammatory coughs, whether seated 
in the mucous membrane or pulmonary tissue. Its principal indication 
in the former is dryness of the membrane. In the latter, increased and 
full or strong pulse, with dyspnoea and other indications already given 
in the diagnostic symptoms of pulmonary coughs. The Aconite cough 
is short, dry, frequent, and generally spasmodic. As soon as the in- 
flammatory symptoms subside, which is denoted by increased mucous 
or muco-purulent secretion, the Aconite should be either discontinued 
or given in alternation with the drug specifically adapted to the nature 
and seat of cough under treatment. 

In human medicine this drug holds a high position as a remedy for 
coughs, but, according to my experience, it can only be regarded as a 
useful auxiliary in veterinary practice. From its extensive range of 
action, Aconite may be useful in those recent, hard, dry coughs, whose 
seat it may be difficult to diagnose. 

Aconite will be indispensable in the first or inflammatory stage of 
bronchitis, of pleurisy, and of pneumonia, which are characterized by 
hardness of the pulse, chilliness, and high fever. In the last-named 
disorder it will be indicated by the pulse being quickened and full, the 
breathing labored and panting, the mouth hot and dry, and the mem- 
branes of the eye and nose injected. 

Dose. — Ten drops may be thoroughly mixed in a pint of water ; of 
this two tablespoonfuls may be given to the larger animals, one to the 
medium-sized, as the sheep, the goat ; and one or two teaspoonfuls to 
the smaller domestic patients ; the dose to be repeated once in one, two, 
three, or four hours, according to the severity of the symptoms ; dimin- 
ishing the frequency of repetition as the case improves. 

Apis mellifica. — Apis acts especially on the lining membrane of the 
larynx, and seems to control a state of inflammation in it even greater 
than that to which Belladonna is applicable — one in which I infer 
from the symptoms that submucous infiltration has taken place. The 
cough is suffocative, painful, and not so hard as the Belladonna cough ; 
but there is usually more dyspnoea, which leads me to diagnose a thick- 
ening of the membrane, probably from effusion, which Apis speedily 
removes. It has also, in my hands, quickly removed a painful, hoarse 
cough, accompanied by a clear, ropy discharge from the mouth, similar 
to the symptoms indicating Mercurius, which appears to me to be its 



266 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

chief analogue as far as the action of both on the larynx is concerned. 
Apis has also been used by me, with considerable success, in some 
cases to which Belladonna appeared to be homoeopathic, but yet failed 
in removing the cough. 

Dose. — See Aconite. 

Arsenicum album. — This drug acts on the mucous membrane lining 
the whole of the respiratory tract. It is chiefly indicated in those coughs 
which remain after influenza or catarrh of an asthenic type, accompanied 
by an unhealthy appearance of the coat. The cough is usually dry, but 
with watery discharge from the nostrils, and excited by exposure to cold 
air or drinking cold water. It would seem to be dependent on loss of 
power in the organic nervous system, giving rise to a thin, acrid secre- 
tion from the respiratory mucous membrane, to cure which it only re- 
quires that the vaso-motor system be raised to a healthy standard by 
the action of Arsenicum. On referring to my pathology of " broken 
wind," — see No. 216, p. 262, — the reader will understand why Arseni- 
cum has been so successful in the hands of M. Hew, of Chaumont, in 
curing this disease. This gentleman has lately published a report of 
ten cases of broken wind cured by Arsenicum. He gave it to the 
extent of fifteen grains daily, and at the end of a fortnight not only 
the cough but all other symptoms had disappeared. Chronic cough 
with thick wind is also one for which Arsenicum is peculiarly suit- 
able ; but in these cases I would recommend the Liquor Arsenicalis in 
thirty-drop doses. 

In pneumonia, Arsenicum will be indicated in extreme cases when 
there are : great depression ; weak pulse ; cold, clammy mouth ; purg- 
ing, and entire absence of appetite ; cough worse at night (after mid- 
night), on going up a hill, and especially when attended with difficulty 
of breathing. This is the principal remedy for heaves or broken wind, 
as above stated. 

Dose. — Same as directed for Aconite, but repeated only half as often. 

Belladonna. — The chief sphere of action of this drug, as a cough 
medicine, is the upper portion of the air-passages, including the phar- 
ynx, fauces, and larynx, as well as the neighboring glands. I have 
never witnessed any beneficial effects from Belladonna in bronchial 
coughs of a sthenic character, but in those low, feeble, painful coughs 
having their seats in the bronchial membrane, and accompanied by 
fever of an asthenic type, I have used Belladonna in alternation with 
Bryonia most successfully. 

Belladonna has proved remarkably successful in the dry cough of 
the late epizootic; it is indispensable in pneumonia, and here, as in 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 267 

the epizootic, it may be given in alternation with Phosphorus to great 
advantage. 

Dose. — Similar to Aconite, but not so often repeated. 

Bryonia. — Bryony is a very valuable cough medicine, but the state 
for which it is applicable has not, according to my experience, been so 
well explained by any author as by Dr. Hughes, in his Pharmaco- 
dynamics. Its sphere of action as regards coughs is the larynx, 
trachea, and large bronchi, but it has little or no effect on a cough 
having its seat in the small tubes. It does not appear to me to be ap- 
plicable to an active state of inflammation, but to irritability, produc- 
ing " continued, dry cough, especially early in the morning/' The 
Bryony cough, although dry, is usually accompanied by a rattle in the 
throat or some part of the trachea. This rattle is not such as ordinary 
mucus would produce, but conveys the idea that plastic lymph has 
been thrown out, or mucus of a tenacious character. Pressure on the 
part of the trachea where this rale is heard immediately produces the 
cough, as does also exposure to cold air or exercise. In those coughs 
which prove a sequel to some active disease in the air-passages which 
has left the membrane in an irritable state, giving rise to cough when 
the horse is first brought out of the stable, Bryony will be found a 
most useful remedy ; but when any soreness of the throat is present it 
must yield in value to Belladonna. Bryonia is required in pleurisy 
where it w T ill be indicated by the aggravation on motion and tenderness 
on pressing upon the flanks, and by a full and moderately hard pulse. 
Short and restrained cough, as if it were painful, and the breathing 
short and catching, will especially call for this remedy in pleurisy. In 
bronchitis, Bryonia will be indicated by loud rattling from the first, 
heard when the ear is applied to the breast or side ; cough is loose and 
attended with discharge of frothy phlegm ; the respiration is quick, 
difficult ; there is rattling of mucus in the windpipe, in the air-tubes 
(bronchia), and in the lungs ; or the cough may be frequent, dry, irri- 
tating (Aconite may here be preferred) ; there is a discharge of thick 
phlegm. Aconite and Bryonia have been advised to be given in alter- 
nation in the earlier stages of this disorder. 

Dose. — Six to ten drops, once in two or three hours, in the most 
urgent cases (e. g., of pleurisy) ; usually to be prepared as directed for 
Aconite ; repeated once in two or three hours. 

Iodium, Iodine. — I have found the Tincture of Iodine useful both 
for laryngeal and tracheal coughs, attended by an effusion from the 
membrane of a plastic nature, as well as in those cases dependent on 
chronic inflammation of the membrane, and accompanied by an un- 



268 VETERINARY HOM<EOPATHY. 

healthy discharge from one or both nostrils. In its action on the 
laryngeal and tracheal membrane it resembles Bryony, bnt differs from 
the latter in its affinity for the salivary glands. When the cough 
depends upon an irritable, not inflammatory state of the salivary 
glands, or of the mucous follicles in the laryngeal and tracheal mem- 
brane, whereby these secretions are changed from their normal char- 
acter, I believe Iodine will be found superior to Mercurius, Bromine, 
or Spongia, but often inferior to Arsenicum, which appears to be its 
chief analogue. 

Dose. — As directed for Aconite, repeated once in three or four hours. 

Mercurius. — The mercurial preparations act on the mucous mem- 
brane lining the air-passages, but principally on the laryngeal portion, 
and also on the salivary glands. I have very little faith in Mercurius 
as a remedy for bronchial coughs, either acute or chronic, and feel con- 
vinced that if those authors who recommend it for chronic bronchitis 
would substitute Antimonium tartaricum, either in trituration or dilu- 
tion, they would find the latter a far superior remedy, especially in 
those cases where the tubes are filled with mucus. The cough requiring 
Mercurius is dependent on the secondary stage of inflammation in the 
pharyngo-laryngeal region and neighboring glands, and its use is 
indicated by increased secretion, nasal discharge, and sore throat. 

Nux vomica. — Tinct. nucis is principally indicated in coughs of a 
nervous and spasmodic character, which some horses have early in the 
morning and at night, but without deranging the general health, and 
often without any pathognomonic symptom whereby its seat can be 
accurately determined. This chronic cough appears to me to depend 
upon some derangement in the pneumogastric nerve. Sometimes the 
recurrent is the branch most affected, sometimes the pulmonary branches, 
but occasionally the gastric, when we have what is called a stomach 
cough. The acute symptomatic cough for which Nux is applicable is 
attended by constipation or a slimy state of the fecal balls, foul tongue, 
or a peculiar white appearance of its dorsum, and probably yellowness 
of the buccal membrane, and sometimes by that state of the skin called 
" hide-bound." A most remarkable indication for Nux vomica in 
cough is found in breaking wind simultaneously with the cough. This 
we have observed on several occasions, in which Nux never failed to 
cure. In coughs attended with a disposition to heaves, and where the 
animal immediately begins to cough on being made to trot, Nux will 
be found invaluable. Coughs w r orse on going down hill, especially 
trotting, which seems to irritate the bronchia by a sort of downward 
mechanical pressure, compare Ammo. mur. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 269 

Dr. Ja>mes Moore, whose cough indications we have freely quoted, 
gives the following indications for Nux vomica : dry, hoarse, spasmodic 
cough, worse in the morning, and after eating and exercise, and especi- 
ally when the stomach is disordered, the tongue furred, the mouth foul, 
the appetite variable, the bowels confined. 

Dose. — As directed for Aconite, repeated once in three or four hours. 

Phosphorus. — This is the best medicine for pulmonary coughs of a 
febrile or inflammatory character, whether such cough has its seat in 
the small bronchi or substance of the lung. It is also useful for chronic 
cough arising from some organic change in the pulmonary tissue. The 
Phosphorus cough is dry, short, and frequent, or what is termed a 
" racking" cough. Human surgeons recommend this drug for laryngeal 
cough, but I cannot indorse this recommendation in veterinary practice. 
Necessary in pneumonia, especially in the second stage, when the lung 
is solidified, a condition which may be ascertained by observing the 
physical signs, of dulness on auscultation. And when the breathing is 
very labored and distressed, and when a reddish or yellowish discharge 
is coughed up. 

Dose. — As directed for Aconite, to be repeated once in four hours. 

Rumex crispus. — This drug, whose specific action on man is confined 
to the laryngopharyngeal region, in the horse has an equally powerful 
effect on the bronchial membrane. 

The laryngeal cough which Rumex removes is dependent on an 
irritable (not inflammatory) state of the membrane, either idiopathic 
from the commencement or the result of previous inflammation which 
has been removed by other means. In consequence of the absence 
generally of objective symptoms, and the horse being unable to give us 
the subjective ones, it requires a great deal of practical knowledge to 
decide on the seat and class of cough for which Rumex is suitable; but 
once correctly diagnosed, the remedy acts like magic. 

There is no sore throat, bronchitis, or any marked constitutional 
derangement, and seldom any abnormal rale, yet the horse coughs 
frequently, especially on the slightest exertion. 

Sometimes a sibilant or mucous rale may be heard, but more fre- 
quently the respiration is merely harsh, as though the membrane was 
deficient in secretion. It is, in fact, an idiopathic cough whose seat it 
is difficult, and often impossible, to determine ; but of this the reader 
may be assured that if Rumex be the appropriate remedy, its action 
will be apparent in two or three days. 

Dose. — As directed for Aconite. 

So far Dr. Lord, except the directions for the dose ; but there are 



270 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

still certain remedies, of less frequent occurrence perhaps, but still 
needed in the various disorders of domestic animals, whose titles are 
placed at the head of this section, disorders of which cough forms one 
of the most prominent and easily distinguished symptom. 

Arnica will be required in pleurisy resulting from external injuries, 
to be followed by Aconite, Bryonia, or Rhus tox., according to the 
existing conditions. 

Cannabis may be required in inflammations of bronchia, or in pneu- 
monia, where the animal is obliged to stand up in order to breathe. 

Carbo veg\ — Frequent attacks of hollow-sounding, spasmodic cough, 
occurring only in the morning. It is also indicated for cough in the 
evening till midnight. 

China. — Cough at night, worse after midnight, difficult breathing, 
with debility, especially after hemorrhage from lungs (in human 
subjects). 

Ammonium cansticum. — Much languor from the first ; coldness of 
the legs, ears, and nose; rough, staring coat; quickened, difficult 
breathing ; pulse small, weak, and frequent. 

Sulphur will often be needed in pneumonia, and in pleurisy, when 
the acute symptoms have been removed by other remedies. It serves 
to prevent the cough from becoming chronic. 

Dose. — Six or ten drops every morning. 

Antimoninm tartaricum (Tartar emetic) is indicated in bronchial 
cough when the secretion (and discharge) of mucus is very copious, the 
cough is loose, the rattling loud, the breathing much distressed. 

Kali bichromicum is indicated when the phlegm is tough, sticky, 
stringy, in old-standing cases, and when the tongue is covered with 
yellow fur. 

Drosera. — Spasmodic, or chronic cough, hoarse, hollow-sounding. 

Spongia. — Sharp, shrill, ringing cough, tracheal inflammation, or 
dry, hollow, barking cough, sounding like croup or like whooping- 
cough in the human subject. 

Ipecacuanha. — Quick, anxious, sighing breathing, suffocating at- 
tacks, frequent dry cough, suffocating cough, loose cough, rattling in 
bronchia, violent racking cough. Particularly recommended for sheep. 

Belladonna, Carbo veg., Drosera, Hepar, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha, 
and Veratrum have been recommended for the spasmodic cough of dogs. 

For the dose of these remedies see Aconite ; they must be repeated 
according to circumstances. 

220. Pleuro-Pneumonia in Horses. — The following account of the 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 271 

pleuro-pneumonia in horses we extract from Colonel Fitzwy gram's 
" Horses and Stables/' before referred to. 

Pleuro-pneumonia is inflammation affecting both the lungs and 
pleurse. The disease may attack one lung or one portion of one lung, 
but it more often attacks both lungs at once. The pleurae are gener- 
ally involved to the same extent as the lungs. The position and 
extent of the disease must be ascertained by auscultation. The causes 
of pleuro-pneumonia are the same as those of other diseases of the 
respiratory system. 

The symptoms in the early stage are those of pneumonia with the 
addition of the friction-sound and elevated ridge across the cartilages 
of the ribs, which are to be noted as characteristics of pleuritis. The 
pulse is more affected than in pneumonia, and less so than in pleurisy, 
and may probably range about 70. 

In the second or moist and in the later stages the symptoms are also 
similar to those which have been already detailed under the head of 
pneumonia and pleurisy, and are in fact, as we might expect, a com- 
bination of both. Thus whereas in pleurisy the effusion or exudation 
is poured out into the cavity of the chest, and in pneumonia the sub- 
stance of the lungs is affected by the out-poured fluid, in pleuro-pneu- 
monia both results may ensue. 

A peculiar low form of pleuro-pneumonia often prevails as an 
epizootic in large towns, the early symptoms of which are very obscure. 
The animal merely shows dulness and loss of appetite and increased 
frequency of pulse. The respiratory movements are at first so little 
affected, that unless the practitioner is on his guard and tests the state 
of the lungs by auscultation, the disease may gain a head before its 
real nature is suspected. 

Some cases, however, in spite of all our care will terminate unfavor- 
ably, and we shall then have to deal with those results which have 
been mentioned above, namely, effusion or water on the chest ; exuda- 
tion of lymph causing either condensation of the connecting tissue of 
the lungs and also of the air-cells, or extensive adhesion of the pleura 
of the ribs to the pleura of the lungs ; or more rarely suppuration and 
the formation of abscesses ; or sometimes gangrene and mortification of 
the parts attacked. 

When effusion takes place from the overloaded vessels, the acute 
symptoms are at first greatly diminished, and the inexperienced may 
be led to think that the patient is going to recover. Warmth returns 
to the extremities, the pulse, though still quick is less frequent and it 
becomes soft, the appetite partially returns, and the general appear- 



272 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

ance indicates that the acute pain has subsided. The fact is, that the 
tension is taken off the coats of the bloodvessels by reason of the effu- 
sion ; and thus for a time, until the water occupies some considerable 
space in the chest, the breathing is not so much labored. 

As soon, however, as that result takes place, the breathing becomes 
more labored and the difficulty increases with the increasing amount 
of the effusion. The degree to which the water has formed, may be 
ascertained by careful auscultation, as no respiratory sounds will be 
heard from that part of the lungs which is surrounded by water; 
whilst above that point, the usual sound will be plainly perceptible. 

From the commencement of the effusion, although many of the 
urgent symptoms at first subside, yet others remain throughout, which 
distinctly negative the idea of a real recovery. The pulse is still quick 
and wiry, the breathing quick in number although at first less labored, 
the extremities, which had temporarily regained their warmth, again 
become cold, the coat is harsh and dry, and there is a want of pliability 
in the skin. The most marked feature, however, consists in the patient 
still standing persistently with his fore legs wide apart. 

As soon as the effusion has taken place to any considerable extent, 
there will be in most cases a dropsical swelling between the fore legs 
under the sternum, and the ridge along the abdomen will become 
more and more distinct, and a straw-colored serous discharge will be 
seen from time to time to trickle from the nostrils. The expiration 
also will be more markedly performed by a double action ; i. e., the 
abdominal muscles will be brought into play to assist in the expiration 
of the air. As the weakness increases, the hair of the mane and tail 
will become very loose, and may be easily detached. 

All sound of the percolation of the air necessarily ceases below the 
point to which the serum or water has risen. In some cases the dis- 
tended vessels continue to pour out serum until it has risen in the 
pleural cavities to such an extent as to cause death from suffocation. 
The water may indeed be drawn off through a tube inserted into the 
chest, and temporary relief will be gained ; but in most cases it quickly 
reforms. The practice has latterly got into disuse for the above reason. 

All cases of effusion do not, however, terminate thus unfavorably 
The effusion may be only slight, and in such cases the lower part only 
of the lungs is pressed upon, whilst sufficient remains for respiration. 
Nature then by means of the absorbents and bloodvessels takes up the 
whole or part of the effusion. Any consolidated deposit that may re- 
main, will necessarily more or less impede the freedom of respiration. 

The degree in which nature takes up the effusion, is principally 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 273 

dependent on the tone of the vital powers after the acute attack has 
passed away. If those powers have been weakened by depletive treat- 
ment, by blisters and such like remedies, or by neglect, nature may 
probably be unable to take up the deposit. But if, on the other hand, 
by judicious management, good nursing, attention to the appetite, and 
by the absence of violent remedies, those powers have been husbanded 
and assisted, there is reason to hope that, nature may be able to absorb 
all the effusion and deposit. In these cases, however, her powers will 
require to be assisted by very careful and well-directed after-treatment. 

If the attack terminates in exudation, the lymph may be deposited 
either between the lungs and the sides of the cavity of the chest, or in 
the lungs, or it may affect both parts. Lymph as previously stated is 
adhesive in its nature, and has a marked tendency to become con- 
solidated and organized. 

In virtue of this property if, as in pleuritis, it is deposited between 
the pleura of the lungs and the pleura of the ribs, it has, when suffered 
to remain, a tendency to cause the one part to adhere to the other. 
This result is known as adhesion. If the adhesion of the lungs to the 
ribs affects a large surface, their free motion and expansion is neces- 
sarily interfered with, and the horse must ever after be unsound in 
wind and unfit for fast work. 

If, as in pure pneumonia, the lymph is exuded into the lungs, it will, 
if it becomes organized, consolidate and choke up a portion at least of 
the air-cells and passages, and render the animal unsound. Lymph 
may be exuded even to such an extent as to cause suffocation. 

In pleuro-pneumonia the exudation may take place cither into the 
substance of the lungs, consolidating their structure and causing them 
to become hepatized ; or between the pleura of the lungs and ribs ; or 
it may affect both structures. 

In severe cases of bronchitis lymph is sometimes exuded and de- 
posited in the bronchial tubes ; and if it becomes organized, it will 
produce diminution of those channels and the wind will be affected. 

In all the above cases the degree of permanent mischief will depend 
on the length of time which the lymph remains in the structures af- 
fected rather than on the amount of the deposit. If the vital powers, 
on the termination of the acute attack, are unable to take up and ab- 
sorb the lymph, it will become consolidated, and will produce the mis- 
chievous effects detailed above. If, on the other hand, by judicious 
treatment and nursing nature is given a fair chance, she will in favor- 
able cases take up the whole or a large portion of the lymph exuded. 
With a view of stimulating the action of the absorbents five-drop doses 

18 



274 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

of the mother tincture of Bryonia may be given with benefit three 
times a day. 

In some cases, where the attack, whether arising from pneumonia 
or pleuro-pneumonia, has been very intense, and especially where in 
addition the patient has been unduly lowered, suppuration may take 
place and abscesses will form in the lungs. The presence of an abscess, 
as soon as it has opened into a bronchial tube, may be detected by those 
experienced in auscultation on the application of the ear to the chest, 
either by a rushing sound as the air rushes into the hollow space, or 
by the absence of any sound of percolation of air through the part, 
when the abscess, as is often the case, is filled with matter. Even be- 
yond the parts immediately affected and in fact destroyed by the ab- 
scesses, it is more than probable that the whole structure of the lungs 
must be more or less disorganized by the violence of an attack sufficient 
to induce suppuration. 

The formation of abscesses is, however, more easily known by fetor 
of the breath and by the animal coughing up muco-purulent matter. 

Gangrene or mortification may occur in any part of the structures, 
which have been subjected to disease. It is, in plain language, death 
of the part, and the result is invariably fatal. 

These indications for the treatment, and the medicines themselves, 
are very similar, in simple pneumonia, and in pleuro-pneumonia, only 
that Bryonia replaces, in the latter, the Belladonna so useful in the 
former. 

Treatment — Place the animal in a well-ventilated box, and let plenty 
of air in. In the horse, put on warm clothing; hand-rub and bandage 
the legs ; and give small quantities frequently of whatever food he will 
eat. 

The following are the best remedies : 

Ammonium causticum in those cases which begin with languor ; 
coldness of the legs, ears, and nose ; rough, staring coat ; quickened, 
difficult breathing ; pulse small, weak, and frequent. 

Aconite is indicated when febrile reaction comes on — the pulse being 
quickened and full ; the breathing labored and panting ; the mouth hot 
and dry; the membranes of the eye and nose injected. 

Bryonia is especially required, often in alternation with Aconite, 
when there are symptoms of bronchitis, such as loud rattling from the 
first in the air-tube, heard when the ear is applied to the breast or 
side ; the cough loose and attended with discharge of frothy phlegm, 
&c. 

Phosphorus is of the greatest value in this disease, especially in the 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 275 

second stage when the lung is solidified — a condition which can be as- 
certained by detecting special physical signs. Also, when the breathing 
is very labored and distressed, and when a reddish or yellowish dis- 
charge is coughed up. 

Arsenicum is often of service in extreme cases, when there are : great 
depression ; weak pulse ; cold, clammy mouth ; purging ; no appetite. 

Dose. — Ten drops for horses, six for sheep, and four for dogs, to be 
mixed, each, in one pint of water and given in two tablespoonfuls, or 
teaspoonful doses, as required. 

Sulphur is always given by Dr. Moore, as soon as the acute symp- 
toms have yielded, with a view to complete the cure, and prevent ten- 
dency to relapse. 

Dose. — Ten drops three times a day. 

221. Pleuro -pneumonia in Cattle. — From Gamgee's Dairy Stock, 
we take the following concise statement of the symptoms of epidemic 
pleuro-pneumonia in cattle : " From the time that an animal is exposed 
to the contagion to the first manifestation of the symptoms, a certain 
period elapses ; this is the period of incubation. It varies from a fort- 
night to forty days. Some faith may be relied on reports of even longer 
periods of incubation. The first signs, proving that the animal has 
been seized, can scarcely be detected by any but a professional man ; 
though, if a proprietor of cattle were extremely careful, and had pains- 
taking individuals about his stock, he would invariably notice a slight 
shiver usher in the disorder, which for several days, even after the 
shivering fit, would limit itself to slight interference with breathing, 
detected readily on auscultation. Perhaps a cough might be noticed, 
and the appetite and milk secretion also diminish. The animal be- 
comes costive and the shivering fits recur. The cough becomes more 
constant and oppressive, the pulse full and frequent, usually numbering 
about 80 per minute at first, and rising to upwards of 100. The tem- 
perature of the body rises, and all the symptoms of acute fever set in. 
A moan or grunt, in the early part of the disease, indicates a dangerous 
attack, and the alse nasi, or nasal cartilages, rise spasmodically at each 
inspiration ; the air rushes through the inflamed windpipe and bronchial 
tubes, so as to produce a loud, coarse respiratory murmur ; and the 
spasmodic action of the abdominal muscles indicates the difficulty the 
animal experiences also in the act of expiration. Pressure over the in- 
tercostal spaces and pressing on the spine, induce the pain so charac- 
teristic of pleurisy, and a deep moan not unfrequently follows such an 
experiment. The eyes are bloodshot, the mouth clammy, skin dry 



276 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

and tightly bound to the subcutaneous textures, and the urine is scanty 
and high-colored. 

"On auscultation, the characteristic, dry, sonorous rale of ordinary 
bronchitis may be detected along the windpipe and in the bronchial 
tubes. A loud sound of this description is, not unfrequently, detected 
at the anterior part of either side of the chest, whilst the respiratory 
murmur is entirely lost posteriorly, from consolidation of the lung. A 
decided leathery friction-sound is detected over a considerable portion 
of the thoracic surface. As the disease advances, and gangrene, with 
the production of cavities in the lungs, ensues, loud cavernous rales are 
heard, which are more or less circumscribed, occasionally attended by 
a decided metallic noise. When one lung alone is affected, the morbid 
sounds are confined to one side, and on the healthy side the respiratory 
murmur is uniformly louder all over. 

" By carefully auscultating diseased cows from day to day, interesting 
changes can be discovered during the animal's lifetime. Frequently 
the abnormal sounds indicate progressive destruction ; but at other 
times portions of lung that have been totally impervious to air, become 
the seat of sibilant rales, and gradually a healthy respiratory murmur 
proves that, by absorption of the materials that have been plugging the 
lung-tissue, resolution is fast advancing. I have seen some very re- 
markable cases of this description. 

"Unfortunately we often find a rapid destruction of lung-tissue, and 
speedy dissolution. In other instances the general symptoms of hectic 
or consumption attend lingering cases, in which the temperature of the 
body becomes low ; the animal has a dainty appetite, or refuses all 
nourishment. It has a discharge from the eyes, and a fetid sanious 
discharge from the nose. Not unfrequently it coughs up disorganized 
lung-tissue and putrid pus. Great prostration, and indeed, typhous 
symptoms set in. There is a fetid diarrhoea, and the animal sinks in 
the most emaciated state, often dying from suffocation, in consequence 
of the complete destruction of the respiratory structures." 

The following symptoms are given by Dr. James Moore as the char- 
acteristics of the malady which are of most frequent occurrence. 

In the First Stage. — It begins in one of three ways : Firstly, it may 
attack the cow suddenly, and run a rapid course in spite of all treat- 
ment ; secondly, it may come on slowly and insidiously, the cow ap- 
pearing to be not very ill, whilst the lungs are becoming diseased be- 
yond the hope of restoration ; and thirdly, it sometimes begins with 
violent purging, followed by great weakness and loss of flesh. 

The majority of cases, however, present the following symptoms : a 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 277 

short, dry, husky cough, which is heard only occasionally ; it is highly 
characteristic of this disease, and when once heard cannot be mistaken 
again. The owner says, perhaps, that he has heard this "hoose" for 
two or three days, but thought no more about it. On inquiry, it will 
be found that the beast does not give so much milk as usual, and that 
it has a slightly yellowish tinge ; the appetite is not much worse, yet 
still she is careless about her food, and does not lick her dish clean ; 
when at rest, the breathing may not show any departure from its 
healthy play, but when the animal is moved and walked some dis- 
tance, it becomes more frequent, labored, and difficult; the pulse is 
often healthy in character, although sometimes it is weak, and slightly' 
increased in frequency ; the bowels may either be confined or purged, 
or quite regular; the body is sometimes hot, sometimes cold. The 
cow appears dull and listless ; when at grass she separates herself from 
the others, and lies on the ground whilst they are browsing. 

In the Second Stage. — The cough is now more frequent, and thick, 
frothy phlegm dribbles from the mouth ; the breathing is short when 
the air is taken into the lungs, and long when it is pressed out of 
them ; the inward breathing is attended with much pain, which causes 
the animal to grunt and to grate her teeth ; the grunt is heard when 
the animal is pressing the air out from the lungs ; the pain is much 
increased by coughing and change of position, and to lessen it the 
cough is now suppressed, or held back and short, and the cow stands 
fixed in one place. The pain is owing to the pleura being inflamed, 
and the position of the diseased place may be ascertained by pressing 
the side between the ribs with the point of the thumb ; when pressed 
on the animal will flinch and grunt. The pulse is quickened and op- 
pressed ; the skin is hard, tight, and bound to the ribs ; the horns are 
hotter and the muzzle drier than usual ; the head is lowered and thrust 
forward, with the nose poked out ; the back is raised up ; little or no 
food is eaten ; the cud is seldom or never chewed ; the milk is stopped ; 
the bowels are bound, and, when moved, the dung is in hard, dry 
lumps. 

In the Third Stage. — The breathing is much quickened, very diffi- 
cult, labored, and even gasping; the breathing is carried on partly 
through the mouth, partly through the nostrils ; the breath has a bad 
smell ; a stringy, frothy fluid constantly dribbles from the mouth ; the 
cow groans loudly and frequently, whilst the grunt is either gone or 
subdued ; the pulse is quick, weak, and in some cases imperceptible or 
intermittent ; the horns, ears, and legs are cold, the skin covered with 
cold sweat, the head and neck stretched out, with the nose poked into 



278 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

the corner of the manger ; the fore legs are separated from one another 
and fixed in one place, unless the cow is restless and uneasy ; some- 
times the hind ones are crossed over each other, or the hind fetlock - 
joints are knuckled forward ; the stoppage of milk is complete ; the 
animal is reduced to a skeleton ; the strength is also, of course, greatly 
impaired, and the beast can scarcely cough ; insensibility sometimes 
steals over her ; the urine is very high-colored ; towards the last, vio- 
lent purging comes on, the discharged matter being quite watery, 
blackish, highly offensive, and sometimes mixed with blood ; eventu- 
ally, the cavity of the chest becomes so full of fluid, or so much of the 
lung is condensed, that the breathing, from being more and more diffi- 
cult and frequent, at last ceases, and the animal is dead. 

222. Treatment. — It is of the utmost importance that this should 
be begun at the earliest possible moment. The sooner the medicines 
are given after the first symptoms of the malady begin to make their 
appearance, the more promptly and certainly may the disorder be re- 
moved. 

Aconite. — Pulse hard and quickened ; breathing short, painful, anx- 
ious, attended with groans and open mouth ; shivering or trembling, 
attended with coldness of the legs and horns, and dry heat of the skin. 

Dose. — Ten drops in a little water every hour, or two hours, accord- 
ing to the violence of the symptoms. 

Bryonia. — Frequent, short, suppressed cough, which conveys to a 
looker-on the idea that the action of coughing causes a sharp pain in 
the chest, and the cow tries to lessen this by stopping or cutting short 
the effort of coughing. For the same reason the breathing is short, 
attended with pain and the characteristic grunt; pain, followed by 
flinching and grunt when the ribs are pressed against ; the animal re- 
mains standing in one place, and is unwilling to move, because the 
pain in the chest is thereby increased. 

Dose. — Ten drops every two or three hours. 

It frequently happens that the cow presents all the symptoms which 
are included under the last two medicines, in which case both are to be 
chosen and given every one, two, three, or four hours, not mixed, but 
time about, or in turns — that is, first one, then the other, one, two, or 
three hours after — then the first again, and so on, according to the 
violence of the symptoms. The same remark applies to all the other 
remedies. The reader, then, is to remember this rule : That in choos- 
ing any of the medicines, he must pick out those that correspond most 
nearly to the present symptoms of the cow. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 279 

Ammonium causticum. — Quick, difficult breathing, attended with 
rattling sounds ; the breathing inwards is short, in consequence of 
pain ; cough frequent, and attended with discharge of phlegm from 
the windpipe ; great weakness, listlessness, and depression ; pulse 
feeble and quickened ; frequent shivering or trembling ; skin hot and 
dry, afterwards moist. 

Dose. — Ten drops in a little water, every two hours, till improve- 
ment appears, then once in three hours only. 

Lycopodium. — Fan-like motion of alse nasi ; from this symptom, 
Dr. Wilson cured many cases with this remedy. 

Arsenicum is the most suitable when there are wheezing, short, 
hurried, and difficult breathing ; small, quick pulse ; great weakness 
and loss of appetite ; grinding of the teeth ; cold skin and clammy 
sweats ; frequent short cough ; purging either in the first or last stage ; 
then Arsenicum is the most suitable, and must be given as follows: 

Dose. — Ten drops every two or three hours. 

If the following symptoms exist — breathing difficult, oppressed, and 
obstructed ; pains in the chest, which are aggravated by taking a deep 
breath, by moving about, and by coughing ; pain between the ribs ; 
frequent short cough, attended frequently with discharge of slimy 
phlegm, which is sometimes mixed with blood ; violent purging, fol- 
lowed by wasting and weakness ; then Phosphorus is required, and 
must be given as directed for the last medicine. 

Sulphur exerts its beneficial action in this complaint, more especially 
when one or other of the foregoing remedies have subdued the more 
violent symptoms, and when the cow is slowly recovering. Its chief 
eifect seems to be to confirm the tendency towards health, and to guard 
against a relapse. It is to be given as follows : 

Dose. — Ten drops in a wineglassful of water three times a day. 

Diet. — The food should consist of bran mashes, boiled turnips, and 
carrots, oat- meal or corn-meal gruel. Healthy cows should be removed 
from the vicinity of those that are sick. The latter should be housed 
in dry, well-ventilated, and comfortable stables, and every care should 
be observed, by giving little food at a time, to prevent a fatal relapse 
after convalescence has been well established ; for if the stomach is filled 
with food, the disease is very apt to return, and death is then the usual 
consequence. 

By the aid of these homoeopathic medicines, Dr. Moore and other 
British veterinarians saved a very large portion of their cases in an 
epidemic of pleuro-pneumonia so destructive that nearly all (36 out of 
37) died under the ordinary treatment. 



280 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

223. Typhoid Pneumonia. — Dr. James Moore cured with ten drops 
of Phosphorus, three times a day (followed after nine or ten days with 
Sulphur 6 , ten drops three times a day), a case of typhoid pneumonia 
with the following symptoms: The horse, an aged one, had been allo- 
pathically treated for seven or eight weeks, and was pronounced in- 
curable; pulse 73, weak and small; respiration 36, quick and short; 
the cough is painful, cavernous, and frequent ; discharge from both nos- 
trils copious, mucopurulent, and brownish; considerable expectoration 
from the mouth ; the breath, sputum, and nasal discharge are horribly 
fetid, especially after the paroxysm of coughing; when the animal 
coughs, the head is held down to the ground, and the flanks heave ; 
the eyes are dull and heavy ; the appetite greatly impaired ; the urine 
scanty ; the bowels costive, and the evacuations offensive ; the extremi- 
ties are cold ; the horse is exceedingly weak and in very low condition. 
On examining the lungs I found tubular breathing in inferior lobe of 
left side, loud rales in middle third, and subcrepitation in upper third ; 
there were some scanty, indistinct rattles throughout the right lung. 
These last were finally removed by the Sulphur. This cure was a 
great triumph for homoeopathy. 

Bryonia it is likely will be needed in some such cases, in alternation 
with Phosphorus. 

Arsenicum will be indicated by profound debility and exceeding 
putridity of the discharges ; and the very symptoms for which Dr. 
Moore found Phosphorus curative will, in most cases, require Arseni- 
cum instead. 

224. Bleeding from the Lungs. — From violent exertion in running, 
or from external injuries, horses may sometimes bleed from the lungs. 
The blood flows from the nose and mouth. It is bright, red, frothy, 
and accompanied with cough, and there is usually great difficulty of 
breathing, and beating of the flanks. Sometimes, but rarely, it occurs 
from heart disease. 

225. Treatment. — Aconite should be given at first, a dose of ten 
drops in a little water, placed on the tongue, every ten or fifteen 
minutes, to relieve the intense excitement of the pulmonary system. 
As soon as the animal is more quiet, give the medicine once in half an 
hour till the flow of blood ceases, the cough subsides, and the respira- 
tion becomes normal. 

Arnica should be given in cases when the haemoptysis comes from 
external injury of any kind; it may be given in a similar manner to 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 281 

that recommended for Aconite, but it may need to be less frequently 
repeated. 

Hamamelis. — This remedy, so much used in hemorrhages of the 
human subject, may be given to horses instead of the former, when the 
discharge of blood is darker in color, and when it comes less rapidly. 

Dose. — Twenty drops every half hour. 

Bryonia may be given, four drops, three times a day, in a little 
water, in case some cough remain. 

Sulphur should be administered in ten-drop doses every morning 
for three mornings, and then skip an equal number, and so on, where 
a tendency to hemorrhage from the lungs is often manifested, as the 
result of some tuberculous or other chronic weakness of the lungs 
themselves. 

Bleeding from the lungs in other animals, if any such occur, may be 
treated in a similar manner ; diminishing the dose to fit the smaller 
animals. See page 34. 

226. Congestion of the Lungs. — Dr. James Moore gives the fol- 
lowing account of this severe and dangerous disorder, and of a remark- 
able case cured by him : 

" The sudden and severe engorgement of the lungs with blood so 
often met with in horses, and less frequently in dogs, is most frequently 
caused by a long run in hunting, or by any other severe and long- 
continued exertion. It also arises when a horse has been over-fatigued 
by a hard day's work, especially if he has been exposed to damp and 
cold. Under such circumstances this disease is very common amongst 
the horses of our large brewers, and railway and carrying companies. 
By the adoption of a more rational system of treatment than that of 
bleeding, blistering, and so on, many hundreds of pounds would be 
annually saved. 

" The symptoms are beyond mistake. The patient's pulse is strong 
and full, and may count up to 100 per minute. The heart, on placing 
the ear to the side, is heard beating with unnatural agitation. The 
breathing is oppressed, labored, panting, and may count 50 or 60. The 
nostrils are widely dilated and work heavily. The eyes are staring, 
and anxiety and distress are written in the expression of the counte- 
nance. Sometimes blood flows from the nose in small quantity, or, if a 
vessel be ruptured, fatal bleeding may take place suddenly. The legs 
and ears are cold. These symptoms may end in death, or they may 
run on to the development of pneumonia, or bronchitis, or pleuro- 
pneumonia.^ 



282 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Treatment. — In simple congestion of the lungs I find the best 
remedy to be Ammonium causticum. The following is a case in point : 

"On September 19th, 1857, I was requested to visit a valuable 
entire horse, the property of Mr. Walter Carter, of Manchester. He 
has recently come into the owner's possession, has been put to severe 
work, to which he has hitherto been unaccustomed, and on the 18th, 
was permitted to drink copiously of cold water, whilst perspiring and 
exhausted, after a hard day's labor. Shortly afterwards he had a rigor 
so violent that his le^s tottered under him. Three hours after this 
shivering I found the following symptoms: Pulse strong, full, and 100 
per minute ; respiration labored, heaving, and 84 per minute ; con- 
junctiva injected ; eyes watery ; mouth hot, and clammy to the touch ; 
corrugations of the cutaneous muscles along the side and shoulder; 
general surface warm, the extremities cold, and the nasal membrane 
preternaturally vascular. To have Ammonium causticum*, ten drops 
in a wineglassful of water every hour. 

" On the following morning the pulse counted 28 in the minute, and 
intermitted occasionally ; all the other symptoms had disappeared, and 
he ate, drank, dunged, and staled as if nothing had been amiss. At 
two o'clock of the same day the pulse had risen to the healthy stand- 
ard, and had assumed the usual character, — in short, the horse was all 
right, and resumed work next morning."* 

227. Asthma. — In dogs asthma sometimes appears as the conse- 
quence of high living, close confinement, want of exercise, and previous 
disorder of the lungs. This disease is characterized by fits of difficulty 
of breathing, coming on at intervals, often accompanied with a dry, 
harsh cough, worse from eating, moving, and from changes of tempera- 
ture. Sudden attacks of difficulty of breathing coming on when the 
dog is apparently in health, and without indications of inflammation, 
may sustain the conclusion that the animal is suffering from asthma. 
The other symptoms may be found in the following indications for — 

228. Treatment. — Arsenicum, which is indicated either in old or 
recent attacks, when the breathing is short and quick on exertion, or 
on going up an ascent, or after meals ; when paroxysms of asthma come 
on, especially at night, are attended by panting, wheezing, and gasping 
for breath, and abate when a viscid mucus is coughed up ; and when 
the breathing is worse on exposure to a cold or variable atmosphere. 

* British Journal of Homoeopathy, vol. xvi, p. 353. 



CATARRHAL DISEASES, AND DISORDERS, ETC. 283 

Ammonium causticum, which is a useful remedy when the respira- 
tion is quick, laborious, and suffocating, and attended with rattling of 
mucus, and a short, dry cough. 

Ipecacuanha is indicated when paroxysms of suffocative difficulty 
of breathing take place during the night, and when the want of breath 
is urgent and distressing. Rattling of mucus in the chest, and tendency 
to vomit, are additional indications for this medicine. 

Nux vomica is particularly suitable for those cases of asthma which 
are caused by, or occur in association with, derangement of the digestive 
organs, as evidenced by foul tongue and breath, impaired or depraved 
appetite, constipation, and piles ; and is further indicated when the 
respiration is wheezing, and the abdominal muscles in full play. 

Dose. — Six drops three times a day, or six drops may be mixed in a 
pint of water, and given in two tablespoonful doses every hour, or half 
hour, till relief appears. Regular exercise in favorable weather and 
light diet are indispensable to recovery. 

229. Dropsy of the Chest — Hydrothorax. — In consequence of 
pleurisy, or from general debility and poverty of the blood, a collection 
of water sometimes occurs in the cavity of the chest. It may be sus- 
pected when, after subsidence of the acute symptoms of pleurisy, short- 
ness of breathing and cough make their appearance, and the animal is 
in evident distress. The ear applied to the lower part of the chest on 
the affected side will discover an entire absence of respiratory murmur, 
while a little higher up the healthy sound may be plainly heard. As 
the disease advances the absence of the sound of the air in the lung is 
detected still higher up, more and more of the lower, dependent portion 
of the chest being occupied with the effused fluid. The breathing now 
becomes shorter and more difficult, the pulse is weak, the appetite is 
very poor, and dropsical swellings appear in other parts, as in the belly, 
the legs, and under the skin at the sheath in males. Dropsy of the 
chest is of rare occurrence in the horse. Sometimes in old animals, 
which have been poorly nourished, especially after previous sickness, 
dropsical accumulations form in the chest and abdomen, and the hinder 
legs swell enormously. 

230. Dropsy of the Belly — Ascites. — In horses this is rare as an 
idiopathic affection, but not uncommon as a sequel of previous disorders. 
In cases of ascites from whatever cause, the urine is usually scanty, and 
costiveness is sometimes present. This gives place, as the disease ad- 
vances, to diarrhoea of fetid stools. As the effusion increases in the 



284 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHT. 

serous membranes the belly becomes rounder, and on striking it a dull, 
tense sound is heard, the pulse and breathing are hurried, and fluctua- 
tion or actual movement of water in the abdomen may be detected by 
percussion. The legs and sheath become swollen. 

231. Treatment of Ascites and Hydrothorax. — The following 
remedies may be studied in these cases, and six drops of one, or of two 
in alternation, given once in three or four hours, in a little water. 

Arsenicum. — This is the principal remedy ; it is indicated by dif- 
ficulty of respiration, weak pulse, appetite poor, urine scanty, breast 
and legs swollen, emaciation, prostration. It is indispensable in hydro- 
thorax or dropsy of the chest, and is especially indicated in ascites 
which follows asthma, or the disappearance of skin disease, or comes on 
in consequence of disorder of the liver. 

China may be used either by itself, or in alternation with Arsenicum, 
in dropsy from debility, in old subjects particularly, and where pulmo- 
nary hemorrhage or hepatic disorders have preceded. 

Digitalis. — Indicated by affections of the heart in complication with 
the dropsy, and by remarkable irregularity of the pulse, which is also 
feeble. 

Mercurius may be required in cases of dropsy caused by disease of 
the liver, and where there is much fever. 

Apis. — One of the most powerful remedies in dropsical affections. 
It is especially indicated by dropsy without thirst. Often useful in 
alternation with Arsenicum. 

Helleborus and Cantharis have also been indicated in particular 
forms of these complaints. For the indications for these, and for 
further indications for the remedies already set down, consult the 
Materia Medica. 

Dose. — Give of the selected medicine ten drops to horses, or six to 
dogs, once in four hours. Let the patients avoid violent exercise and 
exposure to cold. 



DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 285 



CHAPTER V. 



DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



Section I. 



THE RABID DISEASE. 



232/ Rabies. — In endeavoring to classify the diseases of animals, it 
has been part of our purpose to reduce them, as much as possible, sys- 
tematically under organic heads; and the rabid disease, or rabies, which 
must not be confounded with phrenetic disease, or inflammation of the 
brain, has appeared to be more appropriately denominated as a disease 
incidental to the nervous system, than otherwise. In the consideration 
of this horrible complaint, we shall first consider it in relation to the 
dog,* from which, by inoculation, it is distributed amongst other 
species. The pathological investigation of this disease has, unfortu- 
nately, led to inconclusive results ; and its true nature, arid curative 
process (if, indeed, there be any which is invariably operative), are yet, 
consequently, involved in much obscurity. Some homoeopathic ex- 
periments, however, have appeared to lead to something like a clue to 
its possible treatment. The progress of development, in respect of 
rabies, varies materially, the virus remaining apparently inert for a 
considerable period after inoculation has taken place. There is no 
instance on record, in which the disease broke out into active develop- 
ment, in less than twelve days (as regards the dog) after the accident, 
which was the cause of it, had occurred. Many cases occur, in which 
the disease declares itself at periods varying from forty to sixty days 
after inoculation, and from thence the inert condition of the virus may 
extend to seven months, before active symptoms set in. As regards 
the inoculation of other animals, the period between the seventieth day 
and the end of the seventh month, may be stated as the limits within 
which the disease will be developed (if at all). If seven months elapse, 
without active symptoms, it is generally considered that the inoculation 
has failed. Once declared, its course is very rapid, rarely exceeding 

* Cats, though more rarely, are also subject to the spontaneous induction of this 
frightful disease, which becomes still more fearful in them from the inordinate 
development of the more savage character of the feline species. 



286 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

five days in dogs, three days amongst human beings, six days amongst 
sheep, three days amongst horses, and eight days amongst cattle. 

Causes. — The direct cause is doubtless inoculation (not mere con- 
tagion) ; whether there be any remoter atmospheric cause is problem- 
atical. The fact that rabies is more prevalent at a certain season, 
namely, the latter part of the summer quarter, proves little as to the 
primary origin of the disease, because this would only show, at the 
utmost, that heat, &c, would accelerate the disease, and by setting up 
an irritative and inflammatory action, would diffuse the latent poison. 
That it is more or less connected with intense sexual and hysterical 
excitement appears pretty clear. But if, in our climate, none of these 
causes be sufficient to engender it, it is clear that it might be extermi- 
nated, and this becomes an important public question. 

Symptoms. — First of all the animal appears sullen and immovable, 
curling itself up closely, and tucking its muzzle downwards in front 
of the breast; it is listless, apparently in a half-drowsy state, and 
indifferent to the call of most customary voices. To this period suc- 
ceeds that of intense restlessness, with continual changing of position, 
and moving anxiously from place to place; gathering up of litter, 
restlessly altering the disposition of the litter, or gathering it up in the 
mouth, and shaking it more or less violently ; continually changing 
position, and assuming the most unnatural postures, or lying down on 
one side, getting up, circulating for a moment and then dropping down 
again ; there is a gloomy sullen suspicious expression, and sometimes a 
direct stare ; the dog appears to be watching and striking with its paws 
at imaginary flies (which exist only in a disordered sight); if spoken 
to, the animal is roused from this apparent delirium, and fawns about 
the person thus attracting its attention ; but soon relapses into a mo- 
mentary state of stupor, the eyes being closed, the fore feet appearing 
to quail, the muzzle, head, and even neck to hang listlessly down, &c, 
a condition which is once more followed by the appearance of darting 
at imaginary objects : sometimes the ears, which are (internally) but 
slightly red (and not swollen or ulcerated, as in canker) appear to 
occasion the most severe torture, judging from the repeated or con- 
tinual effort made by the animal to rub or scratch them, and from the 
woful howl which accompanies this operation ; in its violent and 
frantic endeavor to modify the suffering occasioned by this character- 
istic irritation of the ears, the animal rolls upon itself, and performs 
repeated and complete revolutions ; sometimes, also, in the early stage 
of the disease, the strong affection of the animal for those whom it is 
accustomed to sport or to associate with, is greatly increased, and it 



DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 287 

fawns most obsequiously about its patrons; sometimes, also, in the 
earlier stage of rabies, the mouth is constantly open, and the tongue 
hangs out, symptoms occasioned by incapacitation of the muscles of the 
jaws and of the tongue ; the appetite becomes morbid and unnatural, 
the ordinary food is avoided with apparent abhorrence, or it is eagerly 
seized, and as suddenly dropped, mastication having become impossible, 
owing to the symptoms just mentioned as characterizing the jaws; or 
if vomiting occurs, it is succeeded by an unnatural and ravenous pur- 
suit of filth, or by the eager gathering up of the most unnatural sub- 
stances, such as straw or excrement of any kind (not merely such as are 
sought out by puppies during the progress of dentition) ; there is foam 
at the mouth, but this is a symptom of short duration, and quickly 
succeeded by a more adhesive kind of phlegm, wherewith the lips and 
jaws seem to cling together, and which is collected at the corners of the 
mouth rather in the character of tenacious phlegm than of foam (as in 
epilepsy); the sounds emitted by the animal consist of a perfect, short, 
and unnatural bark, succeeded by the characteristic howl ; the animal 
makes repeated efforts to dislodge the accumulating and adhesive 
phlegm from the corners of the mouth, for which purpose it strikes 
furiously at the sides of the mouth with its paws, subsequently reeling 
and rolling over ; next comes intense and insatiable thirst, the animal 
lapping with eagerness, if the paralytic affection of the jaws has not 
supervened; or diving deeply and eagerly with the muzzle into the 
water, if, owing to the incapacitation of the jaws and tongue, it is un- 
able to drink in the natural way ; in the latter case, all power of deg- 
lutition* has generally ceased, and the animal will expel through the 
nostrils whatever fluid it has attempted to imbibe through the mouth. 
A rough internal bark with a peculiar shrillness of sound then succeeds, 
without the characteristic howl ; or again after a few such successive 
barks the unmistakable howl will ensue ; utter paralysis of the hind 
quarters supervenes, the animal being unable to raise itself on its hind 
legs, and sitting on its haunches ; the eye is first of a peculiar, vivid 
brightness, but to this also there speedily succeeds a dull inanimate ap- 
pearance, the conjunctiva becomes yellow and greenish, and the eye 
generally clouded, and afterwards affected with gangrenous ulceration ; 
if at large, the animal rushes onwards, apparently wandering, without 



* The popular notion, that a dread of water accompanies rabid disease, is an error. 
The real symptom is utter incapability of swallowing liquids ; but far from testifying 
an aversion to water, the animal eagerly plunges its muzzle deeply into it, as if to 
allay an intense heat and intolerable thirst. 



288 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

any other purpose but that of destruction, assailing and biting every- 
thing which falls into its way ; after which it will usually subside ex- 
hausted (the mouth being open, the tongue blackish and protruding, 
the tail slinking between the legs, and an appearance of blank absence 
of consciousness), and seek some hiding-place wherein to sleep, yet 
inevitably bent upon biting whatever disturbs it even for caress ; there 
have been instances, however, in which the destructive propensity was 
quite absent ; whereas, on the other hand, cases very frequently occur, 
in which the animal, in its furious destructiveness, will wrench out its 
own tusks. 

Sheep affected with rabies derive it by inoculation from the bite of 
a rabid sheep-dog or other dog ; they toss, plunge, and butt, but do not 
bite ; the same spirit of destructiveness characterizes the disease, and 
distinguishes it from the more heedless fury of brain fever. It becomes 
developed in sheep at periods varying from ten to thirty days after the 
bite, in general, but sometimes remains inactive for more than two 
months. They are seen to mount each other (irrespective of sex), be- 
come stupid, then succeed convulsions, or the peculiar violence and 
destructiveness of madness, with boring at the ground, a little foam at 
the corners of the mouth, discharge from the nostrils, and flow of saliva 
from the mouth ; thirst does not seem so strongly developed as in the 
dog, but there is a strange preference for filthy food and drink. The 
bleat, like the howl of the dog, is shriller than is customary. In the 
ox, &c. (affected only by inoculation), the symptoms are more nearly 
analogous to those manifested by the dog ; — the paralysis of the quar- 
ters, and the eagerness to plunge the muzzle into water, occasionally 
biting as well as plunging with the horns ; — there is much discharge 
of foam from the mouth, and any of the various symptoms before de- 
scribed may prevail. The horse (affected only by inoculation), sud- 
denly manifests symptoms of madness, by unaccountably stopping, 
trembling violently, heaving at the flanks, pawing the ground, tottering, 
and finally falling ; the same thing recurs several times, and shortly 
afterwards the violent symptoms of destructive fury ; the horse kicks, 
bites, and plunges violently at every object, animate or inanimate ; the 
thirst is intense and indomitable, and deglutition impossible, or so diffi- 
cult as to be effected by sudden gasps ; violent snorting, with expulsion 
of ropy phlegm, and foaming at the mouth, and other symptoms pecu- 
liar to the disease as above described. The same symptoms affect the 
pig (affected only by inoculation), as have been already described gener- 
ally ; there is, however, a peculiar analogy between the symptoms of 
rabies in the pig and in the human being. 



DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 289 

It should be borne in mind that rabies is a disorder of comparatively 
rare occurrence. Dogs may be insane without being "mad" Thus 
it happens that many animals, bitten by dogs which were believed to 
be "mad," that is, to have rabies (hydrophobia in man), have escaped 
unharmed. This important distinction between insanity in animals, 
which may be harmless, and "madness" or rabies, which must always 
be dangerous to the last degree, has not before been brought to notice 
in works on veterinary practice. See the section on " Insanity of Ani- 
mals," in Chapter III of this work. 

233. Treatment. — If a bite be detected at the time at which it oc- 
curs, or before the active symptoms supervene, simultaneous local and 
constitutional treatment may avail to arrest the development of the 
disease. 

External Application. — An iron plate, red-hot, may be held at 
such a distance from the wound as not to scorch the parts, but at the 
same time to expose them to the strong action of heat, until shivering 
is manifested • this operation being repeated every four hours during 
the first day, and afterwards twice a day, until the wound is healed, 
leaving no trace of unnatural color, &c. But another w r ay : 

Youatt says, "If a horse is bitten by a dog under suspicious circum- 
stances, he should be carefully examined, and every wound, and even 
the slightest scratch, well burned with the lunar caustic (nitrate of silver). 
The scab should be removed and the operation repeated on the third 
day. The hot iron does not answer so well, and other caustics are not 
so manageable. In the spring of 1827, four horses were bitten near 
Hyde Park by a mad dog. To one of them the lunar caustic was 
twice severely applied — he lived. The red-hot iron was unsparingly 
used on the others, and they died. The caustic must reach every part 
of the wound. At the expiration of the fourth day the horse may be 
considered safe." 

Belladonna. — Ten drops every three hours may be given internally , 
after the application of the red-hot iron, or caustic. 

Lachesis has been advised, to be given under these circumstances, 
instead of Belladonna. The indications may be found by consulting 
the Materia Medica. 

The medical treatment of this fearful disease when fully developed 
offers so little prospect of success, and is neccessarily attended with 
such great danger, that it is not likely ever to be attempted. 

234. Stringhalt and Chorea, or St. Vitus's Dance. — An affection 

19i 



290 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

common to dogs and horses ; to the former, under the name of chorea 
(or St. Vitus's dance) ; and to the latter, under the denomination of 
stringhalt. It consists of an involuntary catching, twitching, or con- 
vulsive jerking or pulsation of one or more muscles. In the horse it 
is confined to the hock, and is manifested on first leaving the stable, 
going off with motion, and totally unconnected with any blemish or 
unsoundness, being purely nervous (that is, an irregular distribution 
of nervous action). As regards the dog, it is more general, extending 
to different parts of the frame, and even affecting many parts at once. 
It frequently succeeds to distemper. The muscles of the neck and head 
are often particularly affected, the head and neck being affected with a 
vertical, pulsating movement ; the jaws opening and closing, the eye- 
lids and eyes being wrung and sometimes distorted. Sleep often al- 
lays the symptoms, but is generally uneasy ; in a recumbent posture, 
the legs in particular are affected. This affection, if protracted, is at- 
tended with loss of flesh and strength, and degenerates either into pa- 
ralysis or epilepsy. It may terminate in true convulsions, epileptic 
fits, or in paralysis agitans. In the latter case, the movements resem- 
ble those of chorea, but they continue invariable during sleep, are of a 
tremulous character, affect the whole system of voluntary muscles, and 
are aggravated by whatever excites alarm or fear. In chorea, the dog 
is quite conscious, and his power of volition remains good. The choreic 
movements do not occur in paroxysms ; and the muscles which are 
affected with unnatural and unsteady movements are still under the in- 
fluence, but not under the absolute control of the will. There is no 
febrile excitement whatever. 

The peculiar twitching or sudden and convulsive picking up of the 
leg, known as stringhalt in horses, is obviously due to some affection 

<of the nerves. 

In some cases it may be traced to the pressure of some exostosis on 

; a nerve ; but as a general rule we are unable to account for the affec- 
tion, nor does post-mortem examination always show any abnormal 

: state of the nerves. 

The disease varies very much in degree or intensity in various cases. 
It generally affects one or both hind legs, but it is also occasionally 

.noticed in the fore leg. 

In the early stage it is most easily detected, when the animal is first 

•put in motion, and also when he is in the act of turning. The disease 
generally increases with age, and, though at first it may produce but 
little or no inconvenience, in the end it generally becomes not only 

'V,ery unsightly, but also seriously interferes with the action. 



DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 291 

235. Treatment. — Cimieifuga. One of the most valuable of the new 
remedies, Cimicifuga may be confidently recommended in the chorea of 
dogs ; and in conjunction with Nux vomica it may be emptoyed with 
good prospect of benefiting the hitherto incurable stringhalt of horses. 

To dogs this medicine should be given in four-drop doses, thrice 
daily ; to horses ten-drop doses may be given night and morning. 

Nux vomica will be indicated by confined bowels ; impaired appe- 
tite, and other symptoms of disordered stomach ; trembling, or convul- 
sive jerking of the limbs, or of sets of muscles; irritability of temper. 

Dose. — Ten drops thrice daily. 

Ignatia. — Convulsive movements of the limbs, eyes, eyelids, or mus- 
cles of the face, aggravated by fright. 

Dose. — Six drops every four hours. 

In these chronic cases it may be better to mix the drops in water, 
as advised in page 34 ; and to give the solution in divided doses of one 
or two tablespoonfuls twice or thrice daily. 

Consult also the following named remedies in the Materia Medica : 
Agaricus, Arsenicum, Belladonna, Causticum, China, Cocculus, Cuprum 
a., Dulcamara, Hyoscyamus, Pulsatilla, Sabina, Sepia, and Silicea. 

236. Epilepsy — Fits. — A complaint to which horses and oxen, &c, 
are little subject, but which frequently occurs to sheep, especially late 
in the autumn and early in the spring. It occurs also very severely 
amongst pigs, owing to their peculiar nervous susceptibility ; and it is 
very common and fatal amongst dogs (especially puppies during the 
process of teething, if difficult), and appears as the consequence of dis- 
temper, worms, want of exercise, succeeded by overexertion, &c. 

General Causes. — Protracted complaints of any kind, difficulty in 
cutting the teeth, sudden transition from poor to overrich food; 
grazing upon cold, moist pastures, especially when much dew is on the 
grass. 

Symptoms. — Sudden stopping or ceasing to graze, reeling, stagger- 
ing, turning round and round, and finally falling, succeeded by con- 
vulsions often very severe ; after which the animal gets up, shakes its 
ears, stares vacantly and stupidly about it, and resumes its former 
occupation and feeds. Oxen sometimes bellow fearfully at the onset 
of the fit; and when the convulsions prevail, the teeth are ground 
together and clenched, and a species of foam mixed with food appears 
at the corners of the mouth, whilst the evacuation of excrement and 
urine is spontaneous ; the animal, however, quickly returns to apparent 
health when the convulsions subside, and after looking vacantly about 



292 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

it, continues to feed or ruminate. Amongst pigs, we are forewarned 
by a peculiar pale appearance of the skin, continual grunting, uneasi- 
ness and tottering movements ; the fits are very severe, coming on with 
sudden fall, and a period of perfect immobility, succeeded by the fol- 
lowing symptoms : the legs convulsively and rapidly drawn up and 
flung out; the tongue thrust out from between the clenched jaws and 
grinding teeth ; the muscles of the face violently distorted ; the eyes 
prominent and violently agitated ; the pupils dilated ; the pulse first 
small and hard, then very full and impetuous ; and lastly, as the con- 
vulsions subside, uneven and fitful, when the animal crouches away 
for a time, shortly afterwards reappearing with no appearance of de- 
rangement. 

237. Fits frequently occur with young dogs : they come on suddenly, 
and never attack those with rabies. When out for a long walk, the 
dog may get heated, and the blood rushes to the brain. He lingers 
behind; appears. stupefied ; utters a loud shriek, and falls down con- 
vulsed. If this happen in the street, get the dog home as quickly as 
possible. In the country, more time can be given for recovery. 

238. Treatment. — Aconite : The fits come on from being overheated. 
Belladonna is the principal remedy (where it seems indicated and 

does not help, Stramonium may be given) ; irritability of the nervous 
system, with twitching of the muscles, contortion of the face, and con- 
vulsive action of the muscles of the mouth ; protrusion, redness, and 
sparkling appearance of the eyes ; rigidity of the body, with the head 
and body drawn backwards during the actual seizure ; he tumbles 
about, and falls down on his side ; foams at the mouth ; breathing 
labored ; eyes staring ; wild look ; urine and faeces pass involuntarily ; 
limbs stretched stifny out ; convulsive and violent twitchings ; when 
the fit is over, he will get up and resume his walk. When the fit is 
caused by teething, lance the gums and give Belladonna. 

Chamomilla. — Fits caused by derangement of the stomach and colic, 
as shown by vomiting of sour fluid and symptoms of abdominal pain 
preceding them. 

Arnica. — Fits resulting from injuries to the head. 

Calcarea c— When the fits are due to deficient growth of the teeth, 
this remedy, by promoting their development, will remove the cause 
of the spasm. Calcarea may be given in alternation with Belladonna, 
night and morning ; thus favoring the growth of the teeth, and relieving 
the painful irritability. 



DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 293 

Argentum nit. has acted most beneficially in the convulsive seizures 
which come on during distemper. 

Cuprum is especially indicated when the attacks are caused by dis- 
order of the great nervous centres, especially the brain. (For the 
spinal cord, Nux v.) 

Hyoscyamus will be indicated by violent movements of the thighs 
during the attacks. 

Nux vomica. — When the attacks are referable to indigestion, or to 
constipation. 

Compare in the Materia Medica the following remedies, in addition ; 
Agaricus, Arsenicum, Camphor tincture, Causticum, Cina, Cocculus, 
Conium, Ipecacuanha (for sheep especially), Kali carb., Lachesis, 
Lycopodium, Natrum mur. ? Nitric acid, Opium, Sepia, Sulphur, and 
Silicea. 

Doses. — The administration should take place immediately after a 
fit, and should be repeated in two hours, then in four hours more, and, 
again, twelve hours later ; or during the premonitory symptoms, the 
appropriate remedy should be rapidly repeated (every ten, twenty, or 
sixty minutes) until the threatening manifestations subside. 

Dose. — For any of these medicines, mix from four to ten drops in 
one pint of water, give from a teaspoonful to two tablespoonfuls, ac- 
cording to the size and age of the patient ; repeated as directed above, 
for acute affections. 

To prevent the accession of the complaint, and radically cure the 
patient, the appropriate remedy may be given once a day, intervening 
an occasional dose of Sulphur, six drops in a little water. 

239. Tetanus — Lockjaw — Trismus. — In order to be of any avail, 
the treatment of lockjaw must be undertaken before the disease is con- 
firmed, wherefore we will simply trace the initiatory symptoms. 

Causes. — Wounds of any kind, with or without evident inflamma- 
tory action ; operations, such as castration (a frequent cause amongst 
pigs), docking, cropping, nicking, <fec. ; exposure to wet and cold, 
sudden chills, overdriving, and a variety of obscure analogous causes 
may occasion lockjaw. 

Symptoms. — The symptoms which attend upon this disease are more 
analogous amongst horses and cattle, and amongst sheep and pigs ; in 
the latter case differing considerably from those identified with the two 
former species. Amongst horses and cattle, the pulse is at first per- 
fectly healthy, and does not become irregular, quick, and small, until 
the disease has advanced almost too far ; the muzzle, horn, and ears, 



294 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

are also healthy : the first moist, the second only naturally warm, and 
the third the same (not cold). But still the animal stands rigidly fixed, 
or apparently afraid to move, with the head stretched forward hori- 
zontally, the nostrils dilated, the eyes turned outwards, sunken and 
retracted, the membrane from the corners partly drawn over the eye ; 
the tail held up and tremulous ; the legs splayed out (outwards, for- 
wards, and backwards), &c. ; the quarters depressed (as if in the act of 
staling) ; the body incapable of bending, so that the animal on turning 
moves round with the whole body in the same rigid position, the 
muscles of the neck, flanks, and belly being strongly developed, stiff, 
and hard ; and if the finger be inserted in the mouth, the teeth will 
either be found convulsively clenched or slightly parted, and incapable 
of being forced wider apart. 

Sheep and pigs are subject to spontaneous convulsive motions of the 
head, and of one or more of the limbs, or of all the extremities ; grind- 
ing of the teeth, and rigidness of the jaws ; after which the neck be- 
comes stretched out, the head being drawn upwards or backwards, the 
body generally fixed and stiffened, and often one leg severely con- 
tracted, drawn up and stiffened, as if it were tied immovably together, 
or the extensor muscles were severed, or as if it had been broken and 
had become set in a distorted position. Occasionally, also, there are 
intervals of violent convulsion, intervening between the periods of 
extreme rigidity. In such cases the disease will generally terminate 
fatally in the course of one day ; but if the animal survives the second, 
there is hope of recovery. 

240. Treatment. — Tincture of Camphor is often sufficient, if admin- 
istered in the earlier stage of the disease. 

For horses, oxen, &c, a piece of stale bread-crumb may be saturated 
with from twelve to twenty drops of the Tincture, and given immedi- 
ately, succeeded by another dose in one hour, and a third two hours 
later, and a fourth four hours later, if necessary, or more frequently 
if required by the urgency of the symptoms. For sheep and pigs, 
from six to twelve drops, in like manner, or by olfaction, if other means 
be impossible. 

Arnica may be given instead of Camphor, and in a similar manner, 
when the difficulty is caused by mechanical injury. 

Belladonna has been found useful in some cases ; it may be given 
in alternation with Arnica, or with Nux vomica. For special indica- 
tions consult the Materia Medica. 

Nux Vomica is the most important remedy ; and either alone, or in 



DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 295 

codj unction with Belladonna, has made cures of this usually fatal affec- 
tion. This medicine acts very favorably on the horse. It may be 
given in ten-drop doses, once in three hours, till improvement sets in ; 
then the doses should be made four or six hours apart. 

Arsenicum may be given for any remaining rigidity ; a dose of this 
in the morning, and a dose of Nux at night. 

The medicines may be given by means of a small tube or funnel, or 
by a syringe thrown in upon the tongue. 

Geiseminum tincture, forty drops once in half an hour, may en- 
tirely relax the spasm which constitutes tetanus or lockjaw — cures 
have been made in men, and it is worthy of trial in horses or other 
animals. 

The most efficient method of administering the diluted remedy in 
this or in fact in any other disorder where the patient can swallow, is 
by first mixing ten drops in a pint of water, and giving it in one or two 
tablespoonful doses, repeated according to the necessities of the case. 
But where the mouth can scarcely be opened, a few drops of the selected 
remedy may be placed upon the tongue. 

Chloroform may be tried if these remedies fail ; two drachms poured 
upon a small towel may be inhaled. This should be slowly given, and 
may be repeated once in two hours, if no perceptible effect is earlier 
produced in such cases. 

Nitrate of Amyle, twenty drops at a time, may be given by inhala- 
tion, if all other means prove ineffectual ; or it may be employed in 
preference to chloroform. This is a new and very valuable remedy 
for spasmodic disorders. 

241. Paralysis — Palsy — Paraplegia. — This is very rare, and only 
partial in the horse. It implies paralysis of the hind extremities ; for 
this is really the only form of paralysis met with. It is generally 
caused by attempting to stop a heavy load going down hill, or by 
slipping up, or straining the back by a leap. In such a case the back 
may be broken, and death ensue ; or the vertebra may be dislocated, 
and the spinal marrow affected ; and thus a permanent weakness 
would ensue. It may also be caused by a tumor pressing on the 
nerves which supply the hinder limbs. Paralysis may be caused by 
an attack of staggers. Severe blows on the head or back might pro- 
duce it, by injuring the spinal marrow. 

As regards the dog, sheep, and ox, this disease is intimately con- 
nected with rheumatism (and chest-founder of dogs), and which may 
also ensue as the consequence of protracted and debilitating diseases, 



296 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

in which the nervous system has been severely involved. Palsy of 
horses may be traced to intestinal inflammation, or to mechanical in- 
juries affecting the spine. Damp, cold, and unhealthy kennels or 
cow-houses, and damp, bleak, or exposed folds, are the hotbeds of 
rheumatic disorders terminating in palsy. The hind quarters are 
chiefly affected, and the absence of any other distinct constitutional 
disturbance attending the local or general deficiency of nervous 
energy, will identify the affection as palsy, properly so called. 

242. Treatment. — Arnica is to be employed when the paralysis re- 
sults from bruises, blows, or other mechanical injuries ; such as those 
caused by beating on the head or back with a heavy whip-stock, or by 
heavy bodies falling upon the animal's back. 

Helleborus proved curative of an attack of paralysis of the right 
side of a horse, which came on suddenly, and was doubtless caused by 
dropsical pressure upon the spinal cord. Twenty-drop doses of the 
second dilution brought on general perspiration. Petroleum occa- 
sioned profuse discharge of urine, and Phus completed the cure by re- 
moving the remaining stiffness of the limbs. 

Rhus tox. should be given, in ten-drop doses, three times a day, 
when the paralysis results from a sprain, or overwork, as in running 
or jumping. 

Belladonna is required in cases which come on gradually, and ap- 
pear to have been caused by congestion. 

Nux vomica, when the palsy is due to weakness or impaired nutri- 
tion of the spinal cord. This remedy will be most likely to be useful 
in that numerous class of cases in which the disorder arises from no 
assignable cause. 

Graphites has been found best, by Dr. Moore, in facial paralysis, he 
having cured many such cases with this medicine. 

Arnica, Bryonia, Causticum, Lycopodium, Sulphur, and Ruta, 
may be consulted for paralysis resulting from chest-founder, and from 
rheumatism. 

China and Sulphur should be studied for paralysis succeeding severe 
inflammatory or debilitating disorders. 

External Treatment of local paralysis, occasioned by rheumatic affec- 
tions or lesion : Tincture of Arnica, or Tincture of Rhus Toxicoden- 
dron, may be applied externally, with great effect (according to the 
specific indications for those medicines as laid down in the Materia 
Medica). 

Application. — To one part of either tincture add from four to six of 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 297 

water, and bathe the parts with this lotion three times a day, until the 
symptoms subside. 

Dose. — Mix thoroughly twenty drops of the selected remedy in one 
pint of water ; give a wineglassful, or one or two tablespoonfuls, once 
in four hours. 

In severe cold weather it may promote the absorption of the medi- 
cine externally to apply it warm. 

In addition, consult also, in the Materia Medica : Arsenicum, Bry- 
onia, Cocculus, Calcarea c, Causticum, and Dulcamara. 



CHAPTEE VI. 

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 

Section I. 

DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH. 

243. Hoove — Hooven — Tympanitis. — From decomposition or fer- 
mentation of food gases are sometimes evolved which rapidly and enor- 
mously distend the stomach. Overeating, especially of unusual articles 
of food, which causes a sudden indigestion in cattle, gives rise to this 
severe and dangerous affection. In horses it assumes rather the form 
and name of Colic. 

244. Treatment. — Remove all food from before the animal as soon 
as the distension is observed. Dr. Moore advises suddenly to dash 
cold water over the belly, which stimulates the walls of the abdomen 
to contract and helps expel the gas. Gamgee advises to give an ounce 
of hartshorn (solution of Ammonium carbonicum) in a quart of water, 
which may tend to neutralize the gas already formed in the paunch ; 
and it may at least serve to prevent the formation of more. 

Ammonium causticum forms the best remedy, according to the ex- 
perience of Dr. Moore ; he gives ten drops of the strong solution in 
three wineglassfuls of water, every ten, fifteen, or thirty minutes, ac- 
cording to the urgency of the symptoms and the effect produced. This 



298 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

is nearly equivalent to Mr. Gamgee's prescription of hartshorn just 
referred to. 

Colchicum ailtlimnale. — For tympanitis in sheep and pigs, Gunther 
recommends this remedy, which, he says, in general, is sufficient in a 
single dose to remove all the symptoms in the space of a quarter of an 
hour, in sheep. Two or three doses, he affirms, are sufficient to remove 
all the symptoms, in swine, in one hour. And he adds that there is no 
disease in domestic animals in which homoeopathy affords such prompt 
relief as in this. Give ten drops every thirty minutes, till relief comes. 

Belladonna may be needed if there is intense distress, almost causing 
delirium. Give six drops every fifteen minutes till better. 

For the weakness of the stomach, which favors the development of 
hooven, or "blown," Nux vomica and Lycopodium are admirably 
adapted. Give ten drops of the former at night, and a similar dose of 
Lycopodium in the morning. 

But if from any reason the remedies fail to relieve in season, recourse 
must be had to surgical means. A trocar or other instrument must be 
introduced at a spot midway between the last rib and prominent point 
of the haunch, or antero-inferior spine of the ilium, and about eight or 
nine inches below the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae ; a 
small cut is made through the skin, and then the point of the trocar is 
applied to the wound, and thrust into the paunch, when the stylet is 
removed and the gas escapes. Sometimes cows get down after calving, 
cannot get up, and the same tympanitic condition sets in from debility, 
or rather from indigestion caused by the debility. In such cases we 
have inserted a small trocar, allowed the gas to escape, which it did 
with a whistling sound, and the enormous bloating subsides so as to 
allow the animal to rise. Some such apparently hopeless cases, corre- 
sponding to the tympanitic distension which forms the most dangerous 
symptom in puerperal fever in the human subject, we have saved in 
this manner, assisted also by a few doses of Bryonia. 

Arsenicum, in a single dose, is advised by Gunther, to prevent a re- 
turn of the difficulty. But unless there are special indications for this 
remedy, Nux and Lycopodium, as above recommended, may be more 
appropriate. When cattle are first permitted access to rich clover pas- 
tures, care should be observed to prevent their eating too greedily of 
the new food, even limiting the quantity, until they are somewhat ac- 
customed to it. 

245. Indigestion. — Indigestion in the horse, is derangement of the 
process by which the food is naturally digested — is disorder rather than 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 299 

structural disease of the stomach, and probably also, though in a less 
marked degree, of the liver, intestinal glands, &c. 

It arises from giving indigestible food ; allowing too much food after 
giving too little ; eating too much at too long intervals ; imperfect chew- 
ing either from diseases or irregularities of the teeth, or from greed ; 
severe work soon after a meal. 

The tongue is foul and coated ; the mouth slimy ; the dung dry and 
mixed with undigested oats, or hard, glazed, and offensive ; the urine 
scanty and thick. The appetite is unnatural or capricious ; sometimes 
the horse eats very greedily, at another he eats very little, or takes one 
food and leaves others ; or he prefers dirty straw to the best oats and hay ; 
or he licks the walls and swallows the plaster from it. He soon gets 
out of condition, loses flesh, does not thrive, and his skin looks " hide- 
bound." He sweats easily, and does not work so well as formerly, be- 
ing weak and spiritless. Very often, he has a short, hacking, irritating 
cough. It is evident from his manner that he sometimes suffers from 
smart colicky pains. 

In cows, the symptoms do not vary much from those of the horse. 
The milk is poor in quality and scanty ; purging, belchings, and retch- 
ing are also observed. 

In dogs, the appetite is vitiated and impaired : vitiated, because the 
dog has a keen relish for spiced, or sweetened, or stimulating food, or 
for paper, string, &c. : impaired, when the dog turns up his nose at 
wholesome food, or eats a little of it with feelings of ill-concealed dis- 
gust. There is considerable thirst, and occasional attacks of sickness. 
In some cases a quantity of fluid bobs up from the stomach into the 
mouth, and is slavered about. Occasional attacks of diarrhoea are not 
unfrequent, alternating generally with constipation; or constipation 
alone may exist. Flatulence is another frequent symptom of indiges- 
tion. Many skin-diseases follow in the wake of this disorder. Exces- 
sive fatness, accompanied by asthmatic breathing and cough, is induced 
by it. Excessive constipation, foulness of the breath, inflammation of 
the gums, &c, maybe cited as some of the effects of long-continued in- 
digestion. Indeed there are few chronic diseases in the production 
and continuance of which indigestion does not play an important, or 
even an exclusive part. 

246. Treatment. — Give Nux vomica for depraved, fastidious, change- 
able appetite ; confined bowels ; dung hard, lumpy, and glazed on the 
surface with mucus ; tongue furred and slimy. Suitable for horses, 
dogs, and cattle. 



300 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

Arsenicum is a most valuable remedy when the horse is weak and 
unthrifty, eats little or nothing, coughs frequently after eating or drink- 
ing, also where there are watery stools unattended with pain. 

Ferrum may be used, especially when Arsenicum seems indicated 
but does no good, for horses. 

Carbo vegetabilis. — Recommended for indigestion with flatulence, 
purgings, distension of the stomach and bowels and cough ; also when 
the fluid rises in the mouth. 

Mercurius is indicated when the liver is deranged as well as the 
stomach ; and when the skin and eyes have a yellow color. 

Antimonium crudum. — Aversion to food ; stools consisting of large 
feculent lumps. 

Bryonia when cold or irregularity of diet occasions indigestion with 
constipation or diarrhoea, with loss of appetite. 

Ipecacuanha. — In the horse, when the indigestion is carried to an 
extreme degree ; the animal is found to be very restless ; he holds his 
head down very much ; keeps at a great distance from the manger ; 
frequently strikes with his fore feet, and almost always sweat is 
oozing from him ; the stools are dry and mixed with undigested oats. 
Ipecacuanha in these cases may be followed or alternated with Nux 
vomica, if there is constipation ; or Arsenicum if the bowels are more 
loose. 

Pulsatilla is called for if there is total loss of appetite, with liquid 
and fetid stools. 

China followed by Nux vomica, will be found useful in the case of 
horses, naturally delicate, which when shedding their coats fall into a 
state of debility extending even to the digestive organs, and preventing 
their eating with an appetite. 

Sulphur. — In chronic indigestion a dose of this remedy may be given 
every morning, with Nux vomica at night, with great profit, where the 
general symptoms indicate the latter remedy. 

For additional indications for these medicines, and also for Calcarea 
and Silicea, which may prove homoeopathic to some chronic cases, con- 
sult the Materia Medica. 

Diet. — Let the animal abstain from food as much as possible till 
cured, in acute cases ; and in chronic cases, see to it that the aliments 
allowed are as easy of digestion as they can be. 

Dose. — Give of the selected remedy to a horse or cow suffering with 
acute indigestion ten drops, every hour till better, then every two or 
three hours. Smaller doses in proportion for the smaller domestic 
animals. See also the indications set down for the treatment of Colic, 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 301 

especially flatulent colic, which may greatly resemble acute and violent 
indigestion. 

247. Gastritis. — This disorder occurs, not very frequently, in the 
horse, and is dangerous from the readiness with which it passes into 
gangrene. The affected animal is very restless ; throws himself on the 
ground, then stands up, turns himself, scrapes and strikes with his fore 
feet; frequently looks at his belly. Many of the symptoms of gastritis 
are similar to those of colic ; but in this latter disorder are none of the 
marks of high inflammation which the former disease presents. The 
pulse is hard and accelerated ; respiration difficult, and appetite gone. 
The horse looks as if he were yawning or biting ; his entire body is of 
a burning heat ; his mouth especially is dry and hot. If not remedied 
death may terminate the disease in two days ; most frequently the ani- 
mal dies delirious. The causes are excess of food which is too rich, and 
exposure to cold. 

In the dog gastritis, or inflammation of the stomach, may be caused 
by irritant poisons, and the inflammation in that case extends the whole 
length of the bowel also. 

The most frequent cause of gastritis is the continued ingestion of 
stimulating food, or of food otherwise unsuited to the requirements 
and habits of the canine race. Favorite dogs are especially affected 
with gastritis, from the circumstance that improper food is either given 
to them, or they are allowed to eat it. 

The form of gastritis which is thus produced takes on the character 
of aggravated indigestion. The most marked symptom is incessant 
vomiting, — whatever is swallowed is rejected, — and the effort of vomit- 
ing is evidently attended with more or less pain. The thirst is ex- 
tremely urgent, and lapping cold water or licking the cold ground 
seems to give relief. The appetite fails, the nose is dry, the breathing 
quick, the countenance is anxious, the legs are cold, &c. The dog lies 
stretched out with his belly in close contact with the cold ground, — a 
position which in itself is almost sufficient to distinguish gastritis from 
any other disease. 

248. Treatment. — The most suitable medicines in gastritis are the 
following : 

Aconitum when the attack is attended with quick pulse, hot skin 
and nose, and the other indications of febrile action. 

Arsenicum when the vomiting (in the dog) is incessant and painful, 
the thirst unquenchable, the pulse small, the legs cold, and the counte- 
nance expressive of anxiety. 



302 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Mercurius when the vomit consists of biliary matter, when the thirst 
is insatiable, the bowels costive, and the tongue foul. 

Nux vomica when the attack is the result of long-continued indi- 
gestion, or has been directly induced by drinking cold water ; when 
the bowels are confined, and the retching frequent and painful. 

Carbo vegetabilis may be needed in cases where the abdomen is 
bloated, as with flatulence ; liquid diarrhoea ; coldness of the limbs ; 
useful after Arsenicum. 

249. Loss of Appetite. — This is often a symptom of other disor- 
ders ; but may occur when no other illness can be detected. Occasion- 
ally it is caused by inflammation of the tongue, gums, or throat ; in 
this case 

Mercurius will be indicated. 

Arsenicum should be given when the loss of appetite results from 
bad state of the stomach, indicated by heat of the mouth, red tongue, 
or dry and fetid breath. 

Antimonium crudum. — For loss of appetite occasioned by an exces- 
sive quantity of food, overloaded stomach. 

Pulsatilla. — Loss of appetite, with diarrhoea. 

China. — Loss of appetite from exhaustion. 

Nux vomica, often needed, especially when the loss of appetite is 
caused by taking cold, as in cases of coryza, in influenza ; also for the 
bad effects of overexertion (China), by which the nerves of the stomach 
as well as of other parts of the system are weakened. 

Bryonia. — Loss of appetite with constipation. 

Dose. — Ten drops of the selected remedy night and morning. 

250. Depraved Appetite. — In this disorder of the stomach, the 
animal devours wood, leather, earth, or other unsuitable substances. 
Perhaps the irritation which it thus seeks to relieve may be the result 
of worms in the intestines. 

Natrum muriaticum may be given when improper substances are 
preferred to the ordinary food. 

Sepia. — When the appetite is voracious. 

Pulsatilla, and also Nux vomica and Arsenicum, should be studied, 
in the Materia Medica, when loss of appetite is accompanied with 
roughness of the hair, debility. Emaciation indicates a failure of nutri- 
tion, caused by some chronic, obscure disorder, which if not relieved 
will lead to death. 

Loss of appetite from worms. — Consult China, Spigelia, Sulphur, 
Ferrum, Ignatia, Stannum, and Cina. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 303 

251. Absence of Thirst. — This may be the result of inability to 
swallow water, as from swelling in the throat. Or it may form a re- 
markable attendant upon dropsy. Most commonly it is only an at- 
tendant symptom of some existing disease, and needs to be taken into 
consideration in making a prescription for the whole case. 

Aconite and Mercurius will be required when the throat is swollen 

Apis mel. — When there is inflammation and dryness of the fauces, 
or dropsy without thirst. Diarrhoea. 

Sulphur may be given, if the cause remains obscure, and the dif- 
ficulty persists. 

Dose. — Ten drops three times a day. 

Dose in general. — Mix thoroughly ten drops of the selected remedy 
in one pint of water ; give, according to the size of the animal, two 
tablespoonfuls, one, or even a teaspoonful for the smallest ; repeat the 
dose once in from two to four hours, according to the urgency of the 
symptoms ; for chronic gastric affections give a dose night and morning ; 
when better, at night only. 



Section II. 

DISORDERS OF THE BOWELS. 

252. Colic — Gripes. — Colic is an affection of the intestines, which 
appears in two distinct varieties amongst cattle, viz., spasmodic and 
flatulent colic, and which attacks the animal without any previous or 
premonitory symptoms, and which is not necessarily attended Avith 
constitutional disturbance, unless the paroxysms be unusually pro- 
tracted. 

General Causes. — Spasmodic colic usually proceeds from sudden 
exposure to draught, especially after violent exertion; from the animal 
drinking deeply of cold water before it has time to get cool after severe 
exercise; or even, not unfrequently, from devouring an inordinate 
quantity of green and succulent food (particularly if this occurs while 
the animal is hot). It has also been traced to the presence of mineral 
substances in the water, in particular districts, in which, under such 
circumstances, colic is extremely prevalent ; constipation, or diarrhoea, 
if obstinate, will be attended by a severe form of colic. Grains, when 
first given to cattle, have been knowm to provoke this complaint, and 
also the superabundance and overrichness of the food generally, as 
well as its deficiency or poorness. Flatulent colic, which is of more 



304 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

rare occurrence, but which is occasionally distinguishable amongst 
cattle, is attributable to the gaseous distension of some of the intestines, 
owing to the fermentation of the food within them, and may, therefore, 
be more remotely caused by anything which will engender such 
fermentation. 

Symptoms of Spasmodic Colic amongst Horses. — This complaint, 
which, if neglected, or very severe, may ultimately proceed to inflam- 
mation of the bowels, is characterized by : sudden paroxysms of pain, 
with intermissions, evinced by the animal pawing the ground more or 
less violently, continually and restlessly changing position, kicking, 
with the hind feet, at the stomach, suddenly snatching up one foot 
after another, and slowly relaxing and replacing them on the ground ; 
the animal suddenly stops in the middle of his feed, looks round at his 
flanks, and emits one or two puffing expirations, but, as soon as the 
paroxysm has passed off, he resumes his feeding as earnestly as ever, 
frequently, also, shaking himself; horses generally lie down ; the legs 
are alternately drawn close to the belly, or stretched out, sometimes 
rigidly, — or they will roll themselves violently on the back, first one 
way then the other ; if the attack is repeated again and again, it be- 
comes more severe, and the puffing and heaving are more striking, — 
the movements are more violent, and a copious sweating ensues. 
Cattle are very similarly affected by spasmodic colic, except that, instead 
of rolling, they are continually lying down and getting up again ; rest- 
lessly agitated, or, in some cases, savage. When flatulent colic occurs, 
the symptoms are also accompanied by frequent emissions of wind, in 
both directions ; by distension of the right side in particular, and by 
painful moaning (which, however, usually occurs with both forms). 
Pigs, amongst which colic is very prevalent, utter the characteristic 
squeal or squeak, — are, like other animals, very uneasy and agitated, 
and roll or rub themselves severely. Dogs, attacked with colic, give 
vent to the short, snapping yelp (sometimes two such yelps, succeeding 
each other very quickly), they suddenly turn round, and snap at their 
flanks ; they are continually shifting positions, and changing resting- 
places ; now coiling themselves in one remote, dark place, and anon 
springing up, snapping again, and running to another retreat ; but, as 
with other animals, there is no symptom of constitutional disturbance. 

In horses, colic or the gripes forms one of the most common and 
fatal diseases. It may be caused by indigestion, constipation, by dust- 
balls and stony concretions, by exposure to cold, drinking cold water 
when overheated, and be the result of exhaustion of the nervous system 
following hard work and improper food ; or it may be caused by worms, 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 305 

bots, attacking the intestines — in this latter case the agony is most 
intense. When attacked by colic, the horse becomes restless, walks 
about, crouches, paws the ground, kicks his belly with his hind feet, 
looks often round to his side. Presently he lies down, and rolls about 
with more or less violence, sometimes resting on his belly and looking 
round anxiously at his flank, sometimes stretched out full length, some- 
times turned on his back, in a state of comparative calm. The pain 
now remits — he gets up, shakes himself, and begins to eat, or nibble. 
Before long, another attack, more severe than the first, seizes him, and 
the old symptoms are repeated with greater violence than before. He 
throws himself about wildly, utterly indifferent to the injuries he self- 
inflicts ; his eyes stare and look anxious ; he breathes fast ; his skin is 
more or less covered with sweat ; he tries to stool but passes little or 
nothing ; he perhaps voids a few small hard lumps of dung. After 
several such displays, the attacks become milder and fewer, and finally 
cease ; or they increase in number, and then he exhibits indications of 
exhaustion ; walks unsteadily, or reels round the box ; finds no tempo- 
rary relief save when lying against the wall on his back ; his muscles 
twitch ; his breathing is quick and groaning ; his pulse small and hur- 
ried ; he breaks out in patches of cold sweat ; the retracted lips expose 
the clenched teeth ; and ere long, death closes the painful scene. 

Colic may continue from half an hour to a day, and may lead to 
death from rupture of the bowel, or of the midriff, or from twisting of 
the bowel. 

There is another form of this disease, called by some flatulent colic, 
or acute indigestion, which arises from eating too fast, overloading the 
stomach, drinking too much water, working on a full stomach, eating 
turnips, carrots, potatoes, rank grass, &c. The food either remains un- 
digested, or it ferments and gives off gas which distends the stomach 
and bowels. This corresponds to the affection of oxen and sheep, above 
described under the name of " Hoove." The symptoms are similar to 
those just related, but the belly is more or less bloated, rumbling noises 
are heard, wind is discharged from the bowels, and the horse retches, 
and may succeed in vomiting. 

253. Treatment. — According to Dr. Moore, from whose work we 
have taken a portion of the account of colic in horses, Ammonium 
causticum is the only single medicine which can speedily cure the 
largest proportion of colic cases ; it is more especially suitable for 
" windy colic." 

Dose. — Ten drops every half hour. 

20 



306 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Aconite. — Some veterinarians advise to begin the treatment always 
with this remedy, which is especially suitable in cases of this kind 
resulting from cold. It is thought to exert a favorable influence in 
moderating the violence of the attack, and may thus render more easy 
the final cure by other medicines. 

Nux vomica is the best remedy when the attack arises from eating 
indigestible food, or from overeating, or from accumulation of excre- 
ment ; when hard, dry lumps are discharged ; when the horse makes 
straining efforts to urinate and dung, without any result, or with but 
.little; when the pain is not of the most violent character, and the horse 
does not knock himself about savagely, but lies a good deal on his side, 
restless and uneasy, and every now and then looks round to his side. 

Nux vomica may be advantageously given in alternation with Aco- 
nite ; dose of each, ten drops every half hour, in cases of spasmodic 
colic, such as is caused by chill, or by constipation. 

Dr. W. C. Lord* has reduced the treatment of colic in horses to a 
simple process : he gives ten drops of mother tincture of Nux vomica in 
alternation with ten drops of mother tincture of Aconite; he uses also 
enemas (injections to the bowel) of warm water, and cloths wrung out 
of warm (hot) water applied to the abdomen in severe cases ; by this 
procedure he cures his patients very promptly, and claims not to have 
lost a single case of colic. 

Colocynthis is indicated in cases attended with most severe pain, 
causing the animal to roll about violently ; also when the attack appears 
to result from eating green food, and the belly is much distended with 
gas ; and when wind and watery motions are discharged by the bowel. 

Antimonium cradiim. — The following symptoms, which Dr. Moore 
considers " stomach pain," but which in reality constitute a form of 
flatulent colic from indigestion, he never failed to remove with this 
remedy ; dose, ten drops in a little water every hour or half hour till 
the animal is relieved : the horse shows by his manner, restlessness, 
and looks, that he is in pain ; he turns his head round to the left side 
and puts his nose there behind the left elbow-joint. Besides, wind 
(gas) rises up from the stomach, and in its passage along the food-tube 
causes a waving motion similar to that — only in the opposite direction 
— which takes place when water or food is swallowed. 

Cantharis. — Colic caused or accompanied with retention of urine. 

Hyoscyamus must be given in this condition, if Cantharis fail, and 
it is said to be always successful in such cases. 

* Monthly Homoeopathic Review, Nov., 1865. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 307 

Oolchicum. — Flatulent colic caused by green fodder or other unsuit- 
able food. This " always succeeds," says Gunther. See " Tympanitis." 

Opium. — Colic from constipation, when the stools are scanty, blackish, 
as if burnt ; in these cases relief should be sought by giving enemas, 
injections of warm soapsuds. Opium may be given in alternation with 
Nux vomica, for obstinate constipation caused by the colic, and which, 
in turn, tends to renew or keep up the distress. 

Plumbum may be required for colic caused by constipation, when 
the stools are small, hard, and lumpy, more like bullets; when the 
rectum is empty, the animal remains a long time tranquil, and the 
attacks of colic are not very acute, and longer intervals come between 
them. May be given in alternation with Nux vomica or Opium. 

In addition to these remedies, consult in the Materia Medica the 
following : 

For spasmodic colic' — Arsenicum, Belladonna, Chamomilla, Coceu- 
lus, Cuprum, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha, Kali carb., Lachesis, Pulsa- 
tilla, and Sulphur. 

For flatulent colic of cattle. — Carbo veg., China, Graphites, Natrum 
m., Nitri. acid., Phosphorus, Veratrum, and the former. 

Dose. — The selected medicine should be given in doses of from six 
to ten drops in a little water, according to the size of the animal, and 
repeated every fifteen, thirty, or sixty minutes, according to the severity 
of the symptoms. 

254. Inflammation of the Bowels. — Symptoms :* Amongst sheep, it 
is evinced by the symptoms which accompany colic, but very soon in a 
most aggravated form, and additionally by the evident disposition to 
lie down, and the preparatory bending of the knees, without, however, 
assuming a recumbent position for a long time, and then suddenly 
dropping and rolling round upon the back, upon which the animal lies 
for some time, and then starts up again ; (sometimes severe dilatation of 
the pupils, wild incoherency of career, apparent loss of consciousness) ; 
obstinate and continued costiveness, and rapid loss of strength and con- 
dition ; sometimes severe relaxation, the evacuations, consisting almost 
entirely of phlegm and blood, being very hot, evidently very painful, 
and gradually darker and more fetid ; very quick, small pulse ; the ex- 



* In colic, motion, pressure, and friction of the parts afford relief; with- inflam- 
mation, these conditions are invariably attended with aggravation; colic has inter- 
missions ; inflammation, like all inflammatory affections, is characterized by con- 
tinuity of the symptoms. 



808 VETEKINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

tremities and the muzzle cold ; the flanks (very often), and the belly 
(constantly) very hot and tender of contact or pressure. Pigs affected 
with inflammation of the bowels (in addition to the colicky symptoms) 
are subject to a peculiar rotatory movement,* with oscillating and un- 
certain gait, and often severe convulsions. The general superficial 
symptoms do not materially differ from those exhibited by other ani- 
mals. Dogs evince the following manifestations : great heat and ex- 
treme tenderness of the belly, the animal shrinking away with a dep- 
recatory expression (but moving slowly, and with great caution, as if 
dreading the suffering occasioned by the slightest muscular action along 
the surface of the stomach), upon the least indication of intention to 
touch the parts ; generally speaking, obstinate constipation, sometimes, 
however, sanguineous painful diarrhoea, either from the onset or follow- 
ing the costive stage; intense avidity in drinking cold water from 
burning parching thirst, with utter repugnance to solids of any kind ; 
repeated and agonized yells ; the development of two lateral cordiform 
ridges along the whole extent of the stomach, along which the animal 
cannot endure the slightest touch ; the animal repeatedly turns its head 
towards the flanks, and utters a reiterated snapping shrill yell, or some- 
times a prolonged groan ; there is a fixed and vacant, but by no means 
savage cast of the eye; the animal slowly lifts its head on being ap- 
proached, looks anxiously and wistfully at one, and howls plaintively 
as if imploring for relief, f Cattle (especially vigorous adult animals) 
are subject to the same disease, manifested by the following symptoms : 
the ordinary manifestations of fever and of organic inflammation, such 
as accelerated (even hurried) hard but generally small pulse, and 
becoming quickly more feeble; staring coat; listlessness and dryness 
of the muzzle, accompanied, however, with swelling of the left side of 
the belly, and extreme sensitiveness of the entire region of the stomach, 
and of the flanks ; the pulse becomes more accelerated, smaller, and 
more wiry ; rumination is suspended, and parching thirst succeeds to 
hunger; frequent and painful moaning; reluctance even to change 
position, and expression of severe anguish, if compelled to do so; hard, 

* An indication that the brain is more frequently affected by sympathy. We do 
not recollect any case of evident inflammation of the bowels amongst pigs which 
was not characterized by this symptom, which more or less attends the majority of 
the inflammatory disorders of this species. 

f Some writers have described the howl uttered by a dog suffering from intestinal 
inflammation as identical with that of the rabid disease; but it is never the perfect 
bark succeeded by a howl, but either purely a howl (rather plaintive than harsh or 
savage), sometimes preceded by two or three short snapping yelps. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 309 

difficult straining, and evidently painful evacuations, more or less 
moistened externally by shining phlegm or even blood ; very unfre- 
quent and scanty evacuations, or subsequently the expulsion of a small 
quantity of liquid matter, generally very dark, and always very offen- 
sive, even to putridity, without the dislodgment of the concreted faeces 
which obstruct the terminal bowel, and which cease to be expelled at 
all ; the flanks heave, the head is stretched forward, and somewhat 
lowered (not held out horizontally as in inflammations connected with 
respiratory apparatus) ; the mouth is hot and dry, and subsequently 
filled with frothy saliva ; the ears and the roots of the horns are hot; 
the hind quarters vacillating, trembling, and tottering; rapid loss of 
strength, until the animal is unable to keep up, or to raise itself, having 
previously been unable to retain a recumbent position for an instant, 
though continually attempting it ; the animal becomes unconscious and 
motionless after having been incessantly restless and shifting its posi- 
tion (putrid and bloody discharges sometimes supervene in the last and 
convulsive stage, and issue from the nostrils and mouth as well as from 
the anus) ; convulsive movements with grinding of the teeth ; there is a 
thick yellowish coating on the tongue, and the urine is very turbid, of 
a dark brownish color, and emits a peculiar offensive and pungent 
odor; and life becomes extinct in the midst of frightful convulsions: 
occasionally, however, the animal sinks without the exhibition of this 
last effort. With respect to the horse, there is a distinction between two 
forms of the disease, which strikingly illustrates the error of allopathic 
measures and the immense superiority of homoeopathic appliances. 
There is (1) inflammation of the external coats of the intestines (includ- 
ing the muscular as well as the membranous), which by the use of 
violent and drastic purgatives is often conveyed to the (2) inner lining 
membranes of those organs.* Inflammation of the external coats is 
distinguishable in its early stage by movements, <&c, such as those at- 
tendant upon colic (which see), but in this instance, there is always con- 
stitutional disturbance, great restlessness, with great acceleration, small- 
ness, and often feebleness of pulse ; heat of the mouth, which is generally 
dry (at the onset especially) ; heat and redness of the nostrils ; sometimes 
a shivering fit precedes the development of heat ; the bowels are ob- 
stinately confined ; the strength rapidly fails ; the respiration is rapid 
and panting ; the extremities cold, the ears the same ; the region of the 
belly very tender of the touch, and in most cases characterized by con- 

* When our attention is called to cases which have been tampered with by allo- 
pathic hands, we should be doubly cautious in our discrimination of the symptoms. 



BIO VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

siderable increase of heat (especially, if the muscular coat is involved, 
or is, particularly the seat of disease). Inflammation of the inner lin- 
ing membranes of the intestines is produced by violent and continued 
purging (which sometimes succeeds to the previous costiveness with the 
use of violent aperients). In this case, the ears and extremities are 
generally warm ; there is violent urging and straining, with frequent 
discharge of liquid, bubbling, frothy evacuation, sometimes discolored 
with blood ; the pulse is much accelerated, but feebler than in the previ- 
ous form of this disease ; the movements of the animal, and its anxious 
glances towards the flanks, indicate severe pain ; the inspiration is short ; 
the expiration is momentarily checked or suspended, and is then ef- 
fected with a groan. 

Causes. — Amongst cattle, the most frequent cause is long-continued 
heat without rain, and when the pasture is parched up. Some writers 
consider it is occasionally epidemic : this is very problematical ; it is 
much more probably endemic, owing to the presence of acrid plants, 
&c, and in particular localities; overluxuriance of food; want of suffi- 
cient fluid ; or, on the other hand, very cold drinks when heated ; or 
in very sultry weather, foul or pernicious waters, &c, may produce 
it. Very young and very old beasts seem not to be so subject to this 
disease, if at all. All animals may suffer from the disease in conse- 
quence of any of the causes which would induce colic, or from neglected 
colic, or constipation, or again, owing to the irritating nature of the 
food. 

In horses inflammation of the intestines may occur as a sequel of 
colic, or it may arise from continued constipation, or from any of the 
many causes which induce indigestion, or from intussusceptio, or from 
the excessive action of a purgative. It may also be brought on by a 
day's overhard work, or by exposure to cold when the animal is sweat- 
ing, or by hernia. 

255. Treatment. — Aconite: This remedy will always be required 
in the first stages of inflammation of the bowels. It will be indicated 
by feverishness ; restlessness ; pulse quick and hard ; mouth hot ; thirst ; 
anxious, distressed look ; respiration labored and evidently painful. 

Dose. — Ten drops in a little water every hour, or once in fifteen 
minutes if the symptoms are very pressing. 

Belladonna. — This remedy may be given when Aconite has been 
administered for some hours, without much, if any, apparent advan- 
tage. Indicated particularly by fulness of the abdomen ; tenderness 
on pressure ; redness of the eyes and nose, and symptoms of severe 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 311 

pain. Belladonna may be alternated with Aconite with advantage in 
some cases. 

Dose. — Ten drops every hour; four to six drops for the smaller 
domestic animals ; and in cases of great distress and severity, the remedy 
may be given once in half an hour. 

Arsenicum. — By some it is thought that this medicine should come 
next after Aconite. It is more especially indicated where the disease 
has been produced by cold drinks taken when the animal was sweating, 
or by some irregularity of diet. Particular symptoms of this remedy 
in enteritis are : great failure of strength ; pulse almost imperceptible; 
cold mouth, and cold perspiration ; anxiety ; restlessness ; retching and 
vomiting ; diarrhoea ; chilliness of the legs and ears. 

Dose. — Ten drops once in one or two hours. With this, as with all 
other medicines, and in all other diseases as well as in this, the doses 
should be given at longer intervals as the patient improves. 

Mercurius. — This remedy will be required when the disease in- 
volves also the submucous, muscular tissues of the bowels, as shown 
by the severe straining or tenesmus. Such cases, especially where the 
lower portion of the bowel is affected, run into the disorder subse- 
quently described under the name of dysentery. Mercurius will be 
indicated by great thirst ; tenderness of the belly ; watery offensive 
evacuations, with more or less urging or straining ; the evacuations are 
slimy and mixed with blood, and are evidently very painful ; prostra- 
tion of strength ; shivering; perspiration. 

Great relief of the pain and fever may be obtained by constantly 
fomenting the belly with warm water, — as hot as can be borne by the 
hand of the attendant. 

Bryonia will be needed in cases which involve the peritoneum, or 
external covering of the bowels, causing what is termed peritonitis ; 
this state of things will be indicated by swelling and increasing tender- 
ness of the abdomen. 

Dose. — Ten drops of the diluted remedy should be thoroughly mixed 
in one pint of water, and a wineglassful given every hour, till the vio- 
lence of the symptoms is abated, then once in two or three hours. If 
the medicine is thoroughly shaken in a pint or larger bottle, these 
smaller portions of the mixture, often repeated, will exert a more 
salutary influence than if the whole ten drops had been given at once. 
The animal should be kept as quiet as possible ; gruel only should be 
given for food, and water for drink ; taking care, in the case of horses 
especially, not to allow an inordinate quantity to be drank at once. In 
cases of suspected constipation, injections of warm water may be thrown 



312 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

into the bowels. And even when there are no fecal accumulations, 
warm enemas, such as milk and water, or thin gruel, are very soothing 
when gently introduced into the rectum. But care should be taken 
not to increase the irritation of the patient in this way. 

256. Peritonitis. — Under the head of Inflammation of the Bowels, 
or Enteritis, we have described an acute disease or inflammation of the 
mucous and muscular lining and tissue of the intestines. Peritonitis 
consists in inflammation of the serous or outer membrane of the bowels, 
that which supports and holds them together. This affection is much 
less common than enteritis, and much more critical and dangerous. 
This is partly due to the great extent of the serous membrane, which 
lines the whole abdominal cavity, being reflected back so as to inclose 
both stomach and intestines ; and partly due to the peculiar nature of 
this tissue, from which inflammation arising in any one portion is 
quickly spread, like fire, over all the other parts of it. 

Peritonitis is most usually caused by an external wound, as of a 
stake piercing the abdomen, or by taking cold after castration ; more 
rarely by straining in galloping or leaping. It is distinguished from 
colic by the entire absence of intervals of ease, and by the presence of 
acute fever ; from enteritis it is distinguished by greater tenderness of 
the posterior portion of the belly and by a more fully developed swell- 
ing ; this latter symptom greatly interfering with the breathing, from 
the intense pain produced by every movement of the belly, even the 
slightest. In peritonitis the fever runs very high, and the disorder 
takes a very rapid course, terminating its first stage in effusion, as in 
pleurisy, which is a similar disorder of the serous membrane that 
envelops the lungs and lines the thorax. 

Horses are most apt to be attacked with peritonitis ; dogs come next 
in order ; while oxen and sheep are said to bear injuries of the belly 
with impunity. When this disorder arises from rupture of the stomach 
or bowels, it cannot but end fatally. When it follows castration, death 
may result in five or six days after the operation. 

257. Treatment. — Large cloths of several thicknesses wrung out in 
hot water, but not made too dry, should be placed over the belly, and 
kept in place by outside blankets and girths. In severe cases these 
should be removed at least every hour, and they will exert a powerful 
influence, co-operating with the medicine, to remove the inflammation. 
What is to be done, must be done quickly, for the disease runs so rapid 
a course that no time is to be lost. The indications for remedies, as 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 313 

well as the remedies themselves, are very similar to those required in 
inflammation of the bowels. 

Aconite is indicated at the commencement of the attack, for shiver- 
ing, scanty urine, restlessness, followed by quick pulse and breathing, 
and general febrile excitement. 

Belladonna is required for tenderness and distension of the belly ; 
quick, short, distressed breathing ; and for symptoms of bellyache. 

Bryonia is suitable when there are confined bowels; scanty urine; 
anxious, hurried breathing ; and swelling of the sheath, breast, &c. 

When dropsical effusion has taken place, Bryonia will still be indi- 
cated ; it may be then given in alternation with Arsenicum, especially 
as the resulting symptoms can hardly fail to point to this latter remedy. 

Cantharis. — When blood is discharged from the bladder. 

Mercurius is indicated for tenderness of the belly to outward pres- 
sure ; retching and vomiting, &c. 

Arsenicum is indicated at the first, when the animal is seized with 
great debility, and the strength seems to fail perceptibly ; also for all 
the symptoms which are met with in the last stage ; such as weak and 
small pulse ; great weakness ; and also when the pain suddenly sub- 
sides, cold sweats break out, and the pulse becomes almost impercep- 
tible — symptoms which are almost invariably the precursors of death. 
Swelling of the sheath and breast, and scanty urine, are additional 
symptoms. 

Dose. — For horses and other large animals, give ten drops; for sheep 
and pigs, six drops ; for dogs, four drops ; the medicine should be re- 
peated every two or three hours till the violence of the symptoms is 
abated, then once in four hours. 

258. Diarrhoea in Horses. — The frequent discharge of liquid excre- 
ment, uncolored by blood, which constitutes diarrhoea, is a very fre- 
quent symptom of disease. " Washy " animals — those with narrow 
loins and great width between the ribs and haunch bone — are pecu- 
liarly subject to it; some horses without this make are constitutionally 
predisposed to it; hunters, excited with going to hounds, are often 
troubled with it. Change of diet, bad or improper food, often induce 
it, especially in association with overwork. Superpurgation is the re- 
sult of giving purges in too large doses, or too frequently — a practice 
much less common nowadays than in past years, and one that killed 
many a horse. Purging also arises towards the end of influenza, and 
other diseases attended with prostration, and is a constant symptom of 
disordered liver. 



314 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

The evacuations are passed frequently, with straining, and discharge 
of wind. There are often indications of bellyache ; such as uneasiness, 
looking round to the flank, pawing the ground, rolling over, &c. 
When digestion is imperfect, the oats are passed undigested. The 
discharges are offensive, and mixed with more or less of slime. In 
bad cases, diarrhoea is a dangerous disorder in the horse, and may de- 
stroy life. This event may be apprehended when the legs are cold ; 
the surface covered with cold sweats; the breathing quickened; the 
pulse small and weak ; the appetite gone ; the strength rapidly reduced ; 
and the flesh wasted away. 

In oxen, diarrhoea is a frequent symptom of the lung disease and 
rinderpest. It is very common when the diet is changed, and when 
cattle are turned into new grass pastures. Sucking calves often have 
the "white scour," from the milk they drink resisting digestion, and 
passing out curdled ; it then acts as an irritant on the bowels. Lambs 
are likewise subject to this form of purging when they are suckling, 
and to another form arising from eating too rich grass in spring. 

In the dog, the causes of diarrhoea are much the same as in other 
animals. Two forms are met with — the acute and the chronic. 

The acute state may be preceded or accompanied by colicky suffer- 
ings ; acrid, offensive matter is thrown up from the stomach ; the 
vomiting, which is an early symptom, is often persistent and difficult 
to subdue ; the vomit is not relished as a meal, as is the dog's custom ; 
the pulse is somewhat accelerated ; the thirst constant and urgent ; and 
the belly slightly tender to the touch. The discharges are voided 
without much or any effort, and for a brief time relieve the dog's un- 
easiness. The evacuations are at first feculent, but soon become looser, 
more watery, more scanty, and more mucous — the strength decreasing 
in proportion as the discharges are more frequent and more profuse. 
The frequency varies according to various circumstances, which need 
not be dwelt upon. Their character, as regards color, consistence, 
smell, &c, vary according to the primary cause, the duration of the 
disorder, &c. ; and it is not unusual to observe bile, mucus, and fseees 
in the same evacuation. When the disease is about to terminate in 
death, blood in some cases issues from one end, or from both ends of 
the intestinal canal ; but in the majority of cases exhaustion, preceded 
by cold mouth and unconsciousness, closes the scene. 

In the pig, the symptoms of diarrhoea are not different from those 
above described. 

259. Treatment. — Bryonia should be given when the purging arises 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 315 

from drinking cold water, or being exposed to sudden changes of tem- 
perature, whereby perspiration is checked, and a chill received ; where 
the evacuations are very fluid, and passed almost involuntarily ; when 
they contain undigested food, curdled milk, &c. ; when it seems likely 
that drinking impure water, containing vegetable matter, as on moors 
or marshes, has excited the attack ; and when eating and drinking 
bring on purging. 

Arsenicum is indicated when the diarrhoea is attended by violent 
pain in the bowels, as may be inferred from the animal's conduct; 
when the discharge is watery, slimy, greenish, or brownish ; and when 
the animal becomes depressed, weak, thin, and does not eat ; especially 
when the disorder is caused by cold drinks or unsuitable food. 

Pulsatilla will often succeed when Arsenicum seems indicated, but 
fails ; one of the principal remedies for diarrhoea in calves. 

Mercurius is suitable for cases attended with straining efforts, and 
(in dogs especially) protrusion of the bowel at the anus ; when the mo- 
tions are slimy, frothy, dark, and offensive, and mixed with bile and 
perhaps with streaks of blood ; when there are retching and vomiting 
(particularly in dogs), &c. 

China is a valuable remedy for the chronic form of diarrhoea, espe- 
cially if the discharge is not accompanied by pain ; when there is loss 
of appetite, failure of strength, and wasting, intermittent diarrhoea. 

Nux vomica is indicated when the diarrhoea is attended with symp- 
toms of indigestion, as mentioned in No. 246 ; and when purging alter- 
nates with constipation. 

Colocynthis is required in those cases of violent colic which are 
sometimes attended with looseness, and in cases approaching dysentery, 
with violent pain, evacuations of slimy, sanguinolent mucus. 

Aconite. — Diarrhoea accompanying acute inflammation of the intes- 
tines, or when the disease has lasted for some time, and an apparent 
calm comes on, during which the animal's legs and feet become deadly 
cold, the skin cold and clammy, the mouth cold, and the eyes, which 
were before depicted with anxiety, now become sunken, and the pulse 
imperceptible, it is proof that the inflammation has degenerated into 
gangrene, and that death is not far off. Aconite may be given in 
such cases every ten minutes, for half an hour, and once in half 
an hour, when reaction appears. For the remaining symptoms, or 
if Aconite fail, Arsenicum should be given once in one, two, or three 
hours. 

In pigs, diarrhoea after sudden exposure to cold. 

Sulphur. — This remedy is of service when the purging is attended 



316 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

with eruptions, as is often the case in dogs, and when the milk disagrees 
and is the cause of looseness, as in sucking calves and lambs. 

Pulsatilla. — In calves, diarrhoea accompanied with emaciation and 
loss of appetite ; very often of a dysenteric character • the animal every 
moment passes liquid matter of a greenish or yellowish color. Consult 
in the Materia Medica, Chamomilla. Pulsatilla never fails to cure diar- 
rhoea in lambs which depends on bad quality of the mother's milk. 
Sulphur should at the same time be given to the mother. 

Antimonium cnidum. — Diarrhoea with loss of appetite, in pigs. 

Rheum. — Chronic diarrhoea in pigs ; a specific for frequent evacua- 
tions without pain. 

Chamomilla. — Often indicated in diarrhoea of dogs which results 
from cold. 

Consult in the Materia Medica, also, the following named remedies : 
Rhus tox., Spigelia, in diarrhoea from worms ; Carbo veg., Ipecacuanha, 
and Nux vomica. 

Dose. — Ten drops for a horse, six for sheep and swine, four for calves 
and lambs. These doses may be given at once on the tongue, or mixed 
with a little water ; or when many doses would be needed it is better 
to mix thoroughly these drops of the selected remedy in one pint of 
water by shaking it up powerfully in a bottle of still larger size ; then 
give doses of a wineglassful, two tablespoonfuls or one, or one tea- 
spoonful, once in three or four hours, according to the size of the ani- 
mal and the severity of the case ; taking care to give the doses further 
apart as the improvement appears, or stop the medicine altogether till 
a return of the disorder. 

Diet. — Gruel (starch), and that made with flour, are suitable for 
drinks ; ground rice, mixed with beef tea, is advised for dogs. 

260. Dysentery is easily distinguishable amongst sheep, with a little 
attention, from the peculiarly sticky nature of the evacuations, arising 
from the preponderance of glutinous phlegm in the fasces ; the evacua- 
tions, therefore, become agglomerated on the wool about the anus and 
thighs, and sometimes even the tail adheres firmly to the body, and 
effectually impedes the passage ; or, if the animal should succeed in 
detaching the tail, laceration or sores supervene ; the appetite is subject 
to much variation, sometimes being increased, sometimes unaltered, 
and sometimes, also, much impaired, if not destroyed. The earliest 
symptoms of dysentery are invariably attended with more or less febrile 
action, because it is essentially an inflammatory affection, involving 
the larger intestines ; the attenuation and emaciation of the animal are 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 317 

extraordinarily rapid, and the flanks become literally shrivelled. Dys- 
entery is a disease which is occasionally extraordinarily rapid in the 
destruction of life, and which sometimes, also, assumes a sluggish and 
chronic character, but which is always peculiarly intractable. Amongst 
cattle dysentery is of two kinds, acute and chronic ; and may again be 
divided into three distinct stages, viz. : 1 . The incipient stage, in 
which sometimes costiveness precedes the purging, whereas, in other 
cases, the purging will be manifested from the first apparent onset of 
the disease. If there be constipation, more or less intractable, we shall 
observe evacuations of a hard, dry, and knotty character, which are 
also broken, interrupted, and scanty ; whereas, if purging prevail, there 
will be continual straining, sometimes attended with protrusion of the 
intestine, or occasionally, also, with movements indicative of griping 
pains, of the nature of colic; sometimes, also, the more frequent dis- 
charge, attended with deterioration of appetite, dulness, and loss of 
flesh, are the only incipient indications ; the skin and coat will be rough, 
dry, and harsh ; more or less uneasiness will be manifested by the ani- 
mal, which will manifest signs of suffering upon pressure of the loins, 
and will sometimes actually shrink from contact ; the milk becomes 
suppressed, a circumstance which may not only be a symptom, but 
also the cause of dysentery. 2. The inflammatory stage, in which the 
evacuations are suddenly and violently expelled and spirted out ; the 
evacuations becoming more frequent, and consisting of a greater pro- 
portion of adhesive phlegm, which becomes stringy, adheres to the ad- 
jacent parts, forming into thick incrustations, and exhibits a thread- 
like appearance, clinging, in sticky strings, to the anus and adjacent 
parts ; the appetite and condition now more distinctly fail. This stage 
sometimes assumes a stationary or chronic character, with apparent 
but very deceptive indications of returning health ; the very intermit- 
tency (or occasional recurrence of severer symptoms) being a serious 
circumstance. 3. The debilitated stage, in which an admixture of 
blood first appears in the excrement, soon followed by a preponderance 
of thoroughly putrid (or very offensive) matter, indicative of decompo- 
sition ; the flesh becomes completely absorbed in the process of decay ; 
glandular swellings are manifested beneath the nether jaw ; cold sweats 
prevail ; loathsome insects appear upon the body, spontaneously gener- 
ated ; ulceration sets in about the anus ; the teeth are loose ; and the 
eyes are filmy and hollow. 

In horses inflammation existing in and confined to the mucous mem- 
brane or internal lining of the intestines, produces the disease known 
as dysentery. This disease, though common in man, is very rare in 



318 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

the horse. It is totally distinct in its origin and nature from periton- 
itis and enteritis, and is easily known by the excessive purging which 
accompanies it. 

The usual symptoms are : pulse small and quick ; breathing quick- 
ened ; great thirst ; no appetite : frequent efforts to relieve the bowel, 
often without success, attended with symptoms indicative of pain in 
the belly ; the straining is so severe sometimes as to force out the end 
of the rectum a short distance ; the discharges consist of excrement 
coated over with congealed blood, of slimy mucus mixed with dark 
blood, and of lymph — in the latter case presenting a fatty appearance, 
and hence the old name given by the farriers "molten grease," from a 
notion that the fat of the body was melted down and then ejected by 
the bowels. If the disease continues unchecked, the horse becomes 
exhausted, very weak, and greatly wasted. 

Causes. — Deficiency of food, overfeeding, and unwholesome food ; 
swampy pastures or pastures which have been recently under water ; 
excessive and protracted milking, or sudden drying off or suppression 
of the milk (of cows) ; the duration of close, oppressive, dry, or sultry 
weather ; the suppression of catarrh may induce dysentery ; the retro- 
cession or imperfect development of an eruptive disorder, and, not un- 
frequently, want of proper attention to the cow after calving, &c, &c. ; 
associated with other diseases, such as murrain, dysentery is ever a 
most critical symptom. 

261. Treatment — Aconite is frequently useful at the outset of the 
attack, when the pulse is quickened, the mouth hot, &c. • and when 
there are indications of pain in the belly. 

Mercurius corrosivus is specially adapted for those cases which are 
characterized by severe straining ; protrusion of the end of the bowel ; 
discharge of pure blood, or of slimy mucus mixed with blood, and of 
hardened excrement ; frequent urgings to relieve the bowel ; symptoms 
of bellyache before, during, and after each action. 

JVlercurius vivus is the chief remedy for this disease when it occurs 
under an epidemic form — a thing which is not unusual in spring and 
at the commencement of summer, when very warm days alternate with 
cold nights. This remedy is specially indicated when the gums are 
pale and spongy, the teeth loose, the saliva from the mouth viscid and 
fetid, when there are frequent efforts to empty the bowels with a dis- 
charge of fetid wind, and scanty dejections mixed with mucus, which 
presently assume a greenish gray, or a brown tint, or which, accompa- 
nied with mucus and blood, pass away in a liquid form after great ef- 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 319 

forts ; the belly is swollen and painful to the touch, as also the lumbar 
region ; the rectum projects outside the anus ; it becomes much inflated 
and extremely sensitive. 

Colocynthis is more particularly indicated when the belly is dis- 
tended and the seat of severe colicky pains, which are very violent 
and come in paroxysms ; when the motions are slimy and streaked or 
mixed with blood ; and w T hen the animal is restless and occasionally 
shivers. 

Ipecacuanha may sometimes be serviceable when the 'evacuations 
consist chiefly of slimy mucus, with or without admixture with flakes 
of lymphy matter. 

Acidum phosphoricum should be tried after Mercurius and Colocyn- 
this, if the discharge of blood continues. 

Arsenicum. — Evacuations liquid, and of a greenish color ; the dis- 
charge is offensive, and passed almost involuntarily ; there are great 
weakness, wasting and dulness, entire loss of appetite. 

Dose. — Ten drops of the selected remedy may be mixed thoroughly 
in one pint of water, as previously directed ; of this give, according to 
the size of the animal, and intensity of the symptoms, one or tw T o table- 
spoonfuls, or one or two teaspoonfuls, once in three or four hours. In 
the most violent cases, several drops of Aconite may be given for a 
single dose, mixed in a tablespoonful of water. In many instances 
after the first few doses of Aconite, repeated according to the intensity 
of the symptoms, Mercurius (either the Merc, vivus or the Merc, cor- 
rosivus) may be given in alternation with the Aconite, a dose once 
in two or three hours. Oftentimes, however, unless the fever is quite 
high, Mercurius alone will remove all the difficulty. 

A few doses of Sulphur, ten drops every morning, when convales- 
cence is pretty well established, will aid in the restoration of appetite, 
digestion, and strength. 

The diet should be light and unirritating ; but solid food in prefer- 
ence to that which is fluid. 

262. Protrusion of the Intestine very commonly occurs amongst 
pigs, costiveness being the most probable cause of the affection, and 
unless there be severe rupture will speedily yield to the remedies indi- 
cated below. 

263. Intestinal Rupture will occasionally occur amongst all ani- 
mals, but it is apparently of more frequent occurrence amongst cattle 
(chiefly occasioned by external lesion, such as a blow, often from the 



320 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

goring of other horned cattle), and pigs. Rupture occasioned by ex- 
ternal lesion amongst cattle is indicated by the formation of a tumor 
more or less extensive about the parts ; as that formed by the animal 
being hooked in the belly. From the first, the animal winces at the 
pressure of this tumor, but otherwise, it is some time before constitu- 
tional symptoms transpire ; but as the enlargement increases the ani- 
mal is much inclined to be down, and appears relieved by recum- 
bency; it is averse to motion, which evidently aggravates the suffering; 
the tumor is easily to be distinguished from the formation of an ab- 
scess, (1) by its size and extent; (2) by its non-resistance to pressure; 
(3) by a peculiar bubbling noise, which attends the application of pres- 
sure (on listening attentively) ; there is a panic-stricken expression, and 
an evident decrease of action in the bowels, as evinced by the sluggish- 
ness and diminution of the evacuations; the respiration becomes accel- 
erated; rumination ceases, and the pulse becomes small and accelerated. 
Ruptures of the intestine and groin occasionally occur with delivery. 
Rupture of the diaphragm occasionally occurs, but the symptoms are 
very obscure, and it is difficult to form a just diagnosis of this disorder 
for the purpose of saving life. Rupture during pregnancy with protru- 
sion of the womb, as it were into the udder, is hardly to be obviated, 
because parturition will in most cases complete the mischief. 

264. Treatment. — If there is a rupture with an external wound, it 
must be bound up ; a firm pad being strapped over it, first applying 
dilute Arnica tincture as a lotion. Arnica in ten-drop doses should 
be given every hour for three hours ; then once in three hours. Nux 
vomica and Rhus tox. may also be consulted in the Materia Medica. 
For protrusion of the intestine from the anus, prolapse of the rectum, 
Ignatia will be found sufficient. Six drops may be given night and 
morning. 

265. Worms. — The ox, cow, &c, are occasionally subject to the 
generation of several varieties of intestinal worms. Most frequently, 
the long white roundworm (known by the name of Ascaris lumbri- 
coides or lumbricus teres), which inhabits the small bowels, and the 
long threadworm, which is principally known to inhabit the blind gut 
(and which is called the Trichocephalus) ; the tapeworm has also been 
found in cattle and in the intestines of sucking lambs, and some in- 
stances have occurred, of the presence of the Amphistoma ; but its 
sphere is confined to the paunch. Horses are chiefly subject to gene- 
rate the first of the above varieties (the roundworm), and the thread- 



DISEASES OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 321 

worm (Ascaris vermicularis), the former in the small, the latter in the 
large intestines ; both are frequently discoverable in the evacuations, and 
in very considerable quantities ; the tapeworm may also be numbered 
amongst the worms to which the horse is subject. To these must be 
added the Strongylus, a slender worm, measuring from two to four 
inches in length, and consisting of a rounded body for half its length 
with a contracted threadlike head. These are found in the large in- 
testines ; and the bots. But these latter require a more particular de- 
scription. 

Bots are the larvae or grubs of the CEstrus or Gad-fly. The eggs 
are deposited on the legs, arms, knees, or body of the horse during the 
autumn, and are licked off by the animal and hatched in the stomach, 
to the cuticular coat of which they cling by two strong hooks or 
tenacula. Their heads, which are situated between these hooks, are 
buried in the lining of the stomach. They often adhere so tenaciously, 
that their bodies may be broken, before they will quit their hold. 
They are sometimes found in the villous coat, and they but rarely ex- 
tend into the duodenum. The mucus of the stomach seems to be their 
food. 

About June or July the bots are often voided in the dung, and they 
then assume the chrysalis or grub form, and remain so for a few weeks, 
when the case opens, and the fly takes wing. Bots, when being voided, 
often adhere by their tenacula to the fundament. There are several 
species, but it is not necessary here to describe them. 

Their presence does not seem usually to act injuriously on the health 
of the horse, though occasionally the stomach is eroded by them. When 
they are seen in the dung, they are usually undergoing the natural pro- 
cess of being voided before their transformation ; and if we have patience, 
nature will quietly expel them without our aid. At this period, a dose 
of physic may perhaps hasten the loosening of their hold ; but we can- 
not make them quit their tenement much before nature disposes them 
to do so, inasmuch as their bodies are hard and insensible to the action 
of any medicine, and their heads are enveloped in the lining of the 
stomach. One case also has occurred in which the long tapeworm was 
discovered (Taenia solium). 

Pigs are subject to several varieties of worms, which multiply enor- 
mously in this animal, and which often become an insuperable impedi- 
ment to the fattening of pigs, as well as rendering them inordinate and 
unprofitable feeders. 

Dogs also generate several varieties, but chiefly the roundworm, 

21 



322 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

threadworm, and tapeworm.* A dog affected with worms in the 
bowels is usually dull and depressed, uneasy and restless, utters doleful 
cries and howls, and becomes unsociable in disposition and irritable in 
temper. The hair is dry, shaggy, foul, and destitute of the natural 
gloss; appetite variable, and often ravenous; the breath offensive; and 
the nose dry and hot. Notwithstanding the greedy appetite, emaciation 
and weakness come on. Attacks of diarrhoea occasionally alternate 
with constipation ; small lumps of mucus are voided, and little bits of 
excrement. Paroxysms of colic are frequent ; fits attack young dogs 
especially. A tense and enlarged state of the belly, and a short, dry, 
irritable cough, are also occasionally symptomatic of worms. The 
"mawworm" induces intolerable itching of the rectum, but rarely any 
of the more serious symptoms as above. Chobart records having seen 
many dogs vomit balls of Ascarides (Strongylus trigoncephalusf). 
These dogs had vertigo, convulsions, and coma, &c. The "round- 
worm " sometimes crawls into the stomach, and even upwards into the 
nostrils, and then sets up great irritation. The severe symptoms are 
produced only by the taeniae, or when the other worms are present in 
large numbers. 

Symptoms. — We are often first informed of the presence of these 
parasitic insects by observing them in the excrement ; but in general, 
if we observe progressive loss of flesh, and condition, and general flac- 
cidity ; strange and sudden variations from costiveness to excessive 
relaxation, &c, and vice versd; constant hacking, dry, interrupted 
cough ; in some animals (especially when young), frequent and unac- 
countable fits ; evident and continual irritation about the terminal 
bowel and orifice ; restlessness, irritability (sometimes savageness), all 
of which continue for a long time without permanently affecting the 
color of the membranes, the pulse, or the respiration, with occasional 
irritative fever which does not assume a severer character, and at- 
tended with continual voracious appetite (whereas, the best of food 
does not improve the condition), with a sunken down appearance, we 
may conclude that the presence of worms in the intestines is the cause 
of these manifestations. Another sign of worms, in the horse, is said 
to be his depressing the lower lip. 

266. Treatment. — There are two modes of treating animals affected 



* It does not appear that much attention has been paid to this subject; few 
writers acknowledge the tapeworm as existing among horses, and then only a£ 
a very rare occurrence; we believe that they occur much more frequently than 
is supposed. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 323 

by worms : one is based upon the supposition that they are foreign and 
injurious substances requiring in the first instance to be removed; the 
other founded on the belief that they are always the product of latent 
psora, or constitutional disorder. Dr. James Moore is a prominent 
advocate for the former method. His treatment is the following : 

" In the treatment of worm cases we must, firstly, destroy and expel 
the worms ; and, secondly, give such medicines as will improve the 
mucous membrane of the bowels and its secretions. 

" For the horse, as a mechanical evacuant, give two Croton beans 
powdered and mixed with a handful of bran mash. Then for the 
symptoms above described as the result of worms give one grain of 
Arsenicum, first trituration, night and morning in a little mash ; or, 
this failing to do decided good after having been administered for two 
or three weeks, Ferri sulphas, in the same way, in five-grain doses. 

" For oxen, as an evacuant and as a poison to the tapeworms, Tur- 
pentine, half an ounce mixed with Olive oil ; and as constitutional 
remedies Arsenicum and Ferri sulphas, as for the horse. 

"■In sheep and pigs give half these quantities. m 

" In dogs, powdered Areca nut, two grains for each pound of the 
dog's weight mixed with oatmeal gruel, is one of the best for tapeworm. 
It may be given in this way once a week for several weeks with the 
best effect. If necessary, from two to five-drop doses of Arsenicum, or 
of Ferri sulphas, may be given night and morning afterwards. Cina 
is also good against round and mawworms. 

" The operation of the evacuant medicines should be watched, and 
tapeworm when expelled either whole or in pieces, should be burned 
or deeply buried." 

Such is the method proposed by Dr. Moore. With respect to the 
tapeworms, it may be here remarked that all efforts to expel them will 
prove futile, unless the head also is brought away. Pumpkin-seeds 
have proved effective in many cases in the human subject; they should 
be roughly mashed and given freely three times a day for several days. 

Filix mas is, however, the most efficient remedy against tapeworm ; 
half an ounce of the saturated decoction of the Male fern should be 
given early in the morning and last thing at night. As this disorder 
is comparatively very rare, this remedy is not put up in the box of 
medicines accompanying this book ; but it can be procured at any time 
when needed, in the form of saturated tincture, from the publishers of 
this book, or from any other homoeopathic pharmaceutist. And the 
same may be said of the first trituration of Arsenicum and Ferri sulphas 
advised by Dr. Moore. 



324 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Filix mas in six-drop doses of the mother tincture may also be suit- 
able for the tapeworm: which is sometimes found in the intestines of 
sucking lambs. 

287. Bots, next to tapeworm, if not before it, occasion the severest 
symptoms; the latter is often slowly destructive, while the former by 
attacking the substance (muscular tissue) of the intestines may prove 
quickly fatal. We have seen in a young horse, that died as was at 
first supposed of horse-ail, or putrid catarrh of the head, the entrails 
perforated in hundreds of places, just riddled by these industrious 
insects. This was in December, and the animal had taken a violent cold 
from being allowed to drink his fill of ice-water when perspiring freely. 

Bots sometimes leave hold of their proper food of the mucous or 
insensible coating of the bowel and begin to feed upon the sensitive 
muscular tissues of the intestines. The animal is thrown into the 
greatest agony, and appears as if suffering from a violent attack of colic. 
Many horses are believed to have been lost through improper treatment 
in such cases. The first thing to do when the bots thus threaten to 
destroy life by perforating the bowels, is to get them to release their 
hold. This is done by pouring down the beast's throat half a gallon 
or more of warm milk ; still more effectual, although not quite so easy 
to procure, is fresh warm blood. When such rich food in such abun- 
dance comes in their way, the bots leave their hold on the intestines and 
begin to gorge themselves with the new supply. Then, directly the 
horse is relieved from his agony, a quart (or even a pint) of Olive oil 
should be administered, which will presently bring away the milk (or 
blood) and insects all together. It is in the early part of the winter 
that the bots are said to be the most apt to become dangerous in this 
way. And the tendency to such dangerous attacks will be much in- 
creased and made into a certainty by such imprudence as was above 
described. In the ordinary state of health of the horse, the bots may 
be comparatively harmless. 

China and Nux vomica have been recommended for the colics which 
the insects cause. 

China, Cina, Mercurius, and Sulphur are advised for the lumbrici, 
or roundworms. 

Digitalis and Ignatia are advised for the ascarides (pinworms in the 
human subject) which inhabit the large intestine; retraction of the 
flanks, in horses, is said to be almost the only sign announcing their 
presence. China and Sulphur, in repeated doses, are recommended for 
these insects in cattle. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 325 

Graphites, Petroleum, Magnesia murias, Stannum, and Sulphur 

are recommended for the Strongylus, which, when first evacuated, ap- 
pears partly black and partly transparent. 

Alumina. — Indicated in vermiculous cases, where constipation alter- 
nates with diarrhoea. 

Magnesia mUrias. — When the constipation returns periodically. 

Sepia. — When the alvine dejections are preceded and followed by 
retraction of the flanks. 

Cina. — One of the most important remedies, indicated by irregular 
appetite, at one time poor, at another voracious ; by bloating of the ab- 
domen, grinding of the teeth, discharge of lumbrici, and ascarides. 

Many other remedies may be indicated, but it is needless to attempt 
to give their particular indications. Consult the Materia Medica, and 
select, according to the condition of the patient, one or another of the 
following: Arsenicum, Calcarea, Graphites, Mercurius, Nux vomica, 
Silicea, Sabina (for cattle), and Sulphur. 

Dose. — The selected remedy should be given night and morning in 
quantities suited, as often already laid down, to the size of the patient. 

288. Concretions — Dust- and Eair-Balls. — In Horses: A small 
pebble, or other foreign body, when accidentally swallowed, is often 
found to be the centre of deposits of earthy matter, leading to the form- 
ation of stones, which vary greatly in size. These hard earthy stones 
are occasionally found in the horse's stomach, but more frequently in 
some part of the large intestine. They are met with oftener in some 
districts than in others — owing probably to the larger amount of 
calcareous matter in the water drunk. 

The dust-ball is composed of oats, the dust of oats or barley used as 
food, and mucous material mixed up and matted together. They often 
acquire a very large size, and there are often several of them in the 
same horse. They begin to be formed in the stomach around any body 
that will act as a centre-point for deposits, and afterwards pass into 
the bowels. 

In Oxen, Sheep, &c. — Hair-balls are very common in these animals. 
They consist of hair, thickened mucus, and other deposited matters, 
and begin from swallowing hair when the hide is licked. These usually 
remain in the stomach, and give rise to no particular symptoms. 
Besides stomach-stones, the dog is liable to have hair-balls in the 
bowels, as well as stony concretions formed around foreign bodies. 

The balls often attain an immense size without causing any appreci- 
able derangement of health. Usually, however, they set up obscure 



326 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

symptoms of general ill health ; the animal gets thin, weak, and dull, 
and has frequent attacks of colic. Towards the last, the bowels become 
constantly costive, the belly swollen, the back arched upwards, and the 
breathing quickened. When attacks of pain come on, the eyes have 
an anxious look, and, in the case of the horse, he sits on his haunches 
like a dog. 

289. Treatment. — If it were possible to be sure of the existence of 
these stones, or concretions, when they are small, it would be compara- 
tively easy and safe to expel them through the bowel by means of a 
purge ; but as this knowledge is wanting, and as the mass, when once 
it has grown large enough to occasion serious inconvenience, cannot be 
made to pass along the bowel, nothing can be done but to attempt to 
give relief by treating the case with medicines suited to it as a colic. 
This may help, while purgatives would only increase the distress and 
render the danger the more imminent. See remedies for " Colic." 

270. Constipation. — In horses, costiveness occasionally occurs and 
becomes a cause of enteritis, or inflammation of the bowels. Sometimes 
even the faeces become impacted, and require to be removed by the aid 
of laxative enemas, or possibly by hand. But careful attention to the 
condition of the horse on the part of the groom would discover such 
want of proper action of the bowel before it became so far advanced. 

Newly-born foals are very liable to costiveness of a dangerous char- 
acter. The excrement existing in the bowel before the foal's birth 
cannot be discharged, and symptoms of severe colic come on. 

Oxen are likewise occasionally the subjects of simple costiveness, and 
calves particularly so when first placed on dry food. 

In all such cases, we find loss of appetite, uneasiness, indications of 
bellyache, straining efforts to relieve the bowels, and hardened excre- 
ment. 

The dog's bowels naturally tend towards a costive condition, and 
this is favored by wrong food, and especially by that acquired restraint 
over the bowels which follows the cultivation of habits of cleanliness, 
especially in house and pet dogs. 

Indigestion, mange, foul breath, bad teeth, severe straining, accom- 
panied with groaning and trembling, and colic, are the main symptoms. 

271. Treatment. — Horses should be regularly exercised, and be fed 
on boiled food, the quantity of oats being reduced for a time. Dogs 
also should be exercised, and have well-boiled oatmeal gruel, and occa- 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 327 

sionally bits of liver. In all animals, the diet should be carefully regu- 
lated according to the state of the evacuations. Injections of warm water 
and soap must be resorted to where the rectum or last portion of the 
bowel appears stuffed full, and to have lost in this way the power of 
expelling its contents. " Back-raking " the horse is not free from 
danger. In the smaller animals it may be necessary to scrape out the 
accumulation contained in the rectum. When colic arises, as if from 
a futile effort of nature to throw off' these hard stools, which become 
sources of irritation, suitable remedies should be given, such as are in- 
dicated in colics of that kind, and the mechanical adjuvants just men- 
tioned may be the more imperatively demanded. 

Nux vomica and Sulphur will be found sufficient for most if not for 
all cases of constipation in horses and cattle. The former should be 
administered in ten-drop doses at night, the latter in similar doses in 
the morning. 

Opium may be found useful for costiveness, especially in dogs, in 
addition to Nux vomica. 

In addition to these, the following named remedies may be studied 
in the Materia Medica, selecting the medicine which most closely cor- 
responds to the condition of the patient : Bryonia, Calcarea c, Carbo v., 
Graphites, Kali carb., Lycopodium, Sepia, and Silicea. 

Or especially for costiveness with severe urging (additionally) : Ar- 
nica, Belladonna, Causticum, Cocculus, Conium, Mercurius, and Na- 
trum m. 

For knotty evacuations (additionally) : Ammonium carb., Baryta, 
Sulphuric acid, and Thuja. 

For imperfect evacuations (additionally) : China and Ruta. 

For large, solid evacuations : Aurum, Ignatia, Yeratrum, and Nux 
vomica. 

Section III. 

DISEASES AND CASUALTIES AFFECTING OR INCIDENTAL TO THE 

LIVER, ETC. 

272. The Rot of Sheep. — This is a disease resulting in the most 
universal disorganization of the system ; it consists, primarily, of ob- 
struction of the biliary ducts — the fluke- worm (or Fasciola hepatica) 
being generated, and propagating in those passages — and consequent in- 
flammation of the liver. 

Causes. — The causes of rot may be traced more to the nature of the 



328 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

soil ; and to the predominance of wet during an entire season, than to 
any other circumstance; on a deep, swampy, spongy, flat soil, ever 
saturated with water, or slow to dry, sheep will never be exempt from 
or secure against rot, except in very dry seasons; whereas sloping 
grounds, with a dry or very gravelly, percolating bottom, or dry, firm 
uplands, are rarely visited by this scourge. 

Rot is most prevalent in low, dajnp, marshy, flooded pastures, with 
rank grasses. The eggs of the perfect worm are found abundantly in 
the sheep's liver; they pass along the gall-duct into the bowel and 
thence are discharged. They are washed into pools or brooks by rain, 
or fall on the grass ; in either case, many die, whilst others are hatched. 
The embryos are eaten by mollusks, and the other inhabitants of pools, 
and sheep swallow the latter. The immature worm then reaches the 
liver of its host, where generative organs are developed, and eggs are 
laid for the next generation. Such is a brief sketch of the changes 
which these worms are believed to undergo. 

Symptoms. — The earliest symptoms consist in the more rapid, unac- 
countable, and deceptive tendency to fatten, a false and treacherous im- 
provement of condition, which, under any of the circumstances liable 
to engender rot, should be watched with suspicion. On closely exam- 
ining the skin (if rot has begun to develop itself) beneath the wool, it 
will exhibit a yellowish hue ; the small gland of the corner of the eye 
will be of a dirty yellow color ; the minute vessels in the white of the 
eye (so brightly red in health) will exhibit the same tint, and the eye 
generally will have a muddy-yellow appearance ; the animal appears 
dull, languid, and slow in movement, a symptom which increases as 
the tinge extends to the muzzle, mouth, tongue, nose, &c, when the 
treacherous, morbid fatness, suddenly falls away ; the skin now ex- 
hibits a variegated appearance, with patches of yellow and very dark 
color interspersed over the surface ; the breath is excessively offen- 
sive; the evacuations are alternately hard, difficult, scanty, or even 
suppressed, and very loose and colliquative (sometimes obstinately 
relaxed) ; the skin crackles beneath pressure ; the general heat becomes 
increased (fever often intense) ; there is, sometimes, dropsical swelling 
of the throat, close to the jaws; the gland of the corner of the eye is 
enlarged; the eyes become red and swollen ; the skin is flabby, and the 
wool easily torn out by handfuls ; there is great weakness, total suspen- 
sion of appetite, dropsical swelling of the belly, &c, &c. 

In Egypt, rot is very common, and it is not there confined to sheep, 
but it also attacks horses, bovine kind, and most of the lesser animals 
as well, and is very fatal to them, particularly so on the whole of the 



DISEASES OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 829 

borderings of the Nile, the immense overflowings of which spread a 
frightful mortality among the numerous grazing tribes which browse 
on the plants affected by this overflow. The Arabs are reported to 
affirm that this pest annually destroys not less than sixteen thousand 
sheep. The acumen of these shepherds must be very great indeed, for 
we are told that the Arab shepherd readily distinguishes the sheep 
affected by rot from others, by the presence of a bag, full of water, 
found under the tongue. 

In pigs, rot prevails sometimes and proves much more malignant 
than in sheep. It scarcely attacks any but the young, and it is very 
seldom that an old pig is affected with it. It appears but once during 
life. After the animal has passed some days in a state of depression 
and unwillingness to move about, the head hanging down, the ears 
thrown back, its bristles stare, and there are seen on different points 
of the skin, chiefly on the head, ears, on the fore part of the body, in 
the inner surface of the thighs, and on the belly, small red spots, which 
soon increase in size, and rise into a pustule full of serum ; this pustule 
dries, and gradually falls, leaving behind it a small cicatrix, at the end 
of four or five days. This affection is particularly dangerous when it 
attacks the eyes, which become inflamed. When on the inner surface 
of the thighs, it causes the animal to limp. Arsenicum is the specific 
for it. When it does not clean the skin perfectly, recourse must be 
had to Dulcamara. 

273. Treatment. — Remove all the flock to more wholesome pastu- 
rage, or feed them on dry food from the stable. 

Arsenicum, sixth dilution, in six-drop doses, in alternation with 
China, in similar doses, has been found efficient in many cases. After- 
wards Bryonia and Veratrum may be given, according to the symp- 
toms. 

Arsenicum and Ferri sulphas in alternation, thrice daily, are advised 
by Dr. Moore. 

Acid muriaticum it has been thought would prove useful as a pre- 
servative. 

Dulcamara has been recommended when there are worms in the 
lungs. 

Natrum muriaticum, Calcarea, and Antimonium crudum may be 
studied in the Materia Medica, in addition to those named above. 
Whatever medicine of all these seems to be the best mode to correspond 
to the case should be given in ten- or six-drop doses once in four hours. 

The treatment of this fatal disorder may comprise three distinct in- 



330 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHX". 

dications, which we mention in the inverse order of their appearance ; 
1st, to destroy the fully developed worms in the liver or other organs; 
2d, to destroy the minute germs of the undeveloped worms ; and 3d, to 
prevent the introduction of these germs into the system. With respect 
to the first indication it is doubtful if we have any means at command 
sufficient to secure this directly, and all medication directed towards 
the consequences of such a state of things would necessarily prove futile, 
while the cause remained in full operation. But it must be remembered 
that these minute insects, like all other small parasites, are very short- 
lived; therefore if means could be provided to stop the supply arising 
from the growth of the young, and development of embryotic germs, 
the race would quickly die out in the patient, and the hepatic disorder 
already established by their presence could easily be removed by ap- 
propriate medicines. The third indication is rather preventive than 
medical ; and can be employed more or less successfully, in proportion 
as the animals can be entirely, or only in part, removed from danger 
of absorbing additional germs of this disease. 

Carbolic acid, of which mention has already been made in connec- 
tion with Glanders and the Rinderpest or Cattle Plague of America, can 
certainly be given in such doses as to destroy the minute germs of the 
flukes, Fasciolce hepaticce, &c, which infest not sheep alone, but cows, 
horses, asses, hogs, deer, hares, and rabbits.* It may indeed be doubted 
if this powerful acid and antiseptic could be introduced into the system 
in quantities sufficiently large to destroy the full-grown flukes, with- 
out at the same time injuriously affecting the patient. But this is not 
essential; for as we have just stated, if the development of the young, 
and growth of the germs can be prevented, the race will quickly 
perish in the affected animal. 

Ten drops of the strong solution of Carbolic acid may be given to a 
full-sized sheep, less doses in proportion to smaller animals, three or 
even four times a day ; the animal of course being removed from the 
possibility of receiving fresh germs into his system, by total change of 
diet, whether from a moist, damp (fresh-water) pasture to salt marshes — 
a very good change when practicable — or by stopping the class of fod- 
der in the stable w T hich may have contained the germs of these insects. 
Then the solution of Carbolic acid may be pushed, for some days at 
least, as far as it can be borne, without entirely destroying the appetite 
of the patient. After a few days, four or five at the outset, it may 
reasonably be presumed that these embryotic germs are destroyed; and 

* Blaine's " Outlines of the Veterinary Art," London, 1841, p. 357. 



DISEASES OF THE ' DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 331 

the animaPs symptoms should now be carefully collated with those 
contained in the Materia Medica, under the various names of medicines 
already given ; particularly China, Natrum muriaticum, Arsenicum, 
and Sulphur, giving night and morning six drops of the selected 
remedy. 

The following are the directions given in an English work, of whose 
very accurate descriptions of disease we freely avail ourselves; (the 
method we recommend, using the Carbolic acid, will be found to re- 
quire less time, and we believe it to be much more certain). "For pre- 
ventive purposes, the administration of the medicines should be repeated 
morning and evening for ten days after the removal of the sheep from 
the pasture or other place in which the rot has broken out. During 
the incipient stage the doses should be repeated every six hours for four 
days, and afterwards morning and evening for a week, or until the 
symptoms disappear. When the disease becomes confirmed, and high 
febrile action sets in, or critical symptoms supervene, the administration 
must be repeated every two hours until modification becomes apparent, 
and then every four hours until the symptoms decidedly yield. 

" Precautions (without which treatment is of little avail). — Remove 
the sheep, whether sickened or healthy, if possible, to dry and upland 
soil, or provide artificially, as well as you are able, against the mischiefs 
of moisture, &c. 

" Regimen. — No rank or succulent food ; protection from undue mois- 
ture especially, and the food being as little irritating as possible." 

It is believed that in this way, by immediately applying the preventive 
method of treatment to the rest of the flock, when one or more first begin 
to show signs of this disorder (by total change of diet), and by giving 
the Carbolic acid as above advised, the disease may be confined to the 
earliest cases, and they too may always be saved, if strictly attended to 
from the very first. 

274. Inflammation of the Liver, and Jaundice or Yellows in 
Cattle. — These diseases are intimately connected, and are often, if not 
generally, only distinguishable the one from the other, by the greater 
or less degree of fever which occurs ; and even this distinction does not 
hold good with regard to the ox, cow, &c, amongst which yellows as- 
sumes a very severe and inflammatory type. Amongst these animals, 
however (which, like all ruminants, are especially subject to diseases 
of the liver), yellows may be identified by the scaly, mangy eruption 
which attends it; — whereas it does not necessarily occur with simple 
inflammation of the liver (in which, even, intense and general yellow- 



332 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

ness of the skin is not a necessary symptom). Pigs are still less liable 
to diseases of the liver. 

Causes. — Inflammation of the liver, and yellows, may appear as pri- 
mary diseases, or as mere sympathetic affections, dependent upon acute 
inflammation of other organs. Obstruction of the biliary ducts is the 
most frequent cause of yellows ^amongst cattle in particular), either by 
the presence of the flukeworm (as in the rot of sheep), or by the con- 
cretions called gallstones. Amongst the general causes may be num- 
bered high stall-feeding ; the abuse of purgatives, &c. ; sudden chills, 
or being thoroughly wet when heated ; any excessive and gross feed- 
ing ; contusions, and the retrocession or imperfect development of erup- 
tions ; and overfatigue, produced by violent exertion, overdriving, 

Symptoms. — The manifestation of these diseases is very analogous in 
all animals, and the general description may, with a few modifications 
consistent with the habits of the particular species, be applied to all. 
Inflammation of the liver is characterized by tenderness of the belly 
generally, but more particularly of the right side, evinced by the move- 
ments of the animal upon pressure ; enlargement, with tensive hardness 
of the same parts ; heaving of the flanks, accelerated, hard pulse, irregu- 
lar, imperfect, indolent, or suspended rumination, heat of the mouth 
and breath ; the roots of the horns are hot, and the muzzle dry ; the 
urine is dark brownish or saffron-yellow (occasionally stained with 
blood), scanty and infrequent ; the evacuations are dry, hard, difficult, 
and scanty (often almost black amongst cattle) ; the animal is continu- 
ally observed to lie on one side ; there is a peculiar undulation of the 
surface on the right side, occasionally, also, spasmodic movements 
supervene about the parts affected ; the animal gazes wistfully, and 
with a pain-stricken expression, at the right side ; with (sometimes, 
however, very little) yellowness of the skin, eyes, gums, and muzzle 
(preceding the strong development of fever), which, as the complaint 
advances, becomes brownish as regards the skin, and turgid red as re- 
gards the conjunctiva and interior of the mouth. Dogs are affected 
with severe vomiting of slimy, greenish-yellow matter ; intense dryness 
of the tongue (common to all species), which protrudes from the mouth ; 
and sometimes bloody or black vomits. They are restless, and prone 
to absolute seclusion in the early stage. All animals are affected with 
intense thirst, total repugnance to all food, staggering gait, and more 
or less rapid emaciation. The pulse is first quick, or hard and quick, 
then quick, hard, and full, or hard and quick, then very feeble and ir- 
regular, or intermittent and very small. Jaundice (yellows) is identi- 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 333 

lied by the preceding symptoms, more or less distinctly developed, 
with either abrupt or slow and gradual development, increase and 
darkening yellowness of the skin, and of the surfaces throughout the 
body, as well as of the urine ; sometimes these symptoms continue for 
some time without apparent constitutional disturbance, which super- 
venes with very similar symptoms to those already described, the yel- 
lowness being, however, doubly intense, and more universal, the hair 
of the animal becoming yellow, and the milk of cows being discolored, 
and becoming bitter, and rancid, whilst a characteristic and extreme 
irritation of the skin, with a scurfy, scaly eruption, very analogous to 
that of mange supervenes, whereas the extreme costiveness, as already 
described, is apt to be followed by no less intractable looseness. 

In the Horse. — The liver, though subject to frequent derangement 
in man, and also in some of the lower animals, is comparatively seldom 
diseased functionally or organically in the horse. 

Its diseases may be divided into two classes, namely, temporary 
functional derangements, such as inactivity, congestion, and inflamma- 
tion ; and, secondly, organic structural changes, such as enlargement, 
atrophy, softening, and induration. The first named ordinarily result 
from preventible causes, such as excess of food, want of proper exer- 
cise, or exposure to vicissitudes of temperature or weather. The latter 
are seldom primary affections ; but as a general rule result from other 
diseases, such as influenza, inflammation of the lungs and pleurae, &c. 

Inactivity, often followed by congestion, is frequently caused by ex- 
cess of food, especially if it be of a stimulating character, combined 
with insufficient exercise. The liver becomes loaded with bile, and 
this condition is afterwards succeeded by a diminution of the quantity 
of this secretion formed in the hepatic cells. This is in conformity 
with the usual rule of nature, that when any organ is put to excessive 
use for a time, reaction follows. The horse then becomes hide-bound 
and debilitated. In many cases the appetite falls off, but in others 
the patient may feed even ravenously. He will not, however, thrive 
until the organ is again stimulated to proper action. Congestion may 
also be brought on by a sudden chill or exposure. 

A state of passive congestion may exist for a length of time without 
any very noticeable symptoms. On the other hand, inflammation may 
supervene on the congestion, whether arising from previous inactivity, 
or from chill, or exposure. In very acute cases the period of conges- 
tion may be so short as to escape notice. 

Slight derangement of the liver is often indicated by irregularity of 
the appetite. The animal feeds well one day and will not feed the next. 



334 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

The skin is rough, dry, harsh, and itchy, and the mucous membranes 
are yellowish in color, owing to retention in the blood of the material 
which should have been formed into bile, or from reabsorption of the 
bile due to some obstruction in its proper channel. 

If the slight symptoms indicated above are neglected, and the de- 
rangement is allowed to continue for a length of time, or in other cases 
without any such premonitory symptoms, congestion (often followed 
by inflammation) may take place in the organ. 

The attack, however, generally comes on gradually. The animal is 
dull and indisposed to move ; the appetite fails and the bowels become 
disordered ; the eye and mucous membranes assume a more decidedly 
yellowish tint; and the fseces are hard, scanty, light-colored, and fetid. 
Great uneasiness is evinced on the application of pressure to the right 
hypochondriac region. The breathing in general is not much affected, 
but there are frequent fits of blowing, and there is also a hollow cough. 
The pulse is full, soft, and compressible. The tenderness arising from 
a diseased state of the liver often causes the animal to favor his right 
fore leg in action. 

If the congestion runs into inflammation, the pulse will become 
hard, quick, and small. The pain is not great, because the parts are 
soft and capable of swelling. 

If the attack is not checked, the fasces usually become clay-like in 
color and consistency. The dryness, itchiness, and yellow tint of the 
skin increase, and the unhealthy, rough, and staring appearance of the 
coat is more marked. The glands about the throat and other parts of 
the body sometimes become enlarged. The animal rapidly loses con- 
dition. Occasionally severe diarrhoea supervenes and complicates the 
symptoms. Ascites, or dropsy of the belly, is a common sequel of the 
attack. 

The liver is also occasionally, though but rarely, subject to sudden 
acute attacks of inflammation. This disease is known as Acute Hepatitis. 

The horse becomes dull and moping, and probably coughs occasion- 
ally. He hangs his head, his eye droops, and he loathes his food. He 
seems to suffer from inward pain, but not of a severe kind. He has not 
lain down during the previous night, the dung-balls are small and dark- 
colored, the urine is scanty, the mouth is hot, and the animal is feverish. 
The fever runs on, and the inner side of the lips, cheeks, tongue, and 
the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes are tinged with a yellow 
color. If blood be abstracted, the serum will be of a golden hue. The 
dung-balls are tinged or perhaps deeply stained with bile, and often 
incased in viscid mucous matter. The urine is of a yellow color with 



DISEASES OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 335 

a copious sediment. The patient lies clown occasionally, looks at his 
side, and rises again. If the right side be pressed upon, he will flinch, 
or perhaps bite and show signs of tenderness. 

The pulse becomes quick, strong, and bounding; the breathing is 
disturbed and short. The patient appears dull and stupid, and often 
sinks into a lethargic state, or he may stagger in his walk. 

In either of these attacks, if the symptoms are not soon relieved, the 
case may end in rupture of the liver. 

Organic disease of the liver rarely occurs as a primary affection. It 
is usually a sequel of other diseases, especially of any diseases which 
prevent the free circulation of the blood through it. 

A state of hypersemial congestion, or undue accumulation of blood in 
the capillary vessels, is the usual commencement of almost all structural 
disease. This congestion may arise from any affection which interferes 
with the passage of the blood into the pulmonary artery, such, for in- 
stance, as inflammation of the lungs or pleura, influenza, peritonitis, 
any violent visceral inflammation, valvular disease of the heart, or disease 
of the pericardium. Enlargement of the liver to a great size, and soft- 
ening of its structure, often follows low typhoid affections. It is also 
common in old cart horses. 

On the other hand, atrophy sometimes occurs, and the organ dwindles 
down to half its proper size. 

In some cases the liver takes on a scirrhous or indurated state, and 
ceases in a great measure to perform its functions. 

Ordinary congestion of the liver, especially when it has become 
chronic, sometimes leads to enlargement and softening of the organ, 
known as hypertrophy of the liver. It is most often seen in very fat 
horses, such for instance as brewers' and millers', or in pampered ani- 
mals, such as gentlemen's carriage horses, which have not sufficient ex- 
ercise. The liver slowly and gradually augments in size, sometimes 
with no sign of ill-health about the animal, until it suddenly bursts its 
capsule, and death soon follows. 

The liver may also become the seat of tubercular and cancerous de- 
posits. The bile-ducts may likewise be obstructed by calculi, when the 
same symptoms are evinced as in congestion and inflammation. 

The existence of any such organic change, though its exact nature 
may not be discoverable during life, is indicated — but often only very 
obscurely — by the same symptoms as those previously described under 
the head of temporary functional derangements. 

Accidents, such as a heavy fall on one side, may occasion rupture of 
the organ, when death will rapidly ensue. 



336 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

275. Inflammation of the Spleen. — Splenitis, or inflammation of 
the spleen, has been known to occur in dogs, but it is a disease that 
discovers itself rather after death by structural lesions, than during life 
by appreciable or distinctive symptoms. Splenitis generally coexists 
with other diseases of the abdominal organs, and its symptoms are, for 
that reason, blended with, and obscured by, the symptoms which are 
respectively manifested by the morbid states with which it may be 
associated. 

In speaking of the symptoms of splenitis Youatt says : " In the cases 
that I have seen, the earliest indications were frequent vomiting, and 
the discharge of a yellow frothy mucus. The animal appeared uneasy, 
there is shivering, the ears are cold, the eyes unnaturally protuberant, 
the nostrils dilated, the flanks agitated, the respiration accelerated, and 
the mucous membranes pale." 

Blaine merely says : " We may expect heat, fulness, and tenderness 
in the region of the spleen, and pain on pressure." 

Chronic disease of the spleen, with enlargement of its substance, oc- 
casionally brings on ascites. 

276. Treatment. — The great similarity of the symptoms of inflam- 
mation of the liver and spleen has caused us to gather under one head 
of "Treatment" the various remedies which may be most suited to 
them both. 

Aconitum should be given when the fever is high, the skin hot, the 
tongue furred ; and when there are thirst, restlessness, and pain on 
pressure in the region of the liver. In acute inflammation of the liver 
or of the spleen, Aconite should be given in ten-drop doses to horses 
and cattle, and in six-drop doses to dogs and other small animals, once 
every two or three hours, till the symptoms show an abatement of 
violence. Then the same medicine should still be continued, a dose 
once in three or four hours, until no further improvement can be 
discovered from its action. 

Mercurins is indicated when the whites of the eyes, and the skin 
generally, present a yellow color; when the tongue has a yellowish fur, 
and the evacuations are knotty and clay-colored. 

Nux vomica is suitable against great tenderness on pressure in the 
hepatic region, vomiting, thirst, high-colored urine, costiveness. 

These two remedies may be given in alternation, a dose of from six 
to ten drops each, three hours apart, when the symptoms seem to 
indicate them both. 

Arsenicum is especially indicated after the disease has made some 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 337 

progress, and when typhoid symptoms are appearing, such as vomiting ; 
offensive, blackish diarrhoea ; cold legs ; great prostration ; weak, small, 
irregular pulse. It is also suitable in the chronic form of hepatitis, 
when the liver is enlarged, the urine scanty, and dropsy of the belly 
present ; or when the disease occurs in consequence of some previous 
disorder, and especially when it results from miasmatic influence, or 
ague. It is indicated in splenitis when the color of the tongue becomes 
brown. 

Ohamomilla (in alternation with Mercurius) should be employed if 
symptoms of jaundice predominate, and in hepatitis also. See Materia 
Medica. 

Digitalis is an important remedy against intermittent and frequent 
pulse ; evacuations dry and ash-colored ; urine thick and brown ; pain 
in the side, &c, particularly in inflammation of the liver in dogs. 

Podophyllin should take the place of Mercurius for the same symp- 
toms, when that drug either fails to do good or has already been given 
in too large doses. 

Bryonia will be needed when there is constipation and dry tongue ; 
it may be given in alternation with Nux vomica. 

China should be carefully studied in all cases of jaundice or hepatitis 
of an intermittent type. It may be alternated with Nux vomica. 
From six to ten drops once in four hours. 

Graphites, China, Lycopodium, and Natrum muriaticum should 
be studied in the Materia Medica when the inflammation assumes a 
chronic character, or there is induration, or permanent hard swelling 
of the liver from any cause. 

Belladonna, Lachesis, Pulsatilla, Sulphur, Nitric acid, and Hepar 
sulphuris may also be consulted in the Materia Medica in chronic cases. 

For acute cases, the indicated medicines should be given in doses of 
ten, six, or four drops, suited to the size of the patient, and repeated 
once in two, three, or four hours, according to the severity of the symp- 
toms. In chronic cases, it will be sufficient to give a dose of medicine 
twice daily, that is, the first thing in the morning and the last at night. 

The diet in acute inflammation of the liver should be light and 
unstimulating, such as would be suitable in inflammation of the bowels 
or stomach. 



22 



338 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 



CHAPTEE VII. 

INFLAMMATION IN GENERAL — SIMPLE, IRRITATIVE, INFLAMMATORY 
FEVER — TYPHOID, TYPHUS, AND MILK FEVER. 

277. Inflammation in General. — Diffused or general inflammation 
is what is usually termed fever. But since inflammation more or less 
general belongs to a great variety of diseases, we have thought it best 
to give an extended account of its nature and phenomena ; and the 
following very able and exhaustive discussion of this subject as regards 
horses, we condense from Col. Fitzwygram's work, Horses and Stables, 
of which repeated mention has already been made. Following this we 
give a brief notice of simple, irritative, and inflammatory fever. 

Fever is general nervous irritability, from which arises a quickened 
state of the circulation. The pulse in consequence is always affected to 
a greater or less degree, and increased in frequency. The respirations 
are increased, and so also is the heat of the body. Fever is generally 
ushered in with shivering and accompanied with thirst. 

The effect on the nutrition of the part will be very varied according 
to the degree of the disturbance of the functions of the tissue affected^ 
the amount of hyperemia in the surrounding parts, the health and con- 
dition of the patient, and on some other circumstances. The nutrition 
may be excessive, as indicated in some cases by an over-rapid growth 
of granulations ; or it may be diminished, sometimes to an excessive 
degree, as indicated by a tendency to ulceration. Again the products 
poured forth may be unhealthy, or they may be available for the repair 
of lesions. In some cases the disturbance of function in the tissue may 
be so great as to induce mortification or death of the part. 

Inflammatory attacks are divided into local or circumscribed, diffused, 
and specific. The disease is said to be local when it attacks an organ 
or definite part of the body. The effects produced on the system will 
be severe or otherwise according to the importance of the organ attacked 
and other circumstances. Inflammation is said to be diffused when it 
extends over a large tract of tissue, such, for instance, as the cellular 
tissue, or when it has no tendency to become circumscribed. Constitu- 
tional disturbance in a greater or less degree always attends diffused 
inflammation. Specific inflammation is the term applied to those cases 
which are caused by animal or blood poisons. 



INFLAMMATION IN GENERAL. 339 

The expression often used of " general " inflammation is not strictly 
correct. It is simply impossible that all the vessels can at one and the 
same time contain more than their usual quantity of blood. What is 
termed general inflammation is in reality fever attended by a quickened 
state of the circulation. 

Inflammatory attacks are also usually divided into the three heads 
of acute, subacute, and chronic. 

When the attack is sudden in its origin, violent in its action, rapid 
in producing its effects, and attended by fever, it is said to be acute. 
Acute attacks are seldom of long duration. 

It is said to be subacute when the symptoms mentioned above are 
less marked. Such attacks are often obstinate and prolonged, and in 
many cases produce disastrous changes of structure. 

Chronic attacks partake of the nature of subacute. The name has 
reference to the abiding nature of the attack rather than to any other 
features. 

No sharp line of demarcation can, however, be drawn between these 
degrees of inflammation. They glide insensibly one into the other. 

From the consideration of the theory and primary stage of inflam- 
mation, we now turn to the consideration of the disease, when it has 
established itself in a part. 

The principal and usual signs in the part are hyperemia, pain, red- 
ness, heat, swelling, and throbbing. The whole or any part of these 
symptoms may be present. The first or hyperemia has been already 
dwelt upon. We therefore pass on to the next, namely, Pain. 

The pain varies very much in different structures. Some are more 
sensitive than others, but as a general rule the pain is least where the 
parts are capable of yielding and swelling; and greatest where they are 
tense and firm, as in bones, tendons, and ligaments ; or where the part, 
though soft in itself, is inclosed in unyielding structures, as is the case 
in regard to the interior parts of the foot. Hence many parts, which 
are ordinarily insensitive, become exceedingly painful under inflamma- 
tion ; and fever may be expected to supervene when such parts are 
attacked. The pulse, for instance, is often more affected in laminitis 
than in many other diseases. 

Except in the visible mucous membranes, such as those of the nose, 
mouth, eyes, &c, we cannot see the redness on account of the hair with 
which the skin is covered. The redness is due to the greater quantity 
of blood contained in the vessels of the part affected, and sometimes 
also at a later stage to extravasation of the coloring matter of the blood 
into the neighboring textures. The redness in some cases remains long 



340 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

after the subsidence of the inflammation, on account of the length of 
time which the vessels after having been much over distended take to 
regain their tone, and also because the extravasated material is but 
slowly absorbed. 

The temperature of the part is increased both by the greater quantity 
of blood present in the congested vessels and also by an actual increase 
in the temperature of the blood at the part. There must therefore be 
generation of heat in the inflamed part. This cannot be wondered at 
when the great changes which are going on in inflamed structures are 
taken into consideration. 

Swelling, which is always most appreciable in the soft external 
structures, is due in the early stage of the attack to the distension of 
the bloodvessels ; and it is also much increased in the later stages by 
the effusion and exudation which take place through their coats. 

These products, though of very different kinds, are all derived from 
the blood. They are, first, serum or the watery part of the blood; 
secondly, albuminous fluid ; thirdly, coagulable lymph ; fourthly, the 
blood itself. The swelling may be hard, or may pit on pressure, accord- 
ing to varying circumstances. 

Swelling of the part necessarily accompanies every attack of inflam- 
mation, but the amount may be so small as to be scarcely appreciable. 
This apparent absence of swelling is particularly noticeable in bones 
and other firm substances. 

Throbbing of the arteries is caused by a sort of regurgitation of the 
blood, which is partially arrested in its onward course by the congested 
state of the vessels at the seat of the disease. It is a marked sign of 
inflammation. 

Throbbing is useful in many cases in enabling us to determine, with 
more certainty than we otherwise could, the real seat of the disease. 
For example, inflammation in the interior of the foot is plainly indicated 
by throbbing of the plantar arteries. 

Inflammation, when tolerably severe or extensive, tells of its existence 
by other signs besides the local symptoms already detailed. It soon 
causes constitutional disturbance, which is recognized by shivering, 
cold extremities, dryness of the mouth and nostrils, constipation of the 
bowels, and diminished action of the skin and kidneys. 

When the disease is complicated with or aggravated by fever, as 
in such cases it usually is, it will be marked by further symptoms, 
namely, an accelerated pulse, quickened breathing, and irregular tem- 
perature of the part at different times. 

Though in its origin the disease is always local, yet in some cases, 



INFLAMMATION IN GENERAL. 341 

the constitutional disturbance may precede the visible manifestation of 
the local symptoms. 

Shivering is a symptom of the greatest importance. It is generally 
present in the early stage of all serious attacks of inflammation. It 
often indicates some important change in the character of the blood, 
or is due to altered condition of the nervous system, or to the shock of 
an impending disease. No case, in which shivering is present, should 
be ever neglected for an instant. Although the animal may be shiver- 
ing, the skin may be hot and burning. 

The symptoms vary very much according to the part attacked. In 
all serious cases, such as inflammation of the brain, eyes, feet, lungs, 
or bowels, there are special characteristic symptoms, which mark each 
disease. These special symptoms will be noticed hereafter under the 
heads of those diseases. 

One more feature, and it is a very important feature in inflammatory 
attacks, yet remains to be considered. 

The attack may be of a " sthenic " or of an " asthenic" type' (sthenos, 
strength; asthenos, want of strength, weakness). This will depend 
partly on the cause, but mainly on the constitution of the patient. 
The inflammation will probably be of a sthenic type, when it aifects a 
vigorous animal ; whilst it will probably be asthenic, if the patient is 
of weakly constitution. Sthenic inflammation cannot be produced in a 
very weakly animal by any degree of nervous exaltation; but the 
asthenic type may be generated in any animal by causes, such as bad 
food, malaria, &c, which lower the system. 

The sthenic type is indicated by a quickened, full, and not easily 
compressible pulse. There is also in general thirst. If an important 
internal organ is attacked, the appetite is usually lost from the first, 
the urine is scanty and high-colored, and the fseces are hard and 
knobby. But when the inflammation attacks even important struc- 
tures remote from the vital organs, the appetite is often for some time 
less affected. In both cases there are restlessness and discomfort. The 
skin is hot and dry. The respiration is quickened, and the breath is 
hotter than usual. 

Sthenic inflammation may also exist with a full and very slow pulse. 
In such cases it indicates an affection of the brain. The appetite often 
remains for some time, and occasionally the patient continues to eat in 
a half-somnolent state. 

In attacks on internal organs the duration of the sthenic stage is 
often very brief, — after which the disease runs into the asthenic type. 
The fact has a very important bearing on the treatment to be adopted 



342 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

in such cases. On the other hand, when inflammation of a sthenic 
type attacks organs, such as the laminse, remote from the prime organs, 
the type may remain unaltered for a length of time. 

In the asthenic disease all the vital powers are from the first greatly 
depressed. The case assumes, what is technically called a "low" type. 
The pulse is soft and compressible, weak and quick, and the volume 
of blood flowing through the arteries is comparatively small. The 
nervous power of the heart is prostrated, and it is unable properly to 
propel the blood through the system by strong well-defined rhythms. 
The patient is weak and downcast. The appetite is impaired, and the 
animal gradually cares less and less for his food, but it is not completely 
lost from the first as in the sthenic attack. 

Fever may be said to be present in sthenic inflammation, when the 
pulse, in addition to being quick, full, and not easily compressible, is 
also bounding ; and similarly in the asthenic attack, when in addition 
to being soft, compressible, quick and weak, the pulse becomes very 
quick. The heart appears to be endeavoring to make up for deficiency 
of power in each stroke by more frequent beats. 

Most of the different varieties of inflammation, namely acute, sub- 
acute, local, diffused, and specific, may be present with either the sthenic 
or asthenic type. Chronic inflammation, however, is always, except 
perhaps quite at first, of an asthenic character. 

The results of inflammation, which will now be detailed, may ensue 
equally from the asthenic as from the sthenic attack. 

Inflammation according to its degree and other attendant circum- 
stances may result in partial or complete resolution, in effusion of 
serum, in exudation of fibrinous material, in the formation of lymph 
and adhesion, in suppuration, in ulceration, or in mortification. 

The most favorable termination of inflammation is resolution, or 
simple subsidence of the congestion. In this case the blood is again 
set in more active motion. The cause of this effect is cessation of the 
irritation producing functional disturbance, and the restoration of the 
nervous power at the original seat of the disease. The functions of the 
part being restored, the blood soon again flows in its regular course. 
The surrounding parts are then speedily relieved, and the abnormal 
heat, redness, swelling, &c, disappear. 

The effusion is very slight, and is soon taken up by the bloodvessels 
and absorbents, and the parts regain in all respects their normal con- 
dition and integrity. This result is in many cases a spontaneous act 
of nature, but in other cases it may be brought about, hastened, or 
assisted by art. 



INFLAMMATION IN GENERAL. 34S 

The second and very common result even of mild attacks of in- 
flammation is effusion of serum or watery part of the blood from the 
overloaded vessels into the textures of the part, producing a soft, 
pitting swelling. 

Effusion generally gives relief to the pain and more acute symptoms 
by unloading the overdistended bloodvessels. In favorable cases the 
bloodvessels and absorbents soon take up the effusion, and the parts 
are restored to their normal condition. 

This, however, is not always the case. The original disease may 
continue, and in such cases the undue amount of blood in the part 
must increase; and the watery effusion will then in consequence be 
poured out in increased quantities; or, under certain circumstances 
hereafter to be detailed, exudation of fibrinous material and the forma- 
tion of lymph may take the place of the watery effusion. 

If the distension of the bloodvessels is great, the albuminous parts 
of the blood may pass out through their coats, and from it fibrin will 
be formed in the cells of the tissue. The material so generated is 
known as lymph. Its more fluid parts are soon absorbed, and the 
lymph then becomes firm and solid. 

Lymph, if due to sthenic inflammation, has a tendency very rapidly 
to become organized. None of the other fluids derived from the blood 
under such circumstances are capable of this change. Lymph is the 
material by which wounds are repaired, broken bones are joined, and 
new parts of the body are built up. 

Hence in some cases lympli may be useful as a means of repair ; but 
in other cases it may be formed in structures where, from its adhesive 
qualities, it may be a source of mischief, as, for instance, in the lungs, 
pleura, and many other parts ; or it may be deposited in excess of the 
quantity required for repair, and in this way, when consolidated, may 
be an evil. 

Lymph, however, if due to asthenic inflammation, is apt to degen- 
erate. 

The fourth result of inflammation is the formation of pus. Pus is 
formed by the transformation of the cells and nuclei of the areolar tissue 
into those of pus — the nutrient matter necessary for their formation 
being under the diseased action of the tissue exuded from the blood. 

The process of the formation of pus is known as suppuration. It is 
seldom attended with much pain, except when the matter is unable to 
gain an exit. The time required for the formation of pus is very un- 
certain. Sometimes it appears a few hours after congestion has set in, 
sometimes not until after many days, sometimes not at all. 



344 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Healthy pus is not offensive, but when the stagnation has proceeded 
so far as to injure the vitality of the part, the secretion is apt to become 
thin, acrid, and offensive. 

There is a marked difference between pus and lymph. Lymph con- 
solidates, hardens, and builds up the part, on which it is deposited; 
whilst pus on the other hand diffuses itself through the natural textures, 
and softens, separates, and breaks them down ; and either makes an exit 
for itself externally, or if confined burrows internally and forms ab- 
scesses. 

Suppuration frequently supervenes on an undue and excessive for- 
mation of lymph. Lymph is apt to be deposited in quantities greater 
than required for the purposes of repair. From its tendency to accu- 
mulate and consolidate, it might, if permitted to remain, fill up and 
obstruct important organs and passages. Here nature, ever bountiful 
even in disease, interferes and prevents its undue accumulation by the 
production of pus, which breaks it up and causes its disintegration and 
removal. 

Ulceration generally arises from long-continued or excessive obstruc- 
tion to the circulation in the part, which in consequence becomes de- 
ficient in nutrition and weak. The tissues then become softened, 
liquefied, and degenerate, and are cast forth as dead, in minute particles. 

Mortification results from similar causes, but in this case parts visi- 
ble to the naked eye perish and slough away. It will be seen that the 
two processes differ in degree rather than in kind. 

278. Simple, Irritative Fever. — Fever, however slight, must in- 
variably be looked upon with suspicion, and we should not rest satisfied 
until the subsidence of febrile action and the return of perfect and 
vigorous health have determined the resolution. It will almost invari- 
ably appear as the earliest manifestation of organic inflammations, and 
may resolve itself into any of the inflammations of which we have 
already furnished the details. Or, if it be not the earliest manifestation 
of serious inflammatory disorders, its manifestation should lead us 
strictly to examine the general or local symptoms which accompany it. 
In default of any decided aspect of the excrements or urine, we should 
not fail to pay due attention to the condition of the feet and of the 
respiration. 

Symptoms. — Fitful and suspended feeding and rumination ; the pulse 
being accelerated and hard, or rapid, soft, and occasionally blended ; 
sometimes chill, with shivering at the onset (returning periodically or 
not, and succeeded by flushes of heat or sweating) ; afterwards, in most 



INFLAMMATORY FEVER. 345 

cases, general increase of heat about the head and body ; occasionally 
coldness of the ears, but always coldness of some or of all of the lower 
extremities; generally, however, increased heat of some, with diminished 
heat of others ; the eyes of some animals are slightly suffused with red, 
and occasionally watery; the coat rough and staring, and the animal 
generally averse to motion, dispirited and listless, or very uneasy ; the 
animal withdraws to the shade, if at grass, and often pants ; slight 
heaving of the flanks, with somewhat difficult and puffing respiration, 
dryness of the muzzle, and heat of the roots of the horns ; costiveness. 

279. Inflammatory Fever. — General Symptoms : Oxen, cows, &c, in 
particular are subject to a disease denominated as inflammatory fever, 
which occasionally appears in an epidemic character, and which either re- 
sults in rapid dissolution, or resolves itself into a multiplicity of compli- 
cations, and the symptoms of which are as follows : Full, hard, and accel- 
erated pulse ; great languor ; heated breath ; dryness of the muzzle ; 
stretching forward of the head and neck ; dilated nostrils; extreme heat 
of the horns at the base ; continued and subdued moaning ; sometimes ex- 
treme restlessness, terminating in loss of consciousness; redness of the 
conjunctiva, and prominent appearance of the eyes; rapid, difficult, and 
very panting respiration, with violent heaving of the flanks; the mouth 
being generally unclosed, and the act of breathing being performed 

'through the mouth instead of the nostrils; the appetite (as well as the 
rumination) being suddenly and totally suspended (premonitory symp- 
toms being very rare, or at all events very obscure). Amongst sheep we 
may notice additionally (there being mostly two distinct stages) during 
the premonitory period, rapid transitions from coldness, with shivering, 
to extreme development of heat, the ears being persistently cold ; slight 
swelling, with invariable and sometimes profuse discharge of clear 
watery fluid, from the eyes, the pulse being accelerated, and more or 
less hard or full. Whereas, in the subsequent period, the eyes are very 
red. The urine, at first scanty and of a dark-brown color (or more 
rarely pale and profuse), is characterized by a greater or less admixture 
of blood, the breath being hot, the pulse soon becoming feeble, acceler- 
ated, and generally irregular, and clotted or frothy blood being evinced 
on the surface of hard, knotty, small, and insufficient evacuations, or 
with bubbling, loose, but scanty discharge of excrement ; a discharge 
of phlegm, purely, or of bloody phlegm, or later still, of commingled 
matter, phlegm, and blood, exuding from the nostrils. 

280. Treatment. — For inflammatory fever, or general inflamma- 



346 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

tion, Homoeopathy has one priceless remedy, Aconite, which can alone 
accomplish, without injury to the system, all that was ever expected 
from the severe and dangerous and now almost disused method of 
bleeding. Aconite has also this great advantage, that its use not only 
removes as much as possible at the time, and as fast as possible, the 
undue excitement of the arterial system, but it also predisposes to and 
promotes those salutary crises of perspiration, mucous secretion, and 
urination, by means of which the overburdened (inflamed and con- 
gested) system is relieved. In doses proportioned to the size and age 
of the patient, and repeated in from thirty to sixty minutes, and from 
one to three hours, according to the intensity of the symptoms, Aconite 
presently affords a marked relief. And this relief is the more remark- 
able the more pressing is the need for such help. This is true not only 
of general inflammatory fever, but, in a still higher degree, of those 
acute local inflammations which arise suddenly, and which, if not 
arrested in their course with the utmost promptness, may as suddenly 
lead to disastrous consequences. Such, for example, is croup, which, 
though rare, has been known to occur in most of the lower animals.* 
Such also is pleurisy, which may produce fatal effusion if allowed to 
run its course unchecked. Such also is pneumonia, in which the pri- 
mary congestion to the lung is rapidly followed by hepatization, which 
in its final stage goes far to destroy the substance of the lung itself, 
unless the violence of the original attack were moderated by some- 
doses of this almost universal febrifuge. 

Thus whether we have a general and diffused inflammatory condi* 
tion, or some local development of the inflammatory reaction upon a 
particular organ, tissue, or apparatus, Aconite will always be found 
useful at first. And in many instances of domestic animals, whose 
systems are free from psora or other hereditary morbid influence, and 
were otherwise previously in a healthy condition, Aconite alone will 
restore the sick to perfect health. Fever, of whatever grade or kind, 
and whether general or local, is a reaction of the system against some 
previously introduced morbid and depressing influences. The first 
pathological action of these influences is indeed seen in the chilliness, 
more or less prolonged and intense, which precedes the accession of the 
reactionary fever. And even in this primary stage, the Aconite may 
be administered with a view to diminish the chilliness, and so in a 
measure forestall the violence of the subsequent reaction. 

Finally, Aconite soothes the extreme restlessness of the nervous sys- 

* Gamgee, "Dairy gtock," p. 201. 



TYPHOID FEVER. 347 

tern, which forms so important a symptom of many febrile disorders, 
and which constitutes one of the most prominent indications for this 
remedy ; and with the nervous restlessness, Aconite at the same time 
greatly diminishes the suffering which in greater or less degree neces- 
sarily attends the inflammatory condition. 

281. Typhoid Fever. — In veterinary works, as well as in those on 
human disorders, a certain confusion prevails as to the names of some 
forms of fever, especially those called typhoid and typhus. Until of 
late years the proper distinction had not been established between the 
two, and what is now termed typhus was frequently called typhoid. 
Thus Blaine describes, under the head of typhoid fever,* an epidemic 
of asthenic type which attacks cattle : " In some years commencing 
with gloss-anthrax or blain, or with pharyngitis, oesophagitis, gastritis, 
or enteritis, showing that the alimentary canal is the local object of 
attack. In others the aerating passages exhibit marks of general affec- 
tion, in the shape of catarrh, or individual parts, by symptoms of laryn- 
gitis, bronchitis, pleuritis, or pneumonia. The viscera also are some- 
times the primary object of attack ; and sometimes it is the cellular 
tissues, which then throw out pustular eruptions, carbuncles, &c." 
This disorder lacks the peculiar characteristics of typhoid, and is what 
we now term typhus ; nor is it far from being analogous to that which 
has already been described as Rinderpest; indeed, it is termed by 
Gamgee, in 1861, Contagious Typhoid Plague, or Cattle Plague. 

With this preliminary explanation, and prefacing the additional re- 
mark that typhoid fever, strictly so called, is mostly confined to the 
horse, we proceed to give an account of the epidemic typhoid fever, 
which appeared in Great Britain in 1869, in the words of W. C. Lord, 
veterinary surgeon. f 

Symptoms. — Shivering, not succeeded by sweating, but by cold skin 
and cold extremities. Hiccough is sometimes present. Marked de- 
bility and great dejection are apparent from the commencement. The 
pulse ranges from 70 to 100, is small, thready, and soon almost or 
altogether imperceptible. Respiration short and quick — about 30 per 
minute — accompanied by a working of the alee nasi. The eye is 
anxious and expressive of pain, which is further demonstrated by the 
animal's occasionally looking at his flanks, pawing, and attempting to 
lie down, but he does not go further than on his knees, when he re- 
linquishes the intention and stands as before, with his nose to the 

* "Outlines of Veterinary Art," London, 1841, p. 293. 
f " Monthly Homoeopathic Eeview," May and June, 1869. 



348 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

ground or his head under the manger. The tongue and buccal mem- 
brane have a congested appearance, and the saliva is usually increased. 
In nearly every case there is difficulty in swallowing from the com- 
mencement, which continues for three or four hours, when it suddenly 
disappears, in favorable cases. This symptom depends on stricture of 
the oesophagus, which can sometimes be seen and felt like a rope, when 
the horse tries to swallow. In about one hour after the primary symp- 
toms of shivering or hiccough, the animal becomes tympanitic, and 
frequent eructations of air ensue. The bowels are either constipated, 
or a few soft balls are passed, covered with mucus. The urine is sup- 
pressed, or dark-colored and scanty. Pressure over the region of the 
stomach gives pain. The action of the heart soon becomes feeble, 
fluttering, or altogether imperceptible. Should the lungs become 
affected, the respiration will be deep and labored. Auscultation de- 
tects absence of respiratory murmur, bronchial respiration, crepitous 
rale, or other abnormal sound indicative of the change which has taken 
place in these organs. Towards the close of the disease (should it ter- 
minate fatally), the horse becomes restless, walks round the box, knock- 
ing his head against the box as though blind or insensible, at length 
falls, and after a few ineffectual efforts to rise, death closes the scene. 

Diagnosis. — The diagnosis of the present typhoid epidemic among 
horses, continues Dr. Lord, may be found from the following pathog- 
nomonic symptoms : The sudden prostration of strength, and imperfect 
vital reaction after the shivering fit ; the short, quick respiration and 
feeble pulse, varying from 60 to 90 per minute ; the accumulation of 
viscid mucus in the mouth, or dry tongue, accompanied by difficulty 
in swallowing and chronic spasm of the oesophagus; the manifesta- 
tion of abdominal pain, but not rolling or getting up and lying .down 
as in colic; the great dejection, with anxious expression, and the super- 
vention of tympany with cold extremities. These are important diag- 
nostic symptoms, which, when accompanied with offensive breath and 
excretions (not, however, always present), can leave no doubt as to the 
nature of the disease. 

282. Treatment. — Although the remedies must be varied according 
as the localization of this fever takes place in the throat, pulmonary, or 
gastric organs, yet it must be borne in mind that there is acute irrita- 
tion or even inflammation in the ganglionic nerves and par vagum, 
therefore Aconite and Nux vomica should be given at the commence- 
ment of the fever with the view of cutting it short before it becomes 
concentrated in any vital organ. In prescribing Aconite for typhoid 



TYPHOID FEVER. 349 

fever I know that I differ from most homceopathists ; I must there- 
fore explain on what principle I give this drug, and then prove by 
illustrative cases that it produces the desired effect. I look upon Aconite 
when given in large or moderate doses (such as I prescribe for typhoid 
fever) as a stimulant to the nervous system. But were I to hold the 
same views as other pathologists of the nature of typhoid fever, my 
giving a stimulant, such as I hold Aconite to be in certain doses, would 
be contrary and not similar to the disease. It is therefore necessary I 
should state that I consider typhoid fever generally, and in the present 
epidemic particularly, as dependent on congestion of some part of the 
nervous system, especially the ganglionic ; and I believe that if others 
would subject the nerves to microscopic examination they would agree 
with me as to the nature, if not as to the treatment of this fever. 
What says Eokitansky in speaking of inflammation in the nervous 
tissue ? " More important instances of hyperemia are found in the 
sympathetic system ; its central ganglia become congested in the course 
of general acute processes of low type, which become localized in those 
structures to which the ganglionic nerves are distributed."* 

According to these views, my treatment is purely homoeopathic ; 
that is, to a state of nervous irritation and hyperemia I apply a remedy 
such as Aconite, which is capable of producing similar symptoms when 
given in large doses in health. With respect to the action of Aconite 
in cases of typhoid fever, Professor Hempel remarks : " When the irri- 
tation seems to affect chiefly the peripheral nerves, the tongue is thickly 
furred, taste in the mouth unpleasant, fool ; the patient feels thirsty, 
complains of aching pain in the head ; heavy or sore pains in other 
parts of the bowels, constipation ; experiences evening exacerbation of 
his symptoms ; the urine looks dark, has a foul smell ; the patient is 
very restless, feels depressed in spirits, is alternately wakeful and 
drowsy, &c. This species of acute irritation of the spinal, cranial or 
ganglionic nerves is very appropriately treated with Aconite."f 

Nux vomica is given on the same principle as Aconite. Its action 
on the ganglionic system is characterized by the sudden prostration of 
strength ; the abdominal pains and tympany ; the quick, feeble pulse 
and flattering of the heart ; the febrile rigor and cold extremities ; the 
constipation. Nux also causes spasm of the muscles of the pharynx 
and oesophagus, a symptom I found it speedily remove in the disease 
under consideration. 



* Kokitansky's Pathological Anatomy, vol. iii, p. 461. 
f Hempel's Materia Medica, vol. i, p. 190. 



350 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Ammonium causticum I consider the best remedy when the fever 
assumes a putrid type, and the breath becomes very offensive. I have 
found it especially useful for malignant sore throat. 

Belladonna and Bryonia are the appropriate remedies in those cases 
of low fever principally affecting the bronchial membrane, and accom- 
panied by pleuritic stitches. Belladonna is necessary for symptoms of 
cerebral derangement whenever they accompany typhoid fever. It is 
also indicated in some cases where a soreness of the throat remains after 
the spasm of the oesophagus has been removed. 

Phosphorus should be employed in alternation with Nux when the 
parenchymatous tissue of the lung is involved ; or with Bryonia when 
the pleura also is inflamed. 

Arsenicum is required in the latter stages of the complaint, when 
symptoms of great prostration ensue, especially when diarrhoea comes 
on. It is also of great value when abscesses of a malignant character 
form about the head or other parts of the body. It may be given in 
alternation with Kali bich. or Iodine. 

Dr. Lord makes four local determinations of typhoid fever : when it 
chiefly affects the throat ; when it chiefly affects the thoracic viscera ; 
when it chiefly affects the abdominal organs ; when it affects several 
vital organs, such as the brain, the throat, the pulmonary organs, and 
the gastric mucous membrane. We give his cases somewhat condensed 
illustrating these four localizations. 

Case A, Class First. — Typhoid fever, with Local Determination 
to Throat and Tongue, or Malignant Sore Throat. 

Troop-mare, aged twenty-three years. Jan. 25th, 1869. Admitted to 
hospital for swelling of the throat and great difficulty of swallowing, 
accompanied by fever of an asthenic type, marked by a small, feeble 
pulse, and other symptoms pathognomonic of this disease, such as have 
already been stated in this article. 

Jan. 26th. Throat and glands so much swollen as to endanger suffoca- 
tion ; tongue hanging out of the mouth, infiltrated, congested, and in- 
capable of being retracted. On each side, a little above the frsenum, 
and extending towards the base of the tongue, could be seen a creamy 
exudation or deposit (not removable), which when lanced disclosed 
underneath a black mass of coagulated blood, the greater portion of 
which fell out after the operation. The breath was highly offensive, 
and the nasal membrane of a leaden hue. Pulse 72, nearly impercep- 
tible ; surface of the body and legs cold ; bowels constipated ; urine 



TYPHOID FEVER. 351 

thick, scanty, and dark-colored. Not being able to give any medicine 
by the mouth, I used the hypodermic syringe, and by that means gave 
every four hours ten drops of the matrix solution of Ammonium caus- 
ticum mixed with twenty drops of distilled water. I had also the 
mouth washed out frequently with Condy's fluid (solution of perman- 
ganate of potassa) one dessertspoonful to half a pint of water. 

Jan. 29th. Tongue retracted within the mouth and very little swollen, 
and the throat so much better that she was able to take some soft food, 
and the Ammonium causticum in the ordinary manner. 

Jan. 29th. No swelling in the tongue, but still some in the parotid 
gland, accompanied by a discharge of ropy saliva from the mouth, 
having a most offensive smell. Next day these latter symptoms, as 
well as the soreness of the throat, increasing and being the effect of 
malignant ulceration, I applied caustic to the back part of the throat 
and tonsils. 

Prescribed Mercurius corrosivus, second decimal, ten drops, and 
Ailanthus glandulosa, mother tincture, ten drops, in alternation, four 
doses of each daily. 

Jan. 31st. Throat more swollen, and containing matter on the near 
side, which I liberated by a little incision : the matter that escaped 
was thin, dark-colored, and very offensive. The throat on this day 
was so sore and the tongue again so much swollen (Query : Was not 
this the result of the application of the caustic to the fauces ? — Ed.) that 
she could not swallow, and had to administer the medicine by the hyp- 
odermic syringe, giving every four hours Iodine, mother tincture, five 
drops ; Arsenicum, second decimal, ten drops, in alternation. I had 
her mouth washed out occasionally with liquor calcis chlorinata (chlo- 
ride of lime one-half a pound mixed in half a gallon of water) fifteen 
drops in two ounces of water.* 

Feb. 2d. Able to feed. The tongue healthy and not swollen. 

Feb. 3d. More difficulty in swallowing and tongue again swollen. 
Ropy saliva from the mouth, and breath more offensive. I found an 
abscess forming in the submaxillary space, from which, when opened, 
a quantity of dead cellular tissue, and thin, dark-colored, most unhealthy 
matter escaped. Ordered the wound to be dressed four times a day 
with liquor carbonas detergens, two drachms to the ounce of water. The 

* These and other antiseptics, and stronger preparations of the homoeopathic 
remedies which are not contained in the box of remedies accompanying this work, 
may always be procured on application to the publishers. Those specially required 
in such rare forms of disease as that now under consideration, can readily be obtained 
when needed, which might not be once in many years. 



352 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

following medicines to be given alternately every two hours, gradu- 
ally increasing the interval between each dose as the symptoms im- 
proved : Kali bichromicum, 1st decimal, drops fifteen ; Arsenicum, 2d 
decimal, fifteen drops. The chloride of lime wash to be discontinued ; 
but the floor of the stable to be sprinkled over with the carbolate of 
lime, as the smell was unbearable. 

Feb. 4th. The first abscess which I opened in the throat, and which 
appeared to be going on favorably, was observed last night and this 
morning to be discharging a dark thin fluid, mixed with dead cellular 
tissue, having a very bad smell. 

Prescribed the liquor carbonas detergens lotion. No change in the 
internal treatment. 

Feb. 6th. Healthy discharge from both abscesses, which were heal- 
ing up rapidly. No swelling of the tongue, bad smell, or any difficulty 
in swallowing. Prescribed the same medicines, three doses daily. 

Feb. 8th. Convalescent. 

Feb. 13th. Cured. 



Case B, Class Second. — Typhoid Fever, with Local Determination 
to the Thoracie Viscera. 

Troop-mare, aged nineteen years. Feb. 20th. Symptoms: small, 
quick, feeble pulse, and superficial respiration, 20 per minute ; slavering 
from the mouth and difficulty of swallowing, evidently from spasm of 
the oesophagus, as it was unaccompanied by any swelling of the glands ; 
total loss of appetite and marked debility ; respiratory murmur sup- 
pressed; bowels constipated. Prescribed Nux vomica, 1st decimal, 
every four hours. 

Feb. 21st. Respiration 30 ; mucous rale audible in the bronchi ; and 
in the left side a friction-sound, with pain on percussion ; breath offen- 
sive ; legs cold ; cough painful, feeble or suppressed ; and hanging in 
the air-passages. Prescribed Belladonna, 1st decimal, Bryonia, mother 
tincture, ten drops, in alternation, every two hours. 

Feb. 22d. Cough much less painful, and not so frequent ; breath less 
offensive; legs still cold, and nasal membrane of a slate color; great 
debility. Medicines continued as before. 

Feb. 23d. Pulse and respiration natural, and neither friction-sound or 
mucous rale audible ; breath not offensive, and no cough. 

Feb. 24th. Convalescent. 

Feb. 28th. Cured. 



TYPHOID FEVER. 353 



Case C, Class Third. — Typhoid Fever, with Determination to the 

Abdominal Organs. 

Troop-mare, aged five years. Jan. 18th. Symptoms: Shivering, 
hiccough, great despondency, hanging the head low, but occasionally 
regarding her flanks with an anxious expression. Now and then walks 
round the box and attempts to lie down, but soon relinquishes this in- 
tention, and stands with her head under the manger. Tongue and 
buccal membrane red ; slavering from the mouth and great difficulty 
of swallowing, which lasted for four hours ; pulse 78, very small and 
not easily felt; respiration 24, but superficial; pain on pressure applied 
to the gastric region, or when moved ; faeces soft and covered with 
mucus ; debility very marked. In one hour after admission to the 
hospital she became very much swollen (tympanitic). Prescribed ten 
drops of the mother tincture of Aconite. A dose every half hour 
removed the shivering in less than two hours ; but the tympany in- 
creasing, I had the abdomen well hand-rubbed, warm enemas given, 
and prescribed Nux vomica, 1st decimal, ten drops, every fifteen 
minutes for four doses, and afterwards every half hour from 4.30 p.m. 
to 6.30 p.m. 

Jan. 18th, 7 p.m. Tympany much reduced, but yet frequent eructa- 
tion of air from the stomach ; respiration short and quick ; pulse 72, 
nearly imperceptible. Slavering from the mouth ceased, and there is 
now no difficulty in swallowing. Prescribed Nux vomica, 1st decimal, 
and Aconite, 1st decimal, ten drops to be given alternately every half 
hour up to 10 p.m., when neither pain nor tympany remained, but the 
pulse was 60 and feeble ; respiration 24. Same medicines continued 
in alternation every two hours. 

Jan. 19th. Appetite and spirits returned, and there is no fever. The 
respiration remains superficial and 18 per minute, but the pulse is 
natural, with the exception of weakness. No change in the treatment. 

Jan. 20th. Cured. 

Remtrlcs. — In the foregoinsj case the effect of Aconite in arresting 
the fever and reducing an almost imperceptible pulse from 78 to 45 in 
less than twenty-four hours, bears out the assertion which I made in 
the first part of this article, that when typhoid or asthenic fever is de- 
pendent on acute irritation or congestion of the nervous tissue, Aconite 
and Nux are the most appropriate remedies. To prove this more 
clearly, with respect to Aconite, I subjoin a second case in this class. 

Case D. — Mare, aged fifteen. May 6th. Primary symptoms as in 

23 



854 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

the last case, with the exception that in this the tongue was dry and 
its dorsum of a brown color. There was the same spasm of the 
oesophagus, which lasted forty-five minutes, and a similar tympany 
coming on one hour after the primary symptoms. Pulse 90, but so 
feeble that it could with difficulty be counted. Gave two doses of Nux, 
1st decimal, with an interval of fifteen minutes between each, when 
finding no improvement I gave mother tincture of Aconite in a ten- 
drop dose. In fifteen minutes after the pulse fell to 60, and there was 
no difficulty in swallowing; but soon after this perceiving that she was 
rapidly becoming tympanitic, I administered mother tincture of Coccu- 
lus, ten drops, every twenty minutes for three doses, following it up by 
two doses of Nux, 1st decimal, which quite removed the abdominal 
pain and tympany. The pulse now rose to 78, accompanied by indi- 
cations of headache. The fssces which were passed were soft and 
slimy, and the urine scanty and high-colored. She appeared to be very 
weak, so that the pulse could hardly be felt. Prescribed Aconite, 1st 
decimal, ten drops every hour for four doses ; and then Aconite, 2d 
decimal, ten drops every second hour during the night. 

May 7th, 8 a.m. Pulse 36 and intermittent. Discontinue medicine. 

May 8th. ISo change in the pulse. The action of the heart I found 
fluttering and irregular (owing, no doubt, to the Aconite being admin- 
istered too freely and in too large doses. — Ed.), spirits bad, marked 
debility, feces slimy, and urine turbid. Prescribed Arsenicum, 2d 
decimal, ten drops, four doses daily. 

May 9th. Pulse not intermittent, much stronger, and 48 per minute; 
tongue moist and clean; appetite and spirits returning. No more 
medicine given. 

May 11th. Cured. 

Remarks. — In this case we not only observe the marked effects of 
Aconite on the ganglionic nervous system in reducing the pulse from 
90 to 36 in twenty hours, but we also perceive an effect which I have 
before witnessed in this drug, namely, its causing the pulse to intermit 
when the fever is of a low type. In a troop-horse which I treated last 
February, the pulse was 72 and very weak, and the animal being unable 
to swallow I injected under the skin, with the hypodermic syringe, 
Aconite, 2d decimal, ten drops, when the pulse fell to 60 and became 
intermittent in less than half an hour. 



TYPHOID FEVER. 355 



Case E, Class Foukth. — Typhoid Fever, with Local Determination 
to several Vital Organs, such as the Brain, Throat, Pulmonary 
Organs, and Gastric Mucous Membrane. 

Officer's charger, aged six years. Feb. 27th. Symptoms : Shivering, 
not succeeded by heat ; spasmodic affection of the cesophagus ; respira- 
tions short, 36 per mimute ; pulse about 54, but hardly perceptible ; 
legs cold ; occasionally pawing and looking at his flanks, but not rolling 
or lying down ; great drowsiness, resting his head upon the manger and 
dropping asleep ; abdomen tympanitic. Prescribed mother tincture of 
Aconite, repeated in twenty minutes, which removed the shivering, when 
I gave Belladonna, 1st decimal, and Nux vomica, 1st decimal, in alter- 
nation, every half hour, for five hours. The pulse had then risen to 72, 
but the cerebral and abdominal symptoms had nearly disappeared. Pre- 
scribed the tincture of Aconite, 2d decimal, ten drops every second hour. 

Feb. 28th. Pulse 48, scarcely perceptible; respiration 24, much 
deeper; pain on percussion and crepitant rale over the right lung; 
cough feeble and suppressed ; legs cold. Prescribed tincture Phos- 
phorus, 2d decimal, Nux vomica, 1st decimal, ten drops to be given 
alternately every two hours. 

March 3d. Throat sore; inflammation increased in the right bron- 
chial tubes; cough painful and readily produced by percussion; sub- 
crepitant rales audible on auscultation in some parts of the right lung, 
and bronchial respiration in others ; great prostration of strength, so 
that the pulse could not be felt. Applied ammoniacal liniment to the 
throat, and prescribed mother tincture of Apis and Phosphorus, 2d 
decimal, ten drops to be given alternately every two hours. 

March 5th. Throat not sore ; cough single, frequent, and suppressed ; 
auscultation detects coarse mucous rattles of a plastic character in the 
right lung, and percussion gives pain ; some discharge also from both 
nostrils. Prescribed ten grains of the first decimal trituration of Anti- 
monium tart, every third hour. 

March 7th. No pain or cough on percussion; appetite returned; 
legs warm. Continue the same medicine every four hours. 

March 17th. Cough and pulmonary symptoms removed. Discon- 
tinue medicine. 

March 23d. Cough returned when at exercise only, but otherwise is 
in good health ; pulse and respiration natural. Prescribed ten drops 
of the mother tincture of Bryonia, four times daily. 

April 2d. Cured. 



356 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

283. Typhus Fever. — This is a fever less purely nervous than that 
just described as typhoid; but it ranges in a lower grade. In typhoid 
fever there is congestion, or inflammation, followed by quick decline 
of vital forces and rapid suspension of vital reaction. In typhus there 
appears to be little if any reaction, even from the very first; typhoid 
seems a nerve affection, typhus a blood disease ; the former is char- 
acterized by constipation and tympanitis, the latter by collapse and 
putrid diarrhoea. The one may sometimes be successfully treated by 
remedies, like Aconite, which act as pure stimulants, the other requires 
something capable of renovating the blood itself. Typhoid may lead 
on to typhus, and exhibit in its downward course many typhus symp- 
toms ; but typhus never leads up to typhoid. That form of disease 
which Gunther, in his Homoeopathic Veterinary Manual, describes 
under the title of " Typhus," as well as what is here set down under 
the following " Symptoms," is scarcely to be distinguished from the 
Contagious Rinderpest of Europe, or Cattle Plague of Texas. But 
since this form of disease may occur sporadically, we give it place here. 

Symptoms. — Sometimes inflammatory symptoms, at first, quickly 
subsiding into low, intractable depression, with evident dulness and 
want of reactionary energy ; or, in other cases, the appearance of the 
latter manifestations, without previous and apparent development of 
high inflammatory symptoms ; the pulse is somewhat accelerated (at 
the onset), generally declining in rapidity, as well as in strength, and 
always feeble; sometimes it is fluttering, indistinct, and uncertain, 
with intervals of greater acceleration, provoked by any momentary 
excitement, still, however, preserving the characteristic weakness. At 
first we may notice total suppression of evacuations, or hard, knotty, 
insufficient evacuations, more or less mixed with phlegm, and very 
offensive ; but continued relaxation soon succeeds, when the excrement 
is gradually more and more characterized by the presence of blood, and 
by offensiveness increasing to putridity ; the coat is rough and unthrifty, 
the hair or wool being gradually shed ; there is an unaccountable and 
progressive wasting of strength and condition, the appetite continuing 
for some time to vary without subsiding, and rumination even being 
effected, though fitfully, and generally without vigor ; the ears and 
horns being characterized by a slight increase of heat, especially towards 
night (the ears of sheep hang listlessly on either side) ; the eyes being 
dull, inanimate, and turgid (and sometimes sunken, and wearing an 
anxious painstricken expression), or half closed, slowly moved, and 
almost vacant ; the urine is dark-colored and latterly becomes mingled 
with blood and very offensive, like all other discharges ; the mouth is 



TYPHUS FEVEK. 357 

dry or clammy, the breath becomes very offensive ; and lastly, sluggish, 
malignant ulceration is developed about the muzzle, the lips, and the 
interior of the mouth ; or tumors appear which soon proceed to ulcera- 
tion along the back, about the joints, and over the udder ; the gait 
becomes staggering and uncertain, and the animal stands with its back 
arched, and its feet huddled closely together, apparently afraid to move, 
the hind quarters often giving way. 

Treatment — Stimulants and tonics alike fail in the treatment of this 
low form of disease. But homoeopathic remedies have ever proved 
very successful, snatching many patients even from the very jaws of 
death. The following are the principal medicines, with their leading 
indications in this complaint. 

Rhus tox. — Great weakness and prostration ; tongue dry, cracked, 
brownish; loose, sanguineous stools; clammy perspiration; urine deep- 
colored ; curvature of the back ; swelling of the legs. Pulse intermit- 
tent ; difficulty of breathing. Erysipelatous inflammation. 

Arsenicum. — This remedy, already fully described under " Rinder- 
pest" and other malignant affections, is set down as being the only one 
needed in typhus by Gunther. It is indicated in this, as in many 
other disorders, by loss of appetite; debility; brown or black and 
cracked tongue; diarrhoea, dark, offensive, bloody, involuntary; scanty 
or involuntary, bloody urine ; restlessness and distress, worse after mid- 
night; feeble pulse; cold clammy perspiration. Coldness of the legs^ 
dropsical swelling of the legs, and of other parts of the body, from 
extreme prostration. 

Rhus tox., Acidum muriaticum, and Acidum phosphoricum, the 
latter remarkably characterized by listless indifference and apathy, 
should be studied in the Materia Medica, in order to discover if they 
are required in any given case. 

Dose. — Of the selected remedy, mix twenty drops thoroughly in a 
quart of water; give to horses and full-grown cattle a wineglassful once 
in two hours ; to smaller animals, doses smaller in proportion. 

284. Milk Fever — Puerperal Fever — Dropping after Calving. — 
This very dangerous, and in the ordinary practice, almost incurable dis- 
ease, is much more common in cows and sheep than in mares. It is 
said not to be so apt to occur at the first time of calving, as on the sub- 
sequent occasions. High and stall-fed cows are most subject to this 
disorder, especially those supplied with rich food for the sake of making 
them give as much milk as possible. Milk fever sets in very soon 
after parturition, from the first to the fourth day ; after the fourth day, 



358 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

if doing well, the cow may be considered safe. Sometimes its cause 
may be traced to violence ; at others to exposure to wet and cold ; or 
the cause may be entirely indiscoverable. Mr. Blaine* says, " the treat- 
ment in the early stage calls for bleeding, and that liberally ;" but in 
the early stage alone ; and he advises a plenty of most powerful medi- 
cines. Gamgee,f on the other hand, tells us, " above all things, avoid 
strong internal remedies and bleeding." Either method seems equally 
unsuccessful ; for nearly all die thafc are taken, according to the testi- 
mony of allopathic veterinarian surgeons. 

From Dr. Moore's original monograph,! Ave take the following ac- 
count of milk fever, and its homoeopathic treatment. 

Symptoms. — Milk fever begins shortly after calving, and, in the 
majority of cases, within twenty-four hours ; the cow refuses her food, 
or eats only a very little of it; she is depressed, hangs her head, and 
looks dull ; the horns are hot, the nose instead of being damp with the 
healthy dew, is hot and dry; the urine is scanty; the bowels are con- 
fined, or, if moved, the dung is hard and lumpy ; the pulse is quicker 
and fuller than in health ; the breathing is quickened, and attended 
with heaving at the flanks. To these warning indications there suc- 
ceed, with more or less rapidity, those unmistakable symptoms which 
are perhaps the first to attract the owner's attention. The milk is re- 
duced in quantity, or entirely stopped ; the eyes glisten, and look 
bright and staring ; the white of the eye is covered with numerous red 
streaks, or it is of a leaden color ; the eyeballs are thrust forward from 
their sockets, giving the cow a somewhat wild and anxious expression ; 
the hind legs seem weak, and are separated a little from each other; she 
appears to stand uneasily upon them, first rests upon one for a short time 
and then changes to the other ; this paddling and shifting about from 
one leg to its fellow continues until the difficulty of standing increases, 
and the animal supports herself against the wall or stall ; she does not 
chew the cud ; all discharge from the bearing is stopped ; the calf is 
neglected ; the pulse is now slower than before, and the breathing more 
difficult ; the udder is hard and swelled, and little or no milk can be 
withdrawn from it. Gradually becoming worse, the weakness in the 
hind legs increases to so great an extent that they can no longer sup- 
port her; she staggers and sways about, falling, at length, heavily upon 

* Delabere Blaine's "Veterinary Art," p. 296. 

f " Dairy Stock," by John Gamgee, Edinburgh, 1861, p. 72. 

X "The Milk Fever of Cows," by James Moore, M.R.C.V.S., London, 1861; 
second edition. "Manual of Veterinary Science," by William Dick, Edinburgh, 
1862, p. 121. 



MILK FEVER. 359 

the ground ; she tries to rise again, and may, or may not, succeed ; in 
either case, she soon loses all power of getting up, and remains upon 
the ground in a helpless state. In this stage of the complaint, the 
symptoms vary in different cases. In some cases they are : the cow 
tosses her head about from one place to another, writhes her body, 
lashes her tail, struggles, stretches out her hind legs, moans, bellows, 
and appears, from the expression of her face and general behavior, to 
suffer great pain. At the same time, the breathing is difficult and 
labored ; the skin covered with clammy sweat ; and the paunch enor- 
mously swollen, owing to the stomach having entirely, or partially, 
lost the power of dissolving the food, which now undergoes the ordi- 
nary chemical changes, attended with the giving off of gas. 

Unless the swelling which arises from the presence of this gas sub- 
side, the breathing becomes more and more difficult and labored, so 
that the animal can scarcely take her breath ;* the pulse becomes op- 
pressed, and can scarcely be counted at the jaw ; the legs become very 
cold ; more severe pain is felt ; wind, having a bad smell, rises up 
from the stomach, and death ensues. 

In other cases again these symptoms are altogether absent, or exist 
only in a slight degree ; the more prominent ones being these : the cow 
lies stretched out full length upon her side, or her head is brought to 
the opposite side, with the nose towards the udder, and the chin rest- 
ing upon the ground ; or the head is twisted directly backwards, with 
the nose held out, and the horns turned upon the shoulder in a most 
awkward manner. The eyes look dim and glassy ; upon placing a light 
near them, the cow takes no notice of it, and does not move or shut the 
eyelids, for the power of seeing is lost ; the pupil is widened, in some 
cases almost round, and does not become narrower when light is held 
before the eye, as it does in the healthy state ; the ears hang down ; the 
mouth is partly open; and when the head is raised, the lower jaw drops 
down ; the cow has not the power of keeping the head up when you 
raise it from the ground ; the ability to swallow is nearly or quite gone ; 
she has lost the sense of feeling ; the breathing is still difficult and at- 
tended with rattling in the throat ; the pulse is weak, slow, sometimes 
stops beating for a moment or two and then goes on again, and, in some 
cases, can scarcely be felt at all ; the horns, legs, and surface of the body 
generally are cold and chilly ; the swelling of the belly increases ; the 
udder is much swelled, hard, and sometimes red on the outside ; in 

* For directions for feeling the pulse of animals, see the first chapter of this 
work. 



360 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

some cases, neither dung nor urine is discharged. All these symptoms 
become worse and worse, and if it resists all treatment, death ensues, 
generally within two days after the attack, and in some cases within a 
few hours. 

Treatment. — The symptoms of this disease appear so suddenly, and 
run so quick a course, that the cow, about the calving time, should be 
narrowly watched, both night and day, in order that no time may be 
lost in opposing the complaint at its onset by the proper remedies. 
The delay of even a few hours may settle the question of the cow's re- 
covery ; the disease is then fully developed and death may ensue before 
the medicines have had a chance of acting. But even in the advanced 
stages the disease may be subdued. The author has had cases of re- 
covery where the butcher was in attendance for several hours to 
slaughter the animal when at the point of death. Still, the cow is' 
much more likely to rally if the disease be combated as soon as it be- 
gins. It behooves every farmer, therefore, to be prepared, and at once 
to give the medicines when the complaint declares itself. Several 
medicines are suitable for this disease, but the following six are, ac- 
cording to the author's experience, the most efficient, and should be 
kept at hand in case of emergency ; they are Aconitum, Arsenicum, 
Belladonna, Bryonia, Ammonium causticum, and Nux vomica. 

Attention to the following directions will enable every cow-owner 
to decide which of these medicines is most suitable in any given case 
of this disease. He must first find out the symptoms or sufferings of 
his cow, that is to say, he is to inquire as to the pulse, breathing, milk, 
chewing of the cud, and general condition of the animal. 

285. Treatment. — In the first place, then, supposing the following 
symptoms to be present : refusal of food ; dulness and depression ; hot 
horns ; dry, hot nose ; scanty urine ; confined bowels ; quick, full pulse ; 
hurried, heaving breathing ; wild, staring eyes ; stoppage of milk ; wild 
and anxious expression of countenance ; paddling and shifting of the 
hind legs ; eyeballs thrust out ; tossing about of the head ; struggling 
and uneasiness of the whole body : for these indications of the disease 
the best and most successful remedies are Aconitum and Belladonna. 
The author believes that if they were given as soon as the disease be- 
comes manifest, almost every cow would recover. 

Directions. — Give them in twenty-drop doses, not both together, but 
in turns, thus — twenty drops of Aconitum in a wineglassful of water to 
begin with ; then in one, two, or three hours after, give twenty drops 
of Belladonna in a wineglassful of water ; then, after from one to three 



MILK FEVER. 361 

hours, give Aconitum again as before ; then, after the same length of 
time, another dose of Belladonna, and so on as long as necessary. 

In the second place, if the disease advances and the symptoms are 
these : enormous swelling of the paunch ; frequent, difficult, and 
labored breathing; gurgling and rattling in the throat; slow, weak, 
oppressed pulse ; cold, clammy skin ; extreme coldness of the legs ; 
lashing of the tail, tossing about of the head, and writhing of the body, 
showing that severe pain is felt ; then give Ammonium causticum. 

Directions. — Give twenty drops of Ammonium causticum, in a wine- 
glassful of water, every fifteen or twenty minutes, until the swelling 
goes down. 

In the third place, if the symptoms just given remain, and the last 
medicine has had the effect of lessening the swelling ; if, further, the 
cow is in the sleepy stage, and presenting the following condition : in- 
sensibility to pain; loss of power of seeing, of swallowing, &c. ; glassy 
state of eyes ; open mouth ; inability to hold up the head when it is 
raised; general coldness of the body, &c. ; then Arsenicum is to be 
given. 

Directions. — Give twenty drops every fifteen, twenty, thirty, or sixty 
minutes, according to the violence of the symptoms, until improvement 
sets in, then lengthen the time between the doses to two, three, or four 
hours. 

In the fourth place, if the cow has recovered from all the more 
urgent symptoms ; if all traces of fever and of the sleepy stage have 
yielded to the foregoing remedies, but the animal still lies on the 
ground, and is unable to rise up, except upon her fore legs, then give 
Nux vomica, ten drops in a little water, every four hours, until the 
cow is well. 

In the fifth place, if in the first stage the eyes are not bright, staring, 
or thrust from their sockets ; if the udder is soft and flabby ; in short, 
if the list of symptoms show that the head is not much affected as yet, 
Bryonia is to be given, ten drops in a little water, every one, two, or 
three hours, according to the urgency of the symptoms. 

Belladonna will be indicated by symptoms affecting the head : eyes 
blinded, or dilated pupils, or bright, projecting, and glistening ; by re- 
laxation of the sphincter muscles of the rectum the fundament and 
bearing are open and flabby ; and by the udder red, hot, distended, 
and destitute of milk. 

In the sleepy stage, when the power of swallowing is gone, and 
when the cow would choke were large quantities of fluid introduced 
into the mouth, the medicine, in ten-drop doses, ought to be given in 



362 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

half a tablespoonful of water instead of a wineglassful. The advantage 
of our remedies is here apparent. During this stage, when giving the 
medicine, care must also be taken not to hold the head too high, other- 
wise the animal may be choked. 

GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 

1. The cow should, if possible, be placed in a large box or stall by 
herself, where there is plenty of fresh air, so that she may breathe freely 
and have room to make attempts to rise, which she will frequently do 
when recovering. 

2. She should be laid upon clean, dry straw, and no dung should 
remain' long. 

3. She should be comfortably clothed according to the state of the 
weather. 

4. The milk should be frequently drawn off, and the udder hand- 
rubbed. 

5. If she makes no water, the catheter should be passed to draw it 
off, at least night and morning. 

6. Care must be taken that the fore part of the cow is rather higher 
than the hinder, or that she lies upon an exact level, with her legs 
under her, as in the natural position. She must be placed rather upon 
one side, and well supported with bundles of straw. If she do not turn 
herself, she must be shifted from one side to the other every two hours. 
She must on no account be allowed to lie stretched out full length on 
one side, else she will surely become worse and die from suffocation. 
Her head should be supported with bundles of straw. 

286. Cases. — We subjoin a couple of Dr. Moore's cases to show his 
method of treating this disease, and its great success. 

Subject. — A cross-bred, six years' old^ cow, belonging to the Rev. 
Mr. Figgins, Booth Cottage, Blaekley, near Manchester. 

History. — Has been in the possession of its present owner for a con- 
siderable time, and has always been well. About twenty-four hours 
after calving, she dropped, and was quite unable to rise up. Mr. 
Figgins, who has always a supply of medicines by him, lost no time in 
giving several doses of Aconitum and of Belladonna before my arrival. 
This promptitude of treatment kept the disease in check, for, on exam- 
ining the cow, I found that all the worst symptoms had yielded. 

Present State. — The most prominent symptoms are: pulse 76 and 
strong ; respiration hurried ; she is lying easily upon the ground, but is 



MILK FEVER 363 

quite unable to rise ; her eyes are glistening, wild-looking, and project- 
ing ; there is no milk, appetite, chewing of the cud, &c. 

Treatment. — To have Nux vomica every three hours. 

Much better ; has chewed the cud ; would eat more than is given, 
making bold efforts to rise. 

Continue medicine. 

She got up last night j gives milk freely ; all the functions are again 
healthy. 

Subject. — A seven year old, very highly fed cow, belonging to Mr. 
Joshua Marler, Newton Moor, near Manchester. 

History. — About twenty -four hours after an easy delivery, her fifth, 
she began to show all the warning symptoms of this disease, and I was 
sent for immediately. 

May 20th, 1856. Present State. — The pulse is slow, feeble, and 
quickened ; the udder is hard, distended, hot, and yields no milk ; no 
dung or water comes away ; the fundament and bearing are open and 
flabby ; the body is occasionally rolled and writhed about uneasily and 
the tail lashed ; she sometimes tosses herself from side to side, but is, 
of course, quite unable to rise ; the belly is swollen ; she cannot hold 
her head up ; the eyelids are half closed ; the pupils dilated ; tears roll 
down the face — in short, without enumerating others, she has all the 
symptoms of the sleepy stage. 

Treatment. — To have Belladonna and Arsenicum every hour, turn 
about, until symptoms of improvement show themselves, then every 
two hours. 

May 21st. All the above symptoms are much relieved ; the swell- 
ing is gone down ; she can hold up her head ; has dunged and made 
water; drank some gruel, &c. 

Continue medicine. 

May 22d. She lies like a cow resting, to all appearance well, only 
unable to rise. 

To have Nux vomica every three hours. 

May 23d. Got up this morning, all right. 



364 VETERINARY HOM<EOPATHY. 



CHAPTEK YIIL 

ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 

287. Scarlatina. — Horses sometimes present symptoms analogous to 
those of human scarlet fever. They become feverish, the pulse being 
60 or higher, and the breathing 20, or upwards. The throat is sore, 
also some difficulty and pain in swallowing ; the throat symptoms vary 
in severity in different cases. The glands about the throat are more or 
less painful, hot, and swollen, and there is a troublesome throat cough. 
If the nose be examined, we shall discover on the nasal membrane, a 
number of scarlet spots of different sizes, which gradually run together 
and form red patches ; a similar eruption is also found on the mucous 
membrane of the lips, and on the skin wherever white hair enables one 
to see it. There is sloughing in the nose at the site of the spots, as is 
the case with the purple petechias of purpura hemorrhagica. When 
the disease is on the decline, there is a copious shedding of scurfy scales. 
Blotches and elevations of the skin have been described by some writers, 
but they do not occur in genuine cases of scarlatina. After the disease 
has continued some days, and the horse appears to be doing well, a 
swelling, which pits on pressure, suddenly appears under the belly, 
gradually extending forwards to the breast, and backwards to the pre- 
puce, and also filling one or more legs. 

2 £8. Treatment. — Aconite, six drops every two hours when the fever 
runs high ; may be alternated with Belladonna. 

Belladonna. — Troublesome cough ; throat sore, painful and swollen. 

Mercurius may be needed in some cases, see Materia Medica for 
special indications ; it may be alternated with Belladonna ; six drops for 
a dose of each — a dose of medicine to be given once in three hours. 

Arsenicum. — Dropsical condition after scarlatina ; swellings in the 
legs and under the belly (in the sheath) ; — give for a dose ten drops, 
three times a day. If the dropsy does not readily yield, Apis may be 
given in a similar dose, in alternation with Arsenicum ; a dose of medi- 
cine once in four hours. 

289. Measles. — This is a disease of a peculiar character, and which 
appears to be identified only amongst pigs. It is attended with very 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 365 

considerable constitutional disturbance, but is not usually of a very- 
serious tendency, the treatment being simple and direct. 

Symptoms. — The appetite fails, the pulse becomes quick, full, and 
often hard ; the general surface of the skin is hot and dry ; the muzzle 
partakes of these symptoms ; the eyelids are puffed, swollen, and often 
very red and inflamed on the inner surface ; a watery and sometimes a 
viscous discharge is emitted from the nostrils ; a short, dry cough pre- 
vails ; red blotches, slightly elevated, appear upon the skin in various 
parts, but especially between the fore and hind legs, and on the inner 
side of the hams ; and, as the disease progresses, there are sometimes 
black, angry pimples beneath the tongue, staggering and sinking of 
the hind quarters, and detachment of the skin in large pieces. This 
disorder sometimes attacks sheep, although in a varied form. 

290. Treatment. — Aconite may be needed at the first ; indicated by 
quick pulse, hot, dry skin, thirst, restlessness. 

Dose. — Six drops once in three hours. 

Pulsatilla. — The great specific in measles in swine, as well as in the 
human patient. May follow Aconite ; a dose, six drops once in three 
hours ; or it might be alternated (once in four hours) with Aconite. 

Arsenicum. — Required in the severer cases, where there is tendency 
to putridity, offensive diarrhoea ; the skin sloughs in patches, and there 
is great prostration. 

Dose. — Four drops in a little water, once in four hours. 

Ipecacuanha. — This remedy may be needed for the incessant, dry 
cough which sometimes appears in connection with this disorder, es- 
pecially in sheep. 

Dose. — Six drops mixed in water ; a portion once in two hours, till 
relieved. 

Bryonia, Rhus, Sepia, and Sulphur, should be consulted in anoma- 
lous cases. Sulphur especially may be given, when convalescence does 
not appear, but seems retarded by some unknown influence. 

Dose. — Four drops thrice daily. 

291. Small-pox. — Young dogs are occasionally subject to an eruptive 
disease, which is very analogous in its external appearances to the 
small-pox of the human body, not only in respect of the pustules, in 
shape, &c, but also in the regular progress of development, and in the 
conditions of aggravation or modifications to which it is subject. The 
influence of age, climate, and temperature, — and atmosphere generally, 
— in promoting a greater or less degree of malignity, are also analogous. 



366 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Proper ventilation, and coolness without chill, are essential in favoring 
a wholesome development. Great heat materially aggravates the dis- 
ease, and the eruption, exposed to its action, will become more severe, 
confluent, and intractable. Sudden chill, or exposure to a great degree 
of cold, will cause repercussion, and will lead to the fatal consequences 
which attend a similar occurrence in the majority of severe eruptive 
disorders. The progress and maturity are light and rapid when the 
disease occurs in young puppies, about three months old, and it rarely 
occurs amongst full-grown dogs, or, if it does occur, it is more intense, 
severe, and critical. 

Horses are affected in the lips, but especially in the heels, the attack 
in the latter region being undistinguishable in external features from 
common grease. If, however, the matter in the vesicle be inoculated 
on a cow's udder it will give rise to cow-pox, and if on a child's arm 
the well-known eruption, like that of vaccination. 

In cows, the eruption appears on the udder, first as red, circum- 
scribed, hard pimples, which gradually increase in size, until they be- 
come vesicles, filled with a clear fluid and surrounded by a red ring. 
Later, the vesicles contain matter ; they break, and the matter dries 
into scabs, which fall off. Some amount of fever is present. It is 
from these vesicles that vaccine lymph for vaccination is obtained. 

In sheep, the disease is highly contagious, infectious, and destructive 
to a flock. After a few days of incubation, during which the animal 
is dull and off its feed, small red pimples appear, which grow larger 
and flat, and at first contain a clear fluid, subsequently matter. Then 
the pustule breaks, and the escaped fluid dries into a scab, gray or 
brown in color, which presently drops off. The attendant fever runs 
high. Discharge from the nose and eyes, hurried breathing, lividity 
of the membranes of the mouth and nose, and offensive smell of the 
skin are frequently observed in ordinary cases. In malignant cases 
the vesicles contain bloody serum, and gas is developed under the skin ; 
or death takes place suddenly before any rash appears j or the air- or 
food-tube is seriously implicated from the eruption appearing in one or 
other of them. The average duration is about three weeks. Slough- 
ing of the skin in patches, or of the feet or hoofs, is a not unfrequent 
consequence. 

Causes. — This disease appears to be of epidemic origin, and to be 
highly contagious, and any circumstances which tend to produce con- 
stitutional derangement, will be liable to issue in small-pox during its 
prevalence. 

Symptoms. — Irritative fever is the first manifestation, which gradu- 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 367 

ally becomes more severe as the disease begins to be developed ; clus- 
tering, or single and irregular red spots, with more or less elevation, 
begin to appear upon the reddened surface of the skin, especially on 
the inner sides of the fore legs, between the thighs, and over the belly . 
day by day these spots are progressively developed, becoming more 
and more elevated and prominent, and forming pustules, or minute 
tumors, which become pale and discolored at the apex about the fifth 
day, the summit gradually exhibiting the secretion of a serous lymph, 
which then thickens, and becomes first white, then yellowish, — when 
the apex becomes depressed, or, in some cases, only flat. At a period 
varying from seven to ten days, the process of desiccation commences. 
Where the pimples have been severely rubbed, the development of 
sores will frequently retard the desiccation and scaling off of the pelli- 
cles. The process of desiccation may occupy various periods. In the 
meanwhile, fresh pustules are in course of development, but, as soon 
as desiccation sets in respecting those of earliest appearance, those which 
are not matured gradually disappear, leaving only (as all of them do) 
brown spots, which disappear in the course of time. A few bare scars 
remain after the disease, on which the hair does not grow, and which 
are occasioned chiefly by the sores which have ensued from friction. 
When, amongst other after-effects, we perceive excessive offensiveness 
of the breath, sweat, and excrements, we may generally anticipate the 
sudden appearance of symptoms of inflammation of the lungs, — such 
as, hissing and rattling respiration, ejection of thick matter from the 
air-tubes, the presence of copious, thick, yellowish matter in the nos- 
trils, noisy and snoring respiration during rest ; violent cough, termi- 
nating in the expulsion of thick, yellow, adhesive phlegm, from the 
mouth and nostrils, &c. 

292. Treatment. — In the horse, as well as in the cow, variola is 
usually so mild as to require no special treatment. When sheep are 
attacked, the diseased should be separated from the healthy, and the 
latter inoculated, and they will have the disease in a milder, more 
manageable, and less fatal form than if they had become infected by 
contagion or infection in the usual way. 

Aconite, six drops, once in three hours, or two to the smallest ani- 
mals, may be given at the outset, when there is much fever. 

Antimonium tartaricum (Tartarus emeticus) is homoeopathic to the 
whole disease, and is indicated throughout its whole course, both for 
the eruption and for the pulmonary symptoms so frequently present. 

Dose. — Four drops every three hours. 



368 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

Arsenicum will be required when its usual conditions appear, such 
as prostration, purging, and tendency to sloughing, and the whole 
system seems likely to sink into a low, typhous state. 

Dose. — Four or six drops, every three hours. 

Gunther advises Rhus tox. and Arsenicum, in alternation, for old 
dogs ; to be followed by Dulcamara and Causticum. 

293. Cow-pox. — The consideration of diseases and affections inci- 
dental to the skin, and external surface, cannot be concluded without 
some special allusion to an affection which has become of such immense 
importance to humanity, and which has so strikingly developed the 
immutable law of analogous remedies, or Homoeopathy. 

Cow-pox is of two kinds : the milder form is Spurious Cow-pox, and 
the more malignant form is True Cow-pox. 

Causes. — Contagion is certainly one very important and perceptible 
cause of this disease, but the remote causes have hitherto remained very 
obscure. It is to be believed, however, that atmospheric influences, 
combined with mischievous food, would generate it in its original and 
specific character. 

Symptoms of Spurious Covj-pox. — The appearance of a pustular erup- 
tion on the teats, the elevated spots being without any uniformity of 
size or shape, and attended or unattended with slight constitutional 
disturbance ; after having become developed, the crown becoming dis- 
tended with thick, opaque, yellowish matter, the exudation produces a 
crust, which, if undisturbed, will fall off, of its own accord, leaving the 
skin uninjured, but which, if artificially removed, either in milking or 
otherwise, will leave behind it a multiplicity of diminutive, ulcerative 
sores, more or less sluggish, and slow to heal. 

Symptoms of Specific Coiv-pox. — It is preceded and attended with 
considerable manifestation of fever. The constitutional disturbance 
often runs high ; the milk fails ; the appetite is impaired, and rumina- 
tion is suspended. The eruption, like that just described, presents it- 
self on the teats, sometimes extending to adjacent parts; it is, however, 
of more gradual development, and the pustules are more extended, more 
uniform (being round in shape), surrounded with a bright-red, inflam- 
matory circumference, and becoming concave at the apex, with elevated 
margins ; the pustules, in this instance, first exhibit the presence of a 
thin, serous fluid, which gradually thickens, and becomes yellower; 
oozing and scabs ensue, subject to the same conditions as the former, 
but which, if disturbed, leave behind them a severe, deepseated, and 
often malignant ulceration. 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 369 

294. Treatment. — Where any treatment is requisite, it must be 
similar to that advised for small-pox or variola itself — which see ; also 
Antimonium crudum and Thuja occidentalis. 

295. Carbuncular Diseases. — Dr. James Moore gives the following 
account of a class of diseases which have a close but as yet imperfectly 
understood relation to the various forms of malignant and infectious 
diseases called Cattle Plague, Rinderpest, &c. 

The diseases of this class depend upon the development of a poison- 
ous animal principle within the body of several of our domestic ani- 
mals, and are characterized by the existence of a fever of a low or ma- 
lignant type, and, in some forms, by a local lesion of the nature of 
carbuncle. 

They all arise from rankness or poverty of pasturage, exposure to 
damp or cold, and from unascertained local causes. They attack herb- 
eating animals, and are communicated to others by contagion or inocu- 
lation, and have often prevailed as epizootics on the continent of Eu- 
rope. They are most severe in full-blooded animals, and frequently 
follow a change from poor to rich diet. 

True carbuncular diseases of animals are communicable to man by 
contact with diseased hide, horns, bones, blood, and flesh, and by flies 
and other insects carrying the poisonous matter from an infected ani- 
mal's carcass to man. The disease is known, in human medicine, as 
"Malignant Pustule" (for which Belladonna is a principal remedy). 
The following are the most common forms : 

(I.) Gloss-anthrax, already described. 

293. (II.) Splenic Apoplexy, which some authorities regard as a 
veritable carbuncular fever without external local lesion, and which 
others look upon as a non-specific congestion of the spleen. Splenic 
apoplexy, in oxen, cows, and sheep, presents the following symptoms : 
The disease comes on suddenly, and without warning, and often de- 
stroys life in a few hours, from three to eighteen in the majority of 
cases. At first the animal appears to be excited and the eyeballs pro- 
trude; presently it is uneasy and restless, and manifests the usual 
symptoms attendiug pain in the belly. The urine and faeces are often 
tinged or mixed with blood. The back is arched, and the animal re- 
mains fixed in one position. The breathing is short and quick ; the 
pulse quick, and, in the last stage, weak and imperceptible. Before 
death the animal falls down; a reddish, frothy discharge flows from 

24 



370 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

the nostrils ; the muscles twitch ; the legs and ears are deadly cold ; the 
teeth are ground ; and the animal moans or bellows. 

297. (III.) Braxy in Sheep. — This is a very common and fatal 
disease amongst sheep, especially in mountainous districts, and in 
others when the food is changed to turnips, &c, in the winter. 
Amongst the shepherds the term " braxy " is as nondescript as that of 
"the epidemic/' "the distemper." Some mean by it an attack of diar- 
rhoea, or of inflammation of the bowels without any specific points in 
the case. Properly speaking, it should be understood as designating 
a blood-disease, which suddenly attacks one or more sheep, particularly 
in frosty weather, and proves fatal in a few hours. The most usual 
symptoms are, in the early stage, staggering gait, tumbling forwards 
or backwards, hard, dry dung, and scanty, dark urine, with difficulty 
in passing both. The eyes are found to be red, the mouth hot and dry, 
the pulse quick and bounding, the breathing labored and panting, and 
the skin hot. Then the animal becomes weak, and drops clown or rolls 
on its back, and soon dies. In some cases, before death, gas is gener- 
ated under the skin, and a crackling noise is heard Avhen the hand is 
passed over the back ; in others, the paunch is distended with food 
and gas, giving rise to a swelling on the left side. After death, rapid 
decomposition sets in. 

298. Treatment. — Very little can be done except in the very 
earliest part of the attack. It has been recommended to cause the 
animal to move about briskly. It should be put into a warm place, 
and have hot gruel drenched down in small quantities. Warm water 
injections are useful when there appears to be irritation or pain in the 
belly, and the faeces are hard. When the paunch is much distended 
with gas, perforating it with the trocar may be necessary. In such 
cases give Nux vomica and Ammonium causticum in ten-drop doses, 
every hour, until there is improvement, and then every two or three 
hours. When symptoms of prostration appear give Arsenicum or Rhus 
in the same way. Should recovery take place, great care as to diet 
must be taken for some days. For the prevention of the disease, sheep 
should have the means of shelter on the hills, and should not be sud- 
denly put on a rich pasturage. 

299. Black Quarter. — This form is likewise called inflammatory 
fover, quarter-evil, joint-murrain, black-leg. It affects both oxen and 
sheep, and is widely spread in this and other countries. The young 
are more subject to it than the old. 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 371 

"When the disease is fully developed, there are symptoms of high 
febrile excitement, such as quick, full pulse, hurried breathing, out- 
stretched head, bloodshot eyes, hot mouth, loss of appetite, moaning, 
anxious countenance, &c. The animal is lame on a fore or hind leg. 
There is, on some part of the body — on the quarters or about the joints 
— a painful swelling, which causes the animal to be dead lame, or very 
loath to move. The back and loins are exquisitely tender to the touch. 
Swellings appear about the back, shoulders, and loins, crackling when 
pressed upon, due to decomposition of the tissues and the generation of 
gas. The skin in patches becomes hard and dry, and subsequently 
sloughs off, leaving an ugly, unhealthy sore, which discharges offensive 
matter. At the same time, the mouth and tongue become ulcerated, 
and a stinking, bloody fluid drops from the nose and mouth. Diarrhoea 
sets in, and the animal dies from exhaustion. 

This disease may be prevented by placing young stock in sheltered 
comfortable quarters, carefully avoiding overcrowding, imperfect ven- 
tilation, and accumulations of excrement. Linseed cake, good hay, 
turnips, and salted water should be the diet. It is believed that even 
the most virulent and infectious diseases, the cattle plagues themselves, 
take their rise originally in a deprivation of salt in the vast Steppes of 
(European and Asiatic) Russia. 

300. Treatment. — Medical treatment has little chance of success, 
chiefly in consequence of the virulence and great rapidity of the malady. 
However, the following remedies may be used, according to the indica- 
tions given ; and they will do all that can be done in these disorders. 

Ammonium causticum. — In the early stage of splenic apoplexy, 
when the balance of the circulation is disturbed, and the blood begins 
to stagnate in the spleen. Mix one part of the strong liquor with seven 
of water, and of this mixture give ten drops every half hour. In this 
as well as in the other forms of carbuncular disease, this remedy is 
called for when the breathing is quick and heaving, the nostrils ex- 
panded, and the muzzle dry. For other indications of this most 
important medicine consult the Materia Medica. 

Belladonna and Rhus may be given in alternation, as soon as the 
local swellings appear. 

Mercurius and Rhus may be given in alternation, when the mouth 
and tongue are severely ulcerated, and there is a copious discharge of 
saliva, or of bloody fluid. 

Arsenicum will be required when there are prostration of strength, 
purging, pains in the bowels, bloody discharges from the mouth. 



372 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

These remedies may be given to cattle in ten-drop doses, and to sheep 
in four-drop doses, repeated once an hour or two hours, according to 
the violence of the symptoms. 

Carbolic acid lotion (one part of the strong solution of Carbolic acid 
to twenty of soft water) should frequently be applied to the swellings 
and sores, and especially to the ulcers remaining after the sloughs 
fall off. 

301. Carfouncular Diseases in Pigs. — One form is analogous to the 
gloss-anthrax of cattle and sheep. The reader will find a description of 
it at page 198. The second form is described in Nos. 445-47. The 
third form, believed to belong to the anthrax family, is commonly 
known as the "blue disease," "distemper in pigs," "hog cholera," &c. 
It begins with dulness, loss of appetite, holding the head low ; then the 
animal lies on its belly and evidently suffers from pain there. Retch- 
ing or vomiting of food, bile, or mucus is a common symptom. In 
some cases we observe drowsiness ; in others delirium. The skin, especi- 
ally about the back, belly, inside of the legs, is of a blue or purplish 
color. Symptoms of paralysis of the hind legs appear ; the surface 
becomes cold ; and death may take place in a few hours. 

In this disease, give Belladonna when the animal is excited, in pain 
from colic, and when the rash comes out. Rhus is also good when the 
rash appears and there are symptoms of prostration. Arsenicum for 
diarrhoea. Belladonna and Rhus for paralysis. 

Dose. — Six drops every two or three hours. 

Prevention of these forms of disease among pigs should be sought for 
by thorough cleanliness, removal of all filth, clean bedding, sluicing 
the body with cold water, allowing exercise, and admitting air. Sound 
food of both vegetable and animal nature should be given. When the 
disease breaks out in a lot, the animals should be separated as much as 
possible, and the diseased ones removed. 

LICE, TICKS, AND FLEAS. 

Vermin, spontaneously generated, or arising out of the imperceptible 
deposit of ova, constitute what may be termed a positive malady amongst 
cattle, sheep, and pigs in particular. All animals are known to generate 
and harbor vermin to a greater or less degree, but in few instances does 
it amount to so much like a disease as in the lice of cattle, sheep, and 
pigs, and in the ticks of sheep. 

302. Lice on Oxen, Cows, &c. — Causes, &e.: The most positive 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 373 

ascertained cause for the presence of these insects appears to consist of 
deficient, unwholesome, and impoverished food. In proportion as the 
animal loses condition and health are lice engendered and propagated, 
and the after-effects which follow are often yet more seriously developed 
in mange. The next cause to spontaneous generation is contagion; 
for, except mange, nothing is more easily communicated than vermin. 
They also originate, as it is said, in animated particles floating in the 
atmosphere, and deposited upon the coat of the animal. The mere fact 
of grazing on the same pasture, lying upon the same litter, or the most 
casual contact, will propagate them from one animal to another. 
Scurfiness and mange ensue from their inordinate abundance. 

Lice on Sheep. — The insect which, under this denomination, infests 
the wool and skin of sheep, is of a peculiar and distinct character, and 
appears to be associated with various scabious eruptions, and to engender 
an eruption of the kind which is peculiar to the product of the insect, 
but which readily degenerates into specific scab. The causes are of 
much the same kind as those which promote the generation of lice 
upon oxen, &c. 

Lice on Pigs. — Filth will engender the lice peculiar to pigs, and they 
are distinguishable from those which infest other animals, insomuch as 
they are not only superficial, but subcutaneous, burrowing from place 
to place beneath the skin, and producing a scabby eruption of the 
nature of mange, and sometimes severe ulceration. 

303. Ticks of Sheep. — The tick, from its habit of fastening upon 
the most tender and delicate parts, and there diving into the flesh, and 
adhering, as it swells and grows out of the very vitality of the sheep, 
as well as from the uneasiness and restlessness which it occasions, causes 
very serious detriment to the animal. 

External Treatment. — The best known remedy for lice and ticks con- 
sists of the following lotion : 

Application. — To one part of tincture of Tabacum add ten parts of 
water, and of this solution mix equal parts with vinegar, wherewith 
thoroughly saturate the hair. 

Thoroughly soaking the skin, wool, and hair with olive oil, and 
subsequently washing with soft soap and warm water, constitutes a 
method more harmless to the animal and equally destructive to the 
vermin. 

Carbolic acid solution, one part to twenty of soft water, and used as 
a liniment, will destroy all the parasitic vermin with which it is brought 
into contact. 



374 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Kerosene, or coal oil, has been successfully used, undiluted, for the 
same purpose. (See No. 310.) 

304. Fleas infest dogs and cats ; and from them are apt to be trans- 
ferred to men. They may be removed in the following manner : The 
animal should be dressed well (shampooed) with equal parts of anise- 
seed and olive oil, and a few hours afterwards thoroughly washed with 
soft soap and warm water. The former bedding should be burned ; 
the kennels of dogs and the sleeping-places of cats whitewashed, when 
possible, and new bedding introduced. 

305. Leprosy. — This is a disease which rages more particularly 
amongst cattle and pigs. Amongst pigs it has assumed a most positive, 
describable, and characteristic operation. The progress of the malady 
is very insidious, organic derangement being barely perceptible until the 
disease has proceeded to a very serious and critical stage. 

Causes. — It is occasioned by, or more properly speaking, consists in 
the generation of a peculiar variety of insects, which have been classed 
under the indefinite head of worms, and which are developed in the 
cellular tissue in various parts of the body. Amongst cattle it is traced 
to mange, which has been mismanaged or suffered to proceed unchecked. 

As regards this disease amongst pigs, the presence of subcutaneous 
invermination is either the immediate or remote cause ; more probably 
the former, the remote cause being traced to the effect of exposure to 
cold and wet, to the unhealthy and wet condition of the sties, to the 
deficiency or unwholesome nature of the food, and to the usual causes 
of derangement which originate in the digestive functions, and thence 
react upon the vascular system and the skin. 

Symptoms. — Leprosy amongst cattle is distinguishable when succeed- 
ing to mange, by the appearance of incrusted patches in the place of 
the scurf which preceded them, by excessive hardness, puckering, rough- 
ness, and desquamation of the skin, and by the development of sluggish 
and malignant ulceration ; by the appearance of converging fissures 
around the scabs, general thickening of the whole surface ofthe body ; 
by the development of perforating tubercles, swelling and induration of 
the lips, nostrils, and eyelids, attended with profuse discharge of clotty 
yellowish matter from the nostrils and eyes, &c. 

Leprosy amongst pigs is distinguishable in the development of whitish 
vesicles in the soft parts, and often in the cellular tissue generally ; the 
neck, jaws, thighs, belly, shoulders, &c, are characterized by their ap- 
pearance ; they are also to be observed on the back part of the tongue 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 375 

and beneath it ; there is apparently considerable debility ; the animal is 
slow and languid in its movements, or it is perverse and very stupid ; 
the skin appears to thicken generally ; the hair is more or less detached ; 
the appetite is often apparently unaffected, and the respiration does not 
manifest any symptoms of disease; sometimes, however, the interior of 
the cavity of the mouth loses its natural color, and is even characterized 
by the appearance of bluish livid blotches ; the gait is staggering and 
uncertain, and as this symptom increases, the whole of the hind quarters 
becomes paralyzed, and the animal falls sideways upon its hams, and 
sustains itself on its fore legs only ; the bristles are detached spontane- 
ously, or with the slightest friction, sometimes with the exudation of 
blood ; the roots of the hair are characterized by tumefaction, and even 
by the development of ulcers. The breath and even the exhalations 
from the body are excessively offensive, and we may, moreover, observe 
a very small, generally irregular, and sometimes wiry pulse, tumors in 
various parts, dislodgment of the skin in large pieces, grinding of the 
teeth ; general swelling of the body ; blackness, swelling, and heat of 
the tongue ; slimy and adhesive salivation, &c. If a leprous pig be 
killed, the flesh will be found flabby, discolored, and insipid. 

Treatment. — Consult the Materia Medica, for the purpose of selecting 
appropriately from amongst the following remedies (which embrace the 
treatment of leprosy of cattle, and leprosy of pigs): Arsenicum, Baryta 
Carbonica, Calcarea carb., Carbo veg., Digitalis, Graphites, Hepar 
sulph., Lachesis, Ledum, Lycopodium, Natruni m., Nitri acid, Petro- 
leum, Phosphorus, Phosphor, acid., Sepia, Silicea, Sulphur, and Yera- 
trum ; also China, and Kali carb. 

Dose. — For cattle ten drops, and for pigs six drops of the selected 
remedy, should be given three times a day. 

306. Mange in Horses and Cattle. — The mange or itch in the horse 
results from the operations of minute insects, which attach themselves 
to the skin. These are of three kinds,, the Sarcoptes equi, w T hich bur- 
rows in the skin ; the Dermatodectes equi, which bites and fastens itself 
to the skin ; and the Symbiotes equi, which penetrates no further than 
the superficial layer of the skin. The first closely resembles the Sar- 
coptes of man, both in its appearance, and in the general features of the 
eruption to which it gives rise. By some late authorities the disorder 
known as mange in the horse is attributed to the Acarus sc'abiei alone ; 
this is but another name for the Sarcoptes or itch insect just mentioned. 

It can live on man, and excite an eruption, which is identical with 
that of human itch, and which may disappear spontaneously. Grooms 



376 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

attending " mangy " horses have been known to suffer from horse itch 
caused by the S. equi. Cattle, also, are affected by it, but experiments 
have as yet failed in transmitting it to sheep, dogs, pigs, and cats. The 
second parasite is the special itch insect of the horse, as, if transmitted 
to the skin of other animals, it speedily dies. In the horse, it gives 
rise to itching, loss of hair, and a scurfy condition of the skin. The 
third is found in clusters especially about the horse's heels ; then the 
animal rubs one leg on the other, stamps with his feet, attempts to bite 
the part, &c, and crusts of scurf form. It is also peculiar to the horse 
and cannot live on other species. 

There is still another variety of itching skin disease in horses, from 
insects, occasioned by the dropping of a particular louse from fowls 
upon their backs, or other portions of their bodies. In every case of 
mange in horses with excessive itching, it will be proper to observe 
if any fowls roost in such a manner as to be able to occasion the dif- 
ficulty. 

It is a matter of question whether the want of cleanliness will actu- 
ally engender mange in the horse, although a careful regard to cleanli- 
ness will go far to facilitate its removal. There are few, if any, cases 
of mange (amongst horses) which can be traced to filth as a principal 
cause, although inattention in this respect will inevitably engender very 
serious organic complaints. In the case, however, in which a stable, 
previously inhabited by a mangy animal, has not been very thoroughly 
cleaned, ventilated, disinfected, scoured, or even painted and white- 
washed, the neglect of these precautionary measures in respect of clean- 
liness, will almost inevitably propagate the disease. Contagion, either 
from other horses, by the slightest contact, by contact with the clothing, 
implements used in dressing, or litter, which may have been applied to 
the uses of a mangy horse, are amongst the frequent causes of the dis- 
ease. But its primary origin is attributable to scanty, impoverished, 
or unwholesome food, whereby the blood is deteriorated or diminished; 
leanness is, therefore, not an un frequent precursor of, and is usually an 
attendant upon, mange. Arid, dry, scanty, and insufficient pastures, 
with an inadequate supply of water (especially during the prevalence 
of heat), or straw-yards in which the animals are left to shift for them- 
selves amongst the mere litter, for food, without a sufficient supply (if 
any) of fresh or nourishing food, are the hotbeds of mange. 

It is important to bear in mind, first, that mange is not primarily a 
skin disease, but the result of insects being allowed to lodge in the 
skin ; and secondly, that the skin, either from want of grooming or 
from poverty of the blood or system, or from the effect of unsuitable 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 377 

food, or from some or all of these causes, is generally, and perhaps we 
might safely say, must be in an unhealthy state, before it is in a con- 
dition suitable for these parasites to live in and breed. 

Young horses taken up from grass, especially if poor, are sometimes 
found to be affected with the mange insect, but more commonly with 
lice. 

Mange never occurs in healthy, well-groomed, well-fed horses. It 
is a sure sign of neglect and dirt, or of injudicious feeding, or of bad 
management of some sort. The owner will do well to change his 
servants, whenever this disease appears in his stable. 

Mange is not contagious among healthy and well-groomed horses. 
It is very possible, that some of the insects may find their way from a 
diseased to a neighboring healthy horse. But they will not remain, 
they will not lodge permanently, still less will they breed in a skin, to 
which the brush is well applied and in which they are in consequence 
disturbed two or three times a day. 

Horses, however, in a debilitated or neglected state are very suscep- 
tible of this disease, and among such it is very readily transmitted 
from one to another. Hence when circumstances, which are more or 
less common to all the animals in a stable or camp, engender this dis- 
ease in one horse, it is necessary that he should at once be separated 
from the others. The brushes and clothing must also be kept sepa- 
rate. 

Mange usually commences at the roots of the hair of the mane and 
tail. As stated above, it is caused by the presence of insects. Multi- 
tudes of minute pustules appear, whose summits gradually expand 
into vesicles, which burst and coalesce with one another, and by their 
united discharges form patches of incrustation upon the skin. At these 
patches the hair loosens at its roots, and either falls out or is rubbed 
off from time to time, and at length the place is left bare. The folli- 
cles of the hair desquamate in the form of bran-like scales or meal- 
dust. Upon these patches small red spots may frequently be seen, 
owing to the crust being rubbed off the pustules, and consequent expo- 
sure of the inflamed cutis. 

The skin loses its elasticity, and becomes corrugated with harsh arid 
folds, especially about the neck and sides. Sometimes blood oozes 
from the bare places. The disease is accompanied with intolerable 
itching. 

In cattle, mange is also caused by insects ; two of which are similar 
to, but not the same as those affecting the horse. These are the Sym- 
biotes bovis, which locates itself about the anus and root of the tail; and 



378 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

the Dermatodectes bovis, which infests the skin along the back from 
the head to the tail. This is an extremely contagious malady; it 
chiefly affects the back and neck, and is indicated by rubbing and 
scratching, with the hair dropping off after the production of small 
bladders which break. A discharge flows which is often irritant ; at 
other times the skin is hard and dry. The moist mange is observed 
in cattle in good condition, and the dry in lean stock. 

Amongst cattle, the presence of mange is first described at the tail, 
whence it spreads particularly about the back, and sometimes, also, 
throughout the body. Before any appearance of discoloration or deci- 
dence of hair or skin occurs, the animal is observed to be continually 
rubbing and scratching itself. Unlike mange amongst horses, how- 
ever, we do not at any stage distinguish the presence of much scabbi- 
ness or ulceration ; but simply patches of scurf, thick, and easily de- 
tached, sometimes extending in distinct lines on either side of the spine, 
the hair being more or less dislodged wherever these patches of scurf 
are developed ; the milk is always diminished, and often, if not gener- 
ally, becomes tainted or impoverished ; the animal loses flesh, feeds 
badly, and ruminates without regularity or energy ; the ridge of the 
spine assumes a keen, curved, and elevated appearance in respect of 
the flanks, and the skin becomes generally flabby. 

307. Scab or Mange in Sheep. — The scab in sheep is presented to 
us under a variety of aspects. Sheep of different breeds, and particu- 
larly of different districts, are subject to the same disease under certain 
particular modifications. But, as these differences do not in any way 
affect the pathology of the disease, they are very unimportant to the 
reader. We will, therefore, rest satisfied with the particularization of 
three kinds of scab, viz. : 1. That which is clearly attributed to the 
presence of acari, the Dermatodectes ovis. 2. That which partakes 
rather of an erysipelatous character, and which appears to us rather as 
an acute cutaneous inflammation than as scab properly so called. 3. 
The subcutaneous scab, which offers no external signs of its existence, 
and in which the symptoms are necessarily obscure. 

The most prevalent cause, as in the case of other animals, but still 
more of sheep, is infection, which often appears to appertain to a locality 
or particular pasture, when, in truth, it is communicated to the sheep 
of a fresh flock (after the scabby sheep have been removed) by their 
rubbing themselves against the very fences, &c, against which the dis- 
eased sheep have previously rubbed themselves, and where the latter 
had deposited flakes of wool. It is excessively contagious. Neglect 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 379 

and inattention to the requirements of sheep, which are wholly de- 
pendent upon their masters, will engender scab ; particular seasons, 
such as the whole extent of the spring, are characterized by the greater 
prevalence of scab ; undue exposure to moisture and cold, and any- 
thing which may serve to check the transpiration of humors ; severe 
driving ; and above all, unwholesome food, will engender the disease. 
The deficiency and impoverished nature of the food more frequently 
occasions it amongst sheep than the reverse ; but sudden changes from 
the one to the other will produce it. 

It is not unimportant to notice that the progress of development is 
very uniform, and is well ascertained ; the infection having taken place 
(as of sound sheep having been penned where scabby sheep had pre- 
viously been), we may look for the manifestations of uneasiness and 
irritation in the course of from ten to fifteen days. 

Symjrtoms of Acarous Scab. — The sheep are observed to be continu- 
ally rubbing and scratching themselves against any hard or harsh sub- 
stances, such as hurdles or other fences, close-trimmed thorn hedges, 
&c. ; and, upon examination, we shall detect about the shoulders, and 
along the back (if nowhere else), the development of innumerable 
small, miliary, clustering, pustules, conveying the sensation of gritty 
elevations to the touch. These will gradually extend to other parts, 
and become general ; the wool will be readily dislodged in patches by 
friction, and will become dry, harsh, and very brittle ; four or five days 
after their first appearance, these pustules will break, and exude a pe- 
culiar lymph, immediately concreting into patchy scabs, beneath which, 
if disturbed, we shall find a superficial sore ; the animal will lose con- 
dition, become more or less feverish, and lose its appetite; the rumina- 
tion will become irregular, and sometimes even (in severe cases) the 
appetite will entirely fail, and the rumination cease, when rapid loss 
of strength and flesh, or sometimes death, ensues. 

Symptoms of Inflammatory Scab (erysipelatous). — The eruption in this 
case consists of vesicles, not of pustules, and the course of the disease 
is neither so slow nor so insidious ; the vesicles are charged with a vfery 
thin but bloodstained lymph, and as they break, and the lymph ex- 
udes, blackish scabs are formed on the surface. 

Symptoms of Subcutaneous Scab. — The term scab is a misnomer in 
this case, for it is rare that any morbid appearance can be detected on 
the skin ; the skin is occasionally red, but this would neccessarily be 
occasioned by the savage manner in which the animal scratches and 
rolls itself; — it appears to be increased by good feeding; — the wool is 
shed in large flakes, but the skin seems sound beneath ; an extraordi- 



380 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

narily rapid emaciation takes place, and sometimes we may notice 
the movements of a frenzied or delirious animal ; in fact it would 
appear to be an internally inflammatory disorder of no moderate 
character. 

308. In Dogs a dry or moist mange, corresponding to that of cattle, 
is observed. The first, which is seated chiefly in the back, is accompanied 
with violent itching ; the skin is red, covered with scales and excoria- 
tions, and secretes a reddish fluid, which corrodes the roots of the hair. 
The second comes on after swelling and redness of the skin ; with secre- 
tion of thick, puriform matter, and the formation of ulcers and thick 
scabs. The Sarcoptes canis, or itch insect of dogs, can live on man's 
skin. The other parasite on dogs is the Demodex folliculorum, which 
resides in the sebaceous and hair follicles. 

Various causes, of the nature of those already mentioned in the fore- 
going remarks (saving that they be consistent with the habits of the 
animal), will engender mange. It is inherited, and descends from the 
mangy bitch to her pups. It may be produced by particular atmos- 
pheric influences, unwholesome air, and ill-ventilated kennels; but 
especially by the nature of the food, the absence of sufficient liquid, — 
rancid, fatty, and even stimulating food, seasoned food, and also want 
of sufficient exercise, and confinement in close and hot places ; or by 
deficiency or poorness of food; or by sudden changes from very insuf- 
ficient to excessive feeding ; contact and infection, of course, will com- 
municate it. 

There are several varieties of mange more or less prevalent amongst 
dogs : such as scabby mange (the more common) : Red mange, charac- 
terized by general and severe inflammation and redness of the whole 
surface ; strong febrile symptoms ; the sudden appearance of elevations 
in the scarf-skin, becoming confluent, swelling considerably, and de- 
generating into ulcers; discoloration of the skin and hair in blotches 
(whence the hair drops off, the skin being left bare, rust-colored, scabby, 
or rough), which extend on all sides, and assume an ironmouldy, red- 
dish-brown color ; excessive and intolerable heat and itching (which is 
evidently also painful) over the whole body, but. especially in the parts 
in which the eruption is developed; sometimes the exudation of a pecu- 
liar yellowish-red lymph, which concretes on the surface and forms into 
scabs : Colorless mange (a most intractable and insidious variety), in 
which the intense restlessness, evident itching and pain, rapid loss of 
flesh, forward temper and dejection, are unaccompanied by the least 
trace of discoloration, or are attended with so little either of discolora- 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 381 

tion or of redness of the skin, as to induce a doubt as to the nature of 
the disorder : Mange which affects particular parts only, and which is 
generally confined to itching, with the development of a few scabs upon 
the back : scabby mange, as its name denotes, is characterized by the 
more general development of this particular symptom. To these may 
be added erysipelatous mange, or mange having the character of ery- 
sipelas, which is a mere modification of the usual acute mange, and is 
characterized more especially by the swelling of the parts affected. 

309. Pigs and Cats are also afflicted with itch insects, which can 
live on the human skin. 

The causes of mange amongst pigs may be traced to one or the other 
of those already noticed in respect of other animals. But pigs are not 
generally so subject to this severe disorder. 

The appearance of a pustular eruption close to the junction of the 
fore legs with the body, and also on the inner -side of the thighs ; the 
pimples at first separate, become confluent, ooze, and concrete into large 
scabby surfaces, which, being dislodged by the violent friction to which 
the animal continually resorts for relief, leave behind them extensive 
sore places in their stead. 

310. Treatment. — This, as in many other difficulties, consists of 
two indications : first, to remove the cause • secondly, to cure the remain- 
ing consequences, the psora or constitutional disease, that either simply 
results from the presence of the parasites or favors their development. 

Many methods have been resorted to in order to drive away or de- 
stroy these insects. 

Sulphur Ointment: Sulphur one part, lard six parts, by weight, 
thoroughly rubbed together, has long been used ; and it is very appro- 
priate, in connection with the internal use of Sulphur, when parasitic 
insects appear. But lately other means have been found more quickly 
efficient. These are the so-called antiseptics, which are fatal to all 
minute forms of insect life. The most used of this class are Benzine, 
(or Kerosene, Coal oil,) and Carbolic acid. 

Benzine has proved -very harmless and effectual, especially in sheep. 
First clip off the hair or wool, and wash the whole body thoroughly 
with soft soap and warm water ; then dry the skin, and, lastly, rub in 
the Benzine. One thorough application is usually sufficient ; but it can 
be repeated if necessary. 

Carbolic acid offers a still more powerful, and in some respects a less 
objectionable means of destroying these noxious parasites. Col. Fitz- 



382 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

wygram, whose account of the mange in horses we have quoted, advises 
that the affected parts be dressed with a solution of Carbolic acid in the 
proportion of half an ounce of the acid to a pint of water, or one part 
to thirty-two. One dressing, he remarks, is generally sufficient. After 
forty-eight hours it may be washed off. 

In slight and recent cases the skin will soon recover its tone when 
the insects are got rid of, and the hair will grow again. But in the 
more inveterate cases removal of the vermin forms only the first step 
towards a cure. Many of these affected animals have evidently been 
neglected ; poverty, with its necessary adjuncts of starvation and dirt, 
have combined with the disease, to which in part at least they gave 
rise, to bring the patient into an enfeebled condition. Hence the need 
of constitutional treatment in order to bring up the general tone of the 
system as well as to cure the skin diseases. 

Sulphur. — Either with or without its co-operating external use as an 
ointment, Sulphur proves the main remedy. Hoist itch especially re- 
quires this remedy. In this form the ointment should never be applied 
externally until the internal exhibition of the remedy has been continued 
for some time. But in all those cases in which the itch insect has been 
destroyed, either by Benzine or by Carbolic acid, the Sulphur ointment 
will scarcely be needed. 

Dose. — For horses and other large animals, ten drops three times a 
day in a little water. For sheep (and goats) and pigs, six drops ; for 
dogs, four drops, night and morning. 

Sepia. — Specific in dry itch, or mange. May be employed after 
Sulphur; or it may be followed by Sulphur, if either alone prove 
insufficient. 

Arsenicum. — Scabby sores, red, inflamed, and burning, or ulcers 
with hard-crusted edges. Very necessary for scab and mange of sheep 
and horses, and itch of other animals, when they are run down and in 
a low condition generally. 

Carbo vegetabilis. — Obstinate itch, especially when accompanied by 
a cough. 

Dulcamara. — When the diseased part is covered with a furfuraceous 
desquamation (falling off of bran-like scales), and the hairs fall off on 
the shoulders and forehead. 

Staphysagria. — When the eruption is on the tail, given in conjunc- 
tion or alternation with Sepia (if the eruption be dry), or with Sulphur 
(if the eruption be moist). 

Mercurius will be needed if there are raw sores, or formation of 
pustules. 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 383 

Hepar sulphuris. — When there is a tendency to suppuration. 

For the mange of horses, consult the Materia Medica, and select a 
remedy in accordance with the following general indications : 

If dry : (1) Mercurius and Sulphur (alternately), or Sulphur (alone), 
followed, upon change of symptoms, generally by (2) Carbo veg. or 
Hepar, or eyen by Causticum, if pustules appear, followed again, if 
necessary, by (3) Sepia or Veratrum. 

If pustulous: (1) Sulphur and Lycopodium (alternately), followed, 
if ineffectual, by (2) Causticum ; followed again, if ineffectual, by (3) 
Mercurius. Or, if after (1) Sulphur and Lycopodium, dryness super- 
venes, follow up the treatment with (2) Carbo veg. or Mercurius. 

If previously mismanaged, under allopathic treatment, with excessive 
use of Sulphur (internally), or Sulphur ointment (externally), Causti- 
cum or Mercurius : if previously treated with excess of Mercury and 
Sulphur (internally), or with Mercurial and Sulphur ointment (exter- 
nally), Causticum, China. 

If with the development of large vesicles, whether of a dirty yellow, 
or bluish or violet hue, Lachesis. 

If with the development of ulcers, Rhus toxicodendron ; if scaly, 
Sepia, — or, variously, Lycopodium and Muriat. acid.; or, Rhus toxi- 
codendron, and Sepia, in alternation; or, separately, Aconitum, Agari- 
cus, Antimonium crudum, Arsenicum, Belladonna, Bryonia, Calcarea, 
Carbo veg., Causticum, Kali carbonicum, Ipecacuanha, Lachesis, Lyco- 
podium, Mercurius, Muriat. acid., Phosphori acidum, Rhus toxicoden- 
dron, Sepia, Sulphur (which is the direct specific, and embraces the 
largest compass of symptoms), and Veratrum. 

Doses. — If the medicines are required in alternation it will be neces- 
sary to give two doses of the one, successively night and morning, then 
to pause two days, and give two doses of the other, similarly, and to 
continue this method of administration for ten days ; then pausing for 
four more days to watch the fuller development of effect. If the medi- 
cines are to be given singly, they should be given night and morning, 
daily, for a week at a time, with a pause of four intervening days, after 
every such course, before renewal. If it be requisite to change the 
medicine, an interval of two days must be suffered to elapse between 
the last dose of one remedy and the first of the other. 

For the mange in oxen and cows study particularly : 

Carbo veg., Calcarea carb., Causticum, Cuprum a., Mercurius, Sepia, 
Silicea, Sulphur (which embraces the greatest range of symptoms), and 
Veratrum ; and, also, Antimonium crudum, Arsenicum, Belladonna, 



384 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Conium, Graphites, Helleborus nigr., Hepar sulphuris, Kali carb., 
Lycopodium, and Pulsatilla. 

For scab in sheep consult the Materia Medica, and find the medicine 
most suited to the variety of scab amongst the following remedies 
(especially for acarous scab) : 

Antimonium c, Causticum, Carbo veg., Hepar sulphuris, Lachesis, 
Lycopodium, Mercurius, Rhus, Sepia, and Veratrum ; and also Arseni- 
cum, Dulcamara, Petroleum, and Tartarus emeticus. 

Doses. — The administration should be regulated according to the 
directions given for the treatment of mange amongst horses. 

Local treatment will be found beneficial in many cases. (See 
"Mange," as regards the horse.) 

For inflammatory scab : Aconitum, Ammonium carb., Arnica, Ar- 
senicum, Belladonna, Bryonia, Hyoscyamus, Lachesis, Mercurius, and 
Sulphur. 

For mange in dogs and other small animals, study particularly the 
following remedies : 

Aconitum, Arsenicum, Antimonium crudum, Belladonna, Bryonia, 
Lachesis, Mercurius, Phosphorus, and Sulphur. 

If scabbiness predominate : (1) Lycopodium and Sulphur (alter- 
nately), followed, if ineffectual, by (2) Causticum. 

Dose in General. — Of the selected remedy give thrice daily ten drops 
to the larger animals, six to those next in size, and four to the smallest. 

The diet should be carefully attended to, that it be not too stimula- 
ting or irritating. Horses kept on barley are said to be very liable to 
the mange. 

Precautions. — Horses are infected with mange in every possible mode 
of contact from those diseased ; even the hand of the groom may convey 
the germs of the disorder. Brushes, currycombs, clothing, and harness 
should therefore be kept sedulously apart, and thus prevented from 
transmitting the disorder. Sheep, and other animals as well, convey 
the disease to others from the rocks, posts, and other objects against 
which they have rubbed themselves. Every precaution should, there- 
fore, be observed to keep the healthy flocks from communicating in any 
way with those infected. The clothing of horses affected with mange 
need not be burned ; it will be sufficient to boil it thoroughly. 

311. Non-Parasitic Mange — Eczema. — This disease is most fre- 
quently met with amongst horses and dogs, the latter especially. I 
shall describe it as it occurs in the dog, premising that the general 
symptoms are pretty much the same in all animals. When fully de- 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 385 

veloped, diseased patches, varying in size and irregularly circular, are 
observed on different parts of the body. On the surface of these in- 
flamed patches are clusters of small vesicles, from which a serous fluid 
exudes, which presently concretes into scabs, and mats the hair to- 
gether. In a few days the scabs and hair fall off, leaving the skin 
bare, inflamed, and moistened with exudation. Thin scales form from 
the drying of this exudation. There is usually considerable and vio- 
lent scratching and rubbing from the itchy sensation, in which case the 
diseased surface is covered with some small clots of blood, the result of 
slight laceration of the skin. 

The so-called "acute mange" is ushered in by febrile symptoms, 
and is characterized by an inflamed and swollen state of the skin. The 
swollen, thickened state of the skin depends upon infiltration of serum 
into the meshes of that structure. Vesicular and pustular eruptions 
follow, and when these burst, the diseased surface presents the appear- 
ance of superficial ulceration. When the skin is very much inflamed 
and irritable, the disease is known as "red mange." 

What is called "foul mange" is an aggravated form of the eczema 
above described. The skin is thickened, and exudes from its inflamed 
surface a large quantity of offensive serum or pus, or both; it is also 
chapped, wrinkled, cracked, and superficially ulcerated. The exuda- 
tion forms thick, yellowish crusts. The hair, falls off, partly from; con- 
stant and vigorous scratching, partly from being detached by the ex- 
foliating scales. 

The disease may be localized in certain parts, such as the scrotum, 
the eyelids, the ears, the feet, &c. When the eyelids are affected, the 
case assumes all the characters of the ophthalmia tarsi of man, which 
is a true eczematous eruption. When the disease attacks the ears, it 
constitutes or introduces the so-called "canker" of that part. When 
seated between the toes and at the roots of the nails, the dog is lamed, 
and the part is red, swollen, tender, and moist. Foul ulcerations are 
apt to follow, especially when the sanitary arrangements are bad, or 
the general health much impaired. 

The puppies of mangy parents almost invariably inherit the same 
disease. This mange — that is, eczema — is not catching. It is distin- 
guished from parasitic mange or itch by the absence of the acari. It 
is apt to return periodically, and as it depends on constitutional causes, 
its duration may be indefinite, and its cure troublesome. 

312. Treatment. — Aconite is indicated by febrile symptoms ; itching 

25 \ 



386 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

over the whole body, and especially about the scrotum ; hot and burn- 
ing skin ; small reddish-colored vesicles, with itching. 

Rhus. — Redness of the skin over the whole body ; swelling of the 
skin, with an itchy eruption of small, yellowish vesicles, which run 
into each other and become moist ; a scurfy and fissured state of the 
skin. Rhus is especially suitable when the eruption is situated on the 
scrotum, the eyelids, and the back. 

Mercurius. — Indicated for an eruption at first vesicular, afterwards 
pustular, which is sometimes dry and sometimes moist, and which 
itches worst under the influence of warmth. 

Arsenicum is indicated for burning heat and itching of the skin ; 
scales, which peel off; reddish-colored pustules, w T hich break and leave 
the appearance of small, shallow ulcers, with an ichorous discharge ; 
painful blotches. It is likewise indicated for diarrhoea, debility, ema- 
ciation, enlarged abdomen — symptoms that supervene upon advanced 
eczema in dogs. 

The following remarkable cure with this remedy is reported by Dr. 
James Moore: "On examining the horse, I found him covered with 
an eczematous eruption, scarcely an inch of his skin being free ; the 
skin in some places was rubbed raw and bleeding ; in other respects 
well. He has been in this state for several summers, and what with 
the friction of the harness, and the excessive itching when he perspired, 
little or no work has been got out of him. I prescribed ten drops of 
the third dilution of Arsenicum three times a day. Two months after- 
wards he was quite well, and worked through the summer without any 
of the old symptoms reappearing. He was sold at the end of the season, 
when I lost sight of him. Every time the eruption appeared, he was 
treated allopathically without the slightest benefit." 

Borax Lotion. — Made by dissolving one drachm of borax in twelve 
ounces of soft water, and adding one ounce of glycerin — has proved 
very efficacious in relieving the severe itching in dogs, which results 
from non-parasitic eruptions. 

Diet — Farinaceous or vegetable food alone, and that sparingly, 
should be used in such cases, especially in dogs ; cleanliness, good 
ventilation, and moderate exercise in the open air, are indispensable. 

313. Vegetable Parasites, Ringworm. — The production of skin 
diseases in animals by low forms of vegetable life has not yet received 
that investigation which the interest and importance of the subject de- 
mand. It is however, beyond doubt that our domestic animals are 
sometimes attacked with Ringworm, and that grooms attending on 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 387 

horses suffering from it have contracted the same disease. The erup- 
tion consists of a greater or less number of patches on different parts 
of the skin, circular in shape, partially or wholly bare of hair, and 
dotted with vesicles. Scales form on the surface of these patches, and 
on removing them there is a slight moisture underneath. The hairs 
around are altered from their natural color, and dusty. 

Ringworm is not connected, as the name might lead us to suppose, 
with the presence of an insect. It is due to a parasitic growth or fungus 
made up of organic cells, which affects more especially the hair-follicles 
on the surface of the* skin. The disease may commence in any part. 
The premonitory symptom is usually an unthrifty look about the coat. 
A white scaly scurf accompanied with staring of the hairs in the part 
affected is the first positive indication, followed by a thickened scurf 
with raised eminences. This spreads rapidly in blotches over the 
neighboring parts, generally assuming the form of rings, and the hair 
falls off. The appearance is so peculiar, that the disease cannot be 
mistaken by any one, who has ever seen a case. 

Ringworm usually results from an unhealthy condition of the skin, 
in most cases produced by neglect of grooming, or by bad food, or 
by any sudden change of diet, even from bad to good. Occasionally 
however it appears in stables where both the grooming and the food 
are unquestionably good. 

Damaged oats or hay are very ready causes of this disease. In every 
case, therefore, the food should be very carefully examined. The oats, 
in addition to being inspected externally, should be stripped of their 
husks, with the view of ascertaining whether they have become mil- 
dewed under the surface ; and their state should be further tested by 
smelling and chewing the grains. The hay should also be looked to, 
especially with the view of ascertaining whether it is mildewed. 

Young horses on first coming into stables are sometimes affected, 
probably from change of diet. Horses recovering from fever occasion- 
ally suffer from this disease. In this latter case, it seems to arise 
from an impoverished state of the blood. 

Ringworm, it is said, can be produced in healthy horses by inserting 
under the skin a scale of the cuticle from one of the blotches on a dis- 
eased horse. In ordinary cases the disease is not very contagious, 
though generally supposed to be so. It frequently, however, rjms 
through stables, much in the same way as influenza and other diseases, 
because similar causes produce similar effects. 

There is a form of so-called " mange," which has been often observed 
where diseased straw has been used as bedding. A disease called 



388 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

"Camp Measles" has been observed in America in man, and has been 
ascribed to a fungus from diseased wheat straw. 

The treatment consists in applying to the patches Carbolic acid lotion 
three times a day ; in destroying infecting bedding ; and in giving Ar- 
senicum in the usual doses, three times a day. Liberal food should be 
allowed. A bran mash with a pound of boiled linseed daily in addi- 
tion to the usual food, will exert a beneficial influence on the system 
and thus facilitate the cure of the local affection. (For remedies, see 
No. 315.) 

314. Surfeit. — Urticaria, or nettle-rash, known as surfeit, is very 
common in horses, less so in oxen and other animals. It is said by 
Blaine to come on in connection with that condition of the skin and 
subcutaneous cellular tissue which is called hidebound. "Sometimes," 
he remarks, "from a kind of reaction and inflammatory process in the 
deranged and obstructed vessels, small tumors become formed, gener- 
ally extending pretty universally over the skin ; which affection has 
received the name of Surfeit, and is often erroneously considered as a 
distinct disease, although a symptom only, being generally dependent 
on a primary affection of the skin. In a few instances I have, how- 
ever, traced its origin to a deranged state of the stomach, brought on 
by eating noxious vegetables, and in some other instances it has been 
produced by the musty quality of the hay used." It may arise also 
from overfatigue, and exposure to wet after a long journey, — these in- 
fluences no doubt producing a temporary fit of indigestion, or such ac- 
tion on the gastric coats as causes the eruption. It is recognized by 
the sudden appearance of blotches or elevations of the skin, varying in 
size from a sixpenny piece to that of one's hand, on different parts of 
the body. There is considerable heat of the skin and itching. In 
mild cases, the general health is not affected, and the eruption does not 
continue long ; whereas in others there is some amount of feverishness, 
and the elevations are prone to reappear at intervals for some time. 

315. Treatment. — Give mashes, but no corn ; and remove all 
fodder that may be suspected of acting as a provoking cause. 

Aconite may be employed if there is much febrile reaction ; ten 
drops every three hours, till this is removed. 

Arsenicum. — This is the specific remedy, and will be equally indi- 
cated in those cases which arise from simple indigestion, and in those 
dependent in a measure upon overexertion. It may be indicated also 
by the animal being in a poor condition, with loss of flesh. 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 389 

Rhus may be needed when exposure to wet weather is a principal 
cause of the difficulty. 

Dulcamara, Antimonium crudum and Sepia should also be con- 
sulted in the Materia Medica. 

316. Saddle -Galls. — These excoriations of the external cuticle are 
accompanied by bruising of the deeper structures of the skin, and even 
of the cellular tissue beneath. Arnica lotion — one part of Arnica 
tincture to nine of water — should be applied with a soft sponge or rag, 
once in four hours, and the injured surface kept covered from exposure 
to the air or assaults of insects. 

317. Warbles. — Warbles are recent soft swellings or tumors, arising 
from inflammation of the skin, generally caused by friction or undue 
pressure of the saddle, girth, or collar, on the part affected, or sometimes 
by bad saddling or bad riding, even though the saddle fit perfectly. 
The swelling itself is due to a slight effusion of serum or lymph, or of 
both, produced by the inflammation. 

This name is also applied to the swelling so often met with on the 
skin of oxen, occasionally on that of the horse, from the gad-fly de- 
positing its eggs in the skin ; a tumor, often as large as a pigeon's egg, 
containing grubs and matter, being the result. The back and loins are 
the favorite places for the fly's operations. There may be several such 
swellings. During the process of depositing the eggs, the cow is in 
great fright, and scampers up and down the field in furious excite- 
ment. 

The treatment consists in opening the swelling, squeezing out the 
contents, and dropping in a few drops of tincture of Arnica, where the 
tumor is the result of friction of the saddle ; or a few drops of the Car- 
bolic acid lotion, where eggs of the gad-fly have been deposited. 

318. Sitfasts. — When a swelling, such as described in the preceding 
paragraph, either by neglect or by repeated recurrence of the cause has 
become hard and insensible, and the skin is permanently injured, it is 
no longer termed a warble, but is known as a sitfast. The skin be- 
comes thickened and half dead, and is often adherent to the bottom of 
the sore and kept alive by blood at its root. The sitfast will frequently 
be found to be partially separated all round from the living skin. 

Treatment — The readiest way to get rid of these troublesome growths 
is to cut them out. But instead of burning out the wound with lunar 
caustic, as is commonly advised, apply tincture of Calendula to the 



390 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

wound three times a day, giving at the same time six drops mixed 
thoroughly in a little water. 

319. Prurigo. — This is the name given to an excessive itchiness, 
from no apparent cause, which attacks the horse; it is accompanied by 
small pimples and heat of the skin. The eruption may appear after 
the rubbing of the neck, root of the tail, or whatever other part is 
affected, against some convenient object, until the skin is raw. 

Treatment. — If there is reason to suspect the presence of parasitical 
insects, apply the Carbolic aeid lotion three times a day. This will 
cure in many cases ; or tincture of Sulphur or Sulphur ointment 
(made by rubbing a small quantity of flowers of Sulphur with six 
times its weight of lard), may be applied in a similar manner. 

320. Warts. — A wart is an extra secretion of cuticle from the 
papillae of the dermis. Warts are of rather common occurrence in the 
horse. They appear on the thin and more delicate portions of the 
skin, as, for instance, on the sheath, the inner surfaces of the hind 
limbs, the abdomen, the eyelids, and the sides of the nose. They 
seldom appear on the back, hind quarters, sides, or outer surfaces of 
the limbs. They are sometimes found on the neck, where the skin has 
been injured by the collar. 

They vary in size from that of a pea to that of a large potato. The 
wart commences as a small round substance, and gradually increases. 
As it increases, it becomes divided into clefts and fissures, from which 
the blood occasionally exudes. 

The precise causes of these excrescences are not known ; but they 
probably arise from some peculiar derangement of the nutritive ves- 
sels which secrete the skin. Others think that they originate in 
undue vascularity of the true skin, by means of which an abnormal 
growth is generated. It is certain that after removal they are apt to 
recur. 

Treatment. — Warts should always be removed whilst yet small. It 
has been recommended to scrape the surface, and then dress it with 
carbolic acid. Large warts may, however, require to be removed by 
the knife. Some care is needed in the operation. The divided blood- 
vessels should, if necessary, be stanched by the application of the hot 
iron ; or better, by Monsell's solution of iron. 

In some cases, where there is a small base, the wart may be deprived 
of its nutriment by means of a silk ligature tied tightly round it, and 
in due time it will perish and drop off. In other cases, small warts, 



ERUPTIVE FEVERS AND CUTANEOUS DISORDERS. 391 

after an incision has been made in the skin over them, may be squeezed 
out by the fingers. 

But it is believed that neither of these surgical means are absolutely 
the best ; especially since they do nothing towards preventing the re- 
turn of the warts. Some homoeopathic authorities advise the applica- 
tion of the Arsenical lotion after the excrescences themselves have 
been removed by knife or ligature. But the Carbolic acid lotion, 
above suggested, would be preferable. To prevent the return of the 
warts, give 

Oalcarea carbonica, ten drops night and morning, to horses and 
large animals ; smaller doses to those less in size. 

Causticum, given in the same way, will often cause small warts and 
wartlike excrescences to disappear without their being touched. 

Thuja occidentalis. — For those warts which become divided, and 
bleed, like sycosis, or fig-warts, in men, the local application of mother 
tincture of Thuja is by far the best remedy, which may also be given 
internally at the same time. In this manner, without the use of caus- 
tic, knife, or ligature, the whole growth is often made to pass away. 

321. Erysipelas — St. Anthony's Fire. — Erysipelas occurs in all 
animals, but most frequently in dogs and sheep. In horses it some- 
times supervenes upon cracked heels. In sheep it has been known to 
follow an injury of the skin inflicted during shearing. In these animals 
it consists in a swelling of the head, which contains much watery serum. 
It is accompanied by fever, with heat, great thirst, dejection, and loss 
of appetite. 

In general the animal is more or less feverish — the pulse being 
quickened, the appetite impaired, the secretions checked, the mouth 
hot and dry, &c. The skin is covered with a diffused redness and is 
hot to the touch. The areolar tissue under the skin is likewise in vol ved, 
giving rise to a swollen condition of the inflamed part. On the decline 
of the inflammation the skin peels off in thin scales. 

AccordiDg to Garngee,* Eyeliner has described a form of erysipelas 
in cows which he calls " cedematous." Meyer refers to it as Erysipelas 
bourn. It occurs chiefly about the hind limbs, the udder, and surface 
of the belly. It may occur after an attack of epizootic aphtha, and 
extend from the feet to the knee or hock joints. The swelling occurs 
rapidly, chiefly about a joint ; it is circumscribed, shiny, very painful, 
and pits on pressure. The animal is very feverish, and is sometimes 

* "Dairy Stock, "p. 222. 



392 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

only relieved after several days' suffering. The disease often lasts four- 
teen or twenty days. 

The same disorder, called by some St. Anthony's Fire, occurs also 
in the pig, where it is extremely fatal. Sometimes the pig, perfectly 
well the evening before, is found dead in its sty in the morning. 
Usually, however, there are morbid symptoms which last from twelve 
to twenty-four hours ; seldom two or three days. The pig suddenly 
ceases to eat ; it becomes restless and rakes up on every side ; there 
appear on the neck, chest, and belly red streaks, which gradually be- 
come blue, though in many cases only after death. There are generally 
observed, also, great heat in the head and difficulty of respiration j on 
the neck an inflammatory swelling, which occasionally extends to the 
head, chest, and belly, and which never passes to suppuration. Some- 
times there comes on the tongue a round, white vesicle, about the size 
of a pea, which soon becomes black and eventually proves fatal. Before 
this vesicle comes on, the animal appears dejected ; it holds its head 
hanging down, continues to lie down, grinds the teeth, and remains 
stretched almost without feeling. In certain cases, also, there comes on 
the exterior of the neck a small glandular tumor on which the bristles 
stare and assume a white color. 

In cases where the disease does not prove fatal rapidly, or where it 
lasts to the third day, there is observed in those animals great weakness 
of the muscular system. The tail, instead of being rolled up, hangs at 
its entire length, the bristles stare, the temperature of the body varies 
frequently. There is constipation, or the excrements are dry and 
curled. No appetite or thirst. There is considerable heat diffused 
over the entire body ; the animal remains constantly lying down, or 
staggers when walking. It often vomits what it has eaten, and some- 
times yellow lumps also. It rummages, as it were, impatiently in its 
litter, and frequently throws it up to the roof. The skin swells, and 
then appears an eruption, which, being first reddish, soon becomes 
black. The breathing is short and loud. Small gangrenous ulcers 
are often seen in the mouth, and convulsions close the scene. 

322. Treatment. — " St. Anthony's Fire," says Gunther, whose ac- 
count of this disorder in the pig we transcribe, a disorder which seems 
to possess many marks of resemblance to the cattle plague, " bears 
much resemblance to angina, which follows a no less rapid course. 
The two diseases are often confounded. The remedy is Arsenicum, of 
which from eight to twelve doses should be administered, one every 
ten minutes, or every quarter of an hour. Out of one hundred and 



AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 393 

fifty pigs treated by me last summer, only two died of it. I have suc- 
ceeded in saving some which were considered to be, as it were, dead. 
Arsenicum also acts as a preventive, and I have almost invariably found 
great benefit from it. In every instance where I have treated diseased 
pigs, I make such as have been spared take this medicine once a day, 
for eight days, and not one of them has ever been affected with the 
disease." 

Belladonna and Rhus are advised by others, to be given in alterna- 
tion, in this disorder ; twenty drops for horses and cows, ten for sheep 
and pigs, and four to ten for dogs, every four hours. But this prescrip- 
tion is rather suited to the disorder as it occurs in horses and cattle, or 
sheep, and not to the most malignant affection above described by 
Gunther, and for which he found Arsenicum so certainly curative. 



CHAPTER IX. 

AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS, OR NEPHRITIS — IRRITATION OF THE BLADDER 
— INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER, OR CYSTITIS —INFLAMMATION OF THE 
NECK OF THE BLADDER, OR SPASM OF THE BLADDER — RETENTION OF TJRINE 
— DYSURIA — HEMATURIA — CALCULI. 

323. Inflammation of the Kidneys, or Nephritis. — Inflammation 
of the substance of the kidneys, otherwise called nephritis, is fortunately 
rather rare. Its causes will generally be found in prolonged or severe 
work ; or in exposure to wet and cold, producing derangement of the 
secretions of the skin ; or in overviolent or too frequent doses of diu- 
retic medicine ; or in mow-burnt hay, kiln-dried oats, or other irritating 
food. It may also be brought on by sprain of the psoa? muscles, or in 
other cases by the presence of calcareous matters in the kidneys. It 
may result from blows or other external injury, or from a sprain of 
the loins. 

Occasionally nephritis occurs as a sequel of bronchitis, pneumonia, 
influenza, or laminitis — probably owing to the secretions of the body, 
which had been arrested during the acute attack, being afterwards dis- 
charged in overlarge quantities through the kidneys. It is also found 



394 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

as a sequel of rheumatic affections. Sometimes it is induced by the 
absorption of the active principle of cantharides from a surface to 
which that substance has been applied. Inflammation of the bladder 
may also extend along the ureters to the kidneys. 

The horse is feverish, restless, and uneasy, and perspires freely. He 
often lies down cautiously and rises up again, as if suffering from colic; 
but the abdomen, instead of being hard and distended as in that disease, 
is tucked up. He moves with caution and experiences temporary relief 
from lying down, but is not relieved by hand-rubbing. Owing to the 
pressure of the psose muscles on the inflamed kidneys, he is unwilling 
to move, — he stands with his legs wide apart, crouches and straddles 
in his gait, and groans if turned sharply round. Tenderness and 
wincing are evinced on the application of pressure to the loins. At 
frequent intervals he stretches himself cautiously, as if about to stale, 
but passes no urine, or only a small quantity, highly colored and often 
tinged with blood. In very acute attacks, the horse will sit on his 
haunches, groan, and look round to his flanks. The bowels are usually 
constipated, and the pulse is accelerated and soon becomes very quick 
and weak. 

Inflammation of the kidneys is distinguished from a similar affection 
of the bladder by the secretion being very small and emitted with much 
groaning and effort, whilst in the latter disease the urine is secreted 
freely and ejected almost as soon as secreted. In both diseases the 
bladder is empty. 

It may also be distinguished by examination of the bladder by the 
hand through the anus. If the disease is confined to the kidneys, the 
bladder, when it can be felt (but it is not easy to find it, inasmuch as 
it is empty), will not feel warmer or more tender than usual ; but if the 
bladder is the seat of inflammation, it will be very hot and tender. 
The kidneys themselves may be felt ; and if inflamed, they are hot and 
painful. 

When the inflammation is caused by the presence of calcareous sub- 
stances in the kidneys, a very marked symptom is afforded by the penis 
hanging pendulous and a constant dripping of urine often tinged with 
blood. If the patient be a stallion, the testicles are retracted. The 
thigh on the side of the inflamed kidney, if only one be affected, is 
generally benumbed. If the disease is not relieved, the strength, fails 
rapidly, and from retention of the constituents of urine in the system 
the skin often acquires a urinous smell. The retention of these matters 
in the blood exerts a poisonous influence on the system, and often pro- 
duces coma and paralysis. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 395 

324. Treatment. — In this affection, much more than in many others, 
regard must be had to the cause. 

Rhus tos. will be required in nephritis from a severe strain, especially 
if accompanied by exposure to wet. 

Arnica will be needed in inflammation of the kidneys, from bruises, 
blows, or other external injuries. 

Camphor must be administered in ten-drop doses of the mother tinc- 
ture, or strong alcoholic solution, every half hour, till relief is obtained, 
and then once an hour, in cases of nephritis caused by the use of fly- 
blisters (cantharides). 

Aconite will often be required at the outset, when the fever is of a 
high grade, the distress great, urination almost impossible, and the 
pulse is hard, with febrile excitement. Twenty drops of the mother 
tincture have, in extreme cases, been found of infinite service. In less 
critical cases the dilution may be used in the usual manner as directed 
in p. 34 of this work. 

Cantharis. — The main remedy for pure uncomplicated nephritis. It 
may be well given in alternation with Aconite, when the following 
symptoms are present (and not caused by fly-blisters) : 

Loss of appetite ; fever ; constant straining to pass urine, which only 
comes away in very small quantity ; urine dark color, bloody ; tender- 
ness to slight pressure on the loins ; the region of the kidney feels hot; 
he stands with both legs wide apart, as if about to stale. 

Mercurius corrosivus. — Indicated in the advanced stage of the dis- 
ease, when there is reason to believe the urine is albuminous (that is, 
when it will coagulate, or any part of it, on boiling) ; when matter is 
already formed as shown by a purulent sediment from the urine ; or 
when the kidneys themselves are enlarged. 

In addition to these, the following named remedies may be consulted 
in the Materia Medica, as they all have important nephritic and urin- 
ary symptoms : Hyoscyamus, Digitalis, Lycopodium, Nux vomica, indi- 
cated by colicky pains, and in nephritis caused by improper food ; 
Phosphoric acid, Sepia, and Sulphur. 

Dose. — Where not specially stated above, ten drops of the selected 
remedy should be thoroughly mixed with one pint of water, by shaking 
the whole in a quart bottle ; of this mixture give one or two wineglass- 
fuls once an hour till some relief is obtained, then once in three hours. 
A few doses of Nux (at night), and of Sulphur (in the morning), will 
greatly aid in completing the cure, and in obviating any tendency 
towards a relapse. 



396 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHT. 

325. Irritation of the Bladder. — Irritation of the bladder may 
arise from excessive doses of diuretic medicine, from absorption of can- 
tharides too freely applied for blistering purposes, from sympathy with 
inflammation of the kidneys, from overlong retention of urine, from 
calculi, from strain of the psoae muscles, affecting the kidneys and the 
bladder by sympathy, from a sudden check to the cutaneous perspira- 
tion by exposure to cold when the animal is hot, or from bad or irri- 
tating food. 

If the case is of a persistent nature, the state of the bladder should 
be examined through the anus, to ascertain if there be a calculus in it. 

Irritation of the bladder is indicated by restlessness, frequent strain- 
ing, protruded penis, and by the passing at short intervals of small 
quantities of urine. If the symptoms are more grave than the above, 
it is probable that the disease has passed from the stage of irritation 
into that of inflammation of the organ. The bladder on examination 
through the anus will be found either shrivelled up and empty, or hot 
and tender. 

Treatment. — Aconite : This remedy will be indicated by the excessive 
restlessness. 

Belladonna may be given if Aconite fail. 

Camphor. — When there is reason to suspect poisoning from absorp- 
tion of cantharides (fly-blisters), camphor should be given in ten-drop 
doses of the alcoholic solution on a piece of stale bread. See also the 
treatment for inflammation of the bladder. 

326. Inflammation of the Bladder, or Cystitis.— Inflammation of 
the bladder itself is very seldom met with. When it occurs, it is 
generally consecutive on irritation of the organ, or it may be induced 
by sympathy with inflammation existing in the kidneys. 

Inflammation of the bladder is indicated by the same symptoms as 
irritation of that organ, but they appear in an aggravated degree. 
There is restlessness, with arching of the back, whisking of the tail, 
frequent straining, and a protruded penis. At short intervals a few 
drops of urine, which is generally thick, high-colored, and mixed with 
ropy mucus and pus, will be passed with difficulty. In some instances 
blood may even be voided. In protracted cases the skin of the neigh- 
boring parts becomes scalded by the continued dribbling of the urine. 
Occasionally the animal lies down, as if suffering from colic. If the 
hand be introduced into the rectum, the bladder will be found shrivelled 
up and empty, and oftentimes hot and tender ; and upon the application 
of pressure to it, the patient will wince and strain violently. During 



AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 397 

the voiding of the urine, some few dung pellets may be passed. The 
skin is hot and dry, and the animal often looks at his flanks. 

If the disease is not relieved, the walls of the bladder will lose their 
contractile power ; and in such cases the bladder may be found full, 
but this would only occur in the last stage. The bladder may rupture 
through overdistension. 

The treatment in most respects is the same as that recommended for 
nephritis. The case is quite as urgent, and every precaution pointed 
out in that disease should be adopted in this. 

The condition of the bladder should be ascertained at an early stage 
of the disease. If much distended, gentle manipulation and pressure 
per rectum will evacuate it, if there be no obstruction from calculus, or 
unless the neck of the cyst is inflamed or spasmodically contracted. 
If the disease be due to the presence of calculi, nothing but an opera- 
tion promptly performed can give relief. 

327. Inflammation of the Neck of the Bladder — Spasm of the 
Bladder. — Inflammation of the neck is more common than inflam- 
mation of the body of the bladder. Its prominent symptom is reten- 
tion of the urine on account of the inflamed condition of the orifice 
through which it ought to pass. Though the neck is principally con- 
cerned, yet the inflammation affects more or less the remainder of the 
organ. 

The treatment of the inflammatory attack is much the same as in 
nephritis. But in addition to such treatment, it will probably be nec- 
essary to relieve the retention of the urine by. other means. Those 
means and also the chief signs of retention of the urine will be detailed 
in the succeeding paragraphs. 

328. Retention of the Urine. — In the majority of colic cases the 
patient suffers temporarily from retention of the urine, owing to spasm 
of the neck of the bladder. But otherwise the disease is not common 
in the horse. 

It may, however, arise from inflammation of the neck of the bladder, 
or from calculi in some of the urinary passages, or from want of tone, 
or from the bladder becoming overdistended with urine, as may some- 
times happen when horses are driven a long distance without stopping, 
or in the case of animals who will not stale out of their own stables. 
Retention may also take place in peritonitis, on account of the pain 
which it gives the animal to use the abdominal muscles in expelling 
the urine, and also in tetanus. In some cases, especially in prolonged 



398 VETERINARY IIOMCEOPATHY. 

diseases, retention is caused by an accumulation of debris and dirt 
about the orifice of the urethra. 

The symptoms of retention of the urine are great uneasiness, distress 
and anxiety of countenance, colicky pains, and straining. The pulse 
is not at first much affected ; but if relief is not soon obtained, it be- 
comes quick and hard, and ultimately imperceptible. The patient will 
frequently stand stretched out as in the act of straining to void urine. 
He will lie down and rise frequently. Clammy sweats will break out 
over him. In the last stage the pulse will entirely sink, and the ani- 
mal may have a little ease before dissolution takes place. In the early 
stage any doubt as to the nature of the affection may be removed by 
putting the hand up the rectum and feeling the bladder. 

In dogs, retention of urine ma^' arise from paralysis of the bladder 
caused by overdistension ; or from causes above mentioned in the horse. 

The catheter may be employed in both horses and dogs to remove 
the accumulation in the bladder for the time, then the medicines suit- 
able to cure the disorder which causes the retention may be administered 
with good hope of success. 

329. Treatment of Inflammation of the Bladder and of its Neck, 

or Spasm of the Bladder, and of Retention of Urine. — For obvious rea- 
sons we subjoin under one title the treatment of these various but 
similar and closely connected affections, prefacing, with regard to reten- 
tion of urine, that its cause must be sought out and, if possible, re- 
moved ; if this be found to consist in a stone, or calculus, in the bladder, 
an operation for its removal will alone give relief. 

In cases of colic, retention of urine often appears as a consequence, 
or attendant symptom, which disappears with the cure of the primary 
disorder. 

Aconite will be indicated in inflammation of the bladder, as well as 
of its neck, when the pulse is quick, and there are frequent desire to 
urinate, discharge of scanty, turbid or bloody urine, and pain on pres- 
sure over the region of the bladder. 

Cantharis. — The urine is discharged drop by drop, with much 
straining ; the pain is increased during the act of passing the urine ; 
the region of the bladder is painful and distended. 

Cantharis in alternation with Aconite is often curative of retention 
of urine from spasm of the sphincter of the bladder which may arise 
from exposure to cold out of the stable over night in horses. 

Hyoscyamus will be found especially efficient in the last-mentioned 
case, if Aconite and Cantharis do not relieve the difficulty. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 399 

Belladonna. — Retention of urine from spasm of the bladder caused 
by other influences than those just indicated, especially by the presence 
of inflammation in the bladder, or in some adjacent organs. 

Nux vomica may be used, with advantage in inflammation when 
Cantharis fails. It is an important remedy in retention of urine from 
paralysis ; or that which arises in cases of colic ; or when the bowels 
are much constipated. 

Opium. — Recommended when there is strangury with intervals of 
rest between the pains ; the pulse being small and scarcely perceptible, 
the animal despondent and apparently asleep, or drowsy. 

Arnica has been found useful in cases of retention with heat in the 
hoof. 

Pulsatilla may be employed under similar circumstances, but with 
coldness of the extremities. 

Dose. — Except where the doses have already been indicated (and 
except where spasm of the bladder, or retention of urine may have 
arisen from a severe chill or from being overheated, in which case the 
mother tincture of Aconite may be needed in ten-drop doses every fif- 
teen minutes), the remedies above mentioned may be best prepared by 
thoroughly mixing ten drops of the selected remedy in one pint of 
water by shaking the whole several times violently in a quart bottle, 
and then the medicine should be given in doses of one or two table- 
spoonfuls for horses and cattle (or teaspoonfuls for dogs) once in half 
an hour, one hour, or three hours, according to the urgency of the case 
and the severity of the symptoms. 

Warm flaxseed tea will greatly assist nature and the medication, in 
cases of cystic inflammation, strangury, and retention of urine. 

330. Haematuria, Bloody Urine — Redwater — Blackwater. — He- 
maturia or bloody urine is much more common among cattle, cows espe- 
cially, than the more pronounced inflammation of the kidneys is among 
horses. But neither disease is confined to one of these classes of ani- 
mals. 

This condition is of frequent occurrence amongst the lower animals. 
It arises from blows, sprains, and any manner of injury involving the 
region of the kidney, caused by overloading, jumping, &c. It is a com- 
mon symptom of stone in the kidney and bladder, of various diseases 
of these organs and their appendages, and of purpura hemorrhagica ; 
and frequently follows calving. 

In haematuria consequent upon strains, injuries, &c, we find pain in 
the loins when they are pressed upon, some degree of feverishness, and 



400 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

discharge of clotted blood, alone or along with the urine. This form 
is very apt to recur, especially if the affected animal return to work 
too soon, or be overworked. 

Another form of hematuria is that which prevails extensively in 
certain districts, affecting all herb-eaters more or less, and said to be 
produced by eating various hurtful plants and young trees, including 
arnica, aconite, digitalis, genista hispanica. At first, the urine is scanty 
and reddish ; subsequently, bloody and discharged with ardent pain. 
The pulse is quickened, the appetite lost, the mouth hot, and the coat 
staring — all symptoms of febrile excitement, attendant upon active 
congestion of the kidney, which may run on to inflammation and 
abscess. 

A third form is met with in animals pasturing on poor, and badly- 
drained land, and prevails most in wet seasons. Stall-fed cattle, living 
on turnips, are very subject to it ; it is rarely observed where rich fod- 
der is provided. It constitutes what is commonly called redwater, so 
often prevailing amongst cows — a disease characterized by debility and 
poorness of the blood. And in its more fully developed form, hema- 
turia becomes one of the most remarkable symptoms of the Rinderpest 
or Cattle Plague, already described. 

In its milder and more common form this disease may be divided 
into two kinds, which differ so much, as, in point of fact, to constitute 
two distinct diseases : viz., Acute Redwater, which is an inflammatory 
affection of the kidneys ; and Chronic Redwater, which is a complicated 
affection of the digestive functions, and of the liver in particular, but 
which, nevertheless, for the sake of convenience, we will classify under 
the same general head. Chronic redwater is, perhaps, more common 
amongst cattle than the affection of the kidneys, and it is, at the same 
time also, a more intractable complaint. Not but that acute redwater 
is also a severe, and often very difficult disease to treat ; both are, how- 
ever, referable to the same general causes, and both appear to assume 
more or less of an endemic character, occasionally attacking all the cat- 
tle of particular districts (not only all those of particular herds), wher- 
ever the soil and herbage are of a similar description ; or it may con- 
stantly prevail at one spot, in a certain district, and never in the nearest 
adjacent tracts of land. 

Acute redwater often supervenes at the close of the period of preg- 
nancy, occasioned by excess of condition, and by overstimulating food, 
or owing to the negligence of the owner, who does not pay sufficient at- 
tention to the state of the digestive functions, and to the manifestations 
of fever which are gradually developed. Or it may, likewise, supervene 



AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 401 

shortly after parturition, owing to neglect in the accessory treatment at 
the time of delivery. 

General Causes. — In addition, however, to the above-mentioned par- 
ticular causes of red water, the herbage of swampy soil, or, sometimes, 
of woodland, with a prevalence of acrid plants, such as the varieties of 
anemones and crowfoots, or ranunculaceous plants, veiy rank herbage, 
or the general properties of the pasture, the nature of the food generally, 
general atmospheric influences (sometimes), or the effect of temperature 
or atmospheric influence upon the soil, may engender this very trouble- 
some and frequently fatal class of diseases. It is observed to prevail 
more particularly on some soils, at the spring and fall, when the sun is 
often very hot during a few hours in the daytime, and when the nights 
are cold, and the dews very heavy, and very slow to dry up. The 
height of the summer is the season which is most free from the preva- 
lence of the varieties of red water, and it occurs in the winter, but com- 
paratively more rarely than in the spring and fall. Excessive drought 
is occasionally known to cause it, but the more frequent cause is excess 
of humidity, especially if stagnant, and such as prevails in ill-drained, 
flat, and low lands. One particular locality is often known to be con- 
tinually affected with it, except when particular and extraordinary 
atmospheric phenomena occur, which appear, for a time, to alter its 
climate and general character. 

Gamgee gives the following precise statement of the nature and origin 
of redwater in cows, which he classes among blood diseases. The 
truth of this classification will be seen in reference to the cattle plague, 
where this disorder appears in its worst form, as already stated above. 

" The elements of blood occasionally appear in the secretions, most 
commonly in the urine, and sometimes in the milk. If pure coagula- 
ble blood passes from the bladder it may certainly be ascribed to acci- 
dent or disease of the kidneys, but independently of injury, certain 
elements of blood transude with the elements of a secretion. This is 
the case in that very common malady, since the introduction of turnip 
husbandry in these realms, redwater in cows. 

" The cause is almost invariably feeding on turnips that have been 
grown on damp ill-drained land, and very often a change of diet stops 
the spread of this very troublesome disease in a byre. Other succulent 
foods grown under similar circumstances may produce the same symp- 
toms, tending to disturb the digestive organs and blood-forming process. 

" In the course of my investigations as to the cause of various cattle 
diseases, and redwater in particular, I have found that it is unknown 
on well-drained farms and in dairies where turnips are used only in a 

26 



402 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

moderate degree. The lands of poor people furnish the roots most 
likely to induce the disorder ; and I can confirm the statement of the 
late Mr. Cumming, of Ellon, who in his very interesting essay on this 
subject,* says, particularly in reference to Aberdeenshire, that it is ■ a 
disease essentially attacking the poor man's cow; and to be seen and 
studied requires a practice extended with the less favorably situated 
parts of the country. On large farms, where good stock is well kept, 
and in town dairies, where artificial food is used to supplement the 
supply of turnips, it is seldom now seen.' " 

Symptoms of Acute Redwater. — The usual symptoms of high inflam- 
matory fever prevail ; the flanks heave ; the respiration is accelerated, 
oppressed, and laborious ; the ears are very cold, as also the legs and 
feet ; the horns are cold, except at the root ; the breath, muzzle, and 
mouth, are hot and parching; the muzzle is hot and dry; appetite 
fails; rumination ceases; the back is bent; the loins are peculiarly 
tender ; there is severe straining to discharge urine, with little or no 
effect, or, afterwards, with discharge of bloody urine, or of pure blood ; 
these symptoms are preceded by bloody and continued diarrhoea, which 
suddenly becomes suppressed, and is followed by the characteristic dis- 
charge of bright red blood instead of urine, and by the most inveterate 
and indomitable costiveness ; the vivid red hue of the evacuated blood 
changes for a deeper color, sometimes becoming even black, or, at all 
events, purplish and acrid, and gangrene supervenes ; sometimes, how- 
ever, the blood becomes darker and thicker, without assuming the ma- 
lignant aspect, or without the excessive fetor, which attends the gan- 
grenous symptoms, when (if it be at the same time more copious, and 
less frequent, and that the bowels have been relaxed), the change of 
color in the discharge should be received as a favorable symptom. 

Symptoms of Chronic Redwater. — Brownish-yellow suffusion of the 
skin ; dulness, apathy, languor, repugnance to motion or exertion, col- 
lapsed sideway appearance of the belly ; the animal stands apart, and 
avoids the rest of the herd ; the appetite fails, rumination is suspended ; 
the ears hang listlessly, and become cold ; the extremities become cold ; 
the conjunctiva assumes a color similar to that of the skin, of a dark 
and brownish-yellow, and the vessels of the eye are turgid ; the pulse 
becomes quick, but generally, also, feeble, or small and wiry ; at the 
outset of the disease, or before its development, there are violent, copi- 
ous, very loose and offensive evacuations, which yield to the most ob- 

* On Puerperal Redwater in Cows, by Mr. M. Cumming, V.S. : Ellon, Aberdeen- 
shire, Trans, of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, vol. iv, p. 9. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 403 

st mate costiveness as the fever-symptoms become developed ; the flanks 
shrink from the touch, but not so severely as in acute red water; the 
flesh fails, and the skin becomes flabby ; the urine, in the early stage, 
is of a yellowish-brown, gradually becoming redder, and then darker 
brown, until it becomes almost black ; there is copious discharge, but 
slowly effected, and in an attenuated stream, sometimes without strain- 
ing, sometimes with violent straining ; the milk decreases in quantity, 
and becomes tinged with the characteristic brownish-yellow color ; the 
milk is greatly deteriorated, being rancid, and almost offensive. Some- 
times the incipient symptoms of uneasiness, languor, listlessness, loss 
of appetite, and approaching fever, &c, with diarrhoea, subside all of a 
sudden, and the animal appears to have been suffering from a casual 
ailment, which has passed off. This remission may last for weeks, and 
even months. 

Blackwater, which is the concluding stage of the former diseases, is 
to be looked upon with great suspicion, after either acute or chronic 
redwater, when the discharge becomes very offensive and purulent ; it 
is ever an evil omen after chronic redwater ; but, when the offensiveness 
and admixture of matter are absent (as already stated), blackwater is to 
be received as an indication of improvement when it appears as the last 
stage of acute redwater. 

This malady may consist in an aggravated form of redwater, the urine 
being very dark in color ; but there is a totally different disease, which 
is known by the name of blackwater. It is the Wood-evil, Pantas, or 
Darn, of many districts in England and Scotland, and though far more 
severe in milk cows it nevertheless affects oxen and even horses. In 
Germany it is known by the name Holzkrankheit — Wood-disease — 
and in France as the Maladie des Bois. 

It has been believed due to the wild anemone by some, by others it 
is ascribed to the poisonous influence of Lollum temulentum, but my 
experience proves that it constantly occurs on pasture in the immediate 
vicinity of woods, and where cows can partake of the astringent shoots 
of young trees, especially of the oak. 

The symptoms are very similar to simple redwater, but we sometimes 
find discharge of blood by the bowels. There is constipation at first, 
but diarrhoea towards the latter stage, generally colicky symptoms and 
evident indications of intestinal irritation. There is great tenderness 
over the loins ; the urine is deeply tinged with blood, and the general 
disturbance is very considerable, particularly when diarrhoea with 
hemorrhage from the bowels sets in. The secretion of milk emits a 
bad odor, and is scanty in quantity. Occasionally convulsions occur, 



404 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

and the animal dies in from three days to a fortnight, in a state of 
great prostration. Camphor may be used as a stimulant when the 
prostration is great. 

331. Treatment. — The affected animals must be removed at once 
from injurious pastures ; those whose ailment may be traced to turnips 
should be deprived of them, and in their place receive rich and nour- 
ishing diet, including Knseed gruel, which tends at the same time to 
nourish the patient and soothe the irritated urinary organs. 

Cantharis. — Indicated by bloody urine, or pure blood is passed ; 
much painful straining. 

Dose. — Five drops, on crumbs of bread, every two or three hours. 

Terebinth. — This powerful remedy will sometimes answer when 
Cantharis fails. It causes, and of course cures, hemorrhage from the 
kidneys, or hematuria. Terebinth may be given in doses of from five 
to ten drops every hour, or even every half hour, if the flow of bloody 
urine is quite free. 

Ipecacuanha. — In bloody urine deemed by Gunther the principal 
remedy. Turbid urine, with brickdust sediment. Bloody stools. 
Loose cough. See Materia Medica for further indications. 

Dose. — Five drops every hour or two hours till the patient is re- 
lieved. 

Camphor. — In the early stage of redwater, with prostration and 
chilliness, Camphor may be given with the great advantage of pro- 
moting reaction and preparing the way for the more effectual action 
of other remedies. 

Dose. — Five drops every hour or two hours on crumb of stale 
bread. 

Arsenicum may be needed in those advanced stages of redwater, or 
especially blackwater, in which prostration and debility appear in 
consequence of the disorder, or of the poisonous nature of its causes. 
This remedy will greatly help, where indicated by the accompanying 
symptoms, to remove the bad condition of the system caused by im- 
proper food. Diarrhoea, especially if offensive, will still more pointedly 
indicate Arsenicum. This remedy, remarkable for its efficacy in malig- 
nant and putrid disorders, like cattle plague, will be called for in many 
cases of redwater, which seem to tend towards this pestilence. 

Dose. — Ten drops for horses or large cattle, three for sheep, two for 
dogs, repeated once in three or four hours, according to the severity of 
the symptoms. 

Consult, also, in the Materia Medica, Bryonia, Nux vomica, Bella- 



AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 405 

donna , Pulsatilla, Ifercurius, Lachesis, and Sulphur. Also the remedies 
set down under the head of " Inflammation of the Kidneys," which in 
many respects resembles some forms of redwater. 

332. Diuresis — Profuse Staling — Diabetes Insipidus — Diabetes 
MellitUS. — Diuresis or excessive staling of very clear urine produces 
great prostration of strength, and may, if neglected, end fatally. More 
often, however, if not relieved, it brings on such a deteriorated state of 
the system that glanders supervenes and carries off the patient. 

The principal symptom, other than excessive staling, is extreme 
thirst. The horse drinks readily and greedily, and if he be not in- 
dulged, will refuse his food. The skin is dry, and the coat is rough 
and staring. The digestion is generally out of order, and the bowels 
are torpid. The appetite is capricious, depraved, and impaired. From 
the prostration induced, the horse sweats easily and is incapable of 
much exertion, and falls away rapidly in condition. 

The causes of this disease are various. Most frequently they are 
connected with the use of bad forage. Mow-burnt or mouldy hay, and 
kiln-dried oats, are especially apt to produce it by reason of their 
diuretic effect on the kidneys. The water in particular localities some- 
times also affects these organs. More rarely it occurs as a sequel of 
any glandular disease, such as strangles, or of any derangement of the 
organs of digestion. 

In some cases it may be traced to the frequent use of " condition 
balls," a main constituent of which is often nitre or turpentine, which 
act as stimulants on the kidneys, and by their irritating action cause 
continual and excessive function of those organs. In sheep, it has been 
ascribed to eating certain plants, including Asclcepias vincetoxicum, 
Anemone nemorosa, and to the young shoots of fir and oak trees. The 
use of diuretics, such as nitre, may induce it. 

Diuresis must not be confounded with that simple augmentation in 
the amount of urine, which may arise from a multitude of causes, some 
of an alimentary, and others of a nervous character. Such augmenta- 
tion, when only temporary, must not be viewed in the light of disease. 
Change in the food, for instance, often affects the secretion. Thus, if a 
horse be put on tares, the urine will not only be increased, but it will 
become whitish and show a great deal of sediment. 

Profuse urine, such as has just been described (and which may pos- 
sibly arise from some previous inflammatory affection of the bladder), 
is called diabetes insipidus (or tasteless), to distinguish it from the much 
rarer form of diabetes mellitus, in which sugar is found in the excessive 



406 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

urine. The former affection, according to Blaine,* is not uncommon 
in the horse; while the latter, diabetes mellitus, is very rare, but some- 
times does occur in the horse. 

In cattle it is believed that diabetes mellitus is more common than 
in horses, according to Gunther, who makes no mention of any other 
form in these classes of veterinary practice. He says : " In this disease 
of the urinary organs, the animal passes an incredible quantity of sac- 
charine urine, at first limpid as water, then having a greenish cast ; he 
feels great thirst, but the urine he passes is out of proportion to the 
water he drinks ; gradually he becomes weak, and the discharge of 
urine is not accomplished without difficulty. At length hectic fever 
comes on, and the animal is lost inevitably, if art does not interfere in 
time. The usual causes are cold or moist food covered with frost, or 
frozen." 

333. Treatment. — Acidum phosphoricum: Profuse urine; milky 
urine ; great debility ; excessive discharge of urine of a pale, clear, and 
thin consistence ; much thirst, constant desire to drink ; rapid loss of 
flesh; sweats on the least exertion. This is a principal remedy for 
diuresis, or profuse staling, especially in the horse. 

Dose. — Ten drops every four hours till improvement appears, then 
night and morning only. 

Arsenicum. — Mouth dry ; excessive thirst ; great emaciation ; worn 
out constitution ; diabetes mellitus, or saccharine urine. Such a case, in 
the human subject, has been cured with the long-continued use of this 
remedy. 

Kreosote. — Advised by Gunther for diabetes mellitus in oxen and 
cows. Copious quantities of clear urine are passed very often ; urine 
of reddish sediment and acrid smell ; urine with a bad smell, but no 
color. This remedy is reported to have cured diabetes mellitus in man, 
and is remarkably indicated for cases of profuse staling in cattle. 

Dose.— Ten drops three times a day. 

P. S. — Kreosote so very much resembles Carbolic acid in many re- 
spects that we cannot but suggest the use of this latter remedy in 
diuresis. 

Lycopodium. — Frequent, copious urination ; red sand-like sediment 
in the urine. 

Mercurius. — Great quantities of urine are passed, more at night ; 

* "Veterinary Art," p. 390. 



AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 407 

turbid urine and fetid; brown-red or dark-red urine; discharge of blood 
from the bladder. 

Sulphur has many of the symptoms of common diabetes, the great 
emaciation, the constipation, enormous flow, and also that sweetish taste 
of the urine which characterizes the rarer form or diabetes mellitus. 

Muriate of uranium, a new remedy, bids fair to assume the first 
rank in urinary disorders. 

Nux vomica. — The following case, treated and reported by Dr. 
James Moore, illustrates the symptoms and treatment of a common 
form of this disease, and shows the indications for this remedy: 

Symptoms. — A coach-horse; pulse 28 and weak; respiration normal; 
the whole body is very cold, the legs particularly so ; the hair rough, 
unglossy, and staring ; the tongue is of a dirty yellowish color, and 
some half-masticated food remains in the mouth ; the appetite is both 
impaired and depraved, for the animal manifests a predilection for 
dirty litter, and refuses to partake of good diet ; frequent micturition ; 
urine profuse, clear, and limpid ; the bowels are constipated and the 
faeces are enveloped in mucus. 

To have ten drops of Nux vomica, 1, thrice daily. On the third day 
the skin was of the proper temperature and appearance ; tongue clean ; 
appetite much improved; faeces and urine natural, both as regards 
amount and character. On the fourth day, at work, convalescent, and 
cured. 

Pulsatilla. — Recommended for diabetes in sheep. For characteristic 
indications see the Materia Medica. 

In addition to the above-mentioned remedies the following have been 
recommended for diabetes or profuse staling in the horse : Conium, 
Natrum muriatieum, Baryta muriatica, and Ledum. 

For this disorder in sheep consult Lycopodium and Mereurius, or 
Mezereum, Acidum phosphoricum, Kreosotum, and Pulsatilla. 

Dose. — Where not otherwise stated, the most suitable dose for dia- 
betes (whether insipidus or mellitus) will consist of from four drops 
to ten drops, according to the size and age of the animal, repeated 
once in four hours until improvement appears, then night and morning 
only. 

334. Scanty Urine. — In a great number of diseases, the urine is 
scanty, as a symptom. It is also more or less diminished in hot wea- 
ther, and when the animal is worked, or much exercised, because then 
a large quantity of the fluid of the body is carried off by the skin. 

It occasionally happens, how r ever, that a horse, for example, suffers 



408 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

from scanty urine and nothing more, attended with some more than 
usual efforts to relieve himself — a state of things which knowing grooms 
consider as requiring a "staling ball." * 

In such a case as this, instead of giving a drug that may set up an 
awkward amount of irritation, recourse should be had to Arsenicum or 
Bryonia, three times a day, until the above symptoms pass off. 

Cantharis may be required if there appears much irritation of the 
urinary passages. See Inflammation of the Bladder and of the Kid- 
neys. 

Dose. — Of the selected remedy, five drops to the horse, smaller 
doses to smaller animals, three times a day. 

335. Dysuria — Difficulty of Urinating. — In the horse especially 
this serious disorder may show itself. If the male animal becomes 
foul, as may often occur in dry and hot and dusty weather, he must 
be cleansed. There may be the greatest difficulty in urinating ; the 
animal places himself in position and strains in vain, for upwards of 
an hour, when at length the urine comes freely, and he is relieved. 
Dr. J. Moore reports a case of this kind cured by giving Aconite 1st 
dilution in the morning, and Arsenicum of the same dilution at night. 

Pulsatilla, Conium, Cantharis, Nux vomica, and Sulphur may be 
consulted in the Materia Medica ; also see the articles on Spasm of the 
Bladder, and on Inflammation of the Bladder. 

336. Calculi — Stones. — Stones met with in the urinary apparatus 
are named according to the particular part in which they are lodged. 

1. In the Kidney. — Stones in one or both kidneys have been found 
in all animals, the horse and pig in particular. Tenderness of the 
loins, discharge of blood, and attacks of pain with manifestation of 
colicky sufferings, are the chief symptoms, but they are not character- 
istic. Dogs retch and vomit. 

2. In the Ureter. — Stones sometimes pass from the kidney into the 
tube leading to the bladder, but this is rare owing to the horizontal 
position of the ureter. In its passage, most severe pain is excited. 
If it should be arrested in its course, the urine collects in the kidney 
and seriously injures that organ. This is specially the case in the pig. 

3. In the Bladder. — The chief symptoms are: straddling manner 
of walking, the hind legs separated, frequent efforts to pass urine, 
stoppage of urine, bloody urine, dribbling, and detection of the stone 
by passing the hand into the rectum to examine the bladder — into the 
vagina in female animals; or by using a " sound," when this is feasi- 



AFFECTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 409 

ble. Vesical • calculi occur in the horse, in horned cattle, and in 
swine. 

4. In the Urethra. — In male animals, stones frequently lodge in the 
tube for the passage of urine outwards from the bladder, and, obstruct- 
ing the flow of urine, set up colicky symptoms. Sheep and rams are 
especially subject to this. 

5. In the Prepuce, or Foreskin. — Most common in horses and pigs, 
and inducing difficulty in urinating. 

Symptoms. — The symptoms attending these affections are not only 
obscure in themselves, but they assume the varied characteristics of the 
diseases, such as spasmodic colic, inflammation of the kidney, inflam- 
mation and spasm of the bladder, sometimes even of red water. This 
variety of manifestations is therefore our best guide, and should lead 
us to pay particular attention to the nature and deposits of the urine, 
which will be found to consist of a quantity of white, reddish, yellowish, 
gray, or even very dark, sandy, gritty matter, if, indeed, concretions 
in the urinary vessels and ducts be present. Having descried the 
presence of such deposits, we should be led to throw the animal, and 
to examine the parts more accurately, in order that the irritating sub- 
stances may be removed. The animal will, sometimes, be remarkably 
restless and uneasy, alternately stretching and contracting the limbs, 
or huddling them close to the belly, or standing with the hind legs 
apart, or striking at the belly with the feet, or continually rolling, and 
often also with the presence of the tenderness, movements, heat, and 
fever symptoms, &c, already described under the head of " Inflamma- 
tion of the Kidney j " sometimes we may remark oozing discharges of 
matter from the sheath, occasioned by the presence of irritating concre- 
tions within the tube, the curvature of which (in the ox) renders it 
easily susceptible of stoppage. 

337. Treatment. — Aconite : This remedy may be given in ten-drop 
doses to the horse and to horned cattle, and in proportionally smaller 
doses to smaller animals, to relieve the distress, and promote the exit 
of the stone. 

Cantharis may be found useful where there is great straining to 
urinate, and discharge of bloody urine ; and where the region of the 
bladder is painfully distended. 

Dose. — Ten drops in a little water, or on sugar, every two hours till 
relief appears ; then once in three or four hours. 

Nux vomica, Sarsaparilla, and Uva ursi, have also been recom- 
mended. (See Materia Medica.) 



410 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Lycopodium. — This important remedy should not be forgotten in 
such cases; it will be indicated by much reddish sediment in the 
urine ; and either with or without the co-operation of Sarsaparilla, it 
may greatly aid in curing the constitutional condition which leads to 
the formation of the calculi. 

V/hen the stones have acquired size, and can be plainly detected upon 
examination, as above directed, they may be removed by an operation. 
It sometimes occurs in the female (mare) that the calculus passes into 
the urethra of its own accord, as if seeking to escape. This desirable 
result may be promoted by mechanically dilating the urethra; but in 
the male there is less opportunity for such a course ; nor can it succeed 
in any case unless the stone is of moderate size. 



CHAPTER X. 

DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 

Section I. 

338. Abortion, Slinking. — Abortion, commonly known by the 
name of slinking, is very prevalent amongst cows, occurring, vari- 
ously, at different periods of pregnancy, between the fifth and ninth 
months. Mares are less subject to abortion, except, indeed, during the 
sixth month. Abortion is so communicative by sympathy amongst 
animals, particularly mares and cows, that it assumes the aspect of an 
infectious disorder. Amongst cows it bears the double character of 
endemic and epidemic disease. With sows abortion rarely occurs, but 
it is somewhat sympathetic; the young are almost invariably dead, 
and sometimes already putrid when delivered. Amongst sheep (ewes) 
it is not so easily and readily communicated, nor is it of such common 
occurrence. Towards the close of the period of gestation, however, it 
not unfrequently occurs, but generally, as occasioned by errors of feed- 
ing, scantiness of food, constitutional disease, unhealthy situations for 
folding, want of proper precaution in general treatment, and by the 
worrying of the sheep-dog. With ewes abortion is rarely fatal to the 
dam, but ever so to the lamb. * With cows it is very frequently fatal 
to both (the calf being usually expelled in an advanced state of de- 



DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 411 

composition), and with mares occasionally so. With ewes there are 
indeed few instances in which the young are born alive (prematurely), 
but they are usually delivered very shortly after death. 

General Causes of Slinking or Abortion. — In respect of ewes, to the 
causes already stated may be added, exposure in bleak situations ; con- 
tinued intercourse with the male — where the ewe and ram have been 
left within reach, or careless driving of the sheep. As regards the 
mare, the general causes of abortion may be stated as overexertion, 
with strain or lesion ; want of sufficient exercise ; confinement in foul 
and unhealthy places ; excessively stimulating or poor and insufficient 
food ; and sympathy. As regards cows, it prevails in particular dis- 
tricts, where it arises from atmospheric influences, or from the peculiar 
nature of the pasture ; it is contagiously, or rather sympathetically, 
conveyed from one cow to another, and from generation to generation, 
becoming an hereditary disease ; sometimes it occurs from inaptitude 
of construction of the male for the female. Inflammatory and highly 
stimulating food, as also impoverished feeding, undue exposure, too 
high condition, lesion, errors in general treatment, occasion the preva- 
lence of abortion amongst cows. As regards the sow we may enumer- 
ate copulation during pregnancy ; the violence of the friction, which, 
to pigs, is a constant luxury, may sometimes occasion it ; but the more 
common causes, other than lesion and the like, are errors in the food, 
inadequate proportion of good food, &c, and an excess of green watery 
food. 

Professor Tanner* attributes to the growth and consumption of 
ergotized grass seeds very much of the prevalence of abortion among 
cows in Great Britain. He says : "The action of ergot of rye (Secale 
cornutum) upon the womb is well known as an excitant to powerful 
action, which usually terminates in the expulsion of the foetus. We 
have a similar disease appearing on the seeds of our grasses, but espe- 
cially on the rye-grass, and thus we have an ergot of the seed of rye- 
grass produced, possessing similar exciting powers upon the womb to 
those produced by the ergot of rye. Two conditions are necessary for 
the production of this ergot upon the seed of rye-grass. The first is, 
the grass must be allowed to run to seed ; and the second is, the climate 
must be favorable for encouraging the development of the ergot. In 
practice, we find that on land which has been fed on during the sum- 
mer, unless it has been grassed with unusual care, much of the grass 
throws up seedstalks and produces seed. In districts where the climate 

* "Dairy Stock," p. 229. 



412 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

is humid and rain abundant, as well as in very wet seasons, these seeds 
become liable to the growth of this ergot. Cattle appear to eat it with 
a relish, and the result is, that abortion spreads rapidly through the 
herd. Heifers and cows, which, up to the appearance of the ergot, 
have held in calf, are excited by consuming it in their food to cast 
their calves. The abortion having once commenced, we know that 
the peculiarly sensitive condition of the breeding animal will cause its 
extension, even where the original cause may not be in operation, but 
their combined action renders the loss far more serious. If we add to 
this the tendency which an animal receives from her first abortion to 
repeat it when next in calf, we see how seriously the mischief becomes 
multiplied. 

"A somewhat extended observation, added to my own experience, 
has led me to the conviction that very much of the loss arising from 
abortion in our cows may be traced to the cause I have named. I 
feel assured the influence is even more extended than I have stated ; 
for not only would the foetus be thrown off in an advanced stage, but 
also during its earlier growth, thus causing great trouble to breeders 
of high-bred stock — the repeated turning of cows to the bull, and at 
most irregular intervals. The remedy differs in no respect from the 
ordinary mode of treatment, except that it compels a removal of the 
stock from the influence of the cause. Much, however, may be done 
by way of prevention, and this I shall briefly notice. It simply con- 
sists in keeping breeding cows and heifers upon land free from these 
seeds. Grass which has been grazed during the summer, will very 
generally (in a humid climate), have some of this ergo ti zed seed ; but 
I have not observed any produced before the end of July, or early in 
August; and I doubt its existence to any injurious degree up to this 
time ; we may, therefore, consider such ground safe up to this period. 
If the breeding stock are then removed to grass land which having 
been mown for this operation is a guarantee against any seeds remain- 
ing, it will seldom if ever happen that any injury will result from the 
production of ergotized grass later in the season. I will not venture 
to say that such will not appear in some cases where the grass has been 
cut early, and has been followed by a rapid growth ; but, at any rate, 
we have grazing land free from this excitant from July until Septem- 
ber ; and in the grass which has been mown late, I do not consider 
there is the least fear of ergot being again formed in that season. In 
this manner a farmer may keep grass land for his breeding stock en- 
tirely free from ergotized grass, and, consequently, so far as this cause 
is considered, they will be free from abortion. It is also worthy of 



DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 413 

attention, how far young heifers may not be prejudicially influenced, 
before they are used for breeding, by an excitement of the womb. 
This appears to me a subject worthy of some interest on the part of 
the veterinary profession." 

This noxious growth of grass seeds may not yet have been observed 
in this country, although it is common enough in the cultivated grains, 
Secale cornutum in rye and " smut n in wheat, and the Ustilago madis 
on the ears of maize. But it has been deemed proper to invite atten- 
tion to this subject ; so that if it should at any time prove operative in 
producing abortion in America, as it already has in England, it will 
be at once detected and guarded against. 

The following symptoms will indicate an approaching abortion : 
Sudden loss of the natural vivacity, rapid diminution of the milk, loss 
of appetite, absence of rumination, enlargement and drooping of the 
belly, and hollowness of the flanks ; tottering gait ; gradual lessening 
of the jerking movements of the foetus ; continued recumbency, with 
disinclination to move, or continually erect position without movement 
of any kind ; the respiration more and more impeded ; sometimes the 
breathing is more or less convulsively interrupted; a yellowish or red 
shining matter is discharged from the bearing ; continual bleatings or 
moans, with occasionally more or less restlessness and shivering. 

Should death have taken place it may be necessary to extract the 
foal, calf, &c, without waiting for the natural powers to do so ; and, it 
necessary, the process of delivery may have to be aided by the hand of 
the veterinarian ; or failing this by suitable instruments. 

339. Treatment.— Arnica : Threatened abortion from blows, or 
other external mechanical injuries. 

Dose. — Ten drops every hour, or two hours. The external applica- 
tion of Arnica tincture diluted with ten parts of water (which should 
be warmed in cold weather), will be equally necessary when the exter- 
nal injuries have been considerable. See section on " Mechanical In- 
juries." 

Rhus tox. should be given internally in the same manner as advised 
for Arnica, only but half as often, when the tendency to abortion re- 
sults from a strain, as in drawing heavy loads, or otherwise. 

Opium must be given in the same manner as directed for Arnica, 
where the danger of abortion results from a fright. And perfect quiet 
and rest should be maintained in this instance, as indeed in all others. 

Pulsatilla, ten drops thoroughly mixed in one pint of water, and 
two tablespoonfuls given every hour, will sometimes prevent the abor- 



414 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

tion, by removing the uterine pains. But where the abortion is 
inevitable it promotes and hastens this conclusion • and proves very 
efficacious in causing the after-birth to come away in a proper manner 
(" cleansing "). For the latter purpose, as well as for promoting de- 
livery, it should be given in much larger (six-drop doses) quantities, 
than when it is used to prevent miscarriage. 

Secale cormitum may be required when the abortion has actually 
occurred, for the violent straining (after-pains), profuse flow of blood, 
debility, feebleness of pulse. 

Dose. — Five drops every hour, or two hours till better. 

Sabina. — This important remedy may be indicated, either before, or 
during the abortion, by discharge of bright-colored blood, or of masses 
of coagulated blood, with strong straining efforts. 

Dose. — Six drops every two hours, given, like the others, in a little 
water, which may readily be placed on the tongue. 

China may be required to enable the animal to recover from the de- 
bility caused by too profuse flow of blood during or after the abortion,; 
it may even assist in stopping such a flow. 
. Dose. — Six drops once in three or four hours. 

Preventive and General Treatment of Abortion. — Have a care to as- 
certain and obviate the immediate cause, if there be any, and pay con- 
tinual attention to the nature of the food, folding, pasture, housing, litter, 
cleanliness, ventilation, exercise, and general treatment; and consult the 
Materia Medica, for the purpose of selecting judiciously from amongst 
the following remedies : Aconitum, Belladonna, Bryonia, Cannabis, 
Chamomilla, Cina, Coceulus, Hyoscyamus, Nux vom., Platina, and Sepia, 
when abortion is imminent ; and Sulphur (or such other remedy as is 
indicated by the prevailing morbid manifestations) in cases where there 
is constitutional predisposition in particular animals, owing to bad habit 
of body. Tincture of Camphor has been successfully used as a preven- 
tive remedy, in cases in which there was morbid susceptibility of sexual 
instinct, and in which spasmodic action of the womb (in default of other 
apparent causes, and in the absence of distinct disease) appeared to be 
the direct cause of unproductive copulation or premature delivery. 
Sepia is no doubt one of the most efficient remedies to prevent abor- 
tion, by curing some remote noxious element in the system, which 
powerfully predisposes to this result. But it is not probably worth 
while for any one to engage in the doubtful business of breeding from 
animals (cows especially), who are known to be " Blinkers," i. e., to 
throw their young prematurely. Still if any one wishes to make 



DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 415 

the attempt, five drops of the dilution might be given night and morn- 
ing, for a week, then omit one week, &c., &c. 

340. Difficult Parturition and its Consequences.— The natural 
course of delivery requires no medicinal interference ; it is only when 
the labor is difficult and unduly protracted that we are called upon to 
intercede. Particulars relating to the due course of parturition have 
already been enumerated under the head of each animal, respectively, 
in the first part of this work, to which the reader is therefore referred. 
It must not, however, be omitted, that, during the latter period of 
pregnancy, and towards the approach of parturition, every animal 
should be the object of constant vigilance, and that any irregularities 
attending the excrements, milk, skin, pulse, movements, &c, &c, 
should be obviated by prompt and appropriate treatment, according to 
the character of the symptoms. 

Upon the earliest manifestation of symptoms of approaching partu- 
rition, the person to whom the care of the animal is intrusted should 
be on the alert, and should watch the progress of delivery, for the pur- 
pose of yielding such mechanical or medicinal assistance as may be 
required. 

Symptoms of Approaching Parturition. — Increasing uneasiness and 
agitation ; constant change of position ; quick breathing ; swelling of 
the udder, with sudden gush of milk ; drooping of the belly, and ex- 
ternal swelling of the bearing and adjacent parts ; shining, glossy red, or 
yellowish discharge from the bearing ; as regards the sow, inordinate 
distension of the belly and sinking of the back ; painful, moaning grunt ; 
gathering of straw in the mouth ; sudden enlargement of the teats. 

The slowness in the development of the labor-pains ; the undue con- 
tinuance of the pains and throes without delivery ; the subsidence of 
the throes ; the inordinate and convulsive violence of the throes ; the 
continuance of the throes after the expulsion of the after-birth ; exces- 
sive discharge of blood ; and other irregularities in delivery, will call 
for medicinal interference. 

Mares, unless they have been overworked, or overdriven, seldom 
have any trouble in foaling. But for various reasons, such periods 
are more dangerous for cows. We give from Gunther principally a few 
brief hints as to the use of the medicines most efficacious in these circum- 
stances, and they are the same that are most used in human obstetrics. 

341. Treatment. — Pulsatilla: When the pains are too light, or die 
away by spells. This one remedy in doses of ten drops, given at inter- 



416 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

vals of two or three hours, will often prove all that is needed to facili- 
tate delivery in mares or cows. 

Secale cornutum. — The pains are accompanied with convulsive 
movements in horses ; and excessive straining in cows. 

Chamomilla. — Great restlessness ; distress before the effectual pains 
come on ; a long time elapses before the animal lies down. This remedy 
is suited to difficult or delayed parturition with excessive painfullness. 
Pulsatilla may be given in alternation with it to promote the working 
pains. 

Opium, and also Pulsatilla, may be needed when the pains cease al- 
together. Opium may restore the temporarily lost tone of the system, 
and thus enable Pulsatilla to do much more good than if it had not 
thus been preceded. 

Aconite and Chamomilla, either separately or in alternation, are 
useful in promoting the flow of the milk. 

Arnica. — Internally, and externally as a lotion (one part of the 
tincture to nine parts of water), will exert a beneficial influence when, 
from the severity and long continuance of the pains, the parts may have 
been bruised ; especially suitable, for this same reason, after operations, 
whether manual or instrumental. This remedy may also be needed 
for actual inflammation of the womb, after parturition. 

Sabina is advised to be employed in alternation with Arnica, in 
order to remove inflammation of the womb. 

Sepia and Platina are recommended for long-continuing intense" 
pains after the after-birth (placenta) has come away. 

Dose. — These remedies may be given in ten-drop doses, introduced 
in the most convenient manner, and repeated once in one, two, or three 
hours, as long as needed. 

Consult in the Materia Medica portion of this work, Aconite, Bella- 
donna, Bryonia, and Nux vomica. See also the previous article on 
Milk or Puerperal Fever, or Dropping after Calving, in Cows, Chapter 
VII, p. 357, of this work. 

342. Removal of the After-birth. — The dislodgment and expul- 
sion of the after-birth should follow immediately after delivery, and, 
if this does not take place, no time should be lost in resorting to ap- 
propriate treatment, lest fever, degenerating into a typhoid character 
or putridity, supervene. After a brief season of rest from the severe 
exertion inseparable from the expulsion of the young animal, the pains 
usually return with sufficient force to accomplish this result ; if not, 
the following medicines will be found useful, as indicated. 



DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 417 

Belladonna will be required if there is much redness of the parts, 
or any appearance of inflammation. 

Pulsatilla. — Pains too feeble ; intermittent. 

Secale cornutum. — Entire absence of pains ; and where Pulsatilla 
proves insufficient. 

Dose. — Give of the selected remedy, five drops every hour. 

343. Discharge of Blood from the Womb after Delivery. — For 

this complication see previous article on abortion ; and consult in the 
Materia Medica, especially, Ipecacuanha, Belladonna, Arnica, Sabina, 
Chamomilla, Platina, and Sepia. 

Dose. — Give five drops of the selected remedy, every hour, or two 
hours, according to the severity of the flow, till it begins to subside ; 
then a dose one in three hours, till three doses are taken. 

344. Inversion of the Womb. — Inversion of the womb, that is, the 
ejection of the matrix itself immediately after the expulsion of the foetus, 
is occasioned by the inordinate violence and convulsive nature of the 
throes, arising out of difficulty in the delivery, and by violence used in 
extracting the young animal, or in the removal of the after-birth. The 
bag itself, sometimes of a vivid red color, sometimes purplish, pro- 
trudes and hangs from the bearing. 

Treatment. — After having gently replaced it, and temporarily bound 
the parts, give Arnica in five-drop doses, once in three hours, keep- 
ing the animal as quiet as possible ; and feeding her for two or three 
days on light but nourishing food. 

345. Other Injuries Occasioned in Labor. — Either from the vio- 
lence of the natural effort used in expelling the foetus, or from the 
roughness or inevitable severity of the mechanical measures adopted 
to obviate a misplaced, or otherwise irregular presentation, it not un- 
frequently occurs that the bearing and adjacent parts are externally 
lacerated, in which case it will be desirable to apply a proper dressing 
to the parts, to prevent the occurrence of more severe results. These 
lacerations rarely involve the necessity for constitutional treatment 
other than that which is adopted to facilitate delivery or to subdue in- 
ternal inflammatory action in and after difficult labor. 

Treatment. — To one pint of water add a dessertspoonful of Tincture 
of Arnica, and bathe the parts frequently and freely, until the soreness 
is removed; or if there be much bleeding, and the rent be deep, especi- 
ally if the parts are much swollen, with vivid inflammatory redness, 

27 



418 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

we should prefer the Tincture of Calendula, which may be applied in 
similar proportions. For constitutional treatment see "Difficult Par- 
turition." * 

346. Inflammation of the Womb (particularly of Ewes). — In- 
flammation of the womb, to which ewes which have been kept in too 
high condition during pregnancy are particularly liable, may occur 
either four or five weeks before parturition, or within three or four 
days after lambing. 

In respect of this disease, as occurring before delivery, the symp- 
toms are so obscure, and the disease is so treacherous, that it were 
difficult to indicate any distinct traces or apt treatment of it. It is 
not uncommon to distinguish the first intimation of its previous exist- 
ence, in the lamb after death, as indicated by the presence of an inor- 
dinate quantity of watery fluid in the intestines. In these cases, the 
lamb never partakes of food, and dies within sixty or seventy hours 
after delivery. 

Inflammation of the Womb before Delivery may sometimes, however, 
be traced in the usual symptoms of inflammatory fever, together with 
discharges of blood and excessive tenderness of the flanks ; and, if not 
at once arrested, it will generally degenerate into acute dropsy, when 
the carcass will develop a general and inordinate swelling and puffi- 
ness, the skin often emitting a crackling sound (as in rot) upon pres- 
sure, especially about the flanks. 

Treatment. — If the development of the disease be distinguished dur- 
ing the inflammatory stage, consult the article on Specific Effects, for 
the purpose of selecting judiciously from amongst the following reme- 
dies : Aconitum, Belladonna, Bryonia, Cantharides, Chamomilla, La- 
chesis, Mercurius, Nux vomica, Platina, Pulsatilla, and Secale. If the 
dropsical swelling should be the first intimation of the presence of this 
disease, in like manner select from amongst the following remedies : 
Arsenicum, Digitalis, Dulcamara, Helleborus nig., Ledum palustre, Mer- 
curius, Pulsatilla, Sabina, Sepia, and Sulphur. 

Doses. — During the inflammatory stage, three doses, at intervals of 
two hours, and afterwards doses repeated at intervals of from six to 
twelve hours, until the symptoms subside. During the secondary 
stage, the first three doses at intervals of six hours, and afterwards at 
intervals of twelve hours, till the symptoms subside. 

Inflammation of the Womb succeeding Parturition should receive im- 
mediate attention. There are few diseases which are more severe or 
more fatal, or whose course leads so immediately to an issue. 



DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 419 

The muzzle is dry and hot ; the root of the horn, or the scalp between 
the ears, intensely hot ; the ears and extremities are icy cold ; the urine 
and evacuations are suppressed; food is avoided; rumination scarce; 
the animal keeps quite apart from its companions ; the flanks heave ; 
the quarters totter and quail when the animal attempts to stand ; the 
hind legs sink under it ; sometimes there is a discharge of hot, red 
blood instead of urine ; and the eyes are inflamed, the pupils contracted, 
and the look downcast, or fixed and staring. 

When manual or instrumental interference may have given rise to 
inflammation of the womb after delivery, Arnica should be employed, 
prepared as a lotion, as advised under the title of "Injuries occasioned 
in Labor," but used as an injection into the vagina, once in two hours, 
taking care that the temperature of the injected fluid be about blood 
heat. 

The principal cause, so far as is known, of this very dangerous affec- 
tion, consists in the retention of (some portion of) the after-birth, whose 
rapid putrefaction gives rise to an acute inflammation, that quickly in- 
duces a typhous condition of the whole system. Coagulated blood, or 
other discharges, lodged within the uterus or vagina, may have a simi- 
lar effect. 

When there is reason to suspect that some remaining discharge in 
the uterus or vagina, or some fragmentary portion of the after-birth, 
causes the fever by its decomposition, the parts should be thoroughly 
cleansed by injections of Carbolic acid. This injection should be made, 
for this purpose, by dissolving ten grains, or drops, of Carbolic acid 
in one quart of soft, warm water. Dr. Moore recommends the use of 
"Condy's Fluid" — solution of permanganate of potassa — for the same 
purpose. For the medicinal treatment, consult the Materia Medica, 
and select from amongst the following remedies : Aconitum, Belladonna, 
Cantharides, Crocus, Hyoscyamus, Lachesis, Ifercurius, Nux vomica, 
Platina, Pulsatilla, and Secale. 

Doses. — The first three doses should be given at intervals of fifteen, 
thirty, and sixty minutes ; after that, the treatment should be continued 
with doses every two, four, or six hours, according to the degree of 
amelioration or severity of symptoms, from five to ten drops. 

347. Puerperal Fever— Milk Fever— " Dropping after Calving." 
— This form of disease has already been considered in the chapter on 

"Fevers," at No. 284, which see. 

348. Puerperal Paroxysms (particularly of the Bitch).— These 



420 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

peculiar paroxysms are indirectly occasioned by the excessive draining 
consequent upon suckling a large litter, and sometimes by the insuffi- 
ciency or inferior quality of the food during the early period after par- 
turition. The earliest premonitory symptoms should be met by appro- 
priate treatment, for when the paroxysm supervenes, there is but little 
chance of effectual treatment. 

Symptoms. — At first, we may observe the bitch reeling, with every 
attempt to move ; the hind quarters quailing, and often sinking, and 
the animal abstaining from paying any regard to her young. When 
the paroxysm has fairly come on the bitch will lie upon her flank, 
breathe with fearful and audible effort, and the flank will be charac- 
terized by rapid and violent panting ; the limbs become affected with 
spasmodic twitchings, and contraction or contortion ; convulsive move- 
ments of the limbs supervene ; the muscles of the throat, chest, and 
stomach generally are similarly convulsed; the muzzle becomes re- 
tracted; the teeth close set, and grinding; the eyes closed or fixed, 
glaring, wide open, and distorted. 

Belladonna and Eyoscyamus are the principal remedies. When 
apprehension exists of such a difficulty, give Belladonna in two-drop 
doses every hour to calm the excitement and prevent the development 
of the paroxysms. Should the convulsions set in, this medicine may 
be continued every fifteen or thirty minutes, till relief appears. But 
if no relief comes after giving a number of doses, Hyoscyamus may be 
used in a similar manner. The characteristic symptoms, as laid down 
in the section on " Materia Medica," should determine the choice of 
the remedy in the first instance. 

Chamomilla may be studied, and has been recommended in such 
cases. 

349. Garget. — A disease to which cows and ewes are exceedingly 
subject, and which requires great care and attention. It consists of a 
species of inflammation and induration of the lacteal glands, and of the 
interior of the udder and teats. 

Symptoms. — The first indication of the presence of this disease con- 
sists in the refusal of the dam to suffer the young to suck ; and this is 
ever to be looked upon as a distinct symptom of derangement, because, 
besides the natural affection of the dam for its young, which prompts 
it to nurse its offspring, the painful distension occasioned by the rapid 
secretion of milk would, in the ordinary course, lead the dam to suckle 
the young for relief; upon examination, therefore, which should take 
place as soon as the above-mentioned indication occurs, we shall gener- 



DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 421 

ally find the udder exceedingly tender, of a burning heat, swollen, and 
knotty j the development of distinct hard lumps takes place in various 
parts of the udder, and the teats become likewise affected with these 
tumors or nodosities ; in the earlier stage, the development of tumors, 
which is gradual and progressive, will not have taken place, and the 
general hardness, heat, tenderness, and swelling of the udder, &c, will 
constitute the group of symptoms; later, considerable constitutional 
disturbance supervenes, and the pulse and respiration are powerfully 
affected ; the swellings or lumps in the udder become flabby and soft, 
owing to the progress of suppuration; sometimes proceeding to the 
development of large ragged ulcers, or even to the formation of per- 
manent, hard, knotty tumors, with decrease and impeded discharge of 
milk ; the milk is tinged with blood, and mingled with matter ; the 
appetite fails, and rumination ceases. 

Causes. — Excess of condition, especially at the first parturition; 
neglect during the latter period of pregnancy ; careless and imperfect 
milking, or cessation of milking for too long a period ; the milk not 
being drained thoroughly off, so as to leave the more dense and coagu- 
lable portion of it in the udder, whereas it is coagulation of the milk 
which is the immediate cause of garget; exposure in cold, bleak, damp, 
and marshy situations ; and sometimes, also, the peculiar habit of the 
animal of exposing the udder to pressure when lying down, are also 
amongst the provoking causes ; as, also, neglect in the treatment of the 
animal immediately after parturition (suffering inflammatory action to 
continue without due attention), or the effect of cold and moisture at 
that time. 

350. Treatment. — Phytolacca: Many homoeopathic remedies have 
been advised for this disease; but they all are inferior to one which has 
long been known as a domestic remedy for cows affected with garget. 
And it is from the excellent effects of poke, or scolze, or " garget," as 
it is called in the eastern sections of the country, on cows, that it has 
come to be recognized as invaluable in similar disorders in the human 
subject. When a boy, I remember seeing my father slice up the green 
root of this plant, insert the slices in some pieces of raw potato, and 
give them to a cow whose "bag" was swollen and hard, and that she 
was thus cured. A similar experience is quoted by Dr. E. M. Hale :* 
" When I was a student of medicine in my father's office, a neighbor 
had a valuable cow, which, after a clandestine confinement, was brought 

* "New Kemedies," second edition, p. 795. 



422 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

home from the woods with a most enormously swollen udder. It was 
hard as a stone, intensely hot, painful, and sensitive, and not a particle 
of milk could be drawn. A dose of Epsom salts was administered, but 
after twenty-four hours the cow was worse than before. At this juncture 
an old woman of the neighborhood brought in a piece of a large, white, 
succulent-looking root, which she called scoke, and ordered the farmer 
to cut a portion of it up finely and give the animal in some bran mash. 
Another, the larger portion, was made into a decoction, and the cow's 
udder washed with it frequently. The effect was magical ! In less 
than twelve hours the milk could be drawn, the gland softened, and in 
a few days the morbid condition was removed." 

This is a most remarkable homoeopathic remedy, for it is capable of 
causing what it thus cures. The Poke-weed, or Phytolacca decandra, 
known by its rows (racemes) of purple berries, grows in most parts of 
the United States, and constitutes one of the principal of the famous 
Indian medicines. 

Dose. — Those who cannot readily procure the fresh root may use the 
mother tincture in five-drop doses in a little meal once in three hours, 
and bathe the udder as often with a lotion made by mixing one tea- 
spoonful of the tincture in one pint of soft warm water. 

The Phytolacca is no less suitable for mares than for cows. 

Should the disorder already have advanced to suppuration, and this 
not readily yield to the Phytolacca, consult the article in Materia 
Medica, and select Silicea, Phosphorus, or Sulphur, according to the 
prevailing symptoms, and give three drops of the chosen remedy night 
and morning. 

351. Soreness of Teats. — The soreness, cracking, excoriation of the 
teats, or even discharge of matter from the fissures developed about the 
teats, resulting from a considerable degree of irritation or inflammation, 
ia of very common occurrence amongst cows, and when the cow betrays 
great pain, and is restive during the milking, without the evidence of 
constitutional disturbance, the appetite and rumination being unaltered, 
it is very desirable that the teats should be examined and appropriately 
treated, otherwise constrained suppression of milk may ensue, and entail 
more serious consequences. The habit of impatiently goading the cow, 
which is restive during milking, under such circumstances, is exceed- 
ingly reprehensible, and is not unfrequently followed by decreased or 
deteriorated supply ; sometimes by the admixture of blood with the 
milk, or even by the occurrence of severe constitutional disturbance. 
If, indeed, the excoriation be neglected, it will often result in garget, 



DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 423 

arising out of the suppression and consequent coagulation of the milk ; 
or if it does not lead to such serious consequences, the yield of the milk 
will become permanently diminished, or a vicious habit of restlessness 
incurred, which will render milking a serious task. 

Treatment {externally). — Upon the first appearance of restiveness, 
during milking, the teats should be examined, and if found fissured, 
sore, or excoriated, the parts should be gently bathed with tepid water, 
and an unmedicated cerate, or slightly arnicated cerate should be applied, 
consisting of pure beeswax dissolved in water, with the addition of an 
equal volume of the finest pale olive oil, to which the tincture of Arnica 
may be added, in the following relative proportions : Beeswax, two 
ounces ; olive oil, two ounces ; tincture of Arnica, thirty drops. Or 
when there is not much swelling, or redness, the application of arnicated 
lotion may be resorted to, as follows : 

The Lotion. — To one pint of water add a dessertspoonful of tincture 
of Arnica, and bathe the parts with this lotion half an hour after milking 
(twice a day). 

Constitutional Treatment. — Consult the article on " Materia Medica," 
for the purpose of selecting appropriately from amongst the following 
remedies : Arnica, Chamomilla, Calcarea carbonica, Causticum, Gh^aph- 
ites, Ignatia, Lycopodium, Mercurius, Nux vomica, Pulsatilla, Sepia } 
and Silicea. 

Dose. — Three drops of the selected remedy night and morning. 

352. Castration and Spaying. — These are operations which, how- 
ever unnatural and inhuman, serve materially to enhance the useful- 
ness and profitableness of domestic animals. The animal reserved for 
the purposes of draught or carriage is rendered tractable by the abduc- 
tion of organs which increase the mettle of every animal to the degree 
of ferocity at times. For animals reserved for fattening, these opera- 
tions are unfortunately indispensable, the continual excitement of sexual 
instinct preventing the deposit of flesh and fat. Castration, it is well 
known, is the removal of the immediate organ of generation from the 
male, and spaying applies to the extraction of the ovaries of females. 

.353. Castration of Colts should take place at various ages, accord- 
ing to the condition and development of the animal, and according to 
the particular purpose to which it is devoted. The majority of colts, 
intended for farm purposes, may be castrated about the completion of 
the fifth month. But with draught horses, which are but imperfectly 
developed, castration may, in many cases, be deferred until the ninth, 



424 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

tenth, or twelfth month. The operation is more safely performed in 
cool weather, but not during the prevalence of cold winds, unless the 
colt be warmly housed ; and but rarely, even with these precautions. 
Still less, should hot, sultry or scorching weather in the height of sum- 
mer be selected for castrating colts. Colts should, as a general rule, 
be castrated before they are weaned, and they will in such cases require 
little or no constitutional treatment. If, however, for imperative reasons, 
the operation be deferred until after weaning, we should take such pre- 
cautions as may abate inflammatory action. The operation is variously 
performed, but the new method of the ligature (by binding a string 
tightly round the scrotum, so as to separate the testes from the belly), 
which is also known by the name of twitching — until the scrotum itself, 
and the contents, perish and fall — cannot be considered as safe, — whereas, 
it is far more inhuman than the simple method of effecting an incision 
on each side of the scrotum, and thus severing the parts with the knife. 
Another method is to separate the lower part of the scrotum and its 
contents from the belly, by means of severe compression between two 
small blocks, under which circumstances, as with recourse to the liga- 
ture, the parts perish and fall spontaneously. This method has no 
merit which is not possessed by that of twitching, and is equally severe 
and brutal. 

Constitutional Treatment before and after Castration. — Consult the 
article on Materia Medica, for the purpose of selecting appropriately 
from the following remedies: Aconitum, Arnica, Pulsatilla, and Sul- 
phur; or, especially before castration, Nux Vomica, Arnica, Pulsatilla, 
and Sulphur. 

Doses. — The administration should continue morning and evening, 
until the symptoms are subdued. 

External Treatment immediately after Castration. — If the hemorrhage 
(from the incision) be very considerable, we should have recourse to 
the Tincture of Calendula, in the following manner : 

Application. — To one pint of water, add two tablespoonfuls of Tinc- 
ture of Calendula, and bathe the part freely, at first every half hour, 
and afterwards (as soon as the hemorrhage subsides) three times a day, 
until the parts are thoroughly healed. 

If there be laceration and swelling, without much discharge of blood, 
we should prefer the use of Tincture of Arnica, in the following 
manner : 

Application. — To one pint of water add a teaspoonful of the Tincture 
of Arnica. Mix thoroughly, and bathe the parts with this lotion three 
times a day until the symptoms subside. 



DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 425 

354. Castration of Calves. — The period at which the castration of 
calves may most advantageously be effected, varies according to develop- 
ment, strength, time of year, and weather, from about six weeks or two 
months to five months old. The original method of resorting to the 
ligature of the scrotum has been superseded, and justly so, by the more 
simple, less iuhuman, and less painful method of effecting a sufficient 
orifice athwart the side, on the lower part of the bag, merely holding 
the bag firmly in the hand, and as soon as the testes protrude, nipping 
the spermatic artery and cord with the forceps, so that these connecting 
ligaments and vessels may be twisted off by the revolution of the in- 
strument. The habit of wrenching away the testes by sheer force, as 
soon as they protrude from the incision of the scrotum, which is com- 
mon to clumsy operators, is as brutal as it may prove serious in its con- 
sequences. In the absence of the forceps, the simpler and more secure 
method is to apply a ligature to the vessels only, to prevent unnecessary 
loss of blood, and then to sever the vessels and the cord also with the 
knife, so as to avoid all severe laceration. In no case is the castration 
of calves attended with much hemorrhage, unless it be very clumsily 
performed, and the animals rarely require further treatment than the 
ordinary precautions against undue irritation. When, however, the 
necessity for appropriate and special treatment occurs, the treatment 
prescribed in respect of colts applies equally to calves. 

355. Castration of Tup-Lambs. — Tup-lambs should not be cas- 
trated later than the expiration of the first month after birth, and if 
very weakly, not much sooner ; but in some cases castration may be 
very safely effected as early as the expiration of the first week. The 
operation may be performed, or deferred, according to the state of the 
temperature, or the particular state of the lambs. The fatal consequences 
which sometimes ensue from want of sufficient attention to these par- 
ticulars, sometimes involve the majority, if not the whole of a fold of 
lambs. Lockjaw, or other convulsive nervous affections, appear to 
prevail. Atmospheric influence may be considered as the more fre- 
quent cause of this fatality, and, therefore, the temperate condition of 
the atmosphere, with a degree of moisture, but without the prevalence 
of cold winds or rain, or sultry and excessive heat, are matters of para- 
mount importance at the period of castration. There are several 
methods of effecting the operation. — (1.) That of squeezing the testes 
upwards into the belly, and cutting off a portion of the lower extremity 
of the bag, and then allowing the testes to sink again, and to protrude 
through the orifice, when they are detached, sometimes by wrenching, 



426 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHT. 

sometimes by cutting, and even by biting the cord asunder. The lacer- 
ation produced by wringing the cord asunder, or by means of a blunted 
instrument, is not generally injurious to the lamb, and seems to arrest 
hemorrhage. (2.) Another method, preferable in the castration of lambs 
of more advanced age, is to hold the bag firmly between its contents 
and the belly, and to force or squeeze the contents downward, produc- 
ing tension of the lower portion of the scrotum, along the fissure of 
which, between the two glands, a long incision is then made, through 
which the testes protrude, and whence they are separated as above de- 
scribed. (3.) Another method consists in separating the testes from 
the belly by a tightened ligature, when they are either suffered to perish 
and fall off by total stagnation of circulation, or may be detached with 
the knife, as soon as they cease to possess any share of vitality. 

Constitutional Treatment Attendant upon Castration. — Tincture of 
Camphor is often of great service in the convulsive affections resulting 
from castration. 

Method of Administration. — Saturate a small piece of the crumb of 
stale bread, or a ball of meal, with three drops of the Tincture of Cam- 
phor, and place the saturated medium upon the tongue, as near the 
orifice of the throat as possible. Eepeat this operation every fifteen 
minutes, until the muscles become relaxed. If actual lockjaw should 
have supervened, the Tincture of Camphor may be so applied to the 
nostrils that the animal cannot avoid the inspiration of a portion of the 
vapors emanating from it. Or, again, the muzzle may be rubbed with 
a diluted solution, consistiDg of one part of the concentrated tincture to 
ten parts of alcohol. 

Consult also the article on Materia Medica, and select from : Bella- 
donna, Cuprum a., Hyoscyamus, and Veratrum. 

Doses. — The administration should be repeated, if possible, at inter- 
vals varying from five to sixty minutes, according to the severity of 
the case, until the muscles become relaxed, and then at intervals of 
from two to six hours, until the symptoms subside. 

There has been a practice, in some countries, of spaying animals, 
such as the cow or ewe, within a few weeks after parturition, in order 
to secure the continual secretion of milk ; and this may, indeed, be- 
come advantageous to those who wish to rear winter lambs ; for if the 
animal be spayed when the milk is most abundant, it will continue to 
yield as plenteously throughout the year ; and when the natural dam 
becomes deficient of milk, or from other causes is unable to suckle the 
lamb, the spayed ewe will always be at hand to act as a nurse or fos- 
ter-mother. 



DISEASES AFFECTING THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 427 

356. Spaying of the Ewe-lambs. — An operation which requires 
considerable experience to be well performed. The operator should, 
if possible, have two assistants, — the one to hold the fore legs and 
shoulders firmly, whilst the second keeps the right hind leg firmly 
down, and stretches the left leg upwards, holding that also very firmly. 
It is in this position that the lamb is held down upon its right flank, 
upon a table or dresser, conveniently elevated for that purpose. An 
incision is then made in an oblique direction, in a direct line, and at 
approximately equal distances between the navel and the upper ex- 
tremity of the loin. The outer skin being perforated, the operator 
proceeds to perforate the muscular coating, and then the membrane 
which encompasses the intestines. The left ovary will then be within 
reach, and may be extracted by the curved insertion of the forefinger, 
when the second ovary and uterus will also protrude ; the ovaries are 
then wrung or cut away, and the womb, with its integuments, <fcc, is 
carefully replaced. Constitutional disturbance rarely follows this oper- 
ation ; but we have occasional instances of inflammation of the coating 
of the stomach supervening, when appropriate treatment will be requi- 
site. Occasionally, also, there may be somewhat profuse hemorrhage, 
so much indeed as to require apposite applications. 

Constitutional Treatment of Inflammatory Affections, occasioned by 
Spaying. — Consult the article on Materia Medica, for the purpose of 
selecting appropriately from amongst the following remedies: Aconi- 
tum, Belladonna, Bryonia, Chamomilla, Hyoscyamus, Nux vomica, 
and Rhus. 

Doses. — The administration will require to be repeated at intervals 
of two hours, and afterwards at intervals of from four to six hours, 
until the symptoms subside. 

External Treatment of Hemorrhage, &c, occasioned by Spaying. — 
Application: To one pint of water add two tablespoonfuls of Calen- 
dula Tincture, and bathe the parts freely with the lotion, until the 
hemorrhage ceases, and three times a day afterwards, until the parts 
are healed. 

357. The Castration and Spaying of Pigs differs but very slightly 
from the method adopted in respect of sheep, except, indeed, that it is 
done with less imperative precautions. The ordinary method of cas- 
trating a boar-pig is to open the scrotum along the fissure, to squeeze 
out the testes, and then simply to sever the cord, either by means of a 
knife or blunt instrument, or with the teeth ; or, as with lambs, Avhen 
more advanced in age, by attaching the ligature to the scrotum, and 



428 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

thus separating the glands from the belly. The laceration of the cord, 
as with regard to the lamb, is rather beneficial than otherwise. With 
regard to the spaying of sow-pigs, the method already indicated re- 
specting ewe-lambs is that generally applied. The castration of the 
boar-pig may be effected almost at any time under the third month, 
and after the tenth day, but requires a little more precaution as the pig 
is more matured. The general rules for treatment — in the rare in- 
stances in which after-effects of a serious character ensue — apply equally 
to the sow and boar-pig as to the ewe and tup-lamb. 

358. Increase of Sexual Instinct. — Appearing at the regular sea- 
sons, heat is rather a desirable manifestation than one which requires 
checking ; but it often oecurs also as a morbid symptom, and almost 
invariably with phthisicky disorders, when it is prolonged, continual, 
and insatiable ; and as such it requires to be treated consistently with 
the nature of the disease of which it is a dependent complication. Un- 
spayed female animals, retained for purposes of labor of any kind, and 
not intended for breeding (or uncastrated males, from which it is not 
intended to breed), however, will naturally be found in heat at the first 
commencement of the spring. The characteristic swelling of the bear- 
ing in season, together with the peculiar neigh, bleat or lowing of the 
animal, will afford sufficient indications of heat. Sows, dogs, cats, 
&c, are apt to stray away when in heat ; and the peculiar cry of some 
of these animals is well known. If for purposes of use we wish to 
check the heat, it will be necessary to submit the animal to a course 
of constitutional treatment, and, at the same time, to diminish the pro- 
portion of high and stimulating food, as well as to afford the animal 
additional exercise. These matters, in fact, require more attention 
than is usually assigned to them, as they occasionally lead to very se- 
rious consequences. 

Treatment — Consult the Materia Medica, for the purpose of selecting 
appropriately from amongst the following remedies. In respect of the 
male : Cantharides, Hyoscyamus, Mercurius, Natrum m., Nux vomica, 
Phosphorus, Sulphur, Veratrum. In respect of the female : Belladonna, 
Cantharides, Hyoscyamus, Mercurius, Nux vomica, Phosphorus, Pla- 
tina, Pulsatilla, Sabina, and Sulphur. 

Doses. — The administration should be continued, in two-drop doses 
night and morning, until the symptoms subside. 

359. Decrease or Absence of Sexual Instinct. — When there is ac- 
tual deficiency of instinct or power, arising out of a condition of disease 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 429 

affecting particular organs, or the system generally, the treatment 
should be such as will obviate the particular assemblage of morbid 
symptoms present. 

Besides the consideration of deficiency of sexual instinct as a disease, 
and without actual deficiency, it is often desirable to bring the females 
of domestic animals forward into season, in order to secure all the ad- 
vantages, whether of market or of growth, which may be derivable 
from parturition within a particular period ; for this purpose, various 
injurious expedients have been proposed from time to time, but there 
are very few instances in which the additional profit derived from such 
nostrums would, even partially, compensate for the deterioration of 
stock resulting from their use. In case, however, of diminished in- 
stinct, or of the intention of promoting the readier heating of the 
animal — 

Consult the article on Materia Medica, for the purpose of selecting 
appropriately from amongst the following remedies : Calcarea, Canna- 
bis, Conium, Graphites, Hyoscyamus, Mercurius, Natrum m., Phos- 
phorus, Platina, &c. 

Doses. — The administration should be continued night and morning, 
until the contingency occurs (or heat supervenes), — in three-drop doses. 



CHAPTER XL 

AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 

360. Inflammation of the Feet— Acute Laminitis— Acute (Foot) 
Founder. — What is popularly termed founder, or, more particularly, 
foot-founder — in contradistinction from chest-founder — consists in in- 
flammation of the tendons, muscles, articular ligaments, extremities of 
the bones, and laniinss of the feet. Ordinarily, the fore feet only are 
affected ; in the severest cases, the hind feet also. 

This affection involves at first much constitutional disturbance ; shiv- 
ering; heaving at the flanks; quick, laboring pulse; frequent lying down 
and getting up ; the animal groans with excess of pain, and occasionally 
breaks out into cold and profuse sweats. It may be occasioned by hard 
driving and then being allowed to stand in the snow ; by snow or ice 
being suffered to remain in the feet when the horse, warm with exer- 
cise, is returned to the stable ; by the unceasing strain on the laminse 



430 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

which must be caused by long maintaining the erect position, as on 
sea-voyages, especially where it is united with a very great stress alter- 
nately laid on one or the other of the feet in attempting to preserve the 
perpendicular position during the rolling of the ship ; by very severe 
exertion, especially hard riding upon dry, stony roads ; by sudden sup- 
pression of perspiration ; by passing through water when heated, and 
the like; by omission to dry the feet properly after they have been 
bathed or washed ; by standing still in the cold when heated, or by 
being suddenly placed in a hot stable (in deep litter) after exposure 
to severe cold and wet (as, for instance, snow) ; by metastasis, or some 
other organic inflammation, that of the lungs in particular, &c, &c. 

Symptoms. — The earliest symptoms may be distinguished in the un- 
easiness with which the animal raises, first one and then the other, of 
the fore feet, with evident tenderness and caution in grounding them, 
and without any attempt to strike at or scratch the ground, or to kick 
with the hind feet ; there is evidently a strong inclination to lie down, 
but the animal makes repeated attempts to do so, and is evidently ar- 
rested by the pain and strain to which the feet are exposed in the act 
of lying down ; and when, at last, the animal succeeds in dropping 
suddenly, it remains continually recumbent, with far less appearance 
of uneasiness or pain ; occasionally the foot, and even the pasterns of 
one or both feet, will be found hot, very keenly sensitive, dry, and 
even more or less swollen, especially about the coronet ; the sole will 
be incapable of sustaining the least pressure without severe and evi- 
dent pain evinced by the manner in which the animal snatches away 
its foot, snorts, and groans ; the slightest blow on the external circum- 
ference of the horny hoof will be attended with similar manifestations ; 
the pulse accelerated (generally full and hard), with strong, full, hard 
pulsation of the arteries about the affected parts in particular ; the ani- 
mal moans, and otherwise evinces much suffering ; as the constitutional 
disturbance becomes more severe, the flanks will heave, and the symp- 
toms will be those of fever. 

Acute laminitis, founder, or fever in the feet is at once indicated by 
great heat in the part, by throbbing of the plantar arteries, and by 
almost absolute inability of the horse to move. The animal stands 
with his hind legs drawn up under the body, in order to take the 
weight off the forefeet. If he is compelled to move, he plants the 
heels of these feet on the ground, and brings the hind legs well for- 
ward. 

361. Treatment. — It is necessary at once to remove the shoes and 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 431 

pare down the feet, thinning the sole and crust around. These two 
are the first steps requisite for the relief of the congestion to the feet, 
which constitutes the principal symptom of acute foot- founder. Warm 
baths should be applied to the feet by putting them in small tubs or 
other vessels containing water at the right temperature, that as hot as 
can be well borne by the operator's hand. This method is preferable 
to wet cloths or poultices, although we may be glad to resort to these 
latter when the horse is unable to stand. 

Aconite. — Five-drop doses every hour or two hours, in a little water, 
when there are excessive lameness ; feet intensely hot, especially at the 
coronet ; the horse is unwilling to move ; he lies down ; groans with 
pain ; stands with hind feet far under his belly ; pulse quick and full ; 
there is much fever ; respiration more frequent ; heat in the mouth. 

Arnica may be required when the founder comes on in consequence 
of hard driving (wounding the feet) on hard or stony roads, as well as 
when there are rigidity of the legs and inflammation of the feet. 

Dose. — As advised for Aconite. 

Arnica tincture (mixed with five times its quantity of water), may 
be used as a lotion ; bathing the legs and ankles with it every three 
hours, or putting the feet (in severe cases), into Arnica baths. Or, 
cloths saturated with this liniment may be wrapped about the foot and 
pastern of the affected legs, and pads of tow, similarly saturated, may 
be folded into the hollow of the sole. 

Arsenicum. — Founder from excess of food; after Aconite has re- 
moved the violence of the primary symptoms, and where the feet are 
very tender and painful. 

Nux vomica, where there are loss of appetite, contraction or draw- 
ing up of the abdomen, paralysis. 

Phosphoric acid. — This is one of the most important remedies, and 
is indicated by lameness, heat and tenderness of the feet, softening of the 
horn. 

Consult in the Materia Medica the following remedies : Founder 
from sudden exposure to cold : Aconite, Bryonia, Staphisagria, Vera- 
trum. Exposure to cold after violent exercise : Conium. Paralysis of 
the knees : Rhus tox. Severe pains in the feet : Arsenicum, Nux 
vomica, Petroleum, and Thuja. 

Founder from excess of fatigue : Aconite, Opium. Holds the head 
low, and the legs widely separated, or the pulse is weak : Rhus tox. ; 
Arnica, Nux vomica, and China, when the feet are cold. 

362. Founder and Foul in the Foot of Cattle.— Foul in the foot, 



432 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

a term exclusively applied to the particular disease to which oxen, cows, 
&c, are subject, and which, in its secondary stage, assumes much of the 
character of the foot rot of sheep, may be traced to a precursory in- 
flammation very analogous to acute founder, and is variously occasioned 
by the continual moisture of the soil, as in swampy pastures (when it 
especially prevails), to local injury, &c. If the disorder be distinguished 
in its earliest stage, the animal suddenly appearing lame, and the foot 
upon examination being characterized by heat, redness, and swelling 
about the coronet, with excessive tenderness of the whole foot, &c, 
with or without severe pulsation of the adjacent arteries, the treatment 
may be regulated by the rules for the treatment of Founder; but if the 
complaint has run on to suppuration before it is discovered, the treat- 
ment hereafter prescribed for Foot Rot will be more appropriate. 

383. When a sheep is affected with foundering, and is taken to graze 
with the flock, it walks slowly, with the head depressed ; it has no 
sprightliness ; its appetite is impaired, but it is more disposed to drink ; 
and when it comes to the pasture it lies down. Its demeanor in the 
fold is precisely the same. After some time the slowness of its walk is 
changed into a rigidity, or rather tension of the limbs — a state which 
goes on constantly increasing to such a degree that the animal can no 
longer lie down but with difficulty, and requires to make great efforts 
in order to rise. The appetite continues to diminish, whilst the desire 
for drink increases. When the disease is more advanced, the eyelids 
are observed to be swollen, the eyes more or less inflamed, and the fore 
or hind feet, occasionally even the whole four, are extremely hot. In 
a still higher degree there is no longer any appetite, the feet are burning, 
and the animal feels so much pain in standing up and walking, that it 
reconciles itself to do so only for the purpose of obtaining water, which 
its intense thirst demands; it drags itself along on its knees rather than 
really walks. It groans and moans ; there is severe fever, breathing 
short, and violent beatings of the flanks. 

Dogs become subject to founder when exposed to cold after having 
been much heated ; suddenly they become stiff and rigid and cannot stir. 

In swine a similar affection may result from cold, or violent exertion, 
or even from excess of food. This is shown by muscular rigidity so 
great that the animal can scarcely drag himself along. The back is 
also rigid ; the mouth can hardly be opened ; the animal loses his ap- 
petite and is unwilling or unable to leave his sty. 

364. Treatment. — Aconite: This is the main remedy, especially at 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 433 

first ; to cattle, sheep, swine, and dogs, as well as to horses, as already 
pointed out, it is equally applicable; and should be given in five-drop 
doses to the larger animals, and in three- and two-drop doses to those 
smaller, and repeated once in two or three hours, according to the 
severity of the case. Where the symptoms are very violent indeed, 
recourse may be had to the mother tincture, of which ten drops may 
be mixed in a pint of water, and about two tablespoonfuls given every 
hour, until the symptoms abate in violence. This estimate of dose is 
for cattle ; for the smaller domestic animals, the doses should be pro- 
portionally less, as just now indicated. 

Bryonia may be needed after Aconite, especially where a great reluc- 
tance to move and evident painfulness on motion are manifested. 

Veratrum may be required when the disease arises from cold after 
fatigue. 

Staphysagria. — Indicated when there is trembling of the whole 
body and the feet rise one after the other. 

Arsenicum, and also Rhus tox., may be consulted when the feet are 
very painful. The former remedy will be indicated when the whole 
system appears debilitated, -and there is . danger of (erysipelatous) in- 
flammation in the feet; in this latter contingency consult also Rhus 
tox. 

Nux vomica, Belladonna, Opium, Dulcamara, and Chamomilla, 
should also be studied, as well as the other remedies here mentioned, 
and those set down under " Founder in Horses," in the Materia 
Medica. 

Dose. — Give of the selected remedy, when not otherwise directed 
above, from five to two or three drops, once in three or four hours, 
mixed in a little water. 

365. Foot Rot of Sheep.* — On swampy, spongy soils sheep are 
particularly liable to this disease, which, though almost exclusively 
local, is one of the most severe and even revolting character. If sheep 
be transplanted from firm, dry, upland soils to deep, low, saturated 
marsh lands, they will be still more likely to suffer. Foot rot is com- 
municated by contagion, that is, by poisoning with the discharge. 

Symptoms. — The reversion of the outer edge of the crust upon the 
sole generally, or on one side only ; symptoms affecting the fore feet in 
particular, with more or less rapid progress, sometimes returning from 

* Pigs are also more or less liable to this disease, with very analogous charac- 
teristics. 

28 



434 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

time to time; symptoms affecting one or more of the feet simulta- 
neously, and sometimes finally attended with unaccountable lameness, 
and tenderness of the foot, and softening of the horn ; detachment of 
parts of the horn ; parting of the crust from the sole ; fissures, and 
dislodgment of the crust and horn, generally exposing the quick, and 
for some time the continual reformation of a horny coating ; enlarge- 
ment of the coronet; ulceration of various parts of the foot, discharging 
thin but offensive matter ; proud-flesh developed by the ulceration ; 
the inflammatory and suppurative process varies in the period of de- 
velopment ; sometimes appearing immediately, and sometimes slowly 
provoked by the irritating causes connected with the growth of the 
crust ; separation of the coronet and hoof; heat, swelling, inflamma- 
tion, and ulceration of the interstices of the foot ; oily, fatty discharge, 
concreting with dirt, over the whole of the foot ; gradual detachment 
of the hoof by the internal ulcerative process ; the pasterns are affected, 
and become raw ; there is general swelling of all adjacent parts ; more 
or less constitutional disturbance ensues. 

The great importance of this disease requires a fuller account of its 
milder and severer forms, which we quote from Gunther. 

The mild foot rot of sheep, usually associated with Stomacace or 
ulceration of the mouth, gradually extends to entire flocks. It com- 
monly begins with fever, more or less violent, which sometimes con- 
tinues during the course of the disease, and is recognized by symptoms, 
of which the principal are the following : The animal of a sudden be- 
comes sad, and limps on one or more feet; there are heat, redness, and 
swelling of the feet, chiefly at the interdigital space, and on the coronet. 
At a later period the inflamed points are ulcerated, and on the cushion 
appear vesicles, which at first secrete a fluid clear as water, and pus at a 
subsequent period. The disease progresses with great rapidity. It 
generally disappears of its own accord in a few days. In order to ac- 
celerate the cure, however, and render it more certain, the foot is to be 
washed frequently with warm water, the superfluous horn is to be re- 
moved when it projects or is any way altered, and Arnica, is to be 
employed internally and externally. 

Malignant foot rot is known by the following indications : The 
animal begins to limp, sometimes at first in one of the fore legs or hind 
legs; sometimes in the two fore legs and two hind legs, until the whole 
four are affected. The diseased foot is hot and a little swollen ; the 
clefts are separated a little more from each other than in the healthy 
state. The skin of the interdigital space is red, and exudes a fluid of 
a bad odor ; this fluid gradually assumes the appearance of ichor, which 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 435 

not only inflames and excoriates the surrounding integuments, but be- 
comes effused also behind the horny wall, which is separated in part or 
entirely from the living parts; sometimes even the integuments, tendons, 
and the very bones are involved. The animal, then incapable of walk- 
ing, moves along on its knees, or remains lying down, and wastes away 
gradually, though retaining generally a good appetite. This form is 
very contagious, so that when the sheep just attacked is not removed 
away from the flock, all the others soon become affected. To propagate 
the disease, it is quite sufficient that a flock should pass over a place 
which has a little before been walked over by a diseased sheep. 

366. Treatment. — This disease must not be confounded with that 
already described, page 327, as " Eot in Sheep," which consists in an 
affection of the liver. 

In the milder form, and in the earlier stage, as soon as limping is 
observed, the animal should be examined, and if there be any signs of 
the separation, especially of the crust from the sole, or of the coronet 
from the horn, the first prevention will consist in providing the animal 
so affected with a separate inclosure, lest others be infected, and in care- 
fully removing all dirt which may have been introduced into the fis- 
sures, after which the following local application will, with proper 
precautions, generally prove sufficient to arrest any further progress of 
the disease. . 

Tincture of Calendula, constituting a lotion, by the admixture of 
four parts of water to one of the tincture, should be applied to the parts 
every three hours for the first day, and three times in the course of the 
second. Twelve hours should then be allowed to elapse before consti- 
tutional treatment is adopted, when resort to Carbolic acid lotion. 

In the severer form, the diseased part must be scraped to the quick 
with a sharp knife. It has been advised by Gunther to bathe the 
wound and ulcer with salt water and dilute Nitric acid ; and by others 
to employ, when the ulceration is more extended and the disease very 
malignant, the stronger dilutions of Arsenicum causticum and Ammo- 
nia. But we are quite sure that the dilute Carbolic acid, one part to 
forty of water, will do much more good, and advise to use this in pref- 
erence to all other local applications in this disorder. Relapses, which 
may result from want of sufficient thoroughness in the paring, cleansing, 
and bathing with the medicated lotion, must be treated as at first. And 
for a considerable period after apparent recovery the affected animals 
should still be retained in inclosures by themselves. 

The internal medication should consist in the administration of Ar- 



436 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

senicum, Nitric acid, or Ammonium causticum,* according to the other 
symptoms and condition of the patient. 

Dose. — The selected remedy should be given in three-drop doses once 
in three hours ; when improvement appears, once in four hours. 

The diet should be nourishing but not stimulating, such as mashes 
and boiled vegetables. 

The local applications must be repeated at intervals of three or four 
hours. 

367. Navicular Disease, Groggy Lameness. — Many obscure cases 
of lameness in horses are caused by disease of the navicular bone, and 
strain of the flexor tendon that passes over it to be inserted into the 
bottom of the coffin bone. This navicular bone (a sort of large sesa- 
moid bone) is placed behind and beneath the lower pastern bone, and 
behind and above the head of the coffin bone. 

The symptoms of navicular disease in confirmed cases are very pecu- 
liar. In the stable it is indicated by the horse standing either with his 
legs straight out and bearing his weight on his toe (the heel being 
raised off the ground); or by the fetlock being flexed, whilst the toe is 
drawn back and stuck into the ground. In action it is manifested by 
the animal treading chiefly on his toes, and consequently digging them 
in the ground. When the horse has been shod a week, the extra wear 
thus occasioned will have made itself perceptible on the toe of the shoe. 
The object of the horse in all these peculiar positions and motions is to 
avoid putting weight on the back part of the foot, which is the seat of 
the disease. 

In cases of long standing the inside quarter of the foot will become 
straighter, and there will be small circular ridges on that part of the 
hoof. The horn of the sole will also be found to be increased in 
quantity, and the foot and the sole will be more concave than natural. 
From saving of the back part of the foot and consequent absence of 
pressure on the frog, thrushes will probably make their appearance. 
Navicular disease may and very often does appear in good open feet, 
but gradually the above changes will take place. Tenderness will be 
evinced on the application of concussion to the heels, or at the point of 
the frog. A further test may be applied by bending up the foot and 



* If preferred, three drops of the strong solution of Carbolic acid may be placed 
in a quart bottle, and one pint of water gradually added, shaking the whole violently 
with each successive addition, and of this mixture one tablespoonful may be given 
every two hours in cases of malignant foot rot, in conjunction with the external use 
of this antiseptic as already laid down. 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 437 

applying pressure by the thumb to the hollow of the heel. The seat 
of the disease will be nearly under the thumb. 

The lameness is most apparent, when the horse first comes out of the 
stable. It decreases with exercise. Nevertheless, on the day after 
severe work the horse will be more lame than usual. In doubtful 
cases therefore the animal should be subjected to strong work, and ex- 
amined again on the following day. 

363. Treatment. — The cure of navicular disease, according to You- 
att, is difficult and uncertain. But the homoeopathic remedies show 
here to great advantage, both for the disease of the bone (of which the 
cartilage may be ulcerated, and the bone itself carious) and of the liga- 
ment which plays over it. Only where such ulceration has already 
given rise to adhesions and other permanent disorganizations, the medi- 
cines can have little effect. Perfect rest must be enjoined. Inflammation, 
shown by the heat of the foot, must be removed by repeated doses of 

Aconite ; give five drops every four hours. 

Rhus tox. should be given in similar doses, whenever there is reason 
to suspect a strain or other injury of the flexor tendon. Many cases 
of lameness in horses, whose proper origin and seat and cause even re- 
main unknown, are permanently cured by this invaluable remedy. 

Acidum phosphoricum may be required when there is reason to 
suspect inflammation of the cartilages. Silicea is indispensable in most 
cases of advanced navicular disease; this remedy, with Phosphoric 
acid, may remove the difficulty even after ulceration of the cartilage 
and caries of the bone have occurred. 

Antimonium crudum and Sulphur have also been recommended 
in this disorder. 

Dose.— Of the selected remedy give three drops in a little water, three 
times a day. Consult the Materia Medica for further indications. 

369. Thrush. — This affection of the feet of horses is recognized by 
the discharge of very fetid matter from the frog (from the interstice of 
the frog). Inflammation of the sensible or inner portion of the frog, 
is the direct cause which provokes the secretion of such matter, which 
soon becomes abundant and offensive. The cleft of the frog appears 
deepened, and assumes the appearance of a crack. Contraction may 
be considered both as the cause and effect of thrush, — in its former re- 
lation, — by exposing the frog to additional and severe pressure, whereby 
inflammation is provoked. With respect to thrush, as regards the 
fore feet, it may generally be attributed to this cause. The hind feet 



438 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

are, however, still more frequently affected with thrush, which is at- 
tributed to the exposure of those parts to the injurious effect of the 
foul moisture which may, from want of proper attention, be allowed to 
accumulate at the lower part of the stall. The tenderness of the frog 
in this disease may result in serious lameness and aggravation of the 
disease, by the feet being bruised on the stones. 

Thrush as an affection of the feet, peculiar to horses, must not be 
confounded with aphtha? or thrush of the mouth, which latter affects 
various domestic animals. 

370. Treatment. — Calendula lotion, Arsenicum, third dilution, and 
saturated tincture of Sulphur, have been advised for local application. 
And they are all capable of doing good service. Especially the 
Arsenicum,, when the discharge becomes putrid and the parts assume 
a gangrenous appearance. 

But we regard the Carbolic acid lotion, as already advised in other 
putrid and malignant affections, and in the foot rot of sheep, as being 
far superior in its influence in this affection to all others. Bathing the 
inflamed and ulcerated surface with this lotion, prepared as already 
directed, will best co-operate with the internal exhibition of the appro- 
priate constitutional remedy. 

Strict attention to cleanliness, and placing the animal on a dry floor, 
are essential to his recovery. 

Kreosote. — Three drops four times a day will be found very useful 
in healing the affected feet and counteracting the morbid influence in 
the system which produces thrush. Very similar to Carbolic acid, 
Kreosote is an excellent remedy to give internally in conjunction with 
the external application of Carbolic acid lotion. 

Phosphor, acidum is also to be studied in such cases ; especially 
where the inflammation threatens to involve the deeper tissues of the 
foot. 

Dose. — As advised for Kreosote. 

Lachesis. — This remedy should be referred to in the Materia Medica, 
also Arsenicum, Sulphur, Silicea, Causticwm, Nitric acid, Mercurius, 
and Hepar s. c. 

Dose. — Give of the chosen remedy, from ten to five drops, three 
times a day, in a little water. 

Did.— Light and unstimulating, but nourishing food ; rest and per- 
fect cleanliness, with the external and internal medication, will almost 
invariably perfectly cure this disease in a short time. When it is 
more obstinate, Sulphur, or other constitutional treatment, must be per- 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 439. 

severed in for weeks, as the difficulty with the feet may be only a 
manifestation of poor condition of the animal in other respects. 

371. Contraction. — Contraction may be the result of a natural ten- 
dency, accelerated by the effect of shoeing ; of neglect in the sufficiently 
frequent repetition of shoeing ; (frequent removal being highly benefi- 
cial when the hoof is evidently predisposed to contraction) ; excess of 
paring, especially as regards the bars; slow inflammation of the fleshy 
parts and coatings of the bone adjacent to the horny surface ; neglect 
in providing moisture (by means of the pad) to the sole when in the 
stable • irregular and deficient exercise ; with rich and excessive feed- 
ing, and a superfluity of litter, allowed to remain in the stall in the 
daytime. If sudden, contraction necessarily involves lameness; — if 
very slow and gradual, lameness may not ensue, or may be deferred 
for a long time, but the first development of contraction is usually at- 
tended with lameness, more or less severe. 

• Symptoms. — Shuffling, or very slight lifting of the feet in motion, 
which occasions repeated stumbling ; narrowing of the heels of one or 
both of the fore feet, especially of the inner heel. Sometimes exces- 
sive hollo wness and retraction of the sole, the foot being extended from 
the heel to the toe, but pinched (the crust on either side approximating) 
from side to side, the interstices on either side of the frog sometimas 
almost obliterated. The animal always or generally stands with one 
of the fore feet stretched out in advance of the other, and if one foot 
only be affected, the foot so stretched out will be that which is so af- 
fected ; or if both feet be affected, the projection of the feet will be al- 
ternated ; sometimes the whole of the affected foot or feet may be ob- 
served to be, as it were, gathered up and pinched within an unnaturally 
small compass, and to offer very little surface to the ground ; the re- 
traction and indentation of the external form may occur at any part of 
the circumference between the coronet and crust, but is generally more 
apparent midway. 

Treatment — Consult the article on Materia Medica, and select from : 
Ammonium mur., Graphites, Causticum, Calcarea, Mercurius, Silicea, 
Sulphur, and Thuja. 

Doses. — The administration should be repeated night and morning 
for seven consecutive days every other week until the symptoms are 
modified. 

Careful adaptation of the shoes, and frequent changes of them, regu- 
lar exercise, and the supply of proper moisture to the foot, will be 
necessary to prevent the further development of this affection. 



440 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

372. Corns. — A disease which occasions lameness, from the intense 
tenderness of the quarters (between which and the bars of the hoof it 
appears) precisely where the pressure is most severe. Unlike the ex- 
crescences of human beings, known by the same name, the corn of the 
horse consists rather in the softening than in the induration of the 
horn. The horn is occasionally observed to exhibit a reddish hue on 
the spot (of the corn), and it is always more subject to compression, 
but the animal appears to suffer acutely from the least pressure. 

Treatment — Consult the Materia Medica, and select from : Arnica, 
Bryonia, Conium, Rhus, Ruta, and Squilla. 

Doses. — Morning and evening for three weeks, resumed, if necessary, 
after a pause of ten days, giving five drops for a dose. 

External Treatment. — Arnica tincture is specific, and the frequent 
bathing of the parts will tend greatly to modify even the susceptibility 
to corns. 

To one part of the tincture add four parts of water, and use the lo- 
tion not less than twice a day, and always after a journey. 

373. Pumiced Feet. — The affection known by this name consists 
in the flatness, or even prominence, of the sole. Whereas the middle 
of the fore part of the crust becomes indented. It is a permanent 
structural injury, and may be modified, but probably not removed. 

The remedies whence a selection may be made by consulting the 
Materia Medica are : Aurum, Calcarea, Hepar sulphuris, Muriat. 
acid., Nitr. acid., Phosphor, acid., Ruta grav., Silicea, and Sulphur. 

Doses. — Night and morning, as directed for " Contraction ;" five- 
drop doses. 

374. Sand Crack consists of a fissure or partition of the hoof which 
in the fore feet occurs at the fore part. If the fissure has perforated 
the horny covering, the animal will inevitably be lame, but not other- 
wise. 

Treatment. — Consult the Materia Medica, and select from : Digitalis, 
Graphites, Silicea, Squilla, and Sulphur. 

Doses. — Night and morning, for seven days consecutively, every 
other week, until the symptoms subside ; give five-drop doses. 

375. Puncture of the Foot, and Quittor, and Wound of the Foot. 

— The puncture of the sole or sensible parts within the crust in shoe- 
ing, is no uncommon accident ; the nail which causes suffering may, 
however, do so, and occasion lameness without the actual perforation 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 441 

of the crust ; or if the crust be perforated, and the lameness should 
at any rate suggest examination, the increased heat and tenderness 
of any particular part will readily indicate that which is wounded ; 
suppuration rapidly extending over the whole surface between the 
horny and fleshy parts, and known by the name of quittor, will ensue. 
Some animals have a trick of cutting the feet by contact, and thereby 
occasion wounds more or less severe. 

Treatment. — For the puncture of the foot, if discovered at first, the 
treatment should be such as is directed to be pursued for wounds of 
the foot. The shoe should, however, be taken off, and replaced with 
greai; caution. 

For quittor, consult the Materia Medica, and select from : Arseni- 
cum, Calcarea, Causticum, Dulcamara, Hepar s., Lachesis, Lycopo- 
dium, Mercurius, Nitr. acid., Phosphor, acid., Rhus, Ruta, Silicea, and 
Sulphur. (See No. 468.) 

Doses. — Nio;ht and morning, until the tenderness of the foot is dis- 
tinctly modified ; give five-drop doses. 

External treatment of wounds of the foot : Tincture of Arnica, if 
employed before suppuration sets in, will speedily remove all traces of 
the injury. 

To one part of the tincture add four parts of water, and bathe the 
injured parts with this lotion, at first every three hours, then twice a 
day, until all trace of soreness or even tenderness is removed. 

In cases of wounds, thoroughly cleansing them, and removing any 
grit, dust, or dirt which may have accumulated, is indispensable. 
Rest and very gentle exercise, with careful removal of all foulness from 
the stall (in the stable), and proper ventilation, are equally important. 

Where the soft parts have been lacerated. Calendula will be more 
appropriate than Arnica. The latter is the more exactly homoeopathic 
to bruises ; while Calendula exerts a more prompt healing influence on 
other open wounds. This remedy should be used as directed for Arnica. 

376. Inflammation of the Foot, occasioned by Lesion, &c. — When 
an affection of this kind occurs without the characteristic peculiarities 
of foot rot, it may be presumed to arise primarily from the introduction 
of dirt and other extraneous substances, and may be the best treated by 
washing the parts thoroughly with tepid water, extracting all obnoxious 
substances, and applying 

Tincture of Calendula, as directed for the treatment of wounds of 
the feet. 

If any irritative fever be discoverable, consult the article on Materia 



442 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Medica, and select from : Aconitum, Arnica, Hepar s., Silicea, and 
Sulphur. 

Doses. — The administration should be repeated every three hours 
until the constitutional disturbance is subdued ; in five-drop doses. 

Tincture of Arnica may also be most advantageously employed in 
the earliest irritative stage of the injury, or if other affection of the 
foot be discovered, before ulceration is established. 

377. Conformation of the Hock. — A good-shaped hock is seldom 
unsound, whilst one of defective conformation generally becomes dis- 
eased, if exposed to hard work. 

To know a good from a bad, a sound from an unsound, hock requires 
some time, trouble, and attention, but not more than it is worth any 
horseman's while to give. It is good practice to get the bones of a 
hock, to put them together, to examine the formation of each, and to 
feel them when placed in their natural position ; and then to manipu- 
late and compare with them the prominences of the bones in the living 
animal, especially on the seat of spavin. "With a knowledge of confor- 
mation derived from handling the bones, the satisfactory examination 
of the hock becomes easy. 

The hock consists of six bones, namely, the astragalus, cuneiform 
magnum, cuneiform medium, cuneiform parvum, cuboid, and os calcis. 
The first five of these may be distinguished as weight-bearing bones, 
whilst the os calcis or bone at the back acts as a lever to the tendons 
of the leg. See Plate. 

The true hock joint, however, is formed by only two bones, namely, 
the tibia, or upper bone of the leg, and the astragalus. The other 
bones, though they possess a limited amount of motion between each 
other, do not enter into the true hock joint. 

Peculiarities of a Good Hock. — The outline should be clean, rigid, 
and, in an adult horse, well defined. Any puffiness or swelling is a 
sign of weakness or disease. The reason of this will be explained 
hereafter under the head of "Bursal Enlargements/' 

The bones should be large and prominent. Large size is essential 
to strength, and prominence is necessary in order to afford due leverage 
and attachment to the tendons and ligaments. Large bones are usually 
accompanied by large and well-developed tendons and ligaments. 

The hock, when viewed from the side, should appear wide both 
above and below. Strength and size both of bones and ligaments are 
indicated by lateral width. 

The hocks should be neither straight, Plate II, Fig. 1, nor over 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 443 

much bent, Fig. 2. Undue concussion results from the former, whilst 
weakness and liability to sprain accompany the latter formation. If 
the hocks are placed too far behind, Fig. 3, there will be a want of 
propelling and jumping power. 

The hocks should be placed directly under the centre of gravity. 
Any deviation from the perpendicular line laterally, as is the case 
when the hocks are inclined too much in ^Plate III, Fig. 4), or too 
much out (Fig. 5), is a source of weakness and therefore of disease. 

In order to give due leverage to the muscles of the thigh, it is essen- 
tial that the tibia should run down well into the hock. A well-devel- 
oped and prominent os calcis is also essential to the leverage of the ten- 
dons of the leg. Figs. 6 and 7. 

Badly-formed hocks are marked by peculiarities of conformation the 
reverse of those we have just described. 

The diseases found in the hock generally correspond pretty closely 
with the points in which the conformation is defective. For instance, 
in upright hocks we may expect bog-spavin and thorough-pin ; in over- 
bent hocks, curb; in narrow hocks, spavin and curb may be looked for; 
in hocks which bow out, thorough-pin ; whilst in small hocks there is 
general want of strength and consequent liability to sprain and disease 
of any sort. 

It is not, however, to be supposed that horses with defective confor- 
mation either in the hocks or elsewhere are useless for any purpose. 
All that we intend to say is that defective conformation entails a spe- 
cial liability to disease. Again, horses which, from defects of confor- 
mation, may be unfit for one sort of work, may be available for another. 
A horse, for example, whose hocks will not stand the violent exertion 
of hunting, may last for years for quiet riding or harness work. 

378. Spavin, Bone Spavin. — Spavin is an exostosis in the region of 
the hock. It is usually found to involve two or more of the weight- 
bearing bones. The inner small metatarsal bone of the leg is some- 
times, though but seldom, involved. 

The conformation of the hock generally has been dwelt upon in the 
preceding section. The true hock joint consists in the articulation of 
the tibia and astragalus. This joint is never primarily, and but seldom 
even ultimately, except as a result of open joint, affected by exostosis. 

But besides the true hock joint, there are also joints with a limited 
amount of motion between each of the other bones, which make up the 
structure of the hock. The exostosis known as spavin generally forms 
between two or more of these bones and interferes with their gliding 



444 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

motion ; or it may form on the outside of the bones, or partly on the 
outside and partly between the bones. As stated above, it very rarely 
extends to or implicates the bones of the true hock joint. 

When from undue concussion, pressure, sprain, or such like causes, 
irritation is set up either in or in the neighborhood of the above-men- 
tioned bones, it is probable that the irritation will be quickly followed 
by inflammation, more or less severe according to circumstances, of the 
periosteum and articular surfaces of the bones implicated. Inflamma- 
tion will, as usual, probably be followed by effusion from the overloaded 
bloodvessels of the part. In due time the watery parts of the effusion 
will be absorbed and the remainder will solidify. In accordance with 
the usual rule of nature the deposition will partake of the character of 
the part into which it is effused. In short, it becomes bone, or in other 
words, a spavin is formed. 

The probability of the occurrence of spavin in any particular hock 
is mainly dependent on its conformation. If the hock is large and 
strong, and its position is good and true as regards the incidence of the 
superincumbent weight, it is not probable that it will be injuriously 
affected either by concussion, weight, or sprain. But if there is any 
defect, either in the conformation, structure, or position, it will probably 
suffer in some part or other; and at that point, sooner or later, accord- 
ing to the circumstances and nature of the work to which the animal is 
subjected, we are likely to find disease. (See Plates XII and XIII.) 

It is impossible to define accurately the position of spavin. It 
varies in some degree according as weak or defective structure, or im- 
proper position of the hind legs, or incidence of the line of weight, or 
sprain of the ligaments, or such like causes, may induce pressure or con- 
cussion on any particular part. The greatest pressure and concussion, 
however, are always felt towards the inner side, and hence spavin is 
always found somewhere on that side. The most common seat is 
between and towards the front of the cuneiform bones. 

Spavins may occur on the exterior of the bones. In such cases they 
are easily seen and felt, and hence are called " detectable ;" or they may 
occur between the bones, in which case there may be little or no exter- 
nal enlargement. These are termed " oeeult " spavins. During the 
formation, however, of the exostosis some degree of extra heat and ten- 
derness on pressure may generally be detected. After consolidation 
the existence of occult spavins in many cases can only be divined by 
the nature of the lameness they produce. (For signs of lameness aris- 
ing from spavin see following paragraphs.) 

As a general rule exostoses on the exterior of the bones arise from 



PLATE XII. 



Fig. 1. 



Conformation of Hock. 
Fig. 2. 



Fig. 3. 




Hock. — Too straight. 



Too much bent. 



Too far behind. 





Position usually recommended. 



Bestposition. 



PLATE XIII. 



Conformation of Hock. 
Fig. 4. Fig. 5. 




Hocks— Too close. 
( Too much in.) 



Hocks — Too wide. 
{Too much out.) 




Fig. 7. 



Prominent os calcis. 
Hock " well let down.' 1 




Badly developed os calcis. 
Hock " not well let down" 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 445 

sprains of the ligaments of the hock, whilst those between the bones 
are produced by pressure and concussion. 

The importance of a spavin depends on its position rather than on 
its size. 

If it is situated between the bones, and especially if towards the front, 
there is always great reason. to fear that it may, even though small, or 
-very small, interfere with the gliding motion of the weight-bearing 
bones. Further, any such exostosis, however slight, is likely, on ac- 
count of its interfering with that motion, to cause further irritation and 
inflammation in the part, and ultimately ulcerative disease of the articu- 
lar cartilages of the bones. 

If, on the other hand, the spavin, even though it be between the 
bones, is placed far back, it is of less consequence, because there is not 
much gliding motion in the posterior portion of the hock ; and there- 
fore the exostosis, even though large, may not occasion much inconve- 
nience. Indeed in many old horses we find that positive union has 
taken place between the posterior portions of the bones without ever 
having caused any sensible lameness. 

Spavins on the external surfaces of the bones, and not between them, 
are less serious. They may or may not interfere with the action, ac- 
cording to their size and position in each particular case. Spavins 
placed posteriorly and not between the bones, even though large, seldom 
interfere much with the free motion of the hock. 

In well-developed cases the lameness arising from spavin is very 
peculiar and characteristic. It is caused by imperfect flexion of the 
hock, and in consequence the toe instead of being properly raised is 
dragged along the ground. Towards the end of the month the toe of 
the shoe is sensibly worn by this abnormal friction. 

In slighter cases some stiffness of the hock and an occasional tripping 
of the toe may be noticed, and also a sort of vibration in the hock, 
when the toe comes to the ground. These peculiarities will be most 
observable if the horse is trotted on hard smooth ground. The animal 
should be especially watched in turning, when a certain degree of 
flinching will be detected. Exercise even for a few minutes greatly 
diminishes the symptoms ; but when the horse after exercise is allowed 
to stand till cool, the stiffness will recur, probably in an increased 
degree. 

In the stable a horse, though only very slightly lame from spavin, 
will often drop very much, if made to move in his stall to one side, 
when the weight comes on the diseased leg. In bad cases, in a state 
of rest, he will usually keep the leg flexed. 



446 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

379. Splint. — A§ splint, like spavin, generally arises from or at least 
is connected with some structural weakness, we propose in the first place 
briefly to consider the conformation of the fore leg between the knee 
and the fetlock. 

The fore leg immediately below the knee is made up, as regards its 
osseous structures, of three bones, namely, the great metacarpal or shank 
or cannon bone, and two smaller bones, called the splint or small meta- 
carpals. Plate X. 

These bones are not united together, but each of the small bones is 
attached to the great or shank bone by interosseous ligaments. The 
object of this sort of attachment appears to be to allow a very limited 
power of motion or elasticity between the bones. A similar mode of 
attachment is found in other parts of the body, where a certain degree 
of elasticity is required, as, for instance, between the bodies of the 
vertebra?. 

In the fore leg the elasticity conferred by this peculiarity of confor- 
mation is useful in diminishing concussion. But this sort of attachment, 
though useful for the above purpose, gives less strength than absolute 
union of the bones. 

Splint is an exostosis or deposit of bone either between one or other 
of the small bones and the shank, or upon any of the three bones. The 
cause of the abnormal growth is irritation and inflammation either 
in the interosseous ligaments, or in the periosteum, or in the bones 
themselves. 

As the greatest strain and concussion always fall on the inside, on 
account of its being more under the centre of the superincumbent 
weight, we generally find the exostosis on or towards the inner side, — 
except in horses which turn their toes in, and thereby throw the greater 
weight on the outer side. 

Splints, for the purpose of explanation, are sometimes divided into 
two classes, namely, those which arise from sprain and inflammation of 
the interosseous ligaments ; and those which arise from irritation and 
inflammation of the periosteum, or of the bone itself. But for practical 
purposes it is not necessary to maintain this distinction. Indeed, 
whichever structure be primarily affected, the other also generally 
becomes more or less involved. 

When inflammation is set up in a bone, or in its periosteum, an ex- 
ostosis is likely to be the result, unless the action is checked in a very 
early stage. The mode in which osseous material is effused and con- 
solidated was explained on a previous page. The exostosis or "splint" 
will probably unite firmly the small to the great metacarpal bone. 



PLATE X. 






,ii. M 



li 



1. Great metacarpal bone. 

2. Outer small metacarpal or splint bone. 

3. Inner small metacarpal or splint bone. 
4, 4. Sesamoid bones. 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AKD EXTREMITIES. 447 

Again, if fche inflammation is -< A up in the interosseous Ligaments, it 
generally results in absorption of the original tissue to a greater or Less 
degree according fco circumstances ; and in lieu thereof osseous material 
is deposited, which, when in due time consolidated, unites together the 
bones between which it is eflused. The cause of this peculiar effect of 
inflammation on fibro-cartilage, of which tissue the interosseous liga- 
ments are mainly composed, is not well ascertained; but its almost 
invariable occurrence is a well-known fact. 

Though fche immediate causes of splint are irritation and inflamma- 
tion in the parts affected, yet the occurrence of these causes in any 
particular horse and at any particular time is mainly dependent on the 
conformation of the leg, on the work- to which the animal is subjected, 
on the weight he has to carry, and on his age. 

If* the hones of the leg are small, or if not positively so, are yet small 
in reference to fche carcass, or if" there is undue Length between the knee 
and fche fetlock, or if fche Ligaments and tendons arc small, or if the legs 
are crooked, we may be pretty sure that such defects of eon formation 
will probably give rise to irritation and inflammation in the weakest 
part. 

Again, if fche pasterns are overlong, there will be undue stress on 
fche parts above; or if, on the other hand, they are very short, there will 
be excessive concussion. These effects, though arising from defective 
conformation below, may nevertheless be felt above, notwithstanding 

fche portion of (he leg from the fetlock to the knee may be well formed. 

Again, if the legs are not placed well and directly under the centre 

of gravity, or if the incidence of the weight of the body does not fall 
fair and (rue on tin; legs, there will be irritation and inflammation in 
the part unduly pressed upon. 

But no cause of splint is perhaps more common than the ordinary 
practice of subjecting young horses to work for which, however good 
their make and shape may be, their young hones, ligaments, and tendons 
are unequal. Farmers who breed horses, generally put them to harrow 
at two years old, they often ride or drive them at three, and hunting 
men sometimes expeet four and always five* year old animals to carry 
them across country. 

Horses at an early age may no doubt do a certain amount of work, 
and perhaps may be none the worse for it; but the work demanded of 
them is often in excess of the age. and capability of the animal. It is 
mainly from this cause, as we think, that we see so many horses, whose 
make and shape are unexceptionable, affected with splints. 

The exostosis arising from these and such-like causes usually appears 



448 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

about midway between the knee and the fetlock, because the middle is 
the weakest part in long bones. The reason why it appears on the 
inside rather than on the outside was explained above on page 446. 

Defects of conformation are, however, we must remind the reader, in 
a great degree relative to the work which w T e require from a horse. 
Many an animal's legs, for instance, which might stand for years for 
harness work, may be battered to pieces in a short time by hard riding 
along a road, or strained by hunting in a deep country. 

Though some defect in conformation or some excess of work relatively 
to age and structure are the ordinary causes of splint, yet in some cases 
the exostosis can be traced to no other causes than an hereditary predis- 
position to throw out ossific material. In such animals we generally 
find spavins and other exostoses concurrently with splint. 

Exostoses, not true splints as defined above, are sometimes found on 
the outside of the leg, wholly unconnected with any of the above causes 
which arise from inflammation set up in the bone or periosteum from 
the effect of a blow, such as a servant may give a horse with the handle 
of a pitchfork, or the animal may give himself accidentally in the 
hunting-field. 

In most cases the splint, for reasons already given, appears on the 
inside and a little above the centre of the bone between the knee and 
the fetlock. Special circumstances, however, in some degree vary its 
position. If, for instance, the incidence of the weight does not fall true 
on the legs, the exostosis will probably form on that part of the bone 
or bones on which undue pressure comes ; or if the leg is crooked, the 
exostosis will be found at that spot where the malformation causes 
unusual strain. 

Splints, when fully formed and consolidated, do not of themselves, 
as a rule, cause lameness. They no doubt lessen to a certain degree 
the elasticity of the tread, but they do not affect the action in any 
perceptible degree. 

The importance of a splint is dependent more on its position in refer- 
ence to the action of the other leg, or to the passage of the tendons and 
suspensory ligament than on its size. If it be so placed that its pro- 
tuberance is likely to be struck or interfered with by the other leg in 
action, splint becomes a serious evil. If it is not so placed, the mere 
exostosis may be of but little consequence. This question can only be 
settled by actual experience in the particular horse affected. A splint 
in one horse from some peculiarity of action may be interfered with by 
the movement of the other leg, whilst one in an exactly similar position 
in another horse may not suffer. 



PLATE XIV. 




Crooked fore legs. 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 449 

As a general rule, splints which are well forward, are seldom inter- 
fered with ; whilst those on the side and those situated more posteriorly 
are oftener struck. Splints which are high up, near the knee, are in 
every respect in the most objectionable position, both because they are 
especially apt to be struck by the other leg in action, and because the 
inflammation arising from such blow or repeated blows is very likely 
to induce a renewed growth of the exostosis, which may extend to and 
implicate the bones of the knee. 

Splints which are situated far back, are liable to interfere with the 
free motion oi the flexor tendons or of the suspensory ligament. The 
former case is exceedingly rare, but the latter is not very unfrequent. 
As a rule, however, hard parts give way to the softer structures, and 
hence we generally find that tendons and ligaments after a time succeed 
in making a free and smooth passage for themselves. 

Splints on both sides exactly opposite to each other are more liable, 
as we might expect, than others to interfere with the free motion of the 
suspensory ligament and occasionally with the flexor tendons. Inde- 
pendently, however, of such interference, the occurrence of exostoses 
on both sides indicates great general weakness in the structure of 
the leg. 

Speedy-cut. — An exostosis, not connected either with the inter- 
osseous ligaments or with weakness of conformation, is sometimes found 
on the inside of the leg near the knee (see Plate), which arises from 
repeated blows on the part by the foot of the other leg. The peculiarity 
of action which produces this effect is known as speedy-cutting. 
Horses with this defect should not be purchased. They are dangerous 
to ride, especially at a fast pace. The pain produced by the blow is 
sometimes excessive, and may cause the animal to fall at once on his 
knees. 

Almost all splints during their formation produce lameness, both 
because the new deposit causes pressure on the periosteum, and because 
the periosteum and the bone itself under inflammation are highly sen- 
sitive of any concussion, such as that arising from trotting. The degree 
of lameness is, however, very uncertain, and appears to depend more 
on the sensitiveness of the parts in the particular animal than on the 
amount and size of the deposit. In some cases the lameness is scarcely 
perceptible and of very short duration, whilst in other cases it is very 
marked. 

When the splint has fully formed and the irritation and inflammation 
attending its growth have passed away, the horse will generally again 
go sound. 

29 



450 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

380. Sore Shins. — The disease known as sore shins is primarily in- 
flammation of the periosteum of the anterior portion of the metacarpal 
bones from the knee to the fetlock. It arises from the concussion pro- 
duced by fast work. Hence it is common in young race-horses, whose 
frames are not fully formed and consolidated. They not only do very 
fast work, but they often do it at a season of the year when the ground 
is apt to be hard. 

After a time, from inflammation of the periosteum, ossific matter is 
thrown out, which forms in small nodules, or in some instances in thin 
layers on the surface of the bones. 

381. Ringbone. — Ringbone is an exostosis, either on the upper or 
on the lower pastern bone, affecting in the one case the upper pastern 
joint, or in the other case the lower pastern or coffin joint around the 
coronet. 

Ringbone more often affects the hind than the fore fetlocks. The 
degree of lameness is much greater in the lower than in the upper 
disease. 

False ringbone is an exostosis on the bodies of either of the above 
bones, not affecting or interfering with the joint. 

Ringbone is generally connected either with weakness and conse- 
quent sprain of the fibres of the lower divisions of the suspensory liga- 
ment, which are inserted into the anterior part of the coronet bone ; or 
with sprain of the articular ligaments of that bone ; or it may arise from 
concussion, or from a blow, tread, or other wound, or from any cause 
producing undue or unusual strain on the ligaments of or about the 
fetlock. From any of these or such-like causes inflammation may be 
set up in one or other or in both pasterns, and an ossific deposit may 
be the result. In some cases a predisposition to this disease appears to 
be hereditary. 

Ringbone is common in horses with long pasterns, where there is 
necessarily a tendency to weakness ; and also in animals with unduly 
short or upright pasterns, in which formation there is a tendency to 
excessive concussion. 

Lameness arising from ringbone (as is usually the case when an 
osseous structure is affected) is more perceptible on hard than on soft 
ground. The special peculiarity to be noticed is some stiffness or want 
of flexion in the fetlock joint and a consequent snatching up of the foot 
in action. Some swelling and heat are also in most cases, even in the 
early stage, apparent about the fetlock, and in a later stage increased 
heat will invariably be detected. 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 451 

Ringbone, when fully formed and consolidated, will produce lame- 
ness or not according to the extent, and still more according to the 
position of the exostosis. If it is so placed as to interfere with the ac- 
tion of the joint, the horse will probably be incurably lame. In slight 
cases no further mischief occurs than some diminution of the elasticity 
of the tread. We must, however, warn the reader, that with the re- 
newal of severe work inflammation is apt to be again set up, accompa- 
nied with a fresh deposition of bone. 

The formation of ringbone, especially if it appears in more than one 
fetlock, is generally a sign of weakness or defective formation • and 
therefore an intending purchaser will do well to think twice before he 
buys a horse so affected, if he wants him for hard or fast work. But 
when the exostosis is found on only one fetlock, there is a probability, 
that the inflammation giving rise to the ossific deposit may have origi- 
nated in a blow or tread, or some such accidental cause. 

382. Ossified Cartilages, Sidebones. — This disease, otherwise known 
as sidebones, consists is ossification of the elastic lateral cartilages or 
wings of the bone of the foot. Nature has substituted cartilage for 
bone in this part in order to give greater elasticity towards the heels. 
Any alteration in this structure, such as its conversion into bone, must 
interfere with the elasticity of the tread, though it may not occasion 
positive lameness. The bony deposit may, however, be so extensive, 
as to materially alter the shape of the coffin bone ; and in such cases 
lameness will be the inevitable result. 

Heavy coarse cart-horses are most subject to this disease, and in them 
the deposit is often very large. In light horses it seldom becomes so 
large as to be visible to the eye. The change in structure, however, is 
easily ascertained by feeling the wings of the bone of the foot. If they 
are affected with ossification, they will be hard and immovable instead 
of elastic. 

Sidebones are generally supposed to be the result of inflammation 
set up in the lateral cartilages by excessive concussion or by .an acci- 
dental blow, wound, or tread. The tendency of cartilaginous struc- 
tures under the influence of inflammation to become absorbed and re- 
placed by bone has been already noticed. 

It is probable, however, that they also frequently arise from the prac- 
tice of shoeing heavy draft-horses with large calkins, which prevent the 
heels from coming to the ground, and thereby deprive them of their 
natural elastic motion at each tread. When a part intended by nature 
for motion is long deprived of that action, we frequently find that it 



452 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

becomes solidified. This result is often found in joints when long de- 
prived of motion. 

Others, however, whilst agreeing with the author, that high calkins 
are a frequent predisposing cause, think that they produce their injuri- 
ous effect by causing undue pressure and concussion on the back of the 
foot, and hence excite inflammation in the part. 

Sidebones, in common with exostosis in other parts, sometimes have 
their origin in hereditary predisposition. 

As in other cases, where the seat of lameness is in the osseous struc- 
tures or in the foot, the horse will be more lame on hard than on soft 
ground. 

There can hardly be said to be any special peculiarity about the lame- 
ness arising from sidebones, except a certain degree of stiffness of action. 
When, however, the above general indications have been given, the 
immediate seat of the disease in the case of sidebones can always be 
detected by manipulation. 

383. Treatment of Spavin, Splint, Sore Shins, Ringbone, and 
Ossified Cartilages. — In most cases the cause of these various and yet 
similar affections may be traced to some external injury. 

Arnica lotion, consisting of one ounce of tincture of Arnica to fifteen 
ounces of water, may be applied four times a day ; and ten-drop doses 
of the same remedy in dilution, given at intervals of four hours. 

Merctnins corrosivus lotion, consisting of sixty grains of this drug 
dissolved in one pint of hot water is very highly recommended by Dr. 
Moore, as an injection in fistulas, quittor, &c. ; and as a liniment for the 
reduction of splints, bone-spavins, ringbones ; in thickening of the 
sheaths of tendons, and in some parasitic diseases of the skin. When 
rubbed in the skin gets tender and scurfy in a few days ; it should then 
be discontinued for a day or two, and the part rubbed with oil, and 
washed well with soap and water ; and then resumed. The following 
cases of spavin and incipient ringbone will show his method of treating 
such cases, and illustrate the splendid action of homceopathic remedies 
in such disorders. 

Spavin. — A horse belonging to Colonel Dudley de Ros, is said to be 
lame in the fetlock joint. On examination I find lameness of right 
hind leg ; slight enlargement at the spavin place of hock, with heat and 
pain on pressure. I ordered this part to be rubbed, night and morn- 
ing, with the Merc. cor. lotion, and ten drops of the sixth dilution of 
Merc. cor. to be given night and morning. In a month he was sound, 
and went to work. 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 453 

Incipient Ringbone. — I visited, by the recommendation of Lady F. 
Russell, a carriage mare belonging to Colonel Ashley. She has been 
examined by Messrs. Mavor, who pronounce the lameness to arise from 
disease of the knee-joint, and recommended the mare to be sent to the 
farm, and have repeated blisters applied to the knee. I found that 
lameness was clearly due to incipient ringbone, and the result of the 
treatment confirmed this diagnosis. There was lameness on the 
right fore leg ; slight enlargement round the pastern joint, with heat 
and pain on pressure. A lotion of Mercurius cor. (prepared above 
stated) was applied night and morning ; and of Merc, cor., sixth dilu- 
tion, ten drops were given twice daily : she was sound in a fortnight. 
Twelve months after she was still quite sound. 

During the first or inflammatory stage of ringbone, when the animal 
is evidently suffering every time the joint is moved, and the parts are 
exceedingly hot, tender, and more or less swollen, the arteries throbbing 
violently, as may not uncommonly occur after a sudden rick or sprain 
of the joint, the development of ringbone may be entirely prevented 
by the internal and external employment of Aconite. 

To one part of tincture of Aconite add six parts of water, saturate a 
linen rag therewith, and bind it round the parts, keeping it continually 
moist until the inflammation subsides. 

The following remedies, in addition to those above mentioned, have 
been employed in these disorders with success ; and for their particular 
indications consult the Materia Medica. 

For spavin, Rhus tox., internally and externally ; Arsenicum, Sili- 
cea, Sulphur, Baryta carb., Iodine, Spongia, and Phosphorus. 

For ringbone, Rhus tox., Calcarea carb., Iodine, Lycopodium, and 
Silicea. 

For splint, Phosphor, acidum, Silicea, Rhus tox., Ruta, and Caus- 
ticum. 

Rest as much as possible will be necessary to enable the animal to 
recover from these disorders. Cold applications have also been ad- 
vised ; these may take the form of the Arnica, or Aconite, or Rhus tox. 
lotions above recommended. 

Dose. — Of the chosen remedy give the five-drop doses three times a 
day, for the first week ; then night and morning. 

384. Bursal Enlargements. — Thorough-pins, bog spavins, wind- 
galls, and all such like affections, in whatever part appearing, may all 
be conveniently classed under the common head of Bursal Enlarge- 
ments. 



454 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

Such enlargements, though proceeding from various causes, are in 
themselves simply distensions of the bursse or sheaths, which inclose 
all true joints and certain parts of all tendons and of some ligaments. 
The enlargement in recent cases arises wholly from an increased secre- 
tion of synovia, otherwise called joint oil ; but in cases of long standing 
it is often much increased by thickening of the synovial fringes, and 
sometimes also by the products of inflammatory action in the bursa. 

385. Synovial Membranes. — Nature has endued these bursse and 
sheaths with a lining membrane, which secretes synovia, a fluid re- 
sembling oil, for the due lubrication' of the parts. 

It is not necessary here to enter into the physical structure of syno- 
vial membranes. It may be sufficient to say, that the outer coat of 
the membrane is thick, tough, and but slightly sensitive ; whilst its 
inner lining is highly vascular and sensitive. From this lining is se- 
creted the clear, bright, glistening, pale straw-colored sero-albuminous 
fluid, known as synovia or joint oil. 

When any cause, such as overexertion, produces irritation in the part, 
the synovial membrane is excited by the irritation to throw out an 
increased secretion of oil. This increased supply must not be regarded 
as an evil in itself. On the contrary it is useful in lessening the irri- 
tation, and is in fact a bountiful provision of nature for that purpose. 
Similarly, when a sprain occurs in the ligaments of a joint or in a 
tendon, an increased secretion of synovia is poured forth with the same 
object. 

The liability to the occurrence of such causes is of course greatly de- 
pendent on the conformation of the animal. Upright shoulders, fet- 
locks, or hocks, and all other points of conformation which do not give 
due elasticity to the frame in action, are also liable to cause bursal 
enlargements. 

Chronic inflammation of the joints, which is often found as a result 
of pneumonia, influenza, and sometimes of general debility, is another 
common cause. 

Though overwork, sprain, faulty conformation, or chronic inflamma- 
tion of the joints may be set down as the usual causes of bursal en- 
largements, yet they sometimes occur without any such violent ex- 
citing causes, and can then only be attributed either to a special irrita- 
bility of the synovial membrane, on account of which it is excited to 
increased action on very slight provocation, or to weakness of the coats 
of the bloodvessels of the membrane, through which an undue effu- 
sion takes place. 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 455 

From these general remarks on the nature of synovial membranes 
and on the causes of bursal enlargements, we pass to the consideration 
of the particular affections, which bear various names according to the 
part in which they appear. 

386. Bog Spavin. — Bog spavin is distension of the bursa of the true 
hock joint. This joint, as explained in the section on spavin, consists 
only in the articulation of the tibia and astragalus. The other bones 
of the hock do not enter into it. The swelling shows itself primarily 
in front, because in that part the capsule is large and loose, and not 
bound down by bones or ligaments, and therefore it is easily distended. 

Bog spavin is most frequently found in upright-shaped hocks, 
because that formation induces concussion and irritation. It is also 
commonly found in weak hocks of any description, because 'in them any 
overexertion is likely to be injuriously felt, and therefore is very liable 
to cause irritation. 

Of the treatment of bog spavin we shall speak hereafter in common 
with that of other bursal enlargements. 

387. Thorough-Pins. — Thorough-pin is the name given to a bursal 
enlargement, which occurs at the upper and back part of the hock, 
beneath the great extensor pedis tendon. The swelling appears some- 
times on one side only, but more frequently on both sides. 

There are two kinds of thorough-pin, namely, those arising from irri- 
tation in the true hock joint, and those which are caused by irritation 
or sprains of the flexor pedis tendon. 

Thorough-pin arising from irritation of the true hock joint is in fact 
only a further development of bog spavin. The increased secretion of 
synovia, for reasons already given, shows itself primarily in distension 
of the lower part of the bursa. When this portion is full, any further 
increase shows itself in the upper part. The swelling appears equally 
on both sides, and the fluid may by moderate pressure be forced from 
one side to the other. Hence is derived the name of thorough-pin or 
running " through " from side to side. 

The other and more common description of thorough-pin is not con- 
nected with the true hock joint ; but arises from irritation of the flexor 
pedis tendon. 

This tendon is tightly bound down at its upper part by the ligaments 
at the back of the tibia and again below as soon as it reaches the inside 
of the hock. Hence any increased secretion of synovia can only lodge 
in the intervening space, i. e., in the hollow of the hock, either on one 
or both sides. 



456 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

If the seat of the injury be high up (and it generally does occur, as 
we might expect, near the bend), we find the enlargement on both sides ; 
but that on the outside is generally larger than that on the inside. If, 
on the other hand, the seat of the injury is lower down, the swelling 
may, on account of the position of the part of the tendon injured, ap- 
pear only on the inside ; but it more often appears on both sides, or on 
the outer side only. 

Thorough-pins arising from irritation of the flexor pedis tendon are 
at once distinguished from those described in the preceding paragraph, 
because there is no lower enlargement or bog spavin. It is, however, 
very possible that both kinds of thorough-pin and bog spavin also may 
be present in the same hock. 

Bog spavins and thorough-pins vary very much in size, according to 
the nature and degree of the particular case. They may be so small as 
to be scarcely perceptible, or they may be of enormous size. 

388. Windfalls. — Windgalls are similar enlargements, arising from 
very similar causes, in the neighborhood of the fetlock joints. They 
seldom, however, become of any great size. They more commonly 
arise from overexertion and irritation of the parts than from actua, 
sprain. Indeed the fetlock joint is so constructed, that it is very rarely 
sprained. 

Similar enlargements, if any sufficient cause exists, sometimes appear 
in the neighborhood of other true joints. The hock, however, and 
fetlock are the common seat of bursal enlargements. 

389. Blood Spavin. — Blood spavin, though not a bursal enlarge- 
ment, is yet connected with it, and may therefore perhaps be con- 
veniently mentioned in this place. In some cases, when a bog spavin 
is large, its protuberance impedes the flow of the blood through the 
vein which passes over it, and in consequence dilatation of its coats 
takes place just under the seat of the bog spavin. There is no direct 
remedy, but any treatment which lessens the bog spavin, will decrease 
the tendency to retardation in the upward flow of the blood. ISTo great 
harm results from the dilatation of the vein. The greater part of the 
swelling is always due to the bursal enlargement, not to the vein. 

390. Treatment of Bursal Enlargements. — This depends in some 
measure upon the cause. Where overexertion has led to them, rest 
must be enjoined ; indeed rest is the primary requisite in all cases of 
this kind whose recent or incipient formation gives prospect of cure. 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 457 

Arnica lotion, as directed in the preceding section — one part of the 
strong or mother tincture to fifteen of soft water — should be employed 
and well rubbed in four times a day, in all cases of this kind which 
result from external mechanical injury or concussion. Internally, ten 
drops of the dilution may be given at the same time thrice daily. 

Rhus tox., both externally and internally, should be employed in all 
cases which appear to follow some internal injury, as a strain of the 
ligaments, in the same manner as directed for Arnica. 

Mercurius corrosivus, as a lotion, and internally administered, as 
directed in the preceding section, will be found very efficacious in the 
older cases, and after all the aid possible has been obtained from Arnica 
and Khus. 

Consult also in the Materia Medica the following remedies, and give 
of the one whose symptoms best correspond to the case in hand, five 
drops three times a day : Arsenicum, Hepar s. c, Lycopodium, Ledum, 
Belladonna, Sepia, Pulsatilla, and Thuja. 

Bursal enlargements have a marked tendency in many cases to de- 
crease in old age, and it is not uncommon to find the legs of an old 
horse quite or almost quite free from them, although in his younger 
days he may have been much disfigured. The cause of their disap- 
pearance is no doubt due to the generally decreasing energy of the re- 
productive system in old age. 

391. Swelling of the Legs — Mallenders and Sallenders — and 

Grease. — Swelling of the legs, particularly of the hind legs, which oc- 
curs chiefly at the spring and fall, or in horses just taken up from 
grass, or owing to irregularity and want of exercise, or to constitu- 
tional debility, is in any case merely symptomatic, and should lead the 
reader, in the absence of other distinct indications of constitutional dis- 
turbance, to consult the article on the Specific Effects (Materia Medica), 
under the heads of " Extremities." 

Mallenders may be described as an eruption of a scurfy character, 
occurring in the fold of the knee-joint — in the fore leg ; and Sallen- 
ders, the like eruption, occurring in the fold of the hock (in the hind 
leg). 

Treatment. — Consult the Materia Medica, and select from : Antimo- 
nium c, Arsenicum, Baryta c, Calcarea, Carbo veg., Conium, Dulc- 
amara, Graphites, Kali carb., Rhus, Sepia, Silicea, Sulphur, Petroleum, 
and Thuja. 

Doses. — Five drops, morning and evening, until the eruption dimin- 
ishes. 



458 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

Tincture of Sulphur (saturated), in the proportion of one part to 
six of tepid water, should be employed to bathe the parts twice a day 
until the eruption diminishes, when it should be left to complete its 
disappearance. Or else we may apply the Sulphur ointment similarly. 
But in either of these cases, Sulphur must be the remedy internally 
exhibited. 

Grease is characterized by deficiency of the greasy, oily matter which 
lubricates the heel of the horse. This disease, which is purely local, 
occurs more frequently in the hind than in the fore feet, originating in 
want of precaution and attention to cleanliness, the proper drying of 
the heels after washing or otherwise becoming wet, and the removal 
of any dirt which may be accumulated, as also to sudden exposure to 
cold or wet, especially at night, when the stall is well littered and the 
heels are consequently warm, and when more transpiration takes place. 
Grease is indicated first by the absence of the natural greasy feel of the 
heel ; dryness with heat and redness of the skin, degenerating into an 
itching, and subsequently cracking eruption, until the whole of the 
heel becomes fissured more or less deeply, very sore, and develops fun- 
gous excrescences. Some instances occur of these cracks extending to 
the adjacent joints, and further up the leg, when a discharge of thin, 
watery matter takes place, and the heat of the skin is so great that im- 
mediate evaporation takes place, and the steaming may be observed ; 
or, in more serious cases, the fungous excrescences are very tender and 
easily provoked to bleed and scabby, and finish by becoming covered 
with a callous horny skin forming a cluster of protuberances, and 
emitting a most loathsome discharge. 

Treatment. — On the first appearance of the scurfiness, dryness, and 
heat of the heels, care should be taken to remove the hair and the foul 
surface, and to wash the parts frequently and thoroughly with tepid 
water, thoroughly drying them afterwards ; and a solution, consisting 
of one part of tincture of Aconite to ten of tepid water, may be used 
wherewith to bathe the parts twice a day for two days ; after which 
the saturated tincture of Sulphur may be used in the like proportions. 
In the event of dry cracking having supervened, Arnica is preferable ; 
and, again, if suppuration has set in, Calendula only may be used. 
The proportions and method of application are the same of these also. 

392. Luxation of the Patella. — This bone is sometimes displaced 
under the influence of a blow, a false step, a slip, violent effort, a 
sudden leap, &c. The horse then holds his leg stiff and extended ; he 
cannot rest on it, and when obliged to walk, he draws it along. The 



PLATE XV. 



Front View of the Bones of the Knee. 




1. Scaphoid. 

2. Lunar. 

3. Cuneiform. 



4. Trapezoid. 

5. Magnum. 
G. Unciform. 



N. B. — The trapezium or hone at the back of the knee is not shown in this drawing. 



AFFECTIONS OF LIMBS AND EXTREMITIES. 459 

reduction is effected by having sufficient help, and placing a side line, 
with a hobble, on the pastern of the affected limb ; and drawing the 
hind leg forward ; the surgeon is then with both hands to bring the 
bone into its place. At times, it takes place of itself, if the horse 
makes the slightest movement. However, the ligaments are, in gen- 
eral, weakened to such a degree, that the slightest cause suffices to re- 
produce the luxation. Hence the affected part must be treated for 
some days with strong tincture of Arnica externally, and as long as 
the treatment lasts the animal should be left in a state of absolute rest. 

393. Broken Knee. — Broken knee is a term used somewhat indis- 
criminately by the public to express any injury of the knee, whether it 
be a mere abrasion of the skin or hair, or a more serious inj ury, or the 
true joint be laid open. 

Injuries of this kind may be grouped into three classes: 1. Those 
which consist of simple bruises, without perforation of the skin. The 
knee is hot, painful, and swollen ; some hair is removed and the skin 
somewhat grazed. 2. Those in which the skin is cut through, torn, 
and jagged, and the tissues .underneath more or less injured. 3. Those 
in which the knee is cut, bruised, lacerated, and pulpified, and the 
knee-joint opened into as well. This last accident is known by the 
escape of clear fluid, like white of egg. The injury is often so severe 
as to cause death, or to necessitate the destruction of the animal. 

Treatment. — The treatment consists, in the first class of cases, in 
washing the knee to remove dirt, and in frequently applying Arnica 
lotion. In the second class, wash to remove dirt and blood, adjust the 
cut and torn skin as accurately as possible, and apply the same lotion. 
Give internally ten drops of Arnica three times a day, and Aconite in 
the same way if there is any feverishness. In severe injuries some in- 
flammation will generally arise in the injured knee ; the tissues ground 
down to a pulp by the force of the fall will slough off; and the wound 
will heal from the bottom, leaving, necessarily, a permanent blemish 
of greater or less extent. Here, hot fomentations and linseed poul- 
tices, medicated with Calendula lotion, are required. When the in- 
flammation in the wound is gone, nothing more is required but this 
last lotion to complete the cure. The third class, or opened joint, is 
treated by itself in the following section. 

394. Open Joint. — In horses the knee, hock, stifle, and pastern 
joints are liable to be penetrated or broken into by pointed instru- 
ments, by blows, or falls, or other accident. This wound is characterized 



460 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

by a flow of synovial fluid, "joint-oil," from the joint. The synovial 
fluid in appearance and feel is not unlike the white of an egg. Severe 
pain and more or less irritative fever supervene, varying with the size 
of the opening and the importance of the joint. If the interior of the 
joint take on inflammation, the fever becomes severe, the pain intense, 
and lockjaw may ensue, and the horse die, or be ruined. The super- 
vening of inflammation in the interior is not, however, a necessary con- 
sequence, even though the joint may remain open for some days. In 
healthy subjects with judicious treatment joints have been known to 
remain open upwards of a week without any such occurrence, and have 
ultimately healed up satisfactorily. 

Treatment. — We quote from Dr. Moore concise directions for treating 
these important and difficult cases. The first bar to recovery lies in 
the impossibility of keeping a horse quiet, and therefore in keeping the 
joint perfectly motionless — rest being, in such cases, of incalculable 
aid ; and the second hindrance lies in the condition of the wound itself, 
which cannot close and heal up so long as a fluid is constantly running 
through its sides. When the wound is a large one, or when it implicates 
a large joint, such as the stifle, the horse must be slung. If there is 
much pain and feverishness, give ten drops of Aconite every three 
hours ; if the pain and fever are not very pressing, give Arnica in the 
same way. When the flow of joint-oil is considerable, give Silicea in 
the same doses. According to my experience the best local application, 
one that is absolutely indispensable, is fresh slaked lime very finely 
powdered. Lift some of it on the handle-end of a spoon, and apply it 
directly to the wound at the point where the fluid is escaping, and press 
it on with slight force. One attendant must wait on the horse during 
the day, another during the night, and whenever any oozing is seen a 
fresh application of the powder must be made at the point of issue. 
The lime and the oil form a thick, hard, adhesive crust, which, in course 
of time, if assiduously added to, stops the running, and allows the wound 
to close. None of this crust should be removed until the discharge is 
completely arrested, but the fresh applications must be made on the top 
of the old. From a considerable experience of this treatment, I can 
strongly recommend it. Even very bad cases should not be given up 
The great point is, the repeated applications night and day whenever 
the oil makes its appearance. Silicea should be continued from first to 
last ; but alone it can do but little. 

In opened knee-joint, it is possible to keep the leg in comparative 
rest by fixing on a gutta-percha splint four inches broad and twelve 
long. Dip it in hot water to soften it ; then fit it to the inequalities of 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 461 

thfe back of the leg, and secure it by a bandage encircling the leg above 
and below the knee. 

Open joint of lower jaw of horses and oxen may occur from wounds. 

The joint between the lower jaw and the temporal bone of the skull may 
be opened by a blow ; the joint-oil or synovial fluid escapes, and the 
parts become swollen and painful. If care be not taken, the joint in- 
flames, matter runs out, and the bone becomes diseased. Stiffness of 
the joint may remain, preventing mastication, and thus leading on to 
starvation. 

Treatment. — Keep the jaws fixed by a head-collar furnished with a 
strap going round the face and lower jaw above the openings of the 
nose ; feed on fluids until the wound is firmly healed up ; constantly 
dust on 'powdered lime whenever the fluid exudes ; and give ten drops 
of Silicea three times a day. 



CHAPTER XII. 

LAMENESS — SPRAINS — RHEUMATISM — MYALGIA — INJURIES — WOUNDS 
— SUPPURATION — ABSCESSES AND ULCERS. 

395. Lameness. — The paramount importance of this subject leads 
us to extract from Colonel Fitzwygram's work* the following exhaus- 
tive account of the nature and causes of lameness, and the mode of de- 
termining its exact location. And we do this the more freely since all 
that needs to be said of the homoeopathic treatment of this disorder may 
be summed up in very few words when once its seat is ascertained. 

Lameness is only a symptom of disease. It may be produced either 
by pain, by inability, by malformation, or by accident ; or it may arise 
from disease of the cerebral or nervous system, as in injuries of the 
spinal cord, or in stringhalt. 

Lameness is usually, but not invariably, a sign of pain. In anchy- 
losis of a joint, for instance, there is decided lameness from mechanical 
impediment, but no pain. 

Again, loss of elasticity of movement, such as is common in old 
horses, or in animals which have done much work, may exist to a 
degree scarcely distinguishable from lameness. 

* " Horses and Stables." 



462 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

It might, at first sight, seem a very simple thing to say, whether a 
horse is lame or not. It is not so, however, in many cases. Old or 
hard-worked horses, as just mentioned, sometimes go stiff to a degree, 
which may easily be mistaken for lameness, unless due allowance is 
made for age, &c. Again, some horses, which are very wide in their 
chests, roll in their action to an excessive degree. Other horses, if con- 
stantly driven in harness, acquire a peculiar hitch in their trot, which 
is not really lameness. If the animal is sound, this will probably dis- 
appear when he is trotted slowly in hand with a very loose rein. 
Others, especially young horses, when first put on the bit, and from not 
working properly up to it, go in a peculiar manner, which is sometimes 
known as " bridle lameness." If the animal be led with a loose snaffle 
rein or a halter, on the side opposite to that on which he is bridle lame, 
the unevenness of gait will disappear. 

Detection of the Seat and Cause of Lameness. — In some cases the seat 
and cause of lameness is obvious enough, but not unfrequently it is ob- 
scure, sometimes very obscure. Almost every cause of lameness has, 
however, some peculiarity in its symptoms by which it may be dis- 
tinguished. 

Occasionally the difficulty of ascertaining the real cause is aggravated 
by the existence of more than one cause sufficient to account for the 
lameness ; or the horse may be lame in more than one place, as, for in- 
stance, in both fore legs, but perhaps not equally so in each; or in both 
hind legs, but not alike in each ; or in one hind and one fore leg, and so 
on. In such complicated cases the animal saves the lame leg or legs by 
throwing his weight on the sound ones in so peculiar a manner, that 
great and constant practice is needed to form a correct opinion ; or 
again a secondary cause, such as corns, may modify the symptoms of a 
more serious disease. 

In very many, we may say indeed in most cases, the art of the vete- 
rinary surgeon consists more in rightly discerning the real cause and 
seat of lameness than in the treatment of the disease ; and it is only by 
accurate and constant observation and experience that he can acquire 
this knowledge. The treatment is in general exceedingly simple. 
Herein the veterinary differs greatly from the medical art. In the 
human subject, the patient is able in most cases to indicate at least the 
seat of his disease. The horse is incapable of giving this assistance ; 
and we are left to infer, as we best can, the seat and nature of the 
affection. 

We shall now endeavor to give a few general rules, which may assist 
the reader in forming an opinion as to the seat and cause of lameness in 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 463 

various cases. He must not, however, imagine, that a knowledge of this 
difficult portion of the art of the veterinarian can be acquired by reading 
only. Constant practice, keen observation, much trouble and time are 
also required. 

Mode of Examining a Horse. — It is essential, that the horse should 
have been in a state of rest for some hours previous to. being examined 
as to soundness. Some ailments are not noticeable, and many ail- 
ments are less noticeable after a horse has been a little time in exer- 
cise. 

Before a horse is brought out for examination, very much is to be 
gleaned in the stable about his soundness or otherwise by noting the po- 
sition in which he stands, and whether he bears his weight evenly on 
all his legs, or whether he points either foot or ilexes his fetlock ; and 
as regards his hind quarters, whether he keeps either leg flexed, or in 
other cases, one before the other. He should be very narrowly watched, 
as he turns in his stall, as any stiffness or irregularity of action is es- 
pecially noticeable in this preliminary movement. 

For examination, the horse should be led out with a long snaffle 
rein, with his head as loose as possible, first at a walk, and then at a 
very slow trot. There should be nothing to excite him. Everything 
around should be in a state of rest. Lameness may escape detection, 
if the animal is excited. A horse should not be examined in a dealer's 
yard, except the place is perfectly quiet ; nor unless we can be quite 
certain that he is brought out of the stable without having been pre- 
viously exercised. 

The examiner should keep his eye on the very first movements, and 
observe if the animal trips or knuckles, and also how he puts down 
his feet, whether he uses them both alike, and whether he flexes his 
hocks equally. All defects and deviations from true and level action 
are more noticeable in the first step or two than afterwards. Allow- 
ance must, however, be made for the effect of peculiarities of conforma- 
tion on the action. 

After the horse has been trotted away from the examiner, he should 
watch him most narrowly as he turns round. Many defects are more 
easily seen in the act of turning than at any other time. This is es- 
pecially the case in stringhalt, spavins, &c. 

When the horse is trotted on hard ground, the equal sound or other- 
wise of the descent of the feet will strike the ear. An inequality of 
sound may be detected, whilst a slight unevenness of motion may per- 
haps escape the eye. The sound, one, two, three, four, of the even 
trot is easily distinguished from irregularity of action. 



» 

464: VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

A veterinary surgeon should be able to determine whether the action 
is true, or at least conformable to the character of the individual horse 
or not. A horse, for instance, which is over wide in front or behind, 
will necessarily roll to a certain degree ; and some clumsy-made ani- 
mals, especially cart-horses, do so to such an extent as to simulate 
lameness. Others again with very upright shoulders have naturally 
short, quick action, which must not be confounded with lameness. 
When a horse has upright shoulders, and his fore legs are rather be- 
hind the centre of gravity, he must compensate for this defective shape 
by short, quick action, in order to maintain his balance, or else he will 
be unsafe. The examiner should know the feel of a horse under him, 
whether he goes quick and short, or rolls, as a result of natural con- 
formation, or from impairment of structure. 

The age and work which the animal has done, must also be taken 
into consideration. We do not expect to find an old hunter move in 
his trot with the elasticity of a four-year-old. There is a gradual im- 
pairment of structure always going on in the animal frame w T ith age 
and work. The excessive degree of stiffness, sometimes observable in 
old horses, has occasionally led to contradictory decisions among vet- 
erinary surgeons as to their being lame or sound. 

Again, a horse, when examined, may be lame from some temporary 
accidental cause, such as picking up a stone, hitting one leg against the 
other, or from such-like causes ; and this lameness may disappear the 
next day or hour. In all doubtful cases, either as to the nature of the 
lameness, or as to whether the horse is really lame or not, the safer 
plan is to examine him again the next day. 

If after examination a doubt still exists about the soundness, the 
horse should be made to undergo some rather severe work, and then 
be put in a stable, and re-examined two or three hours after, when he 
is quite cool. 

The examiner should endeavor to divest his mind of all prejudice. 
He should not in the first instance listen to any remarks or fancied 
opinions of bystanders on the case. He should set all aside and form 
his own opinion. Having made up his mind that the horse is lame 
and where he is lame, he should then make inquiry into the history of 
the case, and glean all the information he can from the owner and those 
employed about the animal. 

On the other hand, if he decides that the horse is sound at the moment, 
but learns from the owner that he has frequently gone lame after work, 
or has been intermittently lame, he must adopt further means, such as 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 465 

giving the animal rather severe work, and leaving him to stand in the 
stable till cool in order to develop the ailment. 

Although certain general rules may be given to aid in the detection 
of the seat and cause of lameness, yet it is quite impossible to give, by 
any description, rules sufficient to guide the novice in all cases. ISfo 
attempt will be made to do more than point out the leading peculiarities 
of disease in various limbs and structures, which may assist the. careful 
and laborious inquirer in gaining the needed practical knowledge. It 
is possible to lay down broad and general rules ; but it is not possible 
to lay down precise and sharply defined rules ; because constantly vary- 
ing circumstances induce such innumerable modifications of symptoms. 

Excluding from present consideration those cases in which an exter- 
nal wound or blow at once indicates the seat and cause of lameness, we 
proceed to investigate those in which the outward causes are less ap- 
parent. 

Side on which the Horse is Lame to be first ascertained. — In every 
case the first point is to determine, on which side the horse is lame. He 
naturally saves or favors the injured side, and therefore his weight comes 
down with greater force on the opposite leg. 

In the forehand, some information may generally be gained by watch- 
ing the pasterns. The pastern on the side on which the disease exists, 
usually remains more upright than the other, both because less weight 
falls on it, and because the animal generally throws as much weight as 
possible on the toe. An exception, however, occurs in laminitis, in 
which disease the horse throws his weight on his heels. In the hind 
quarter, the hip of the diseased side for similar reasons is generally car- 
ried somewhat higher than that on the sound side. 

Some difficulty occurs, where a horse is lame in both fore or in both 
hind legs. It is seldom, however, that the lameness affects both sides 
equally. 

Whether Lame Before or Behind. — Having ascertained the side on 
which the lameness exists, the next point is to find out whether the 
horse is lame before or behind. Here greater difficulty occurs. 

The motion of the hips affords the best indication on this point. If 
the horse is lame behind, there will probably be a difference in the 
level of the hips in action ; whilst if he is lame before, the level carriage 
of the hips will not be affected. This point will be best ascertained by 
standing behind the horse, whilst the man in charge leads him straight 
away at a walk or at a trot. 

It is also to be noted, that in cases of decided lameness behind, the 
head descends, when the leg on the side on which the horse is lame 

30 



VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

comes to the .ground. In lameness in the forehand, on the contrary, 

ame leg comes do^ 

In slight lameness, however, in the hind quarter the head is often 

carried quite true; bu: :..■«:--.-. " - eere even the 

slightest lameness affects the carriage of the head ; except indeed in 

tifoe animal is equally lame in both kgs the level 

carriage of the head of course will not be affected. 

X<ameness in one hind leg often give- i an uneven or "^ 

motion, which sometimes leads an inexperienced person to think 
the horse lame or. ; ; 

A fa - suffering from acute will place his fore 

feet more unc •:. hi w tfaao usual, so as in some degree to take the weight 
off the part affected ; "....- - 

:_:__ hif bind 1 egg more under him. 

If Eame before, whether m the J Elsewhere. — Supposing the 

horse to be lame befor. til ■ -■: 

seat of laniene- b :.. - bene. 

The appearance of a fears 
Hep- hi : anna th .-.:: h m -oronet is 

mor^ ;... . an h \ m .-/ m& th hing 

arteries. En hs movements ife hoca :/ . k ariiy: and 
in turning he limps more ; En - ^moms of course vary 

according: in ti - - injur}'. In:.- . -Land- 

ing,:-.; . - - nsualfr ilteratior. in flm -: centre a: f the 

foot : an fa compare: _ - - inouid therefore aim ; 

carefulr - -; rwd. 

Poor lameness may :;/-..:: teste* 5 : roti b . ... . :. 

narc . - : 1 . i hmue in th "ill be 

.more . .. fitter than on the. former. In doubtfn. 

may be t: ttx rei biU on hard ground, or ridden . . the concus- 
sion iril _ - m bvious. If he is lame 
.. - apparent and probably more apparent on soft 
than on 3 _ n\i ex : c :; duff rnk sam ii see of 

splints a:. Am - gfae lameness fioi more apparent 

on hare. :. . . 1 -oft gron: 

tih " .- ~ distinguish one disease in the foot from an- 

other, the read ....-- the succeeding chapter on Poot Lameness. 

If not Lara- Foot, and yet more Lame on Sard than on Soft 

Ground, an Exostosis may be Suspected. — If, howev- : e th rough ex- 
amination should show that the feet are sound, the symptom, namely, 
increased lameness on hard ground, will lead us to conclude that the 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 467 

cause may be found in some exostosis, such as a spavin, splint, ring- 
bone, or sore shins. The peculiarities connected with such lameness 
and the best means of detecting the seat in each particular case, have 
been detailed in the sections on Spavin, Splint, and Sore Shins. 

Of Lameness in the Forehand) when the Horse is more Affected on 
Soft than on Hard Ground. — If, however, the lameness being in the 
forehand, the horse is more lame on soft than on hard ground, it is 
probable that the effect is due to sprain of some muscle, ligament, or 
tendon. 

These causes are so frequent and so important, that the author deems 
it necessary to devote to their consideration a separate section on Sprains 
of the Fore Leg. 

Lameness in the Hind Quarters. — We have hitherto supposed the 
seat of lameness to be in the forehand. We must now suppose, that, 
by the rules laid down in the preceding paragraph, we have ascertained, 
its seat to be in the hind quarters. 

With some modifications, the general rules given above for detecting 
the particular seat of the lameness apply to hind as well as to fore 
quarters. 

The level movement or otherwise of the hips is our first and chief 
guide. If the horse is lame in the hock or below it (and in the great 
majority of cases the seat of lameness is in the hock), the hip on the 
side in which the disease exists is usually carried somewhat higher 
than the sound one. 

Before trotting the animal, note should be taken of the conformation 
of the hind quarters. For this purpose the horse ought to be made to 
stand so as to bear his weight equally on both hind legs. The relative 
equality of the height of the hips and the development of the muscles 
on both sides will then be well seen. If the horse is not made to stand 
well and correctly balanced on his hind legs, an erroneous opinion may 
easily be arrived at. It not unfrequently happens that a portion of 
the projecting part of the bone of the hip has been knocked off. It is 
important that this accident, if it has occurred, should be noticed be- 
fore the horse is trotted down, because otherwise the fact of one hip 
being carried higher than the other would lead the unwary to suspect 
lameness in the opposite leg, or perhaps to think that the muscles had 
wasted away from previous disease. 

If, on the other hand, the horse should happen to be lame from an 
injury or sprain above the hock, the hip on the lame side will generally 
droop somewhat in action. A further peculiarity will be noticed in 
the horse swerving from that side, i. e., not carrying his body in a 



468 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

straight line. In some cases, however, of lameness behind there is no 
perceptible difference in the level of the hips in action. 

When the horse is trotted down, the examiner should at first stand 
directly behind him. In this position he will best observe the move- 
ments of the hips, and whether the body is carried in a straight line 
or not. The want of due and equal flexion in the hocks will, however, 
be seen more plainly by the examiner standing on the side. 

Next he must ascertain whether the seat of lameness is in the foot 
or elsewhere. Lameness, however, in the hind feet is very rare com- 
pared with the many cases in which it occurs in the fore feet. 

Hence if the horse be more lame on hard than on soft ground, we 
may at once suspect that some exostosis and probably spavin is the 
cause. For further details and special symptoms of such lameness the 
reader is referred to the section on Spavin. 

If, on the other hand, the horse be more lame on soft heavy ground 
than on hard ground, we shall probably find that sprain of some of the 
ligaments is the cause. But whereas in the fore leg the sprain usually 
occurs between the knee and the fetlock, in the hind leg the seat of 
sprain is generally in the hock. 4 

In nine cases out of every ten, the cause of lameness in the hind leg 
will be found in the hock; it may be a sprain or it may be an exostosis. 
The reason of such special liability to disease in the hock has been 
already explained in the sections on the conformation of the hock and 
on spavin. 

Sprains of the Loins, and Stringhalt. — Sprains of the loins and also 
incipient stringhalt are sometimes not noticeable, so ]ong as the horse 
moves forw r ard. In every case, therefore, the animal examined should 
be " backed," and turned round sharply, when any such defect will be 
more apparent. 

Rheumatism as a cause of Lameness. — Rheumatism may affect either 
the fore or hind quarters. The lameness resulting from it very much 
resembles that arising from violent sprain of a tendon ; but it is easily 
distinguished from it by the lameness appearing and disappearing sud- 
denly, and by its shifting about from place to place. For further de- 
tails on this subject the reader is referred to the section on rheumatism. 

Accidents and such-like causes of Lameness. — Besides lamenesses 
arising from specific affections of particular muscles, tendons, ligaments, 
joints, bones, &c, there are very many cases which arise from purely 
accidental causes, such as blows, fractures, wounds, and sores. Thus 
a horse may be lame from a blow on the outside of the leg, or from a 
girth-gall, or from undue pressure of a saddle on the withers or on 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 469 

some other part, or from cracked heels, or other such causes. The 
majority of these causes are, however, apparent at first sight. 

396. Sprains. — Closely connected with lameness, and in many in- 
stances the cause of it, sprains may be denned as injuries of the liga- 
ments and adjacent structures of a joint ; or of a single tendon, the re- 
sult of overextension. Oftentimes severe lameness may arise from even 
moderate exercise of ligaments and muscles, and their being presently 
exposed to take cold, especially in damp and wet weather. This dis- 

' order partakes of the nature of rheumatism, w~hich see. 

A sprain may vary in severity and consequences, from a slight strain 
upon these structures, requiring little or no treatment, up to a fatal or 
irremediable lesion. Local pain and swelling, with lameness or ina- 
bility to move, and perhaps some degree of feverish excitement, are the 
chief general symptoms. The following are the principal individual 
accidents of this kind : 

397. Sprain of the Neck. — This occurs when a horse falls upon 
his head, as in hunting. There may be displacement of bones with 
twisting of the head and neck; or concussion or laceration of the 
spinal cord, attended or followed by hopeless paralysis ; or simple 
sprain of the tendinous and ligamentous structures. 

398. Sprain of the Back occurs when a horse slips in the field, or 
on ice, and attempts to recover himself; or when the hind feet slip 
backwards, as in jumping. Severe injuries in this quarter may in- 
volve important parts and be beyond the reach of art ; or the sprain 
may not be observable till the animal has rested. 

399. Sprain of the Shoulder occurs from a slip or fall, and is char- 
acterized by reluctance to move the limb, extension of the leg forward, 
dragging the toe along the ground and slightly swinging it round when 
walking, with local tenderness under pressure, and usually with some 
heat and swelling. When the lame leg is raised well up, and pulled 
out in front of the horse in a straight line, it is evident that more or 
less pain is caused. 

400. Sprain of the Hip is known by lameness, difficulty in moving 
the leg forwards, and local heat, tenderness, and swelling. 

401. Sprain of the Stifle is known by dragging of the leg, and the 
same local symptoms as the last. The patella— or bone in front of the 



470 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHT. 

stifle joint — may be dislocated, in which case the leg is dragged along, 
stiff and immovable. Drawing the leg forcibly forwards and pressing 
the bone into its place, will remedy this displacement. Spasm, or 
cramp of the leg, gives rise to similar symptoms; it comes and goes 
suddenly. 

402. Curb is an enlargement at the back of the hock, about three 
or four inches below the point of the hock, and consists of sprain, fol- 
lowed by swelling and thickening of the ligament which binds the os 
calcis and metatarsal bones together. It is seen at a glance, by look- 
ing at the hock from the side. A horse galloping over stiff ground or 
put to a sudden spring, as in a start or jump, may "throw out" a curb. 
Young horses are especially the subjects of it. Horses are called cow- 
hocked or curby-hoclced, when the joint is malformed in such a manner 
as to render them more than ordinarily liable to curb, from the liga- 
ment being kept constantly on the stretch. A horse with curb is un- 
sound, but a curby-hocked horse, not lame at the time, is legally sound. 
A horse that throws out a curb even within an hour after sale cannot 
be returned to the vendor.* 

The treatment of curb is the same as that required for any other 
sprain. The lameness usually subsides as soon as the inflammation is 
reduced. The strain of the ligament will be lessened by the applica- 
tion of a high-heeled shoe. 

Strange as it may seem, the patient, if an aged horse, may generally 
be put to work again in from ten days to three weeks. But when the 
sprain occurs in a young horse, whose bones and ligaments are not yet 
fully grown and developed, rest for a lengthened period is always 
needed. Nature must be allowed time to strengthen and develop those 
structures, which the occurrence of a sprain, such as a curb, has shown 
not to be equal to what has been required of them. Unless time is 
given, the ailment will probably recur as soon as the horse is again 
put to work. 

403. Sprain of the Back Tendons is a frequent accident to the fore 
leg ; it is attended with sudden lameness at the time of the injury, or 
the lameness is perceptible only after the horse has rested. There are 
pain, heat, and swelling in some part of the tendon, between the pas- 
tern and the knee. The horse rests his leg on the toe, and is afraid to 
put the foot down flat. In bad or neglected cases, the condition known 
as thickening of the hock sinews remains. 

* Dr. J. Moore. 



PLATE XVI. 



Tendons and Ligaments of the Fore-Leg. 




S. Splint bone 



E. Extensor ten- p 
don. 

M. Great metacar- 
pal or cannon 
or shank bone. 



E. Extensor ten- _ 
don. 



-A Flexor perforatus. 

-—& Flexor perforans. 

— C Metacarpal ligament. 

— D Superior sesamoideal ligament. 



"*J Superior sesamoideal ligament. 
B Flexor perforans. 

"A Flexor perforatus. 



d Bifurcation of the sesamoideal liga- 
ment. 



y Continuation forward of branch of the 
sesamoideal ligament. 



Continuation of the Flexor perforans 
B — afterwards inserted into the lower 

side of the os pedis. 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 471 

404. Broken Down expresses rupture of the suspensory ligament 
and of the perforating flexor of the foot, a serious accident, which oc- 
curs suddenly to one leg, rarely to both, when the horse is galloping 
at full speed. He stops like a shot, or falls down — hence the name — 
and we find him resting on the fetlock, with the toe turned up and the 
sole of the foot forwards. 

405. Sprains of the Hock. — Whilst in the fore leg the seat of 
sprain is usually in the tendons or ligaments between the knee and the 
fetlock, in the hind leg it is usually in the hock. From the very se- 
vere duties which devolve on the hock, we cannot be much surprised 
that it should be pretty frequently the seat of sprain. See Plate. 

The seat of sprain in the hock is usually in the ligaments, which 
bind together the various bones of the true and subsidiary joints of the 
structure. These ligaments, as we might expect in a structure com- 
bining so many bones, are numerous. Any one or more may be 
sprained ; or any portion of any of the ligaments may be affected. 

The tendons, which commence at the end of the large muscles of the 
hind quarters and pass over the hock, are seldom sprained, though 
such an accident may occur. 

The particular part which is sprained is indicated by heat and 
swelling, and to that part the remedies recommended for sprains must, 
according to the degree and circumstances of each case, be applied. 

Very considerable swelling frequently accompanies sprains of the 
ligaments of the hock ; but in all such cases the greater part of the 
swelling is always due to irritation of the various bursse of the dif- 
ferent parts of the structure rather than to the inflammation of the 
sprained ligament itself. These bursal enlargements are, however, in 
most cases only temporary, and yield to the same treatment as that 
employed to reduce the inflammation which accompanies the sprain. 

406. Capped Hock. — Capped hock may be simply a serous effusion 
under the skin at the point of the hock ; or the above may be accom- 
panied by thickening of the integuments and inflammation of the bursa 
and by deposit of coagulable lymph. 

The injury is usually caused by kicking in the stable or in harness. 
Some horses, however, contrive to injure themselves in the act of lying 
down or getting up. 

In rare cases the enlargement may arise from rupture of the lateral 
attachment of the perforatus tendon at the apex of the os calcis. This 
injury will be recognized by a flattened appearance of the point of the 



472 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

hock when the limb is in a state of rest, which, however, disappears 
when the hock is flexed. 

407. Sprain of the Ligaments of the Femur. — Sprains of the 
ligaments of the femur occur occasionally from any sudden violent 
exertion, or from slipping up in the stable. 

When the injury occurs at the upper end, where the femur articulates 
with the acetabulum, there is no external sign, for the parts are deep- 
seated, and the existence of a sprain can only be surmised by the animal 
straddling and slightly dragging the leg. In such cases rest is the 
only treatment, for no external topical remedies will reach the parts 
affected. 

At the other or lower end the ligaments, which really appertain to 
the femur, are seldom sprained. The external signs, when an injury 
does occur, are heat, swelling, and tenderness in the part; and the 
treatment is the same as that which has been already recommended 
for sprains. Rest, however, in this, as in other cases, is the great 
essential. 

408. Sprain of the Ligaments of, and Displacement of the 
Patella. — Sprain of the ligaments, when the patella is not displaced, is 
indicated by swelling and heat accompanied with tenderness. In action, 
the horse carries his leg round instead of raising it properly. The 
treatment is that usual for sprains. 

Displacement of the patella is indicated by the foot being flexed back 
on the pastern bone, by the hock being straightened, and by inability 
to advance the leg. If any attempt is made to compel the animal to 
do so, the pain will be excruciating. The displacement is generally to 
the outer, and not to the inner side. 

Dislocation is most apt to occur in young horses, whose tendons and 
ligaments have not yet acquired their full strength. It is also some- 
times occasioned by undue uprightness of the femur, on account of 
which the patella slips over the outer condyle of the femur. 

If pushed back, the patella will often slip again into its place. If it 
does not do so, a rope must be secured round the pastern, and the leg 
must then be drawn forward by one assistant, whilst another presses 
on the outer and upper part of the patella, and pushes it in an inward 
and forward direction. See Plates VI and VII. 

Its replacement will be indicated by a sudden snap. The horse 
must be restrained from lying down for twenty-four or perhaps forty- 
eight hours. It will sometimes be found, that, as soon as the hand is 



LAMENESS, SP11AINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 473 

removed after replacing the bone, it slips out again. When such is the 
case, the operator should continue his pressure on the part for an hour 
or longer. 

When the patella has once been displaced, there is a tendency for the 
accident to recur again and again. In such cases it will be necessary 
to blister over the part, or even to apply actual cautery. The effusion 
and thickening thus produced will exercise, as it were, persistent pres- 
sure on the part. See " Luxation of Patella," No. 389. 

409. Sprains of the Fetlock Joint. — The injury is much the same 
as that which occurs in the similar joint in the fore leg, and the causes 
are usually the same. It may, however, arise from repeated sprains of 
the flexor tendons, which pass over the joint. 

Knuckling over behind, as distinguished from sprain of the joint, is 
most frequently caused by spavin, or some other such cause, which in- 
terferes with the due flexion of the hock. 

410. Sprains of the Loins. — This injury consists of sprains of the 
ligaments connecting the dorsal and lumbar vertebras, or it may be 
sprain of the psose muscles. 

Horses so affected roll in their hind quarters and have not proper 
control over the muscles. The injury generally occurs very suddenly, 
and is the result of some violent overexertion. The treatment is long 
rest and repeated blisters. Adhesive plasters, commonly called charges, 
have been found beneficial. But the homoeopathic remedies indicated 
in the following section will be far more effectual. 

The chance of recovery is very uncertain. If the injury is at all 
severe, the better plan is to destroy the animal. If the injury is very 
slight, the animal may move pretty well in a straight direction ; but 
the injury will be detected when the horse is backed or turned round. 
This trial should never be omitted in the examination of a horse as to 
soundness. 

411. Treatment of Lameness, Sprains, and Strains. — The same 
general principles govern the treatment of these various and yet not 
dissimilar forms of disease. The same remedies also are applicable, 
with few exceptions, to them all. But the local treatment, in which 
homoeopathy here so much excels the ordinary method, requires that 
the seat of the lesion, whether of joint, or tendon, or muscle, or liga- 
ment, be ascertained within tolerable accuracy. And they require ab- 
solute rest, at least until the pain and swelling have subsided, and the 



474 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

lameness itself becomes less obvious. Even then work is out of the 
question, gentle exercise alone being advisable. In this respect great 
care and judgment are required, and it is always best to be on the safe 
side, and keep the patient quiet too long, rather than not long enough. 

Arnica. — In the first stage of sprains, give Arnica in ten-drop doses 
every four or six hours, according to the severity of the injury, increasing 
the interval between the doses as the improvement appears. Arnica 
lotion (Arnica mother tincture one part, soft water fifteen parts) should 
be well rubbed into the injured pari three times a day. In sprains of 
the leg, a bandage wet with the lotion should be wrapped around. 
This may be moistened at intervals as it becomes dry. But it should 
be observed that the intermittent and not the continuous action of the 
external application is most beneficial. 

Rhus tox. should be substituted when some swelling still remains in 
cases of lameness (from sprains or strains) after the free use of Arnica 
as above directed. A lotion of Rhus, prepared as ordered for Arnica 
lotion, should be similarly well rubbed in. This remedy is no doubt 
much more efficacious than Arnica in all cases of sprain or strain, 
whether of ligaments, tendons, or muscles. And it will be still more 
indicated when the original injury is aggravated by exposure to damp 
and wet weather. Internally, give five-drop doses of Rhus once in 
three or four hours, in connection with its external application ; this 
latter should be applied warm in cold weather, and cold in hot weather. 
But the warm lotions and fomentations are more homoeopathic to, 
and so more efficient in relieving inflammations, than if they were 
applied cold. 

Rhus tox. cures many cases of lameness whose cause and exact seat 
are alike unknown. We remember to have seen this well illustrated 
in a horse constantly going lame and equally disposed to hick, A few 
doses of Rhus cured the lameness, and the disposition to kick disap- 
peared at the same time. 

The following, from a recent periodical, illustrates the action of 
this remedy : Sprain of the hock joint cured by Rhus. — Dr. Moore re- 
lates an interesting case :* " The mare seems well, except that she is 
very lame in the right hind leg ; the hock, at its front and inner aspect, 
on the seat of bog-spavin, and on that of thorough-pin, is considerably 
swelled, hot, and tender. The hair has been removed by some stimu- 
lating application, which has done no good. To have ten drops of Rhus 
tox., 1st dilution, thrice daily, and the affected parts to be well rubbed 

* British Horn. Journal, Oct., 1858, p. 625. 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 475 

night and morning with a mixture of tincture of Rhus one ounce and 
of water fifteen ounces. In one week's time under this treatment the 
animal was perfectly recovered, and remained well." 

Mercurius corrosivus. — In chronic thickening of tendons, or sheaths 
of tendons, or of structures around a joint, Dr. Moore advises to have 
recourse to Merc, corros., applied externally in form of lotion, made by 
dissolving sixty grains of the drug in one pint of hot water ; the same 
medicine, in the sixth dilution, should be also given internally in five- 
drop doses three times a day. 

Ferrum muriaticum has been found especially useful in sprains of 
the shoulder joint, resulting from great exertions, false steps, or external 
violence. Even cases of this kind of long standing have been greatly 
benefited by this remedy in the sixth decimal dynamization. 

Aconite may prove useful in inflammations resulting from a sprain. 

Bryonia will be found useful in affections of the ligaments caused by 
exposure to dry cold. (Wet cold, Rhus tox.) 

Veratrum has been found useful in lameness of the shoulder. 

Symphytum will be needed where there is rupture of tissues, injuries 
of the periosteum or membrane covering the bones, and especially where 
there are fractures of the bones themselves. 

Cocculus. — Recommended in strain of the haunch. 

Nux vomica. — Strain in the haunch of calves. 

Ledum, Bryonia, Gocculus, Pulsatilla, Nux v., and Bhus are rec- 
ommended in strain of the loins. 

Conium will prove an important remedy for lesions consisting of 
strain and bruise together, especially in old cases, and after Arnica has 
done all the good it can in the case. 

Consult the Materia Medica for further indications for these remedies 
in the various forms of lameness. 

The following cases, reported by Dr. Moore, will show his method 
of treatment and the operation of the homoeopathic remedies : 

Sprain of the Flexor Tendon. — On May 5th, 1860, I visited a car- 
riage-horse belonging to B. Green, Esq. The animal is a fine-topped 
horse, but rather defective in his fore legs. A few days ago he became 
lame of the fore right leg, and was sent to a veterinary surgeon, who 
recommended firing and blistering, and rest for three months. The 
owner objected to such severe measures, and placed his horse under 
my care. 

Symptoms. — Lameness of the right fore leg; the flexor tendon is 
swollen, hot, and painful, just above the fetlock joint; quite well 
otherwise. 



476 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Treatment — Foment for half an hour, and afterwards rub in Rhus 
lotion, night and morning ; apply a bandage, wrung out of cold water, 
round the leg, and give ten drops of Rhus, first dilution, night and 
morning. At the end of a week there was less lameness and swelling. 
Rhus lotion was then used night and morning alone. Three weeks from 
the commencement of treatment, the horse was sound, the swelling sub- 
sided, and the leg as firm as the other. 

Sprain of the Pastern Joint. — In 1860, I was consulted respecting a 
horse belonging to His Grace the Duke of . I found great lame- 
ness, and swelling of the leg from the effects of a blister which had been 
applied to the fetlock joint. I ordered the application of lard to soften 
the scabs, and after they had been washed off, Arnica lotion three times 
a day. Three weeks afterwards, when much improved, he was driven 
out, and returned worse than ever. There were heat and slight enlarge- 
ment of the pastern joint, which I considered the original seat of the 
disease. My opinion was asked as to firing, and I said I could cure 
the case without. The horse was afterwards taken to a veterinary 
surgeon, who said the disease was in the fetlock joint, and who advised 
two or three courses of blistering, a dose of physic, rest, and firing as a 
last resort. As His Grace disliked such severe treatment, he consented 
to mine. I gave ten drops of the sixth dilution of Merc, cor., night 
and morning, and caused the pastern to be rubbed with the Here. cor. 
embrocation. In a fortnight the horse was sound. 

Sprain of the Hock at the Seat of Spavin. — On October 4th, 1860, I 
was requested to look at a bay horse, the property of the Midland Rail- 
way Company. This horse has been but a short time in the Company's 
service, and is just recovered from a severe attack of bronchitis, and is 
not in a fit state for severe exertion. Last evening he was heavily 
loaded, and was driven at a quick pace. This morning he is very lame, 
particularly on the right leg ; he walks very widely, and is stiff in his 
hocks ; on the seat of spavin there are great heat and pain on pressure. 

Treatment. — The shoes were removed and elevated at the heel with a 
bar ; the hocks were ordered to be well fomented twice a day, and after 
each fomentation to be well rubbed with Ruta lotion (one ounce of tinc- 
ture of Ruta, mixed with fifteen ounces of water). See Materia Medica 
for method of preparing lotions. To have internally, Ruta, ten drops, 
first dilution, night and morning. 

This treatment was persevered with for a short time, when he became 
sound and fit to go to work. 

Sprain of the Hock (Sprung Hock). — My attention was directed to a 
brown gelding, which came home from work the previous evening very 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 477 

lame. The left hock was very much swollen all around, and projecting 
on each side ; the seat of " thorough-pin/' and also the seat of bog- 
spavin, are both very hot and painful on pressure ; otherwise the horse 
is well. 

Treatment — The hock to be well fomented three times a day, and 
immediately afterwards to be well rubbed with Ruta lotion, and ten 
drops of the first dilution of Euta to be administered internally. 

Under this treatment the horse became sound in ten days, and went 
to work, although the hock was still considerably enlarged ; but by 
persevering in the above treatment it became quite right in a few weeks. 

412. Outs, Abrasions, and Lacerated Wounds. — Whenever there 
is severe abrasion of the skin, or the flesh has been lacerated, particu- 
larly also, if great discharge of blood takes place, Calendula appears as 
the unfailing remedy. Such are the frequent cases occasioned by the 
fall of a horse. Broken knees are amongst them. One important pre- 
caution in the treatment of such wounds, consists in the thorough re- 
moval of every particle of extraneous substance which may have been 
insinuated into the wound, and in washing the wound copiously with 
cold water. After which, the tincture of Calendula will in many cases 
obviate the blemish which would otherwise ensue. 

Used as a lotion, one part of the mother tincture to fifteen of water. 

413. Sting's of Insects. — Tincture of Camphor, diluted with from 
six to twenty times its volume of Spirit of Wine, or tincture of Urtica 
dioica, diluted with from four to ten times its volume of water. The 
former, when the sting has been followed by little or no swelling, or 
other external manifestation ; the latter, when more or less swelling has 
ensued, and especially when the adjacent parts are characterized by 
evident tenderness, the animal shrinking from contact (the affection 
being purely local). 

The lotion of tincture of Camphor must only be made by dilution 
with spirit, as just directed; of tincture of Urtica, by dilution with 
water, as in the case of Rhus. 

Camphor is available either as a preventive agent, or immediately 
after the occurrence of the accident (in most cases). 

414. Rheumatism. — In Horses: Rheumatism is inflammation of a 
peculiar shifting type, usually but not exclusively affecting tissues of 
low organization. It may be chronic, or it may be acute. The acute 
attack is usually accompanied by febrile symptoms. 

Viewed in its more general aspect, as distinguished from the cause 



478 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

of any particular attack, this disease may be said to be a result of a low 
or impaired state of vitality. Hence its usual seat is in tissues of low 
organization. 

The parts usually affected are the white fibrous tissue covering the 
muscles, the capsules of joints, the tendons and their sheaths, and liga- 
ments. Occasionally the valves of the heart suffer from rheumatism, 
not indeed directly, but secondarily from deposit of fibrin on them, 
w T hich impairs their functions; and in some cases the coats of the blood- 
vessels are affected, and more rarely parts of higher organization. 

The chief peculiarities of the disease are the suddenness of its attacks 
and a very remarkable tendency to shift from one part to another. 

Structures which have been once affected are very liable to recur- 
rence of the disease, and after a time it may become chronic in such 
parts. But though it may be chronic, variations in degree will be felt 
from time to time, according to weather, health, and other changing 
circumstances. 

Rheumatism is often caused by neglect. It is very readily brought 
on by exposure to wet and cold, by insufficient diet, by bad stable 
management, by neglect, and by all other such causes as low r er the 
general health Rheumatism is also a frequent sequel of any debilitat- 
ing disease, especially of chest affections and influenza. It is said to 
be hereditary, but this point is very doubtful. 

By some it has been thought that rheumatism is dependent on an 
excess of lactic acid in the blood, but even if true, this supposition is 
of no practical import. 

Symptoms. — A sudden and at first unaccountable stiffness in some 
part or other is usually the earliest sign. The absence of any external 
cause sufficient to account for the stiffness or lameness will lead us in 
such cases to suspect rheumatism. 

This suspicion, if correct, will be confirmed in a few days, either by 
the sudden disappearance of the attack, or by increase in the symptoms, 
or by its shifting to some other part. For example, if the attack super- 
venes on influenza, one fore leg may be found suddenly much inflamed 
and sore to the touch from the knee downwards along the back tendons, 
and the attack will probably be accompanied by febrile symptoms and 
short, quick breathing. Under treatment the ailment will probably 
get better, but suddenly the other fore leg or perhaps a hind leg may 
be similarly affected. 

If the attack be severe, or if it be continued, the parts affected will 
soon become hot and swollen. When a part has been frequently at- 
tacked, a chronic swelling generally becomes apparent. 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 479 

When rheumatism arises from exposure to cold or wet, it generally 
affects the loins or shoulders. 

For any present attack the best treatment is friction to the part af- 
fected, which should afterwards be wrapped in flannel. Hot fomenta- 
tions are also beneficial, but great care must be taken to avoid a chill 
by applying warm flannel bandages as soon as the fomentation is dis- 
continued. In good truth, however, in this as in many other diseases 
prevention is better than cure. Horses in really well-managed stables 
do not often suffer from rheumatism. 

In animals which, either from previous attacks or constitutionally, 
are predisposed to this disease, the greatest care, in addition to main- 
taining the system by good feeding, should be taken to have them dried 
and cleaned immediately after their return from work. The evil effects 
of allowing horses to stand and get chilled after exercise cannot be too 
constantly borne in mind. 

Sudden lameness, especially with heat, swelling, and tenderness of 
the affected part, will usually indicate a rheumatic attack when no other 
cause can be discovered. Especially will this conclusion be correct if 
the joints are the parts disordered. And again, in animals which have 
once or often er been subject to this complaint, there never need be any 
doubt as to its character when it appears again. 

Chronic rheumatism is merely the continuance in a less severe form 
of what has already been described as acute rheumatism ; and, like the 
acute form, chronic rheumatism changes its location, appearing one 
day in one joint or limb, another day in another part. The repeated 
attacks of rheumatism, which are the precursors of the chronic form, 
are best obviated by the appropriate homoeopathic treatment. 

Lumbago is rheumatism in the loins or lumbar fascia ; horses so af- 
fected are said to be "loin-bound." 

Pleurodynia is the name given to rheumatism affecting the muscles 
between the ribs, and also the fibrous tissue which lines the interior or 
the chest ; the name itself literally means pain in the side. 

Chest founder * "external pleurisy,"f or "shoulder-tied," is the 



* Founder, as well explained by Blaine, from the foundering headlong or tum- 
bling gait it produces, has been applied to diseases totally opposite, as rheumatism 
in the shoulders, and phlegmonous inflammation of the laminae of the coffin-bone 
(Foot Founder ; see No. 358) It is true that a distinction was intended by the terms 
chest founder and body founder, for the former, and foot founder for the latter ; but 
the terms are often jumbled together in old books of farriery, and a corresponding 
confusion prevails in common conversation. 

f External -pleurisy (pleurodynia) as a name for acute rheumatism, was derived 
from its being supposed to be seated in the intercostal muscles and at the same time 



480 VETEKINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

name applied to rheumatism involving the fibrous tissues about the 
shoulder. " Flying lameness" is a name frequently bestowed upon the 
lameness resulting from sudden metastasis of the rheumatic affection 
from one part to another. 

In Cattle. — Rheumatism occurs more frequently in oxen, cows, and 
dogs, than it does in horses. 

Chine felon (lumbago), is the name formerly given to rheumatism of 
the back in cows (corresponding to " loin-bound" in horses), and 
joint felon, where it attacked the joints. 

Kennel lameness is the popular designation of the rheumatic disorder 
as it affects dogs. In sporting and house dogs the presence of rheuma- 
tism is manifested by the way in which the animal limps with one 
paw, which he trails along, or holds raised up as he walks ; uttering 
complaints and howlings when he lays it down on the ground. 

The nature and symptoms of the disease in these different animals 
are, generally speaking, quite similar. But in cows it becomes a much 
more serious affection, and in its acute and chronic forms is thus 
described by Gamgee : It is commonly observed in the cow in the 
chronic form, though it occasionally assumes an acute type, and may 
prove fatal in the course of a few days. 

Acute rheumatism is ushered in by general uneasiness, loss of appe- 
tite, dryness of skin, constipation, and apparent rigidity of the joints 
of the body. One of the joints more particularly swells, becomes stiff 
and painful. In the course of the disease, other joints become affected, 
the acute symptoms usually subsiding in the part first implicated. 
The sudden transition of the disease from one part to another, an oc- 
currence which is technically termed metastasis, is characteristic of 
acute rheumatism, in which there is a great tendency for the serous 
membranes in large cavities to become inflamed. The pleura, but 
more particularly the serous membranes covering the inside and out- 
side of the heart, become affected, and it is usually from heart disease 
that a rheumatic animal is disabled or killed. 

In chronic rheumatism one of the joints becomes chiefly affected, 
and is the seat of structural changes. This is seen in young animals 
not unfrequently, but also in milk cows. Sometimes a tendency to 
scrofula encourages a deposit of lymph, which has a tendency to in- 
vade the bone and remain unorganized, sometimes softening so that 
abscesses form. The knee joint is most frequently affected with this 
form of disease, and may assume enormous dimensions. 

to involve also the internal organs of the chest. But this, if formerly true, as evi- 
denced by an accompanying cough, does not now appear ever to be the case. 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 481 

Milch cows generally lose their milk, as they come under the influ- 
ence of rheumatic fever. 

415. Treatment. — Aconite will be indicated in the acute form of 
rheumatism by its usual symptoms : fever ; local inflammation, swell- 
ing, and tenderness, which may shift from one part to another ; rest- 
lessness; shivering and chilliness at the first, and especially when 
there is danger of the disorder attacking the heart. In this latter case 
full (ten-drop) doses should be given every hour, till the emergency is 
passed. In ordinary cases the 

Dose. — May be five drops (to ten drops ; f the symptoms are urgent) 
once in two or three hours. 

Bryonia. — Acute rheumatism ; especially of the legs, shoulder, and 
side (pleurodynia) ; full and frequent pulse ; swelling not confined 
to the joints; loss of appetite; thirst, constipation, stools dry, respira- 
tion short, urine high-colored, great reluctance to move, and evident 
increase of the pain from the least motion. 

Bryonia is one of the oftenest indicated remedies in rheumatism, and 
will be especially suitable when the disease arises from exposure to 
cold dry air, or winds. 

Dose. — From five to eight drops in a little water, every two or three 
hours, according to the size of the patient and severity of the symp- 
toms. 

Rhus tox. — Rheumatism arising from exposure to cold and wet; 
stiffness and difficulty of moving at first, the lameness and stiffness ap- 
parently less after continued exertion ; restlessness, can't keep still ; loss 
of muscular power (paralysis) of the legs ; rheumatism of the muscles 
of the back. The disorder results from overexertion and exposure to 
the rain when fatigued; a very common cause, and for which Rhus is 
almost as specific as any medicine can be for any affection. Pains 
worse when at rest ; better on motion. 

Dose. — Ten drops for horses and cattle, smaller doses for lesser ani- 
mals ; repeated once in three or four hours ; in chronic rheumatism, 
night and morning only. 

Gimicifuga racemosa. — An invaluable remedy in pleurodynia of 
the right side of the chest ; pains worse on motion ; articular rheuma- 
tism, with much swelling and heat of the affected parts. 

Dose. — Five drops every two or three hours for horses and cattle, 
two or three drops for smaller animals. 

Belladonna will be required when the affected parts are extremely 

31 



482 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

tender to the touch and painful when moved, causing lameness ; swell- 
ing of the joints, which are hot and tender ; throbbing of the arteries ; 
high fever, worse at night. 

Dose. — Three to eight drops once in two hours, in a little water ; 
less often when better. 

Gelseminum. — A new and invaluable remedy in rheumatism which 
aggravates at night, with terrible pain ; loss of power of using the 
affected limb; the swelling changes from one joint to another; the 
affected parts are tender to the touch ; rheumatism of the legs, with cold- 
ness and paralytic weakness of the affected parts, without much general 
fever. 

Dose. — Ten drops four times a day. 

Phytolacca decandra,. — Chronic rheumatism, worse in damp 
weather ; enlargement of the glands, with or without swelling of the 
affected parts ; periosteal rheumatism, involving the bones ; aggrava- 
tion at night. A powerful medicine, with which it is probable the 
Indians made more real cures than with all the rest of their " medi- 
cine" together. 

Dose. — Ten drops three times a day. 

Arsenicum. — Pale, cold swelling of the joints ; debility ; perspira- 
tion ; alternate chilliness and heat ; restlessness of the affected limb ; 
complication with, or metastasis to, the heart; worse from drinking 
cold water, relieved by external warmth. 

Dose. — Six drops once in four hours. 

Nux vomica. — Very often indicated in rheumatic affections compli- 
cated with disordered or weak stomach* and constipation; paralytic 
weakness of the muscles of the legs ; similar to Rhus in this respect, 
but opposite to this remedy in not being relieved but rather aggra- 
vated by movement, and in the tendency of Nux to constipation. 

Silicea and Hepar s. c. should be studied for those cases, if any such 
occur under homoeopathic treatment, in which "joint-felon" (abscess) 
forms in the joint, and carious disorganization attacks the bone. 

Dulcamara, Ledum p., Calcarea carbonica, Sulphur, Causticum, 
Chamomilla (which restores the secretion of milk after the other ail- 
ments have been removed) and Nitric acid may be consulted in the 
Materia Medica. 

Diet. — The patients must be made comfortable as to cold ; secluded 

* Weakness and excessive sensibility of the stomach are very constant attendants 
on rheumatism in man and beast. The least imprudence in diet is often capable of 
producing a relapse when convalescence has already set in, and will always aggra- 
vate existing symptoms. 



LAMENESS, SPRAINS, RHEUMATISM, ETC. 483 

from exposure to the weather; allowed perfect quiet or voluntary 
movement as their sufferings require, and given simple, nourishing, 
but, as in fever, a very light diet. Bran mashes for horses and cattle ; 
gruel, but no meat, for dogs. 

416. Myalgia. — In this disorder the muscles are the seat of pain. 
Horses and dogs, more frequently than other animals, are affected with 
it after racing, hunting, or any other severe or long-continued exertion. 
Soreness and stiffness express the same state in man. Usually, the pulse 
and breathing are little, if at all, disturbed, except after exertion, or 
when there is considerable pain. When the muscles of the chest and 
shoulder are principally affected, the disease resembles rheumatic pleu- 
rodynia, or spraining the shoulder, in which latter case the horse walks 
down hill with great pain and difficulty, but up hill with comparative 
ease. Pressure of the affected muscles shows that there is great tender- 
ness. Myalgia may be confounded with chronic rheumatism, from 
which, however, it chiefly differs in not attacking fibrous structures, or 
those entering into the formation of joints ; in usually following severe 
exertion, or from a horse being thus overweighted, and in the shifting 
character of rheumatism being absent. 

417. Treatment. — Arnica, ten drops every four hours, is advised 
as the best remedy by Dr. Moore, to whom we are indebted for the 
foregoing distinctive account of a severe affection and one not noticed 
by other veterinarian authorities. He gives the following illustration 
of what he considers myalgia, and of which the cure was effected by a 
remedy that we cannot but deem much more appropriate to the symp- 
toms than Arnica could be. 

Case. — Back arched and as stiff and immovable as if the vertebrae 
were made of one piece ; difficulty of moving both legs, especially the 
right one; evident pain attending motion; soreness of the muscles; lies 
down much; when crouching, preparatory to lying on the ground, 
considerable hesitation is manifested, arising, no doubt, from the pain 
and difficulty attending the muscular movements; instead of lying 
down slowly and gently, he drops to the ground ; he rises with great 
difficulty ; the appetite is tolerably good ; the pulse 44, and the breath- 
ing 20 per minute- 
He got ten-drop doses of Mercurius vivus, 5th, and the same of 
Rhus tox., 1st, in alternation, six hours apart ; his loins and shoulders 
were rubbed with a Rhus lotion, and in three days he was well. 
Consult in Materia Medica Cimicijuga and Gelseminum. 



484 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 



418. Wounds of the Flesh. — A flesh wound is a solution of con- 
tinuity in the soft parts, suddenly produced by violence. 

Classes of Flesh Wounds. — Flesh wounds may be divided into six 
classes, namely, 1st, Incised ; 2d, Lacerated ; 3d, Punctured ; 4th, Con- 
tused ; 5th, Poisoned ; and 6th, Gunshot. 

Modes of Healing. — Wounds are healed either, first, by direct union, 
or secondly, by adhesion, otherwise called the first intention, or thirdly, 
by scabbing, or fourthly, by granulations. 

Direct union, or the direct and immediate growing together of the 
opposite surfaces is the most favorable mode of healing ; and therefore 
it. should, if possible, be brought about. It is, however, only obtain- 
able in incised wounds, and even then only under very favorable cir- 
cumstances. 

It is necessary, that we should be able to check the bleeding, to re- 
move all foreign bodies, to bring the divided parts together in their 
natural position, and further to retain them in union. There must 
also be entire absence of inflammation. The surface of the wound must 
be excluded from the air, and cold must be applied to prevent the 
setting in of inflammation. If these conditions are attainable, direct or 
immediate union may probably be procured, if in addition the constitu- 
tion of the animal be good. 

The second mode of union is by adhesion, commonly called the first 
intention. It consists in the effusion of lymph between the opposed 
surfaces. In this mode there is slight inflammation of the parts, but 
not of a destructive character. In direct union the absence of all in- 
flammation is necessary. In other respects, the same conditions are 
required as for direct union, namely, absence of bleeding and of foreign 
bodies, direct apposition of the sides of the wound, and exclusion of 
the air. Healing by adhesion is the most common mode of union. 

The third mode of union is by scabbing. In it the wound is ex- 
cluded from the air by some substance, such as hair, blood, &c, under 
cover of which the union takes place. This mode of union is some- 
times brought about artificially by covering the wound with collodion, 
&c. The absence of inflammation is necessary. 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 485 

The fourth mode of union is by granulations. This is otherwise termed 
union by second intention. It takes place whenever any of the condi- 
tions necessary for direct union or for adhesion are not fulfilled. 

Union by second intention consists in the effusion of lymph from 
the overloaded vessels of the part under the influence of active, but 
not excessive inflammation. The lymph becomes vascular, and from 
it granulations are formed. All lacerated and some incised wounds 
are healed by this mode. Though simple incised wounds may be 
closed and healed in favorable cases by direct union or by adhesion, 
yet loss of structure cannot be repaired or cavities filled up except by 
material effused from the blood. 

The lymph, spoken of in the preceding paragraph, in a short time 
after its exudation coagulates. Red streaks soon appear in it, which 
are incipient bloodvessels formed from and continuous with the vessels 
of the adjacent parts. In this way the lymph is formed into a definite 
structure and becomes a living constituent part of the body. In it 
there next appear little eminences, each containing a cell. These emi- 
nences are called granulations. They secrete healthy pus. The upper 
layers gradually become converted into epithelium, whilst the lower 
layers are converted into connective tissue. The lymph thus organized 
always partakes more or less of the structure into which it is exuded. 
The deposition of lymph will continue, under favorable circumstances, 
until the chasm is filled up to a level with or above the surrounding 
parts. 

Good lymph, it will be remembered, is only secreted in the moderate 
or " active " stage of inflammation. It is not secreted in the acute or 
chronic stages. In most injuries the degree of inflammation is at first 
excessive. Hence in the treatment of wounds our first object generally 
is to reduce the inflammation by means of cold applications or fomen- 
tations, and especially by specific medicinal applications such as Arnica, 
and Calendula lotions. When this has been done, the probability is 
that good lymph will be exuded. Nature, not art, conducts the heal- 
ing process. All that man can do, is to get the part into a state favor- 
able for the operations of nature ; and if the patient is healthy and 
other circumstances connected with the particular case are favorable, 
she will soon complete the cure. 

In some cases, however, it happens, and especially where the constitu- 
tion is weak and unhealthy, or where the part injured is of low organi- 
zation, that the inflammatory process becomes torpid, before sufficient 
lymph has been exuded. It may then become necessary to stimulate 
the part to renewed activity by the application of irritants. 



486 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

On the other hand, if the local inflammation continues for too great 
a time, the lymph will soften into pus. 

In a wound of considerable extent, several of the above modes of 
union may often be seen in operation in different parts at the same time, 
as, for instance, the first, second, and fourth. 

There is a greater disposition in the horse than in man to suppura- 
tive action. Hence wounds of any extent seldom heal completely in 
the horse by direct union or by adhesion. These modes should, how- 
ever, be sought for and obtained as far as possible in each case, with 
the view of reducing the size of the part requiring to be filled up by 
granulations. 

Such are the various modes of healing wounds, and like all nature's 
processes they are simple enough. In practice, however, innumerable 
modifications occur, arising from the nature of the wound, the degree 
and seat of the injury, the presence or otherwise of foreign bodies in 
the injured part, the amount of hemorrhage, the health of the patient, 
and degree of irritability peculiar to his system. In short, no two 
cases are exactly alike. 

Details connected with these varying circumstances will now demand 
our attention. 

Cleansing of Wounds. — All foreign bodies in a wound should at 
once be removed, as far as possible, by allowing lukewarm water to 
fall in a stream over it from the mouth of a vessel. Or a sponge or a 
piece of fine tow may be pressed on some part above, from whence the 
water may gently trickle over the wound ; but the abraded surface it- 
self should never be touched. Any large particles of gravel or dirt 
may be carefully removed by the forceps. It is, however, a mistake to 
irritate a wound by overanxiety to cleanse it thoroughly. Nature will 
by her own processes remove with less irritation than man can do, any 
foreign matters which will not come away by the simple means recom- 
mended above. 

419. Stoppage of Hemorrhage. — The cleansing of a wound is, how- 
ever, of less importance in the first instance than the controlling of the 
hemorrhage. For this purpose, in ordinary cases, the application of 
cold styptics or pressure are generally sufficient. If, however, the hem- 
orrhage be arterial, a ligature or acupressure will probably be neces- 
sary. The latter is preferable, as it causes less suppuration. 

The best styptic for ordinary wounds consists of pledgets of lint 
dipped in dilute tincture of Millefolium — one part of the mother or 
strong tincture to four or five of water, giving internally at the same 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 487 

time from five- to ten-drop doses of the third dilution once in fifteen 
(or thirty) minutes till the flow of blood abates. 

But where the wounded vessel is an artery, and not so situated as to 
be obstructed by external pressure, that is, where it is not situated di- 
rectly over a bone, against which pressure can be made, recourse must 
be had to what is called acupressure. 

Acupressure is made by inserting needles either above or beneath 
the trunk of the wounded artery, between the wound and the heart, in 
such a manner as, by pinning the tissues together as it were, to cause a 
pressure against the artery either from below up, or from above down ; 
by thus obstructing the channel of the artery a coagulum is formed, 
and the hemorrhage quickly ceases. 

420. Dressing for Wounds capable of being Healed by Direct 
Union. — The best dressing for wounds which comply with the condi- 
tions required for direct union, is Carbolic acid paste spread on tinfoil. 
It effectually excludes the air, and is supposed to destroy those atmos- 
pheric germs which hinder the healing process. 

Carbolic acid paste is best made by rubbing a few drops of the liquid 
acid up with a sufficient quantity of pulverized chalk, and adding 
glycerin to produce and maintain softness. 

Carbolic acid lotion in many cases would be preferable ; and it is 
equally efficacious as a disinfectant, in excluding the air, and in pre- 
venting flies from disturbing the wound and laying their little eggs 
in its vicinity. 

Scarcely any suppuration takes place in wounds when this disin- 
fectant is employed under the above favorable circumstances. Hence 
direct union, or at least union by adhesion, is likely to occur. The 
bandages which retain the dressing should not be removed for some 
days. The dressing of course must not be applied until the bleeding 
has ceased and the wound has been cleansed. It will be necessary to 
remove the hair round the part before the dressing is applied. 

The method of dressing here given is the most recent and improved 
(allopathic) surgical treatment. The specific virtues and applications 
of the various homoeopathic surgical appliances and constitutional 
medicines will be detailed at the close of this article. 

Dressing for Wounds intended to be Healed by Adhesion. — For 
wounds capable of being healed by adhesion, lint steeped in blood or 
in Calendula lotion will be sufficient, and should be applied either con- 
stantly, or at intervals of one, two, or three hours. 

Dressing for Wounds intended to be Healed by Granulations. — For 



488 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

wounds intended to be healed by granulations, there is no better dress- 
ing than lint steeped in Calendula (lotion) water. Care must be taken 
to keep the lint moist, and for this purpose it may be covered with oil- 
skin or gutta-percha. 

But it is neither necessary nor best to maintain the medicated appli- 
cation constantly upon the wounds of this or indeed of any other kind, 
except as before stated with reference to the (antiseptic) Carbolic acid 
lotion. Once in two or three hours is often enough in most cases for 
giving medicine internally ; and the healthy reaction of the system may 
as well require intervals of rest from external as from internal medi- 
cation. The air, however, must always be excluded. 

All wounds healing by granulations must fill up gradually from the 
bottom. It must be remembered, that there is a greater tendency to 
union in the edges of the skin and in parts near the skin than in the 
deeper tissues. Hence all deep wounds require to be kept open, until 
we are assured that the healing process is fully completed from the 
lowest part. This object may generally be attained by inserting a 
piece of dry lint between the edges of the wound. 

The formation of a slight scab over the exterior of a wound is useful 
in many cases as a protection against the irritating effects of the air and 
accidental abrasion ; but no dense, firm, unyielding scab should be per- 
mitted to form or remain, because it will unduly check the natural ex- 
udation of the matter, which in such w T ounds always forms. The matter, 
if confined, will collect until at last it bursts out by some large irregu- 
lar opening, or, if unable to obtain an exit, will burrow in the deep- 
seated tissues and cause extensive mischief. 

421. Indolent Wounds. — If a wound, which is healing either by 
scabbing or by granulations, becomes indolent, and the healing process 
is slow and imperfect, it may be necessary to rouse the parts to more 
energetic action. If the wound is merely in the skin, the edges of it 
may be removed with the knife, and the cut surfaces brought into con- 
tact and kept together by sutures. 

Indolence in the healing process is a sign of constitutional debility. 
Hence in addition to local measures the general health should be care- 
fully attended to, and constitutional treatment, such as will be subse- 
quently indicated, should be employed, to stimulate the vital energies 
in this direction. Every source of debility must be sought for and re- 
moved in the meantime. 

422. Excessive Granulations. — In some indolent wounds and espe- 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 489 

cially in those over the coronet, there is often a disposition to excessive 
and unhealthy granulations, otherwise called proud flesh. This dispo- 
sition must be kept in check by the application of some styptic, such 
as sulphate of copper or zinc, nitrate of silver, or alum, and in some 
cases, where it can be conveniently applied, by pressure. When gran- 
ulations form in masses, matter will often be found under them, which 
is apt to burrow in sinuses, unless an opening is made for it. 

423. Sloughing. — Sloughing is death of a part, produced by disease 
or injury. The circulation is obstructed and the part undergoes de- 
composition. Sloughing is apt to take place whenever a part has been 
much lacerated or bruised. The slough may be superficial or deep. 
When the slough has separated, repair takes place by granulations. 
The extent of a slough depends on the nature of the injury and on its 
situation. The parts most liable to slough are those that have only a 
small supply of blood. Vascular parts are not so liable to take on this 
action. 

424. Rest. — In all wounds it is an object of much importance to 
keep the part in a state of rest. In some parts a certain degree of mo- 
tion cannot be avoided, but an endeavor should be made to lessen it as 
far as possible. For instance, if the jaw be injured, it is desirable to 
place the patient on sloppy diet, which will not require much mastica- 
tion. In wounds of the leg advantage may be taken of particular 
kinds of shoes, su$h as those raised at the heels or at the toes, according 
to the circumstances of the particular case. In some cases the patient 
will require to be tied up to prevent his moving about, whilst in other 
cases a cradle will be needed to prevent his gnawing the wound with 
his teeth. 

425. Sutures, Bandages, &c. — Sutures are useful in bringing 
together the edges of the skin in parts where there is but little flesh, 
such as on the forehead, the nose, and eyelids ; but they do not answer 
in fleshy parts, because the weight of the flesh and the swelling arising 
from the attendant inflammation generally bursts them. In such cases 
the needful apposition of the parts is best promoted and maintained by 
bandages. Again, sutures are not advisable where the edges of the 
wound are much torn, or where there are foreign bodies lodged in it, 
because the inflammation and suppuration which ensues in such cases 
is aggravated by the confinement of the matter, and in the end the 
sutures generally break away. 



490 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

Sutures are best applied by means of a curved needle. Interrupted 
sutures answer better than continuous, because the process of healing 
by direct union or by adhesion is seldom complete in the horse for 
reasons already mentioned, and hence the matter which forms needs 
frequent means of escape. The twisted suture, made by two needles 
and a skein of tow or silk twisted over them, answers very well in a 
small incised wound, such as that caused by bleeding in the neck. 

In extensive wounds a flexible silver wire suture is often used in 
preference to silk, because it does not absorb the effused matters, and 
hence also is less likely to slough out. In extensive wounds, however, 
especially in fleshy parts, bandages answer better than sutures. 

A bandage should be adjusted very evenly, and not so tight as to 
obstruct the circulation or to cause pain. When circumstances admit 
of it, the bandage should be applied above and below, but not over the 
wound. This arrangement will enable the dressing to be easily changed 
without the necessity of removing the bandage each time. 

426. Cicatrix. — True skin, when once destroyed, is never repro- 
duced. Its place is supplied by a cicatrix, which is formed of fibro- 
cellular tissue covered by epithelium. A cicatrix differs from true skin 
mainly in not containing sebaceous follicles or hair. 

427. Constitutional Effects. — The constitutional effects of such 
wounds as it is worth our while to treat in the horse, are in general not 
very serious. Traumatic fever sometimes ensues, but usually subsides 
in a few days. Temporary debility may follow any excessive loss of 
blood from an incised wound, but nature soon repairs the loss. 

Tetanus or lockjaw, which becomes the most serious of all the con- 
stitutional effects of wounds, has elsewhere been duly considered : see 
No. 239. And reference to this same complication, with the view 
of guarding against it, will be made under the subsequent title of 
" Punctured Wounds.' 7 

428. Treatment of Incised Wounds. — In favorable cases incised 
wounds may be healed by direct union. If any of the conditions 
necessary to that mode of union are wanting, it may probably be pos- 
sible to obtain union by adhesion. In some cases it may be necessary 
to have recourse to union by scabbing or by granulations. The Calen- 
dula lotion will exert a favorable influence as far as any outward ap- 
plication can. Stajphysagria and Cicuta are the medicines whose efficacy 
has been best proved in such cases. See schedule and symptoms of 
remedies for the various sorts of wounds, at the close of this section. 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 491 

429. Treatment of Lacerated Wounds. — In lacerated wounds some 
of the conditions necessary for direct union are wanting. Some degree 
of inflammation is always present, and again the parts cannot be brought 
into perfect apposition. Healing by direct union is therefore out of the 
question. Under favorable circumstances we may perhaps obtain the 
conditions necessary for healing a portion of the wound by adhesion. 
Usually, however, these wounds require to be healed by the more tedious 
process of granulation. 

Lacerated wounds seldom bleed much, even though some of the 
arteries may be divided, because the vessels are torn, and in conse- 
quence contract and retract within their sheaths ; and again the torn 
filaments favor the formation of an external clot by entangling small 
particles of the fibrin of the blood. 

The parts must be brought as nearly as possible into apposition. 
From the nature of the wound it is not probable that the edges can be 
made to meet. It is seldom advisable to cut off any portion of the 
skin, even though it may be detached. Isolated pieces of skin, which 
may be left in parts, should be permitted to remain. They may become 
points of connection, and so reduce the size of the cicatrix. True skin, 
it must be remembered, is never reproduced. 

Fomentations and poultices will be needed to reduce the violent in- 
flammation which usually sets in. Fomentations with Calendula lotion 
will go far to remove the violent inflammation, and often will render 
'poultices unnecessary. But observe here, what was said in the previous 
paragraph concerning the continuous or interrupted application of ex- 
ternal medication, that it is best not to have the application constant, 
but rather to foment the lacerated surfaces once in one, two, or three 
hours, as the severity of the symptoms may require, until a healing 
disposition becomes manifest. Then the parts should be protected, by 
oiled silk or even Collodion applied with a camel's-hair pencil, from 
evaporation of their own fluids, and from the irritating influence of the 
atmospheric air. Then nature will often do her own work of reparation 
better if undisturbed by the too frequent or constant interference and 
influence of wet applications of any kind. If the wound subsequently 
becomes unhealthy or indolent, or if excessive granulations appear, 
constitutional treatment must be resorted to. Sutures are seldom of 
much use or evjn available in these cases. 

In those cases where from pain and irritation traumatic fever sets 
in, sedatives and a mild dose of physic will probably be needed. As a 
preventive, it is always advisable to lower the diet of the patient for a 
few days after the occurrence of the injury. Afterwards, a liberal diet 



492 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

is essential, or the powers of nature will not be able to carry on the 
process of repair. The chief danger to be apprehended in lacerated 
wounds is the occurrence of tetanus or lockjaw. 

430. Treatment of Contused Wounds. — By contused wounds are 
meant injuries inflicted by bruising the skin and subcutaneous tissues 
without any absolute breach of the skin. Such wounds generally con- 
tain serum or a mixture of blood and serum under the skin. In the 
progress of any serious contused wound there are two distinct periods, 
namely, the separation of the slough produced by the contusion, and 
that of the repair of the chasm by granulations. If the parts around 
are much bruised, superficial slough may ensue to a considerable extent. 
Before healthy granulations can form, the wound must discharge itself 
of all dead matter. Minor contused wounds do not generally run to 
sloughing. 

The great principle in the treatment of contused wounds is to render 
them of a simple character by giving to the confined matter and ex- 
travasated blood a free exit by making an incision at the lowest part. 
All contused wounds, however, do not require to be opened, because the 
effect of the fomentations and medicated lotions, which may be applied, 
is often sufficient to rouse the bloodvessels and absorbents to remove 
the effused fluids. In all contused wounds, whether great or small, 
there is always, it must be remembered, some destruction, though it 
may be very slight, of the subcutaneous tissues or muscles. The prod- 
ucts resulting from such causes must be removed. If the powers of 
nature are not sufficient, their more speedy removal must be assisted 
by art. 

As in lacerated wounds, the violent inflammation at first existing in 
the contused and neighboring parts must be reduced by general and 
topical measures before the healing process will commence. 

During the healing process serum is very apt to collect in cavities in 
the wound. Though punctured, the sacs are apt to fill and refill, and 
sometimes there is a good deal of trouble in getting rid of them. They 
are best treated by being freely laid open, and injected with a diluted 
solution of zinc or copper, or a seton may be passed through them. 

Arnica lotion, composed of one part mother tincture of Arnica to 
fifteen of soft water, will be found amply sufficient in all recent contu- 
sions, or contused wounds, in connection with ten-drop doses of the 
third decimal dilution of the same remedy once in three hours, for 
horses and other large animals ; smaller doses in proportion for those 
less in size. 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — TJLCERS. 493 

Conrum maculatum, in similar doses of ten drops, repeated but twice 
a day, will be more suitable for old contusions, especially where the 
spine has been involved in the injury, and where glandular structures 
are implicated. 

431. Treatment of Punctured Wounds. — Punctured wounds, if the 
puncture does not extend into a joint or through the sheath of a tendon, 
are best treated by being laid open and converted into ordinary incised 
wounds. 

Unless this course is taken, much pain will ensue, because the deeper 
tissues which have been injured, and which will become inflamed, have 
otherwise no room to swell. Again, unless a free opening is made, the 
matter, which is sure to arise from the inflammatory action, will burrow 
and form abscesses and sinuses. The opening must be kept clean by 
frequent washing and dressing ; and in some cases it may be advisable 
to insert a pledget of tow smeared with ointment in order to insure the 
maintenance of the opening. 

If there is good reason to think that the puncture has penetrated a 
joint or the sheath of a tendon, the case must be treated as one of open 
joint ; for the treatment of which the reader is referred to the section 
on " Open Joint." 

Injuries to the feet of horses, especially those occasioned by treading 
on nails which penetrate into the tender part, within the hoof, constitute 
the most important of all this class of punctured wounds, as well as the 
most common. No other cause so surely leads to lockjaw as this does, 
and no other cause of lockjaw has hitherto proved so little amenable to 
treatment. But the homoeopathic remedies, with proper surgical 
measures, the whole forming what may be termed homoeopathic sur- 
gery, will save the majority of such cases. 

Punctured wounds of the laminae of the feet of horses, such as occur 
from their treading upon a nail, should be treated in the following 
manner : after extracting the nail, especially when the iron has pene- 
trated so deeply as to cause blood to flow upon its being drawn out, for 
then the wound is deep and the danger great, pare down the hoof as 
much as possible without making an additional wound ; lay open freely 
the puncture made by the nail, so that it may change its character as 
much as may be from a puncture to an incision ; apply poultices made 
of boiled rutabaga turnips to the affected hoof, which must be put on 
very warm, and changed every two hours, or even oftener in cold 
weather ; put the animal on a very light diet if he have been full fed 
before, or on moderate diet if he has been not so liberally provided for 



494 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

formerly ; and, finally, after thus attending to the external treatment, 
give once in three hours ten drops of 

Hypericum, of the third decimal dilution. If no improvement ap- 
pear, and if the symptomatic lameness grow worse after the first two 
days of this treatment, give 

Staphysagria, in similar doses, repeated in the same manner. 

Cicuta virosa, in ten-drop doses, should be administered in all cases 
which fail to improve under the foregoing remedies, and especially in 
those in which spasmodic twitchings or other nervous symptoms begin 
to make their appearance, and where the incipient symptoms of lock- 
jaw present themselves. This remedy may be given every hour until 
the emergency seems to have been passed, or until the gradual increase 
and continual persistency of the tetanic condition shows the failure of 
all possible treatment in the case. 

But in addition to what is here laid down, consult a previous sec- 
tion, No. 239, on Tetanus, also the Materia Medica, for further indica- 
tions of the remedies mentioned there and in this section. 

432. Poisoned and Gunshot Wounds. — Poisoned and gunshot 
wounds being of very rare occurrence in the horse, and scarcely ever 
seen in other animals, nothing further need be said of them than that 
they may be treated, where they do occur, in accordance with the 
principles and methods already detailed for other varieties of (contused 
and incised) wounds. 

Arnica, in suitable doses, will aid in recovery from the nervous 
shock incident to gunshot wounds. 

433. Suppuration of Wounds will usually occur in the course of 
their healing ; in fact, some greater or less amount of suppuration will 
take place in all except the few which heal by first intention. Those 
in which the suppurative process is excessive, or in any way unusual, 
will require specific medication. The principal and leading character- 
istics of the chief remedies for the various forms of suppuration will be 
found collected at the close of the two sections on Abscesses and Ulcer- 
ation, which see. 

434. Treatment, Medicinal, for Wounds. — Arnica should be em- 
ployed externally in the form of a lotion, made by mixing one part of 
the mother tincture with fifteen parts of soft water, and given inter- 
nally in doses of from ten to two drops of the third decimal dilution, 
in all cases of bruised wounds, bruises, or contusions. 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 495 

For cuts it may also be employed, but other remedies are deemed 
more serviceable when the skin is ruptured. 

For traumatic fever, given internally, it is indispensable, in doses of 
from three to eight drops once in two or three hours. 

For further uses and indications for this remedy consult the Materia 
Medica. 

Millefolium. — Pledgets of lint soaked in the lotion of this remedy 
— made by mixing one part of the mother tincture with nine parts of 
soft water — will form the best application to wounds which bleed pro- 
fusely ; if the wound is deep, these pledgets, made of the proper size, 
should be pressed to the bottom of it, and there allowed to remain ; 
the blood coagulates, and they are thrown off as the wound finally 
heals up. 

The same remedy should also be given internally at the same time, 
in doses, and repeated, as advised for Arnica. Only in cases of dan- 
gerous hemorrhage the medicine may be given every quarter of an 
hour till the flow is checked ; it may be given in the same manner for 
haemoptysis. 

Calendula. — This remedy, used internally and externally as advised 
for Arnica, is generally more appropriate where there is a simple cut 
or other solution of continuity, without bruise or contusion, which 
would indicate Arnica. Calendula is most beneficial in open wounds, 
promoting favorable cicatrization with the least possible amount of 
suppuration ; also in suggillations, or bloody and serous infiltrations of 
the cellular tissue, and in traumatic ophthalmia, or inflammation of the 
eyes which results from mechanical violence, it is of the greatest value. 

China, ten drops every two hours — smaller doses for animals other 
than horses and horned cattle — will be required to remove the debility 
resulting from great loss of blood. 

Symphytum officinale. — This remedy holds a high reputation for 
causing fractures of the bones to unite, and healing contusions and 
other injuries of the periosteum, also for indolent and scorbutic ulcers. 

Dose. — Internally, the same as advised for Arnica; externally, a 
lotion (made like Arnica lotion), may be applied, at intervals of two 
hours, to injuries such as are suited to its uses ; or compresses wet with 
this lotion may be allowed to dry on the limb or affected part, and 
moistened from time to time. 

Rhus tox. will be needed when the wounds are attended with sprains, 
or luxation of joints. If the parts have been badly stretched, Rhus 
lotion, prepared as directed for Arnica lotion, should be applied ; and 
the dilution at the same time given internally, in ten-drop doses for 



496 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

horses and horned cattle, and in smaller doses in proportion for smaller 
animals. 

Acidum sulphuricum. — Indicated by spots of black discoloration 
(suggillations, ecchymoses) remaining as remote consequences of bruises. 
See also Conium in this connection. Sulph. acid is also recommended 
when after a wound the skin forms adhesions to the bones. 

Conium maculatnm. — In wounds with bruises and contusions affect- 
ing the deeper tissues and especially the glands. Effects of former 
bruises. 

Dose. — Five drops three times a day. 

Consult, also, in the Materia Medica, Asafoetida, Arsenicum, Sepia, 
Silicea, Mercurius, and Hepar s. c, which may be required in different 
stages of healing and normal or abnormal suppuration of wounds ; and 
also examine the indications for these and other remedies set down at 
the close of the sections on " Abscesses " and " Ulcers," and on " Dis- 
eases of the Bones." 

The homoeopathic remedies carefully applied externally and admin- 
istered internally will obviate the need of surgical interference in many 
cases, and in all will reduce the time required for recovery from twenty- 
five to fifty per cent. 

435. Abscesses. — An abscess signifies a collection of pus in any of 
the tissues or organs of the body. In structure an abscess consists of 
an accumulation of pus, in the midst of and surrounded by a layer of 
fibrin, which constitutes the walls of the abscess. This wall varies in 
thickness and consistence, being in some cases scarcely perceptible and 
in other cases forming the larger part of the abscess. 

Suppuration may occur in any of the tissues of the body, but it is 
most frequent in the glandular structures, the skin, muscles, and mucous 
membranes. Cartilage and tendons suppurate only very slowly. Nerve 
tissues and arteries are but little susceptible of taking on the process of 
suppuration or of ulceration. Serous membranes, though they may 
suppurate, yet more generally under the influence of inflammation 
exude serum, or water, or lymph. 

Suppuration or the formation of pus may according to circumstances 
be either a healthy or an unhealthy action ; though it is in all cases a 
morbid process. Suppuration may set in for various reasons. It may 
be a means of removing some poisonous matter from the blood, or some 
foreign substance impacted in the soft parts of the body. In all such 
cases it serves a beneficial end, and must then be regarded as a healthy 
action. 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 497 

A tendency to suppuration may also be generated by a disordered 
state of the blood after some lingering and weakening illness, such as 
fever ; or it may be a result of blows or of ecchymosis. In other cases 
the tendency may be a consequence of breathing impure air, or of in- 
sufficient or bad food, or of disordered nutrition, or of any such causes 
which produce impoverishment of the system. Under certain circum- 
stances, hereafter to be described, the suppurative matter forms abscesses. 

Pus is a peculiar fluid, formed under certain diseased conditions of 
the system. Healthy pus is of a yellowish-white color, free from 
offensive smell, and of the consistence of cream. It consists of serum 
holding a number of globules in suspension. Each globule consists of 
a cell-wall inclosing nuclei, oil-globules, and small granules. Healthy 
pus is occasionally reabsorbed into the system without producing any 
bad effects. Nature sometimes cures an abscess in this way. 

There are several varieties of unhealthy pus. It usually has an 
offensive smell. It is called sanious, when it contains blood ; ichorous, 
when it is thin and watery ; and mucopurulent, when it consists of 
mucus-containing cells. Puriform matter is formed by the softening 
down of a fibrinous exudation without the formation of true pus-cells. 
If suppuration is too profuse, it will exhaust the vital powers. Un- 
healthy pus, if reabsorbed into the system, will produce very injurious 
results. 

The formation of an abscess takes place in the following manner. 
A part from any cause, we will suppose, has become inflamed. In the 
centre of the inflamed part the products effused by the process of in- 
flammation begin after a time to break up and liquefy ; or in other 
words, there are signs of the commencement of the suppurative process. 

If there is a free depending exit for the matter, there is no need of 
an abscess ; but it often happens that there is no such exit, and conse- 
quently the matter cannot get out. In such cases nature makes pro- 
vision for its temporary retention and ultimate expulsion by means of 
an abscess. If the pus were to float about free among the tissues, it 
might affect them very injuriously, and might act as a poison or at least 
as a foreign body. 

To obviate this, nature, by means of the fibres of the lymph sur- 
rounding the outer circle of the inflamed part, forms a membrane with 
a smooth villous secreting surface. In this sac the pus is retained in- 
stead of floating about among the tissues. The contained pus, however, 
gradually seeks to reach the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane; 
and then by means of pressure, which causes ulceration and rupture of 
the tissues between the cyst and the external air, the pus is evacuated. 



498 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

The submaxillary tumor in strangles is a very good example of an 



Sometimes the abscess is not able thus easily to discharge its contents, 
but a communication is established with the surface by means of a nar- 
row canal with walls of a membrane similar to that inclosing the abscess. 
This canal is called a sinus. When the sinus is constricted at its ex- 
ternal orifice, it is called a fistula. In cases of long standing the walls 
of the sinus often secrete a thin, serous, and sometimes offensive secretion. 

The formation of an abscess, especially if acute, is often accompanied 
with fever. The part is painful, red, and swollen. Indications of re- 
lief are given by the tumor becoming softer and beginning to point ; 
and at the same time fluctuation may be felt in it. Ultimately the in- 
tegument ulcerates, and the pus is discharged. As soon as suppuration 
occurs, there is abatement of the fever. 

436. General Treatment of an Abscess.— The treatment required 
is both local and constitutional. In very many cases we can do nothing 
locally, because the part, as for instance in the lungs, cannot be examined. 
Improvement in the condition of the animal will, however, assist in 
bringing about the curative process under the influence of constitutional 
medicines. 

When the parts can be reached, the best plan is to open the abscess 
at its most depending point, so soon as we judge by the softening of the 
external membrane and by the sensation of pulsation or fluctuation, 
that it is ripe, or nearly ready to burst; or in the case of a chronic 
abscess, it may be necessary to open it to the bottom and to apply 
stimulants. If the abscess is internal, we must wait until by the 
operation of nature it bursts. 

If the suppurative matter has burrowed and formed sinuses, it will 
.be necessary to afford it a free exit ; and in very many cases it will be 
necessary to cut the walls of the sinus completely through to the bottom, 
so as to convert it into an ordinary incised wound, which may be healed 
.by granulation. 

If the abscess instead of becoming pyramidal and pointing to a sur- 
face, spreads in breadth and circumference, it should be opened at once, 
because in such case there is no tendency to become encysted or circum- 
scribed. Abscesses under strong fascia should also be opened at once, 
because that membrane will resist for a length of time the ulcerative 
process by which the suppurative matter gains its exit, and in conse- 
quence a sinus will probably form, unless an artificial opening is made. 
Abscesses which are caused by the presence of irritant fluids, should 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 499 

obviously be opened without delay ; as well as those in loose areolar 
tissue, because in such cases there would be an undue tendency to 
spread. Abscesses in the neighborhood of joints or of important organs 
should also be opened early, lest the ulcerative process should affect 
those structures. 

The suppurative process, if it is unduly slow, may be assisted and 
hastened by the application of a poultice or of a light blister ; but it is 
essential that these agents should not be applied until the abscess shows 
signs of coming to a head. Too early an application of such agents is 
apt to disperse the matter which is forming or about to form. 

For abscesses in internal parts we can do nothing more than place 
the patient in a condition favorable for their development, by good feed- 
ing, good care, &c. 

It is hardly ever, we may remark, desirable to check or disperse the 
matter formed or seeking to form. The tendency to form an abscess 
is usually an indication that there is something in the system which 
nature, for her own wise reasons, wishes to eliminate. 

437. Modes of Opening' Abscesses. — An abscess in parts which 
can be reached, is usually opened by the knife, when the proper time 
has arrived, i. e., a little before it would burst naturally. Two ad- 
vantages are gained by opening it artificially, namely, first the opening 
may be made at the point most favorable for the escape of the pus ; and 
secondly, a slighter blemish is made by a clean incision than by the 
large irregular opening made by nature, i. e., by the process of ulcera- 
tion of the integuments. 

Any pus which remains after opening should, as far as possible, be 
squeezed out gently, and the cyst or sac may be injected with warm 
water from a syringe twice a day for two or three days, and the edges 
of the wound must be carefully kept clean. In some cases irritation 
of the cyst may supervene, with fever and pain and a discharge of sani- 
ous pus. To the warm water recommended above some slightly stimu- 
lating lotion, such as diluted ammonia, may be added, with a view of 
bringing about a healthier action of the parts. In other cases, the 
presence of a foreign body may prevent the abscess from healing, and 
possibly a sinus may result. Prior, however, to the formation of a 
sinus, such cases are best treated by applying stimulants to the surface 
or by injecting a stimulating lotion. For the treatment of a sinus, the 
reader is referred to the latter part of this section. 

438. Various Kinds of Abscesses. — Abscesses may be divided into 
acute, chronic, and specific. 



500 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

The acute abscess may be taken as the type of the disease under 
ordinary circumstances. Though often attended with pain and fever, 
it generally runs its course quickly, and therefore seldom needs any 
assistance to bring it to a head. Chronic abscesses are those which 
slowly appear without any constitutional disturbance except swelling. 
The cause of their appearance is often not very apparent. They fre- 
quently require to be stimulated by a blister, in order to hasten on the 
needful processes. Specific abscesses are those which result directly 
from some disease, such as strangles. 

Abscesses are frequently a result of diffuse and violent inflammation 
in a part. They also occasionally occur as a consequence of phlebitis 
or pygemia. They may occur in various parts of the body, and espe- 
cially in the mesentery after an attack of strangles, when the tumor has 
not formed in the regular manner. 

439. Sinus. — A sinus is a hollow passage lined by a mucous mem- 
brane and usually communicating with a suppurating cavity. This 
passage always opens at one end on the skin or on some free surface, 
whilst the other end is at the seat of irritation. The sinus, therefore, is 
not the disease itself, but only the tube leading from the diseased part 
to the external surface. Hence applications to a sinus are of no use, 
unless they reach the bottom of the passage, i. e., to the seat of the 
disease. 

When healthy action has set in at the seat of the disease, it often 
happens, notwithstanding, that the lining membrane of the sinus con- 
tinues to pour out an exudation. In such cases the only plan is to cut 
through its walls and to make a complete division. The surfaces must 
then be prevented from healing too quickly by inserting a pledget of 
tow between them. An ordinary incised wound will thus have been 
produced, and nature will then probably heal up the parts by granula- 
tion. In minor cases it may be sufficient to inject the sinus with a 
stimulating or caustic lotion. 

440. Serous Abscesses. — What is commonly called a serous abscess 
is not in reality an abscess, but merely an effusion of serum into the 
cellular tissue. A true abscess must contain pus. Frequent fomenta- 
tions in the first instance and cold applications afterwards will often 
cause a serous abscess to disappear. Iodine ointment may also be ap- 
plied, and iodide of potassium may be given internally with a view of 
promoting absorption. If these means fail, and a slight blemish is of 
no consequence, the knife may be freely used, and the wound treated 
as recommended in the latter part of the preceding paragraph. 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 501 

For the medicinal treatment of abscesses, see list of medicines, and 
characteristic symptoms, at close of the section on Ulceration. 

441. Ulcers and Sloughing. — Ulceration is that process of nature 
by which she separates from the living structures those parts which 
have lost their vitality. It ' consists in the progressive softening and 
disintegration of successive layers of the affected tissue. An ulcer may 
be denned to be a solution of continuity with loss of substance, owing 
to some action going on in the part itself which destroys the tissues. 
It is attended with the secretion of pus. 

Sloughing is the final throwing off of dead tissue from the surround- 
ing structures. Ulceration is the process by which the separation is 
effected. 

The cause may be arrest of nutrition in the part and cessation of the 
deposition of new material, whilst the old is carried off; or it may de- 
pend on the process of absorption ; or it may be an effort of nature for 
the elimination of dead matter. Again, when from any cause the 
nutrition of a tissue is altered, and especially if congestion takes place, 
ulceration is likely to occur. Defective nervous influence is also a 
predisposing cause. The ulcer always commences where the vitality 
is least. 

Ulceration is also an occasional sequel of inflammation. When 
either by the violence of acute inflammation or by the more gradual 
effect of chronic inflammation the nutriment, which ought to be sup- 
plied to a part by the free and constant flow of fresh blood through it, 
is arrested, the tone and vitality of the part is lowered, and it is then 
in a state on which ulceration is likely to supervene. 

Ulceration may, however, occur almost without inflammation, if the 
vitality of the part is sufficiently lowered, as in cases of ulcerated heels 
arising from horses being exposed to wet and cold. In other cases, 
ulceration is found as a result of a previously existing sore becoming 
indolent or unhealthy. An ordinary sore, for instance, forms, and 
from various causes it may become indolent, and in time the tissues 
effected lose to a greater or less degree their tone and vital power, 
and ulceration may follow, as a result, in the manner described above. 

Ulcers often follow injuries of the external surface, such as bruises, 
and they frequently appear in unhealthy states of the system, where 
the skin has been worn off by the harness or other abrading surfaces. 
In all these cases the treatment should be mainly and primarily di- 
rected to the general health, to obviate any ill condition in the system, 
to give repose and nourishing food in place of hardship and poor fare, 



502 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

instead of local measures alone, which, such as healing ointments, are 
mostly relied upon by the great majority of old school veterinarians. 

All tissues are liable to ulceration ; but bloodvessels and nerves are 
not so subject to it as other structures. Hence they can often be seen 
permeating an ulcerating tissue. 

Ulceration always commences at the surface of the diseased part, or 
in other words, at the most extreme point of the capillary vessels. 
Here of course the vitality is least, and therefore that part is the first 
to get into that low state on which ulceration is likely to supervene. 

When the ulcerative process is about to manifest itself on a mucous 
membrane, there will be observed a red point or two and a few small 
vesicles on the surface of the part, from under which a watery fluid, or 
in some cases a thick, gray, slimy lymph exudes. The ulcerative pro- 
cess has now fairly set in. Particle after particle of the tissue, as each 
becomes dead, is removed, as described above. Each fresh removal 
adds to the size of the ulcer. As the sore becomes larger, its edges 
will appear more ragged-looking and swollen, and not unfrequently a 
fungoid kind of flesh will rapidly arise from the sides and bottom of 
the cavity. The appearance of any such growth is a very unfavorable 
sign. 

442. Varieties of Ulcers. — Ulcers, according to the form they take, 
are described as fistulous, phagedenic, and sloughing. 

Fistulous ulcers are those which run deep in various directions, 
eating their way through and under the surrounding tissues in long, 
narrow channels or fistulse. Phagedenic or spreading ulcers present 
to view a round shallow cavity with ragged edges and a disposition to 
spread superficially. Sloughing ulcers are those in which considerable 
portions of the tissues come away at one time in flakes. 

Ulcers are also classed as healthy, inflamed, weak, or indolent. A 
healthy ulcer has smooth edges, and a circular or oval surface studded 
with florid granulations secreting healthy pus. Such ulcers are prone 
to cicatrize and contract. An inflamed ulcer presents a red surface, 
and the surrounding parts are hot, swollen, and red. The discharge is 
sauious and offensive. A weak ulcer has large, pale, flabby granula- 
tions, which have but feeble vitality. An indolent ulcer has a flat 
surface, with raised, white, irregular edges, and a thin, sanious dis- 
charge. If granulations are present, they are of a weak character. 

443. The General Treatment of Ulcers consists mainly in atten- 
tion to the general health. The causes, which have been detailed 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 503 

above, show plainly enough that ulceration results from a low state of 
vitality, either in the system generally or in the part immediately af- 
fected. Every means, therefore, such as good feeding, good grooming, 
plenty of fresh air, and the administration of tonics, must be adopted 
in order to improve the general health. An ulcer seldom refuses to 
heal unless the tone of the system is low and deficient. 

The best local treatment for a simple ulcer is a plain cold water 
dressing. The reparative process will not commence until the inflam- 
mation in the part is entirely reduced. As a general rule, ointments 
are injurious and retard the cure. If, however, the ulcer is indolent, 
moderate pressure round it will be useful, with the addition, if need 
be, of a stimulating lotion. If this is not sufficient, a light blister 
may be applied somewhat frequently round the neighborhood of the 
sore, with a view of exciting a healthier action of the parts in its 
vicinity. If the ulcer is very irritable, a sedative lotion may be sub- 
stituted for the cold water dressing. Other circumstances may require 
that the dressing should be of an emollient or of an astringent char- 
acter. 

If the ulcer arises from a plainly and purely local cause, such as the 
injury done to the underlying tissues by the pressure of a saddle on 
the withers, local treatment alone may be sufficient to bring about a 
healthier action ; but in all more serious cases we can only look for the 
commencement of the curative process by improving the general health 
and the tone of the system. 

The healing process always begins at the edges of the sore. Its 
commencement is marked by several changes within the tissues con- 
tiguous to the ulcer. In the first place they acquire greater firmness ; 
secondly, the exposed surface of the sore assumes a more healthy char- 
acter, the edges and the granulations become more red, the granulations 
become covered with cuticle commencing' from the edges, and thereby 
general contraction of the size of the sore takes place; thirdly, the dis- 
charge which exudes from the sore, acquires a greater consistency and 
becomes of an albuminous character. This healthy secretion gradually 
spreads over the ulcer, serving a double purpose, namely, it protects 
the raw surface of the sore from external agents, and again it by de- 
grees becomes organized, and by successive layers in due time fills up 
the cavity. 

During the process of healing, however, it often happens that the 
granulations become too luxuriant ; and in such case it will be neces- 
sary to check their growth, either by pressure or by the application of 
lunar caustic or some slight styptic, such as burned Alum, powdered. 



504 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

444. Treatment, Medicinal, of Suppuration, Abscesses, and Ul- 
ceration. — Aconite : Three- to ten-drop doses may be given, when the 
fever is high, in a local inflammation, swelling, or tumor, threatening 
to suppurate, and form an abscess, repeated once in two or three hours. 

Belladonna may be indicated under similar circumstances when the 
tumor is hot, red, far around, and painful to the touch. 

Dose. — As for* Aconite. 

Bryonia. — When the tumor alternates in color from red to white, with 
tension and heat of the skin, and aggravation on the least movement. 

Dose. — As for Aconite. 

Mercurius. — This remedy is believed to have prevented suppuration 
in many instances. Where no special indications can be found for 
other remedies, this may be given, in similar doses to those above 
recommended, with good hope of success. Spreading ulcers ; ulcers dis- 
charging a corrosive fluid ■ raw appearance of ulcers ; healthy and ma- 
lignant suppurations ; suppuration of glands ; herpetic spots and sup- 
purating pustules : these various forms of ulceration and suppuration 
are so many indications for Mercurius, which thus may become cura- 
tive of a large number of cases of ulcers, and of suppurating wounds, 
when the system is in tolerable condition. 

Arsenicum. — Intense burning heat in the tumor. 

Proud flesh forms in the wound (also Sepia and Chamomilla). 
Ulceration in weakly and debilitated animals, and in those broken down 
by hardships and poor fare, will often be greatly benefited by Arseni- 
cum, six drops three times a day ; suitable also for deep, readily bleed- 
ing, gangrenous, inflamed (red, angry or everted edges), putrid, and 
corroding and spreading (phagedenic) ulcers. Pustules, red, changing 
to ichorous, crusty, burning, and spreading ulcers. Black blisters. 
Carbuncle. Mortifying ulcers ; putrid ; with high edges ; with red, 
shining border and dark base; ulcers with thin, bloody, bad-smelling 
pus ; with fetid ichor and proud flesh, which soon becomes putrid and 
green. Cancerous ulcers. 

Dose. — Five drops, thrice daily. 

Hepar s. C — From five to ten drops given once in three hours will 
promote ulceration and suppuration, when the disease has too far ad- 
vanced to be arrested without ; and then favor the final healing. 

Asafcetida. — Abscess characterized by discharge of thin, discolored, 
and highly offensive matter ; ichorous pus of a bad odor ; bluish, green T 
ish, turning black, and carious ulcers ; the ulcer has hard edges and is 
painful to the touch. 

Dose. — Five drops, thrice daily. 

/ 



WOUNDS — ABSCESSES — ULCERS. 505 

Silicea moderates excessive suppuration ; indicated in chronic sup- 
puration of the joints ; spongy and readily bleeding ulcers with torpid 
callous edges ; fistulous ulcers, secreting a thin, ichorous, fetid, yellow 
fluid ; caries of bones with fistulous openings, and discharge of thin 
pus and long fragments. 

Dose. — Four drops, three times a day. 

Acidum sulphuricum. — Ulcers with dark spots, and discoloration 
of the skin, arising in consequence of mechanical injuries, contusion, 
pressure ; contusions with excoriation. Purple spots on the skin, un- 
healthy skin, with great prostration of the strength. 

Dose. — From five to ten drops, every four hours. 

Conium maculatum. — Indurated tumor of the glands, threatening 
suppuration, resulting from compression or other mechanical injury. 

Baryta carbonica. — Indurated tumors in the head ; also Belladonna; 
enlarged glands which threaten suppuration ; tubercles in the jaw ; a 
specific for softening hard abscesses, and in many cases causes the re- 
moval of (scrofulous) tumors without suppuration. 

Hydrastis. — Very useful in indolent ulcers and abscesses, externally, 
and internally in ten-drop doses. (See Materia Medica.) 

Pulsatilla. — Hot tense swellings after a cold; specific in some cases 
of fistulous ulcers. 

Ledum palustre. — Fistulas with large opening, white and larda- 
ceous bottom. 

Lycopodium. — Fistulas with small orifice and numerous burrows. 

Calcarea carbonica. — Suitable in many varieties of fistula. 

For other indications for these and the following named remedies, 
consult the Materia Medica : Carbo vegetabilis, Iodine, Kali carboni- 
cum, Sepia, Chamomilla, Aurum, Rhus tox., and Sulphur. 

Dose. — Give of the selected remedy from three to ten drops accord- 
ing to the size and age of the patient ; and repeat night and morning ; 
when improvement appears, at night only ; or when still better, every 
other night only. 

Diet. — Support the poorly fed with nourishing and various diet ; 
moderate the food of those too highly or richly fed. 



506 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY, 



CHAPTER XIY. 

MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 

445. Weed or Lymphatitis. — In horses, this is rather a frequent 
disease, consisting of inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and glands 
of the legs, especially the hind ones. Blaine* gives a full account of 
these absorbents, but says nothing of their disorders, save the remark 
that in the human subject the mesenteric glands are more prone to dis- 
ease than the lymphatic ; but in the horse the contrary is the case. 
Weed is most frequently observed in cart-horses, and is caused indi- 
rectly by errors of feeding, and directly by injuries, exposure of the legs 
to damp and cold, &c. I have noticed that many horses are attacked 
on a Monday morning, after the previous day's rest. 

Usually, the attack comes on suddenly with a shivering fit, followed 
by feverishness, quick pulse and breathing, hot, dry mouth, &c. The 
affected leg is raised from the ground, and the horse frequently looks 
round to it, as if to tell where his pain is. The leg on examination is 
found to be hot, swollen, and tender to the touch. On the inner side 
of the thigh and leg, we discover a hard, painful, cord-like enlarge- 
ment along the course of the lymphatic vessels, with here and there 
several enlarged glands, or valves in these vessels. The swelling of 
the vessels and leg begins in the groin at the bend of the thigh, and 
gradually creeps downwards along the inner surface of the leg, as far 
as the hock-joint, or even to the fetlock. The tumefaction of the leg 
pits on pressure, and in severe cases an amber-colored fluid oozes out 
from the skin, and stands in drops on the hair. One attack predisposes 
to subsequent ones, and the leg is left permanently enlarged. 

446. Treatment. — Dr. Moore, of whose account of this disorder we 
have availed ourselves, says : " I have treated many cases of both these 
diseases, and at the time I write have just seen several improve rapidly. 
Several remedies have been employed, but of late I rely exclusively on 
Kali bichromicum, ten drops, every three hours. I also cause Kali 
bichrom. lotion to be rubbed in night and morning. In some cases, I 
first give a few ten-drop doses of Aconite" 

* " Veterinary Art," p. 147; and notes, p. 148. 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 507 

447. Cellulitis. — " This disease/' says Dr. Moore, " I believe I was 
the first to describe in my Veterinary Homoeopath}/ Illustrated. It is 
often confounded with weed, from which it may be distinguished by 
the absence of the enlarged vessels, valves, and glands in the inside of 
the thigh ; by the swelling first appearing in the fetlock and extending 
upwards to the hock, sometimes to the thigh ; by its attacking equally 
any leg ; and by the skin breaking at the most prominent part of the 
swelling, and giving vent to a large quantity of foul matter. A slough 
is cast out from the opening, and a deep, unhealthy ulcer remains. At 
the same time the animal is feverish and his breathing is quickened, 
the faeces hard and coated with mucus. The leg is excessively painful 
to the touch, and frequently so hard that the swelling does not pit on 
pressure with the finger. One attack, like weed, predisposes to the 
subsequent ones, and the leg is left permanently thickened." 

448. Treatment. — Aconite should be given, in ten-drop doses, every 
three hours. 

Kali bichromicum lotion (made by dissolving sixty grains of the 
salt in one pint of waterj should be well rubbed into the affected parts 
night and morning. 

449. Mumps. — In Horses: This disorder consists of inflammation of 
the parotid gland. In addition to the parotid, the gland on the inner 
side of the lower jaw-bone may likewise be inflamed. This especially 
happens in strangles. In ordinary cases, after exposure to cold, or 
from some other cause, the animal becomes feverish, off his feed, thirsty, 
&c. ; then symptoms of sore throat come on — cough, difficulty and evi- 
dent pain in swallowing, and some obstruction to the breathing. The 
gland, usually on one side, sometimes on both, swells and becomes hard 
and painful to the touch. The swelling does not go on to the forma- 
tion of matter, but remains hard for some time. 

In Oxen. — Mumps is perhaps seen more frequently in oxen than in 
horses, especially in winter, during stall feeding. 

450. Treatment. — Foment with hot water for half an hour three 
times a day, and after each fomentation apply a hot bran poultice. 

Two medicines are generally sufficient in this disease — Belladonna 
and Mercurius, in alternation, four hours between each dose. 
Dose. — Ten drops, in a wineglassful of water. 

451. Sore Throat — Angina.— In Horses: Sore throat is the name 



508 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

commonly applied to an inflammatory condition of the back of the 
mouth, which is more or less affected throughout its entire extent. It 
is generally associated with and is a prominent symptom of inflamma- 
tion of the larynx, although it may exist as an independent disorder. 
It very often attacks young horses out of condition when brought out 
of the farmer's hands and put into hot, ill- ventilated stables, and when 
they are sent to work and placed on unusually good food. This change 
in their stabling, work, and feeding, predisposes them to be acted upon 
by exposure to the weather, and sore throat is induced, or some more 
serious disease of the breathing organs. 

In simple sore throat there is some febrile excitement, with loss of 
appetite, thirst, &c, followed by hard, dry cough, difficulty of swallow- 
ing, quick breathing, and swelling of the throat externally, as well as 
tenderness when it is handled. The glands under the jaw and below 
the ears are hot, tender, and swollen. Subsequently, the cough is looser, 
a discharge flows from the nose, and the mouth contains a frothy fluid. 

In the majority of cases these symptoms gradually subside until 
health is regained, or symptoms of laryngitis or of bronchitis come on. 

Sometimes the inflammation extends to the guttural pouches, and 
then, if matter should form, as is occasionally the case, there may be 
great obstruction to the breathing. 

In Oxen and Sheep. — Sore throat is most common in these animals 
when they graze on damp lands, during cold springs and autumns. In 
some seasons sore throat is exceedingly prevalent amongst cattle. The 
symptoms are much the same as in the horse. We find the same fever- 
ishness, difficulty in swallowing, pain and swelling of the throat, and, 
in addition, there is no chewing of the cud. 

In Dogs. — Besides arising from cold, sore throat in dogs frequently 
results from the local action of an irritant substance swallowed. On 
examining the throat, which can be done more readily than in larger 
animals, the parts are seen to be red and swollen. The general symp- 
toms are the same as in the horse. 

In Swine. — The pig is subject to two distinct diseases of the throat ; 
one consisting of ordinary inflammation of the mucous membrane 
lining the throat, palate, and larynx ; the other bearing a close analogy 
to the diphtheria of man, in so far as there is formed a membranous 
exudation on the diseased surface. 

The first form begins with loss of appetite, dulness, disinclination to 
move, &c, followed by feverishness, difficult breathing, gasping, cough, 
bluish color of the mouth, swelling of the tongue, obstructed and diffi- 
cult swallowing, and choking. A hard, red, painful swelling appears 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 509 

on the neck, sometimes extending down the course of the windpipe. 
There is great prostration, and a tendency to gangrene and sloughing. 

In the second form, the general symptoms are somewhat similar, 
and depend upon the local mischief interfering with swallowing and 
breathing, whilst the constitution at large suffers from the blood being 
vitiated. 

The remedies for each of these forms will be pointed out at the close 
of the next section, under the head of " Treatment." 

The sties should be well cleaned out, and kept clean ; the diseased 
separated from the healthy, and gruels drenched in. 

452. Malignant or Putrid Sore Throat. — This disease is said by 
Dr. Moore, of Great Britain, to be not very frequent in that country ; 
but in some localities to have proved rapidly fatal in horses and oxen. 
It differs from simple sore throat in the suddenness of its attack, and 
the rapidity of its course, as well as in the greater gravity of the gen- 
eral symptoms. At first, high fever comes on, which is speedily fol- 
lowed by swelling and pain in the salivary glands. The throat, inside 
and out, swells to such an extent as seriously to interfere with swal- 
lowing and breathing; the animal then refuses all food, and the 
breathing becomes noisy and choking. The breath is most offensive, 
and gets more so as the disease advances. The animal has an anxious 
and distressed look, the difficulty of breathing increases, indications of 
prostration advance, and death soon puts an end to his sufferings. 

453. Treatment. — Aconite: At the beginning of the attack, where 
there are fever, pulse quickened, respiration accelerated, the membrane 
of the eye and nose red and injected, Aconite, given in doses of from 
three to ten drops, according to the size of the animal, will arrest the 
disease at once. 

Belladonna. — This remedy is better adapted to a later stage, when 
the inflammation is more firmly established; and it is indicated by 
swelling and tenderness of the glands of the throat externally, great 
difficulty and pain in swallowing — so much so as to cause the fluids to 
return by the nose — and by discharge of stringy saliva from the mouth. 
The existence of a dry, irritating cough is an additional indication for 
Belladonna. 

Dose. — Three to ten drops, once in four hours ; when better, once in 
six hours. 

Mercurius may be given in those cases in which Belladonna has 
exerted an unfavorable influence, or it may be given in alternation with 



510 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

this remedy, three or four hours apart, in doses of two to five drops 
for a dog, of five for sheep and swine, and of ten drops for horses and 
horned cattle. If there be much external swelling and tenderness, 
foment three times a day with hot water, and afterwards apply a good- 
sized hot bran poultice to the throat. Give cold water and gruels of 
linseed or oatmeal, and have the stable well ventilated. 

Kali bichroniicum may be employed in the second form of throat 
disease in the pig, that which, from the formation of deposits in the 
fauces, bears a resemblance to diphtheria in the human subject. 

Dose. — Ten drops, every two hours, till improvement begins, then 
once in three or four hours. 

Arsenicum. — In malignant sore throat, with symptoms of prostra- 
tion, tendency to gangrene, and offensive breath, this remedy will be 
specific. 

Dose. — From three to ten drops, according to the size of the patient, 
every two hours ; lengthening the intervals as improvement appears. 

Carbolic acid. — This powerful antiseptic may be employed in putrid, 
sore throats which do not yield readily to Arsenicum. 

Dose. — Ten drops, every hour or two hours, till improvement sets 
in. Inhalation of the fumes of this acid — from pouring twenty drops 
of the strong solution on a pint of hot water — may be resorted to as a 
matter of convenience, and in desperate cases of malignant sore throat. 

454. Lampas. — Lampas is a trifling ailment peculiar to young 
horses. It consists in inflammation and swelling of the anterior por- 
tion of the palate. It is connected with the process of dentition, and 
generally occurs about the season when the teeth are changing. The 
soreness of the palate usually prevents the animal from eating his corn 
for a few days, and the inflammation sometimes causes slight feverish 
symptoms. 

Ordinarily no treatment is necessary, except to put the patient on 
bran and soft food for a few days, at the end of which time the inflam- 
mation of the palate will have subsided and the animal will again feed. 

It is the custom, and it is harmless enough and has the advantage 
of pleasing the groom, to scarify the palate with a lancet. The opera- 
tion gives immediate relief, and the animal will probably feed again at 
once. But it may be doubted whether so trifling an ailment needs the 
treatment. 

A brutal practice was in fashion some years ago of burning the 
palate with a hot iron. 

Lampas is sometimes an effect of difficult dentition, or appears at 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 511 

times when catarrhal symptoms are present. The swollen bars often 
project beyond the surface of the upper incisor teeth, and become so 
painful as to prevent the animal from eating. Mercurius vivus is the 
chief remedy in treating this affection ; next comes the Natrwm muri- 
aticum; also Belladonna, Hepar sulphuris, Phosphoric acid, and Sul- 
phur. 

455. Cysts. — Calcarea carbonica has generally succeeded in the 
treatment of indolent tumors divested of hair, which come out, with 
greater or less size, on different parts of the body ; when it failed, some 
doses of Graphites never failed to effect a cure. "With respect to tumors 
produced by contusions, they are to be treated with Arnica internally 
and externally, and if they resist, Mercurius vivus or Hepar sulphuris 
effectually opens them. 

456. Bones and Periosteum, Diseases of. — Periostitis: Periosteum, 
or the outer covering of bone, is composed of dense, tough, inelastic, vas- 
cular, white, fibrous tissue. Its function is to nourish, strengthen, and 
protect the bone. It also serves as a medium to conduct the blood- 
vessels over the surface of the bone. The periosteum is exceedingly 
strong, — so strong and tough, that in cases of fracture of a bone it is 
often enabled to hold together the two parts. 

Periostitis or inflammation of the periosteum may be readily caused 
by injuries, by exposure to cold, by blood diseases, or by extension of 
inflammation existing in the bone. The secretion effused from the 
periosteum during the process of inflammation is very apt to solidify 
and in due time to become bone. Hence we often meet with exostoses 
as a result of inflammation of the periosteum or of any of the osseous 
structures. The great pain produced by inflammation of a bone is due 
to the very inelastic nature of its outer covering. Nerves are freely 
distributed to the periosteum, and accompany the arteries into the in- 
terior of the bone. 

Caries. — Caries is an unhealthy inflammation of the cancellated or 
inner tissue of bone, which causes softening, suppuration, and ulcera- 
tion. It is induced by want of proper nutrition. Occasionally it im- 
plicates a part of the compact tissue. 

The primary symptom is apparent swelling of the bone. After a 
time sinuses form, from which an offensive sanious discharge exudes. 
If a probe be introduced into one of the sinuses, the interior of the 
bone will be felt to be soft. As the disease progresses, the part affected 
assumes a worm-eaten, excavated, and broken-up appearance. The 



512 VETERINARY HOMQUOPATHY. 

many cavities become the seat of various exudations. The cancellated 
tissue gradually breaks down, and is discharged in minute fragments 
along with pus. 

The exudation proceeding from caries is distinguished by being thin, 
acrid, excoriating, sanious, and foul, on account of its consisting of the 
decomposing organic materials of bone. It does not, however, always 
appear to be thin, because when it afterwards, as is sometimes the case, 
flows over a mucous membrane, it may become mixed with the se- 
cretion of that tissue and in consequence may assume a clotted appear- 
ance. 

The periosteum is injuriously affected by the acridity of the dis- 
charge, and after a time is destroyed by it. When this result has been 
produced, the disease proceeds more rapidly, because the carious por- 
tion of the bone is now deprived of the nutriment which ought to be 
supplied to it by the periosteum. In this case partial necrosis gener- 
ally supervenes. No distinct line or margin can be drawn between a 
carious and a sound part. They glide insensibly into each other. It 
is remarkable, that in caries nature makes no effort to supply the place 
of the part which perishes. 

Treatment of Caries. — Caries, when fairly established, may be said to 
be practically incurable. Bone affected by this disease is never restored 
to its former state. The object of treatment is rather to arrest the prog- 
ress of an incipient attack than to attempt a cure. This is the allo- 
pathic view ; but homoeopathy does better. 

Having regard to the origin of the disease, in want of nutrition of 
the tissue affected, liberal feeding, with tonics and attention to the 
general health, are obviously of primary importance. The part ought 
to be washed frequently by means of a syringe with warm water, to 
which may be added a disinfecting lotion or dilute nitric acid. 

If these measures fail in arresting the progress of the disease, it will 
hardly be worth while to go to the expense of further treatment, — as 
restoration of the part cannot be expected. The animal had better be 
got rid of. The compact tissue is seldom attacked. 

Necrosis. — Necrosis is death of a bone or portion of a bone en masse. 
Caries, on the other hand, is death by gradual decay and absorption of 
the particles of the structure. Again, necrosis, unlike caries, usually 
occurs in the compact tissue. 

This disease is often a consequence of inflammation of the bone, 
which, as the reader is aware, may arise from very many causes. 
Among other common causes are severe injuries, excessive pressure, 
contusions, &c. It may also arise from any causes which affect the 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 513 

due nutrition of bone, such as the removal of its periosteum, or from 
general debility of the system. 

Necrosis is particularly distinguished from caries by the endeavor 
which nature makes to supply the place of the portion which has 
perished. The periosteum and healthy structures around the dead 
bone effuse lymph. This ossifies and forms a case over the necrosed 
part. The new bone is therefore always larger, and it is also more 
spongy in texture than the original bone. The articular extremities 
are usually unaffected. 

The old bone, though dead, is not removed until the new is formed. 
This is a merciful provision of nature. The duty of the veterinary 
surgeon is to support the strength of the animal whilst the reparative 
process is going on, and at the proper time to assist in the removal of 
the necrosed bone. If on introducing through the cloacae a probe or 
two probes, one in each hand, a piece of bone is found to be quite loose 
and separate, it may be removed by the forceps; or it may be necessary 
before removing it, to divide it with a bone-cutting forceps into several 
pieces, or perhaps to enlarge the opening. Great care and gentleness 
are required in these operations, otherwise a sharp spicula of bone may 
cause dangerous hemorrhage by perforating one of the larger arteries in 
the neighborhood. 

Necrosis, we may add, runs a certain course, and nature endeavors to 
effect a cure by the formation of new material. Art can only assist by 
aiding the removal of the old bone at the proper time. If such assist- 
ance is not given, nature will in time effect it by setting up a process 
of caries and sloughing ; but it is desirable to avoid the necessity for 
this further disease. The pus in necrosis, it is to be observed, is healthy, 
whilst in caries it is unhealthy. 

Exfoliation. — Exfoliation is simply the death of a superficial layer 
of bone. 

Inflammation of Bone and Periosteum. — Inflammation is readily set 
up in bone or in its periosteum, or in both, by concussion or contusion, 
or by the extension of inflammation from a neighboring part. 

The processes of inflammation have been already detailed. Osteitis 
is the name given to inflammation of bone; periostitis is inflamma- 
tion of the periosteum. They are the same in bone as in the softer 
tissues. As a result of inflammation, effusion takes place through the 
overloaded vessels of the part. The effusion may be wholly taken up 
again by the veins and absorbents. Very generally, however, some 
portion of it remains between the bone and its periosteum. This deposit 
in due time, after parting with the more watery portion of its constitu- 

33 



514 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

ents, solidifies and becomes bone, or something like bone. In fact an 
exostosis is formed. It is a rule in nature, as has been previously 
stated, that deposits resulting from inflammatory effusions have a ten- 
dency, when they become organized, to partake of the nature of the 
tissue into which the exudation is effused. 

Exostoses. — Exostoses usually arise, as described in the preceding 
paragraph, from inflammatory action in the bone or periosteum. They 
may, however, arise from ossification of a fibrous or cartilaginous tumor 
on the periosteum. At other times they are formed by abnormal devel- 
opment of any particular part or process of a bone. 

The new bone is always more spongy in its texture than the original 
tissue ; but after a time it consolidates in a great degree. It never, 
however, becomes equal to the old bone in density and strength. 

Osseous deposits, though they may seem to disappear, are seldom 
totally removed. They are only lessened. The absorption of that 
part which would be removed in time by the operations of nature, 
may be hastened by the application of friction, Mercury, Iodine, or 
Biniodide of Mercury, to the part. 

Anchylosis or Stiff Joint. — Anchylosis or stiff joint is a result of pre- 
vious disease, rather than a disease in itself. It is occasioned by the 
presence of deposits, which have resulted from previous inflammation 
in the structure of, or in the neighborhood of the joint. It consists in 
more or less complete consolidation of the parts within or around the 
articulation. 

For confirmed anchylosis arising from fixed adhesions, contraction 
of ligaments, and such complete consolidation of the parts around the 
■articulation as results from inflammation, there is of course no remedy ? 
except such serious surgical operations as could only be undertaken in 
special cases, and of which it is not within our province to treat* 

457. Treatment. — Perhaps no other disorders show more admirably 
the splendid resources of homoeopathy than those of the bones. The 
periosteum or covering of the bones is liable to inflammation, as already 
described, from injuries, and from ulceration of soft parts in .the vicinity, 
as well as from diseases of the bones themselves. Thus we have peri- 
ostitis, osteitis, exostosis, caries, and necrosis, as the diseases which may 
. successively arise, all as amenable to homoeopathic medication in vete- 
rinary practice as in the human subject. And the indications for the 
most valuable remedies in this class of diseases must necessarily be the 
. same for the former as for the latter class of patients. 

Oaicarea carbonica. — Exostosis, in the limbs especially. Osteitis 
with swelling. Caries and necrosis. Diarrhoea. Emaciation. 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 515 

Asafcetida. — Exostosis, caries, and necrosis, especially of the limbs ; 
softening of the bones. Particularly suitable after the abuse of Mer- 
cury. Bluish redness and swelling of the external parts. Ulcers with 
bluish hard edges, very sensitive to the touch. Discharge of thin and 
very offensive pus. 

Belladonna. — Exostosis of bones of the head, with caries of palate 
bones. 

Rnta. — Periostitis and pains, in consequence of external injury, with 
erysipelatous inflammation of the external parts. 

Phosphori aciduxn. — Periostitis and osteitis after an external injury. 

Phosphorus. — Exostosis on the skull, with pains worse at night; 
swelling of the glands of the neck ; emaciation ; constipation ; lameness 
and weakness of the legs ; swelling of the clavicle. 

Mezereum. — Periostitis and swelling of the bones, especially on the 
fore leg below the knee ; pains worse at night. Particularly useful in 
cases that have been mercurialized. 

Silicea. — Very suitable for caries, exostosis, and necrosis. This 
remedy, or Calcarea, is applicable in the great majority of cases of dis- 
ease of the bones. It is also remarkably indicated by fistulous openings 
and discharge of fragments of bone. 

Calcarea phosphorica. — Similar to Calcarea carbonica, in diseases 
of the bones ; it combines here the virtues of Phosphorus and Calcarea c. 
In cases of fracture of bones, where, instead of the desired union, a callus 
forms that does not ossify, Calcarea phos. may be given with good results. 

In addition to the brief hints here given, numerous other indications 
for these and the following named remedies may be found in the Materia 
Medica section of this work : Carbo animal is, Mercurius, Hepar s. c, 
Nitric acid, Ammonium, China, Staphysagria, Dulcamara, Lycopodium, 
and Sulphur. 

Dose. — For horses and horned cattle, ten drops of the selected remedy 
may be given twice or thrice daily ; for smaller animals, a less number 
of drops in proportion. As soon as improvement begins, let the medi- 
cine be given but twice daily ; then once a day ; and as the improve- 
ment becomes still more manifest, give a dose only every other day. 

Sometimes it may be proper to discontinue all remedies for a few 
days, then select another or the same, in accordance with existing 
symptoms, as suggested in Chapter I of this work. More special at- 
tention should be paid to these directions from the fact that the treat- 
ment of such cases will often be protracted. 

Careful attention at the same time must be paid to the general health, 
and every present constitutional symptom taken into consideration in 



516 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

making choice of the remedy. Diseases of the bones, like those of the 
eye, can only be recovered from in proportion as the patient is brought 
up to a tolerably healthy condition in general. 

458. Fractures. — Fractures are distinguished by some or all of the 
following symptoms. 1st. The bone is displaced. Pressure or weight 
thrown on it causes still further displacement. In the case of long bones 
the broken ends, if the fracture is right across, may pass each other, 
and thus the limb will be shortened. 

2d. The fractured limb partially or entirely loses its power of volun- 
tary movement ; but by external force it can be moved more readily 
and in a greater variety of directions than when sound. 

3d. When a broken bone is thus moved, the fractured surfaces may 
be felt and heard to grate on each other or " crepitate." This crepita- 
tion is especially noticeable, if the fractured surfaces are rugged, and still 
more in comminuted fractures. In fractures of an important bone 
there will also generally be twitching of the neighboring muscles. 

4th. From rupture of the adjacent bloodvessels and consequent es- 
cape of blood, or from laceration of the neighboring soft parts there is 
usually a considerable swelling about a broken bone. From the same 
causes the skin, where it is visible, may be discolored, and the parts 
hot and tender. 

The causes of fracture may be included under two heads, namely, 
violence to the bone itself or to some adjacent part, such as occurs in 
the case of falls or kicks; and less commonly from excessive muscular 
strain. The sesamoid bones for instance are occasionally broken by the 
stress thrown on them by the suspensory ligaraeut. 

In some horses, as in some men, the bones appear to be abnormally 
fragile, probably from imperfect nutrition and fatty degeneration. The 
liability to fracture also increases greatly in old age. 

Fracture of the Pelvis. — Any of the three bones constituting the pelvis 
are liable to be broken. The most common and least serious of these 
injuries is chipping a piece off the spinous process of the ilium, usually 
from the animal coming in forcible contact with a doorpost or gate. 
When the observer stands behind, the flatness of the injured side 
is very perceptible, and in popular language the hip is said to be 
" down." The piece of bone, Avhen separated, occasions no inconveni- 
ence, and after a time becomes inclosed in a cyst. A similar injury 
sometimes, though much more rarely, occurs to the spinous process of 
the ischium in the posterior part of the hip. These injuries do not 
usually cause any permanent unsoundness. 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 517 

The shaft of the ilium may be broken by a fall. This accident most 
frequently occurs in heavy draught horses. On account of the stout- 
ness of the periosteum and the general position of the bone, the broken 
ends may not be much displaced ; but the nature of the accident is ap- 
parent from the tenderness of the adjacent parts, and from the swelling 
and soreness felt, when the hand is introduced by the rectum, and also 
by the crepitation observable especially when the patient is moved 
slowly forward, whilst the hand within the rectum is held over the seat 
of injury. The animal will straddle greatly in his gait. 

If the fracture is not extensive and does not involve the hip-joint, 
and there is not much displacement, and the animal is not irritable, 
repair may take place. The patient must be restrained from laying 
down, and kept as quiet as possible. Nature may and often does in 
these cases keep the broken parts in proper apposition, but art cannot 
from the position of the parts do anything to assist. In favorable cases 
the bones will have fairly reunited in about three months, and the ani- 
mal may probably be sound. 

Occasionally the fracture is very extensive and involves the hip-joint 
More rarely the body of the ischium is broken. In a few cases the 
symphysis pubis is fractured. All such injuries preclude any hope of 
recovery. 

Fracture of the Pastern Bones. — Fracture of the great pastern bone 
sometimes occurs, but that of the small pastern or os coronse is more 
frequent. It occurs very suddenly, and particularly in horses with 
high action. Probably the fracture results from the foot coming to the 
ground in a faulty position, and thus receiving unexpected concussion, 
whilst the parts of the leg are not in the proper position to receive it. 

Fractures of either of these bones are very uncertain as regards the 
chance of cure. When the horse gets a little better, he is very apt to 
attempt to move his leg or to place weight on the foot, and then the 
fractured ends may probably separate again. A simple longitudinal 
fracture is worth treatment, but a comminuted fracture is not. 

Broken Ribs. — The ribs are rather frequently broken ; and if so, the 
ends generally overlap. It may be possible by manipulation temporarily 
to readjust the ends, but it is not possible by any mechanical means 
to retain them in their proper position. No material harm ordinarily 
results from their overlapping ; though in some cases a broken end 
thoroughly displaced and turning inwards may injure some of the in- 
ternal organs and even cause a fatal result. To prevent this, excision 
of the part may in such cases be necessary. Nature will afterwards fill 
up the intervening space with callus. 



518 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

The treatment, in addition to rest, consists in applying a large wide 
roller or stout webbing over the part, in order to confine the bones in 
one position as much as possible, and thus prevent undue expansion of 
the ribs. The roller must be kept in its place by means of straps at- 
tached to a collar on the neck. 

Fracture of the Nasal Bones. — Fracture generally produces depres- 
sion of the bones, and the breathing is then interfered with. The treat- 
ment consists in raising the bones with some blunt-pointed instrument 
to their proper position. To do this it will probably be necessary to 
make an incision through the skin. The bones must be retained in 
position, until reunion takes place, by pitch plaster and strips of stout 
pasteboard, or by any other mechanical contrivance convenient in the 
particular case. The animal's head should be kept tied up for a con- 
siderable time afterwards. 

Fracture of the Jaius. — The lower jaw is liable to be fractured, espe- 
cially under the molar teeth, where it is very slender. After readjust- 
ment splints and plasters must be applied to retain the bone in its place ; 
and until union has taken place, the animal must be fed on sloppy 
diet, so that he may require to masticate as little as possible. 

Some excellent remarks on facial injuries by Professor Varnell will 
be found in the Veterinarian, 1866-1867. 

Partial Fracture of the Tibia. — If the tibia be fractured right across, 
the case is hopeless ; but when the blow occurs on the outside, where 
the parts are well protected by muscles and ligamentous and tendinous 
tissues, it often happens that the bone is not fractured through ; or the 
fracture may be merely a longitudinal split. In such cases the perios- 
teum may be strong enough to hold the parts together; and if the nature 
of the injury is discovered at once, the animal will often recover after 
a few weeks' rest. It very often, however, happens that the real nature 
of the injury is not suspected, and the horse after a few days' rest is 
again sent to work, and then the bone at the first strong exertion be- 
comes fractured through. 

Fracture of the Shoulder -Blade. — This accident is rare. In walking 
an animal trails the toe along the ground. If, when the foot is brought 
forward, the hand be placed on the shoulder, a crepitation will probably 
be felt. 

The fracture is usually across the neck ; and if so, the case is hopeless. 
A longitudinal, but not a transverse, fracture in any other part may 
possibly with rest reunite evenly, and the animal may perhaps become 
sound. 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 519 

459. Treatment. — The first indication is of course to set the frac- 
ture, to replace the parts, if out of place, in their natural position ; the 
homoeopathic remedies for the cure of fractures are few in number, but 
sufficiently efficacious. 

Arnica, externally and internally, as recommended for bruises, 
should first be employed when the fracture is caused or occasioned by 
bruises or contusions. 

Symphytum should be employed afterwards, and from the first in 
other cases, in accordance with the following directions of Gunther. 

In Horses. — It sometimes happens from a fall or a severe blow, that 
a greater or less portion of the bones of the ilium become fractured. 
There then appears in the same place a hot, painful tumor ; the horse 
limps, chiefly at the commencement; and when we view him from 
behind, we see the affected haunch lower than the other. This acci- 
dent is never dangerous in itself. Every time the case is presented to 
me, I have removed it by employing externally the strong tincture of 
Symphytum. I also give some drops of this internally from time to 
time. 

Fractures of the ribs are often cured of themselves ; they are treated 
with Symphytum. When they are complicated with splinters projecting 
internally, they are liable to produce suppuration of the lung. 

Like other fractures, those of the bones of the nose are cured in a 
little time by Symphytum. Any splinters that may exist must be care- 
fully removed. 

Fractures of the bones of the legs are not uncommon in the horse. 
They are discovered by the animal being unable to rest on the affected 
limb, which, when carefully examined, exhibits the presence of flexion 
in a part where there is no joint, and causes a crepitation which is pro- 
duced by friction of the ends of the bone. An inflammatory swelling 
soon attacks the part, which becomes very painful to the touch. Frac- 
tures of the limbs have been considered as incurable, in consequence 
of the weight of the body ; but several facts have satisfied me that with 
proper precautions we may succeed in curing them. The first is, after 
having duly fitted the ends of the bones as exactly as possible, to sur- 
round the fracture with broad bandages of cloth, over which we are to 
apply two iron splints, excavated in the form of a gutter, so that the 
one placed on the posterior surface may pass some inches beyond the 
hoof, and the affected limb may rest on it. We must then pass large 
girths around the chest and quarters, and under the belly an empty 
sack, or broad piece of canvas, which is attached to the ceiling with 
ropes and pulleys, to be altered at pleasure, so that during the entire 



520 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

time of treatment the animal maybe kept in a state of semi-suspension. 
With respect to internal treatment, he is to take on the first day two 
doses of Arnica, then one every other day ; then after four or five days, 
every two days only, one dose of Symphytum ; and the bandage is to be 
frequently wet with cold water, to which there has been added from a 
third to a sixth of this medicine, in the mother tincture. At the end 
of eight days the bandage must be removed to see whether the frag- 
ments of the bone have been duly brought into apposition, after which 
it is reapplied, and so left until there is a complete cure. Up to this 
time we may continue to use the Symphytum both internally and exter- 
nally. 

Calcarea phosphorica may be substituted, in ten-drop doses, twice 
daily, where there is too great delay in the bones uniting ; where, in- 
stead of thus firmly growing together, a callus remains and threatens 
to result in a movable or false joint. 

In Oxen. — It is not an uncommon occurrence for oxen to break a 
horn ; the result is violent hemorrhage, which is to be stopped by 
fomentations with Arnica water. Sometimes we succeed in restoring 
the horn by immediately fixing it to its place, tying the animal by 
itself to a ring, so that it may not rub against anything, and ad- 
ministering internally, first, Arnica, then, in a little time after, Sym- 
phytum, alternately with Squilla. But, generally speaking, we cannot 
succeed, especially when the horn has become cold. We then envelop 
the stump in linen cloths soaked in Arnica, water, which are to be re- 
newed frequently, and w r e should make the animal take internally 
every two days a dose of Arnica, or one of Symphytum, if the bone 
also has been fractured. We are told that a double dose of Squilla has 
also been found very useful in such cases. The cure is effected with 
great facility. Oxen frequently fracture the ossa ilium, an accident 
which rarely occasions fatal consequences, and in which Symphytum 
should be employed, both internally and externally. If there be much 
heat, inflammation, and swelling, some doses of Aconitum and Arnica 
may be administered with advantage. 

460. Emaciation. — Sometimes emaciation is the consequence of some 
internal disease, particularly chronic affections of the lungs or liver, and 
one of the constant symptoms of different morbid states ; sometimes it 
constitutes a physiological rather than a pathological state ; for very 
frequently the general emaciation, which may be often observed, is ac- 
companied by no appreciable disturbance in the functions. When it 
depends on internal causes, which interfere with the function of nutri- 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 521 

tion, a general state of debility is at the same time seen to take place. 
The principal means to be employed in such cases are Arsenicum, Nux 
vomica, China, when the debility is great ; Pulsatilla (in that affection 
called hungry -evil); and when the state now lasts for some time, Tinc- 
tura sulphur is, Magnesia carbonica, Petroleum, Iodium, Lycopodium, 
and Sulphur. Compare the article Phthisis Pulmonalis, or Marasmus, 
which must not be confounded with emaciation. Emaciation is also 
observed as a local symptom of diminution of the nervous action ; it is 
then called atrophy. 

Treatment. — Consult the Materia Medica for the particular indica- 
tions of these medicines, and give of the selected remedy from five to 
ten drops, night and morning, till better ; then at night only. 

461. Marasmus. — Marasmus, occasionally met with in calves, and 
which bears some resemblance to tabes mesenterica, depends generally 
on an internal cause ; but it is also frequently observed to follow dif- 
ferent chronic diseases, and is always accompanied with great debility. 
The principal medicines for it are Arsenicum and China, taken alter- 
nately, one dose every four or five days. Advantage is also obtained 
from Nux vomica, if there be constipation ; from Pulsatilla in case of 
diarrhoea ; from China in case of worms and voracious appetite. Some 
doses of Sulphur are always useful to complete the treatment, more es- 
pecially when the disease has existed for a considerable time. If the 
marasmus be connected with a general morbid state, we must seek out 
the remedy most fitted to this state, with the cessation of which that of 
the marasmus also will coincide. This latter occurrence is sometimes 
met with in adult animals ; the animal eats, no doubt, and occasionally 
very much, and rumination goes on in the normal way ; however, it 
continually wastes away ; there is diarrhoea, and the evacuations ex- 
hale a very bad odor, the skin is stuck to the ribs, and the hairs 
gradually lose their bright appearance. Pulsatilla and Arsenicum 
have succeeded in some cases. 

462. Anasarca. — Anasarca, a disease of considerable frequency in 
horses, consists in a collection of serosity in the subcutaneous cellular 
tissue. It often accompanies ascites or dropsy; but in many cases, 
also, it exists alone, in the legs, abdomen, chest, scrotum, &c. ; some- 
times it attacks simultaneously the principal parts of the body. That 
which distinguishes it from other tumefactions, is, that the skin is cold, 
and retains the impression of the finger. China, alternated with Ar- 
senicum, is in this case a capital medicine ; Lycopodium is also found 
very beneficial in extensive anasarca ; Pulsatilla and Arsenicum, when 



522 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

the dropsy comes on after strangles, and there is at the same time 
diarrhoea ; Bryonia, when there is constipation and difficulty of breath- 
ing, as also when the swelling is hot and tense, and after cold ; Colchi- 
cum, in general anasarca, with constipation, dysuria, and dry coughs; 
Dulcamara, when the swelling has manifested itself after sudden ex- 
posure to cold, or when it is accompanied with symptoms of strangles ; 
Belladonna, when it appears clammy to the touch, and yields a sort of 
crepitation ; Rhus toxicodendron, a very important remedy, especially 
when there is rigidity of the limbs, chiefly after rest ; Secale cornutum, 
alternated with Arsenicum, and followed with Sepia, when the legs are 
affected with an anasarca which extends rapidly. The prognosis is 
generally unfavorable when anasarcous swellings make their appear- 
ance in the different parts of the animal when laboring under ascites 
or hydrothorax ; but we have oedematous swelling of the legs at times 
in successful cases. 

Dose. — Give of the selected remedy ten drops, three times a day; 
when improvement appears give one dose daily, at night. 

463. (Edematous Swelling of the Legs. — This is a disease which 
has its principal seat in the inferior part of the legs, more especially 
the hind legs, which at times, however, ascends higher up, even to the 
trunk, and which is also observed in the anterior extremities. It first 
presents itself in the form of a swelling, which generally lessens by ex- 
ercise, but always reappears after standing a long time in the stable, 
and increases very much after some days' rest. The swollen part, 
which appears a little hot to the touch, occasions to the animal a sense 
of itching, and an acute pain whenever the part receives pressure, al- 
though in other cases there appears little or no pain. At length, after 
the swelling has attacked all the posterior part of the pastern joint, a 
liquid discharges itself by small pores from the heels, which at first is 
clear, like water, but soon becomes turbid and sanious, so as to corrode 
the skin and destroy the roots of the hairs. The inflammation and 
pain then make rapid progress, so much so, that the animal can no 
longer bear the slightest touch ; he limps very much in walking, and 
when at rest he holds the foot off the ground. A few doses of Thuja 
are sometimes sufficient to cure the disease radically, often in a few 
days, even when it is inveterate. However, when it lasts for some 
considerable time, the lameness increases very much, and there are fre- 
quently developed on the swelling brownish or bluish excrescences, 
called grapes, which bleed on the least touch, and continually exhale 
a fetid ichor; it has now become a case of greasy heel. Thuja admin- 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 523 

istered internally, its strong tincture being at the same time employed 
externally, is useful in this case also. Amongst the other remedies 
which prove most useful, Arsenicum, Baryta carbonica, Mercurius solu- 
bilis, Silicea and Sulphur are the principal. Secale cornutum, alter- 
nately with Arsenicum, has produced excellent effects in a very bad 
case ; the cure was ultimately effected by Thuja. I have not yet made 
any trials with the Podopyoninum equorum, to which great virtues have 
been attributed in latter times. 

Dose. — Ten drops of the chosen remedy may be given night and 



464. Phthisis Pulmonalis — Consumption. — In the Horse: This 
formidable disease takes its origin chiefly when pulmonary tubercles 
are developed after inflammation of the lungs in horses of a middle 
age and strong constitution ; it is not of frequent occurrence, inflamma- 
tion of the lungs being in horses an acute disease which quickly passes 
on to its termination ; but there are certain forms and breeds that ap- 
pear to be disposed to phthisis, such as dull-looking, flat-sided, narrow- 
chested horses, that never thrive well on any kinds of food ; also horses 
bred in lowlands and marshes, or those that are forced to breathe con- 
taminated air ; there is but little chance of success in treatment, even 
if taken at the early period, for generally alterations have been going 
on in the lungs before we are aware of the disease in question. Some- 
times the animal so affected coughs very much, and voids pus by the 
nostrils ; but more frequently the disease develops itself slowly. It is 
recognized chiefly by the horse, though retaining his spirits and eating 
well, losing rather than gaining in flesh; he has his respiration short, 
and labors under a constant cough, which is sometimes dry, sometimes 
humid ; in the latter case with a discharge by the nostrils of a great 
quantity of foul-looking mucus. If he be much fatigued, badly covered, 
and exposed to frequent colds, the difficulty of breathing, cough, and 
nasal discharge increase rapidly ; the mucus soon gives place to pus of 
a very bad odor ; the animal becomes weak ; he is more especially inca- 
pable of the least effort during foggy weather ; the hair of the mane 
falls off, small tubercles appear on the withers, the hair is very smooth 
and bright, and death usually comes on in the midst of diarrhoea. 
Amongst the means which have been recommended, the principal are 
China (in several doses), Lycopodium, and especially Stannum, Cal- 
carea carbonica, and Nitrum. Dulcamara is also very useful ; Pul- 
satilla, Silicea, Hepar sulphuris, Spongia, Carbo vegetabilis may also 
be employed. 



524 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

In Cattle. — Phthisis pulmonalis, a serious and almost always a 
chronic disease, takes place when the lungs pass into a state of suppu- 
ration, in consequence of the injudicious treatment of pneumonia. It 
is recognized chiefly by the animal being unthrifty, losing its hair, 
chiefly those of the eyebrows. By degrees it loses appetite, becomes 
emaciated, and gets a hollow cough, more particularly after making 
any exertion. Digestion is perceptibly disturbed, rumination is per- 
formed irregularly, and there is meteorization. On opening the body, 
tubercles are discovered, and one of the lungs is more or less destroyed 
by suppuration. Nitrum given at the commencement of the disease, 
which, no doubt, is then difficult of recognition, produces good effects, 
being employed alternately with Sulphur. If the phthisis has already 
become more developed, much good may be obtained from Stannum 
and Phosphorus. Mercurius vivus has also been proposed alternately 
with Hepar sulphuris. Colchicum is useful for the relief of the state 
of meteorization which often accompanies phthisis. 

Dose. — For horses, give of the chosen remedy six drops, night and 
morning ; when improvement begins to appear, give one dose daily for 
one week, then one dose every other night. 

For cattle, give ten-drop doses of the selected remedy, in a sirnilar 
manner to that advised for horses. 

465. Palpitation of the Heart. — Horses that are overdriven may 
be attacked by palpitation of the heart; to some this disorder may 
come even from moderate exercise when they are weakly and in poor 
condition. 

The symptoms are a dull, thumping noise proceeding from the in- 
terior of the body, and quite audible at a distance of some yards ; this 
sound corresponds in time with the pulsations of the heart and the 
throbbing of the pulse. Sometimes the heart's action is so energetic 
as to cause a jerking or shaking over the whole body ; and the flanks 
are raised up likewise. Palpitation of the heart is sometimes liable to 
be mistaken for — 

466. Spasm of the Diaphragm, in which a somewhat similar sound 
is heard. In such cases, according to my own observations, the sound 
could be heard a few yards off, and was very distinct on applying the 
ear to the back on each side of the spine. The breathing and pulse 
were both increased in frequency, and the thumps did not correspond 
with the heart's pulsations. 

Horses and dogs are most liable to palpitation of the heart. 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 525 

467. Treatment. — Aconite will be required in violent agitation and 
palpitation of the heart, especially if the animal give signs of great 
anguish. 

Arsenicum. — Palpitation of the heart coming on especially at night, 
and in horses of fair condition. Suitable to organic diseases of the 
heart, carditis, dropsy of the heart, and dilatation. 

Asafcetida. — Palpitation of the heart arising from excessive physical 
exertions. Organic affections of the heart. 

Belladonna. — Palpitation of the heart when at rest, increasing during 
motion, with intermitting pulse. Trembling of the heart, with great 
distress. 

Aurum. — Palpitation of the heart with inflammation. 

Graphites. — Violent throbbing about the heart ; violent palpitation 
of the heart. 

Kali carbonicum. — Frequent and violent palpitation of the heart. 
Frequent intermission of pulsations of the heart. 

Spigelia. — Palpitation of the heart, especially in horses that have 
been subject to rheumatism. This is one of the most important remedies 
in this class of disorders. Compare Arsenicum. 

Nux vomica. — Palpitation of the heart from indigestion. 

Lycopodinm. — Palpitation of the heart from indigestion, with flatu- 
lence, after having been wearied. Tremulous palpitation. 

Stannnm. — Recommended by Dr. Moore as always curing spasm of 
the diaphragm. Compare Nux vomica. 

Consult the Materia Medica for further indications for these and the 
following remedies : Calcarea carb., Helleborus, Digitalis, Lachesis, 
Apis m., Natrum mur., Phosphorus, Congestion of blood to chest and 
palpitation, Sepia, Sulphur, and Zinc, frequent palpitation of the heart. 

China should be given when there are symptoms of general debility 
and poor appetite. 

Dose. — Give from three to ten drops for a dose, according to the size 
of the animal, repeating the remedy every hour in acute attacks, and 
giving it night and morning in chronic cases, and to prevent the return 
of the difficulty, which is often connected with dropsy of the heart, 
pericarditis, which see. 

468. Enlargement of the Heart — Dilatation of the Heart. — An 

increase in the size of the heart is rather frequently found in animals 
suffering from "broken wind." Such a disease affects the animal's 
powers of endurance and speed ; and, when the animal is overdriven 
may bring on hemorrhage from the lungs. 



526 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

The symptoms of enlargement are, the action of the heart is heard and 
felt to be stronger than it ought to be, and extending over a larger 
space. In some cases the stroke of the heart against the side is very 
strong. The increased action dependent on enlargement is constant, 
unlike that found in simple palpitation. In addition, a "clacking" 
sound is sometimes heard. 

The symptoms of dilatation are, loss of appetite ; languor ; cold legs 
and ears ; difficulty of breathing on the least exertion ; giddiness or 
"megrims;" small, soft, feeble, irregular pulse; feeble, tremulous action 
of the heart; and in advanced cases swelling of the legs, chest, and 
belly. Compare " Palpitation " and " Pericarditis " for the treatment 
of these disorders. 

469. Pericarditis — Dropsy of the Heart. — This disease, which con- 
sists of inflammation of the serous investment of the heart, with quickly 
following effusion, is not unfrequent in all domesticated animals. It 
may occur as an independent affection ; more usually it is a complication 
of rheumatism, pleurisy, and pleuro-pneumonia of cows ; and it has been 
known to follow a punctured wound. 

The symptoms are often ambiguous, and are apt to be confounded 
with those of pleurisy. In a fully-developed case, we find him standing 
still, anxious in the face, and evidently in great suffering ; with his 
breathing much quickened and labored, and his pulse accelerated^ 
small, hard, and sometimes irregular. Pressure on the left side, in the 
region of the heart, causes flinching and expression of pain. On listening 
at the same part we hear rubbing friction-sounds, which cease when 
effusion or adhesion takes place ; subsequently the heart's sounds are 
muffled by the effusion. In unfavorable cases the breathing becomes 
more distressing, especially on the least movement ; the pulse feebler 
and even imperceptible at the jaw ; the eyes protruded and anxious ; 
the legs and ears cold; dropsical swelling comes on in the legs, sheath, 
breast, &c, and death speedily follows. 

The late Professor Dick, in his Manual of Veterinary Science, gives 
the following case : " I was lately consulted in a case of a mare which 
was taken unwell. She had left off feeding ; her pulse was small and 
weak ; her respiration scarcely affected ; her mouth cool ; her bowels 
regular ; and her ears and legs fine, but cold. On moving her about 
in the stall a twitching of the hind leg of the animal was observed, as 
if it were affected with cramp. On applying the hand to the left side, 
a peculiar pulsation was felt, as if the heart were moving in a fluid. 
This pulsating sound was readily heard on applying the ear to the left 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 527 

side, and was totally distinct from the sounds produced by water in the 
chest. The case proved fatal, and on dissection the pericardium was 
found to contain four pounds of serum." 

The following case, reported by Dr. Moore,* will illustrate the method 
of giving the homoeopathic remedies in such cases, and their curative 
action. 

April 5th. Visited a cart-horse which had been under allopathic 
treatment for a week, and rapidly getting worse. Symptoms : Pulse 
120 per minute; violent jerking action of the heart; there is a peculiar 
ringing sound at every beat of the heart ; the respiration is 36 per 
minute ; little breathing can be heard in the left lung in consequence 
of the predominant action of the heart ; the urine is voided frequently 
and in small quantities. This has been produced by a blister on the 
side. Treatment : To have ten drops of Digitalis, 1st, every three 
hours. 

On April 26th, pulse 104 and intermittent; respiration 20; the 
violent jerking of the heart is almost gone ; the respiratory murmur is 
now audible in the lower portion of the lungs, and some mucus rattles 
in upper part ; the urine flows freely ; the bowels are moved ; the ap- 
petite is better, and the animal's appearance livelier. To have ten 
drops of Helleborus and of Arsenicum, 1st dilution, eveiy three hours 
alternately. 

On April 27th, pulse 95, still intermittent, but more distinct at jaw; 
respiration 1 per minute ; the urine is profuse in quantity, and has a 
peculiar smell — the same as that which proceeds from the chest when 
opened after death from hydrothorax ; in all other respects better. 
Continue same medicines. 

On the 28th, pulse 80 ; from 16 to 20 of the beats in the minute are 
slower, the rest quicker than in health ; respiration normal ; appetite 
still improving, and better otherwise. Continue as before. 

On the 29th, same, except that the pulse is fuller and softer. Sub- 
stitute Shigella for Helleborus. 

On May 1st, pulse 60, full and strong ; better otherwise. Continue 
same medicines. 

On May 7th. Since last report has been steadily improving in every 
respect ; pulse 54 ; appetite good ; has been resting. To have Sulphur 
three times daily. On the 12th all right. 

Consult, in the Materia Medica, Apis, Digitalis, Lachesis, Helleborus, 
Arsenicum, Lycopodium, Sulphur, and Spigelia. 

* British Journal of Homoeopathy, 1858. 



528 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Give of the chosen remedy (or even two in alternation, as Apis and 
Arsenicum) from three to ten drops for a dose, once in three or four 
hours, making the interval longer as the patient improves. 

470. Stings of Bees. — The sting of a bee or of a wasp is a circum- 
stance of no consequence. But when a multitude of these insects have 
fallen on a horse, the pain and inflammatory swelling may go on so as 
to occasion the animal's death. "Blind staggers" is thus caused in 
horses. Apis then becomes a truly homoeopathic remedy for this 
formidable disease. Arnica employed externally is an excellent remedy 
in injuries of this sort ; we might derive advantage also from adminis- 
tering one or two doses of it internally. The external employment of 
the strong tincture of Urtica urens is a specific in such cases. 

Carbolic acid lotion, quickly applied, will doubtless prove still more 
effectual. The raised spot, which indicates the place of the sting, may 
be pricked open, and the diluted acid (one-fifteenth) applied every 
fifteen minutes. 

471. Choking. — In horses the passage of food from the mouth to 
the stomach may be obstructed by various causes. Horses are some- 
times choked by food, such as chaff, bran, carrots, turnips, and such- 
like, accumulating or sticking fast in some part of the swallow, or the 
canal lower down ; by the food not being properly chewed and softened 
by admixture with saliva ; and by diseases, such as inflammation, 
stricture, dilated pouches, in the passage itself. Balls have been known 
to stick in the throat, or in the lower part of the food-tube, either from 
being too large, or improperly administered, or from existing stricture. 

When the obstruction is in the throat, the animal is in an anxious 
distressed state, coughs, slavers, breathes quick, seems to be choking, 
breaks out in sweats, and frequently retches without being relieved. 
Water administered, or imbibed voluntarily, returns through the nose. 
Wherever these symptoms are met with, the hand should be put into 
the mouth, and the throat explored ; if any foreign body be there, it 
will of course be felt, and should be instantly removed. 

When the obstruction is in the neck portion of the food-tube, in ad- 
dition to the foregoing symptoms, a swelling will be seen in the left side 
of the neck ; and when lower down still, in that part of the tube which 
lies out of sight in the chest, we find violent retching after swallowing 
fluids, besides most of the above symptoms, except that the choking is 
less urgent. 

In oxen and sheep the symptoms of choking are even more urgent 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 529 

than in horses ; much more dangerous, and much more likely to end in 
death. This arises in great measure from the fact that obstruction, 
from whatever cause, and wherever situated, puts an immediate stop to 
the process of cudding, and therefore of digestion, so that the food in 
the stomach undergoes fermentation, gases are generated, and symptoms 
of "hoove" come on. To the general symptoms of choking already 
mentioned as occurring in the horse, there are added, in the case of 
cattle, severe cough and retching, strong muscular contraction of the 
neck and belly, and violent expulsion of urine and dung. 

In Dogs. — Choking in the dog arises generally from fish or other 
bones getting fastened in the throat, or lower down in the swallow, or 
from starved or greedy dogs bolting too large a mass of food. The 
symptoms are not so severe, as vomiting is much more easily performed 
in doecs than in horses and ruminants. 

472. Treatment. — As soon as the nature of the case is made out, and 
there should be no difficulty because the symptoms speak for them- 
selves, no time should be lost in overcoming the obstruction. In the 
first place, if it be due to some foreign body in the back of the mouth, 
or in the throat, the best plan is to open the horse's mouth, pull the 
tongue well out, and introduce the hand, and so remove the mass or 
obstructing object. At the same time, the assistant may render efficient 
service by compressing the throat externally and trying to loosen the 
obstacle. In the second place, when it lies in the food-tube beyond the 
reach of the hand, the swollen part at the side should be rubbed up and 
down with the flat hand, and such grasping pressure made with the 
fingers and hands as will be suggested by the intention to loosen the 
obstacle from where it is fixed, or to break down the mass into smaller 
pieces. Along with this handling, the animal should drink, or have 
drenched into it, some tepid water, thin gruel, or oil, in the effort to 
gulp which, the offending obstacle may be carried down, or in at- 
tempts at retching or vomiting, be brought up by the mouth ; when 
this fails, and even at the first if the obstacle be large and completely 
immovable, the probang should be introduced at once. This may be 
done by carrying it down on a line with the roof of the mouth, or 
rather pressing it back against the upper and posterior part of the gutter, 
until it reaches the obstruction, the object then being, if possible, to 
press or push it down into the stomach. In many cases this may be 
very readily and easily accomplished. But when the obstruction fails 
to be removed by the probang, which it may not if it is a bone, instead 
of some mass of food, no other resource is left save to open the tube, 

34 



* 

530 VETERINARY HOM (EOPATHY. 

and remove the obstruction from without. The wound should then be 
stitched up, and no solid food given for some time. A few doses of 
Nux vomica may restore the weakened digestive powers. 

473. Rannla. — Ranula consists in obstruction and distension of the 
duct of one of the glands which secretes saliva, under the tongue, on 
one or on both sides. When large it is very troublesome. 

This is similar to the tumor by which Arabian shepherds determine, 
in advance, the infection of rot in their sheep. (See No. 272.) 

Treatment. — Open with the lancet. Give ten drops of Mercurius 
three times a day. If necessary, dress the wound with Calendula lotion. 

474. Quitter. — Quittor ( Coronal Fistula) is an abscess at the coronet 
resulting from injuries to the foot, such as corns, pricks in shoeing, or 
penetrating wounds produced by sharp bodies. In severe, or neglected 
cases, inflammation arises at the injured part, and matter forms, which 
spreads in every direction between the bone and horn, and at last ap- 
pears at the coronet above the heel. The same condition of the coronet 
may follow severe treads, or overreaches. Before the gathering breaks, 
we observe a painful swelling at the coronet; when this breaks of itself, 
there is a discharge of matter from one or more holes. The essence of 
quittor consists in their being sinuses, or pipes, communicating with 
the original seat of injury and the surface of the skin. Such cases are 
usually attended with considerable pain and lameness, and, unless 
promptly and properly treated, lead to disease of the bone, or deformity 
of the foot. (See " Figure of a Horse," chapter XL) 

If the cause be corns, or penetrating wounds of the sole of the foot, 
the horn must be pared in such a manner as to let the pent-up matter 
out. Then put the foot in a pail of hot water, and afterwards in a large 
bran poultice. This should also be done for the swelling at the coro- 
net, which should be opened if necessary. In bad cases the horse should 
not work. The best local application is Merc. cor. lotion, injected 
three times a day into the pipe at the opening on the coronet. If there 
is a second opening, stop it up during the injection with the point of 
the finger, so that the fluid may flow along the windings of the sinus. 

If the foot is pricked in shoeing, or if bad shoeing has caused corns, 
a skilful farrier will know what to do. 

475. Abscess in the Lungs. — As a result of pneumonia, a collection 
of matter is not uncommon. If a bronchial tube opens into the abscess, 
the matter, which is of a very offensive, stinking character, is coughed 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 531 

up more or less abundantly, and gurgling sounds are heard in it on 
listening to the chest. Dr. Moore reports a case in which the attack 
was one of severe inflammation of the lungs. An abscess formed and 
broke into a bronchial tube, whereupon the breath became foul and 
offensive matter was coughed up. The animal was convalescent in 
thirty days. The chief medicines given were Aconite, Bryonia, and 
Phosphorus, In the early stage ; and Ammonium causticum and Hepar 
s. c, in the later stage. He used, after an abscess broke, a steam fumi- 
gation medicated with Baptisia. 

Silicea will be found useful in pulmonary abscesses ; especially those, 
called Vomica, which break and discharge again and again. 

Dose. — Ten drops, three times a day. 

476. Bleeding from the Lungs — Haemoptysis. — Eupture of a 
bloodvessel in the lungs, and discharge of blood by the nose and 
mouth, is an occasional occurrence in the horse, almost always as the 
result of severe and long-continued exertion ; more rarely from heart 
disease. A horse severely run with hounds may be fatally attacked in 
this manner. 

In haemoptysis the horse discharges by the nose a certain quantity 
of bright red^frothy blood, the escape of which is accompanied with 
violent cough, difficulty of breathing, and great beating in the flanks. 
In general, it is very dangerous, for it is always referable as a cause to 
some serious lesion of the substance of the lung, thereby rupturing 
some of the ramifications of the pulmonary artery, to a fall, wound, 
&c. If it come on after an external lesion, Arnica should be given in 
repeated doses, then a dose of China. If it depend on a disease of the 
lungs, we should follow the course pointed out in the articles " Pneu- 
monia' 7 and " Phthisis Pulmonalis ;" but in the latter case, no treat- 
ment will be of any avail. 

Dr. Moore relates the following interesting case: "On the 2d hist., 
a horse, immediately after strongly exerting himself in pulling a cart 
out of a clayey place, was suddenly seized with coughing and brought 
up a quantity of florid blood, and some ran out of his nose likewise. 
He continued his work up to the 6th, when he was again seized in the 
same way. I saw him next day. His pulse was 72 and soft; his 
countenance was anxious and dejected ; his breathing somewhat hur- 
ried ; loud rattling could be heard in the windpipe and large bronchial 
tubes ; he shivered ; and after coughing, blood was discharged. Five 
days afterwards, nothing ailed him. The medicines he had were 
Hamamelis and Bryonia, in ten-drop doses, every three hours." 



532 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

In such cases, Aconite and Arnica are useful. 

To prevent a return of the hsernoptysis, and cure the predisposition 
to this disorder, give, on alternate mornings, six-drop doses of China 
and Sulphur. It should be borne in mind that a horse or other animal 
that has once bled at the lungs will be very apt to do so again on like 
provocation from violent exertion ; and hence he must be used more 
carefully. Such a horse, if allowed to run at full speed, may rupture 
a bloodvessel of such size as to be destroyed at once. 

477. Haemorrhoids — Piles.— In horses, oxen, &c, piles are small 
tumors, consisting of enlarged veins at the end of the rectum. They 
occur less frequently in the horse than in oxen and sheep. In the 
latter animals, we observe stiffness in the hind legs and disinclination 
to move. The fseces are tinged with blood. The secretion of milk is 
diminished and cudding arrested. An examination makes known the 
existence of tumors in the bowel. When these tumors burst, congealed 
blood is discharged. In most cases there are symptoms of feverishness, 
such as quick pulse, hot mouth, loss of appetite, dry snout, &c. 

In dogs, piles are either internal or external; the former, when 
seated within the external sphincter of the anus ; the latter, when 
found outside that muscle. Both may coexist in the same animal. 

Want of exercise, the use of purgatives, constipation, stimulating 
food, straining in the act of defecation, diseases of the liver interrupting 
the circulation of the blood and producing distension in the hemor- 
rhoidal veins, are the most frequent causes of piles. The dog's rectum 
is peculiarly exposed to disease ; first, because from his natural consti- 
pated habit of body he strains forcibly in the act of voiding faeces ; and 
secondly, because he swallows many things that are of an indigestible 
nature, and that for that reason pass into the rectum and set up local 
irritation or inflict local injury. 

Treatment. — Aconite, indicated where the animal is off his feed, rest- 
less, and feverish ; when the part is hot and tender to the touch ; and 
when inflammation arises in the piles, especially if it extend, as is oc- 
casionally the case, to a large part of the rectum. 

Nnx vomica, given at night, and Sulphur in the morning, will cure 
cases, almost invariably, which depend on indigestion, hepatic torpidity, 
and the consequent constipation. 

Mercurius will be required when, besides costiveness, there is a dis- 
charge of slimy mucus, alone, or mixed with blood ; and when, in the 
dog, ulcers remain after the inflamed pile bursts. 

Hepar sulph. is of great service when matter is forming. 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 533 

Dose. — From three to ten drops, thrice daily. Bathe the parts with 
soft, warm water, keep clean, and give only soft food till the cure is 
complete. 

478. Purpura Hemorrhagica. — In Horses: This disease depends 
on some unascertained alteration in the blood, or bloodvessels, or both, 
which allows the blood to escape into the structure of the skin, into the 
tissues under the skin, and into internal organs, and cavities, and ducts. 

The causes are believed to be those which are calculated to lower 
vital power, or to impair the process of bloodmaking ; such as close, 
ill-ventilated, damp stables ; overwork ; bad, or scanty food, <fcc. In 
many cases, if not in all, the symptoms of purpura have been preceded, 
at a longer or shorter period, by a catarrhal affection. 

The pulse ranges about sixty, and is full ; the breathing about twenty 
per minute. Swellings of various size and irregular outline, and con- 
sisting of effused blood, suddenly appear under or in the skin, in dif- 
ferent parts of the body, especially the legs. The swelling of the legs 
about the hocks and knees is often enormous, and ends abruptly at the 
stifle and elbow-joints. The lips and nostrils are much swollen, tense, 
and shining. The openings of the nose are often so much narrowed 
as to cause some difficulty of breathing. On examining the nasal 
membrane, it is found very red and studded with purple spots, which 
vary much in size, from a shilling downwards. 

The inside of the lips is likewise covered with similar spots. If one 
of them be pricked, fluid blood exudes. 

Usually, in a day or two, the pulse becomes weaker, the urine high- 
colored, and further extravasations occur, unless the attack takes a 
favorable turn. The swellings, which at first have a well-defined 
margin, which is gradually lost in the adjacent skin, extend to the 
breast, flank, belly, quarter, &c. ; the membrane of the eye is blood- 
shot ; a dark, bloody fluid, alone or mixed with matter, flows from the 
nose ; the nasal membrane becomes black, and the former spots slough 
off, and the tissue is seen hanging in shreds. The patches of swelling 
on some part of the body become cold, hard as a board, insensible to 
feeling — die, in fact, and shortly slough off, leaving raw, unhealthy 
sores. Other patches, especially those under the belly, exude a fluid, 
which may be seen hanging in drops on the hair. There is also in se- 
vere cases a discharge of blood by the urine, either mixed up with the 
urine, or passed in small clots. In addition, the animal is weak, eats 
little or nothing, and cannot move his legs from the swelling prevent- 
ing bending of the joints. 



534 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Dr. James Moore, from whom we quote this account, says : " I have 
tried several medicines, but now I never use any other than Kali bi- 
chromicum, which I regard in the light of a specific, from its remarkable 
power over this disease." The following cases reported by Dr. Moore, 
will show the process of this treatment. 

Case I. — This horse had a severe attack of bronchitis on the 16th of 
September, and resumed work on the 1st of October, since which time 
he has been well and improving in condition until yesterday, the 22d, 
when he was observed by the horse-keeper to be off his food, and look- 
ing dull and heavy. Now, pulse 60, full and strong ; respiration 20, 
fore legs, particularly the left one, swollen up to the knees, or rather 
higher, and in consequence of this swelling he moves with very great 
difficulty ; the Schneiderian membrane is beautifully spotted with small 
purple spots about the size of a pin's head. 

Treatment. — To have Aconite, ten drops, first dilution, every three 
hours. 

24th. Much better ; pulse 44, and of the usual character ; respira- 
tion 14 ; the swelling is now up to the chest, but decreasing a little on 
the legs ; there is a considerable and painful swelling on the belly, near 
the left flank; the purple spots on the Schneiderian membrane are 
much fainter; appetite good; to have Kali bichrom., ten drops, first 
dilution, every three hours. 

25th. The swelling on the right leg is nearly gone, and that on 
the left is somewhat diminished ; also that on the belly ; appetite good ; 
pulse and respiration same as yesterday. Continue medicine. 

26th. Considerable amendment ; pulse 40 ; respiration 10 ; swelling 
of the right leg entirely gone ; that on the left is considerably dimin- 
ished, and the swelling on the belly is gradually disappearing. Con- 
tinue medicine three times a day. 

28th. Pulse and respiration normal; there is a little swelling on 
the left knee, and on the side of the abdomen ; otherwise the horse is 
well. Continue medicine night and morning. 

30th. Well, and gone to work. 

Case II. — On August 13th, 1861, Mr. W. came for me to go and see 
one of his horses, which was unwell. The horse has been ill for four 
days, but had previously cold and cough before the swelling came on. 

Symptoms. — Pulse 64, and full ; respiration 14 per minute; the nasal 
membranes are thickly studded with scarlet spots, from the size of a 
pin's head to that of a shilling, and the alse are somewhat swollen ; 
the hind legs are swollen up to the patella, where the swelling termi- 
nates abruptly ; the sheath is also enormously swollen, and so are the 



MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS. 535 

fore legs up to the chest, where the swelling terminates abruptly ; the 
urine is scanty and high-colored; feces contain more mucus than usual ; 
appetite fair. 

Treatment. — To have Kali bichromicum, ten drops, first dilution, three 
times a day. 

This case steadily improved under the use of this remedy. At the 
end of three weeks from the commencement of the treatment he went 
to light work, and in another week went to his regular job. 

Acidum sulphuricum may be employed in this affection, in case the 
Kali bich., so highly praised by Dr. Moore, should prove insufficient. 
Consult the section on Materia Medica. 

479. Leucorrhoea — Discharge from the Vagina. — A discharge of 
mucus, either limpid, milky, or curdy, from the female genitals, may 
result from chronic inflammation of the womb, or from the local irri- 
tation of the male organ, especially when this latter is itself inflamed. 
This disorder is called leucorrhoea, or the whites. Sometimes the dis- 
charge appears like matter, and is attended with sympathetic irritation 
of the bladder, as shown by scanty and painful urination. 

480. Treatment — Arnica lotion may be employed in cases which 
seem to result from mechanical injuries; the external parts may be 
bathed, and with a suitable syringe or enema-pipe, the same lotion may 
be applied to the internal and inflamed surfaces. Ten drops of the di- 
lution may at the same time be given three times a day. 

Calendula lotion, and dilution, may be employed in the same way, 
when the disorder results from wounds. 

Hydrastis, lotion and dilution, will remove the difficulty when it 
tends to become chronic; or seems to result from weakness. Use in 
the same manner as advised for Arnica. 

Cantharis. — Indicated when the bladder is involved, and the urine 
is passed with pain and difficulty. Give five drops, once in three hours, 
till relief is obtained. 

Mercurius, in similar doses, may be given when the parts are in- 
flamed and tender, and the discharge thick and mattery. 

481. Inflammation of the Foreskin. — The prepuce or foreskin of 
the male is sometimes subjected to inflammation, with mucous or puru- 
lent discharge, corresponding to that just described in the genitals of 
the female. 

The treatment is similar, with the same medicines given internally, 
and lotions of the same externally applied. 



536 VETERINARY HOMffiOPATHY 



CHAPTER XV. 

Materia Medica. 

specific effects and characteristic symptoms of the 

remedies. 

A complete list of Remedies will be found immediately succeeding 
the Preface in the first part of this work ; also a separate list of those 
which are externally employed. 

A list of Remedies for external use, and the mode of preparing 
them, may also be found at the close of the present chapter on Materia 
Medica. Although it may not be amiss to remark here, that any medi- 
cine may be prepared as a " lotion/ 7 for external application, by mix- 
ing one part of the mother tincture with fifteen parts of soft water, in 
the following manner : Let one fluid ounce of the tincture be poured 
into an empty pint bottle ; add water gradually, shaking the whole 
forcibly with each addition ; and the lotion will be perfect when the 
bottle is full. 

Full directions for administering the medicines, and for the size and 
repetition of the dose, are given in the Introduction. 

A careful and repeated study of the following chapter — which pre- 
sents in brief the principal symptoms of the various remedies, and 
indications for their use — will be of very great advantage, since from 
such, study the veterinarian will be enabled to treat successfully any 
new forms of disease which may arise ; as was the case with the Horse 
Distemper of 1872. Homoeopathic physicians and veterinarians having 
a knowledge of the Materia Medica were able to prescribe at once for 
this new and malignant epidemic, and to distinguish themselves and 
greatly advance homoeopathy in public estimation by promptly curing 
their cases. Such study of this chapter as is here recommended may 
also become very profitable by enabling the reader to prescribe cor- 
rectly, and of course (in curable cases) successfully, for disorders or 
morbid conditions not particularly described in this work. And by 
such thorough and practical knowledge of the medicines, the veterina- 
rian will be able to treat with success cases whose exact pathological 
status he may not perfectly understand. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 537 

ACOWITUM NABELLVS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Shivering fits, alter- 
nate shivering and flushing of heat, coldness of the legs and feet, excessive 
heat generally, or local and partial heat. The extremities being alternately 
hot and cold, coldness predominating ; or the heat being irregularly developed 
in them: as for instance, one leg hot and the rest cold ; the hot fits are often 
succeeded by profuse sweating (in horned cattle the heat is greatly increased 
at the root of the horn). The back and loins are excessively tender, and sus- 
ceptible to the touch ; the animal cannot bear the least pressure about those 
parts. Animals which are covered with hair exhibit a staring coat; that is, 
the hair, instead of being smooth and glossy, is rough and on end. There are 
alternate hot and cold fits throughout the frame ; sometimes swelling becomes 
manifested about the back, shoulders, and loins ; or we may have heat, swelling, 
and redness of particular parts ; coldness of the ears ; the ears hang down ; 
very vivid redness of the nostril about the external orifice. 

In respect of the Movements. — The animal is uneasy, fitful, or averse 
to motion ; languid, and disposed to retain one position, or constantly changing 
Xjositions; as, for instance, first lying down and almost immediately resuming 
an erect position ; or the position is constant!}' erect, so long as the animal can 
possibly retain it. The animal constantly shifts its position, as if successively 
to relieve the parts which become most exposed to bear the weight of the body. 
The neck is extended and the head held out horizontally. When stationary 
the animal will stagger, particularly in the hind quarters, if forced to move. 
The animal withdraws to a cool and shady place, and lies down without ru- 
minating, keeps aloof from its companions, and moves slowly, reluctantly, and 
with difficulty when driven (these symptoms not being occasioned by local 
causes) ; the back is raised and the feet are planted close together. Sometimes 
stupor, with recumbent but unnatural position, and often fruitless attempts to 
get up. 

In respect Of the Fnlse. — The pulse is full, hard, and accelerated, or 
much accelerated, weak, and sometimes irregular ; sometimes also accelerated, 
soft, and indistinct (in the horse), being rather a species of vibration than a 
positive pulsation, and in very quick succession. 

In respect of the Respiration. — The breathing is laborious and im- 
peded, or it is quickened, panting, and attended with frequent low moaning. 
The breath is hot: heaving and panting are provoked by the least exertion. 
The flanks heave 9 violently with the operation of breathing. 

Ill respect Of the Excrements. — The evacuations are hard, dry, insuf- 
ficient, detached in small quantities, unequalty dark in ruminating animals, and 
of a light yellowish color in the horse, or the evacuations are wanting alto- 
gether. The excrements are also sometimes bloody. 

In respect Of the Urine. — The urine is dark, scanty, interrupted, with 
frequent attempts to stale, but without sufficient discharge : or there is a total 
suppression of urine 



538 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

In respect of the Mouth, Muzzle, and Tongue, &c. — The muzzle is 

hot and dry, the nostrils are dilated, the tongue appears to be enlarged the 
mouth is clammy and dry. General and unusual redness of the tongue, redness 
of the edges of the tongue, enlargement of the glands of the tongue, yellow- 
brownish hue of the tongue ; enlargement and sensitiveness of the parotid 
glands, and of the glands of the lower jaw ; swelling, heat, and redness of the 
inside of the mouth, the gums, throat, &c. 

Ill respect of the Eyes. — Lachrymation, redness, protrusion, dilatation 
of the pupils, or the eyes are partially closed, as if the sight were painful. Red 
streaks about the white of the eye ; the eyelids are swollen, and the inside of the 
lid is bright red, and hot. The pupils excessively contracted. Extreme impa- 
tience of light ; bright red suffusion of the eye. 

In respect of the Disposition. — Durness, apparent reluctance to be dis- 
turbed even to be assisted ; sometimes also excessive timidity and dread of the 
approach even of those in constant attendance. 

In respect of the Appetite and Thirst. — Disinclination to feed— some- 
times even absence of all appetite ; apparent distaste for whatever food is 
offered, with a hankering after something ; the inclination to drink is not 
necessarily an attendant upon fever in the inferior animals ; the animal grazes 
evidently without relish, listlessly, and often abstains from grazing altogether-; 
moderate or extreme thirst. 

Ill respect of Rumination. — Rumination is either entirely suspended, 
or it is irregularly, imperfectly, or listlessly performed. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Coldness of one foot or leg, with 
simultaneous heat of another, or coldness of all the extremities simultaneously, 
with general heat of the body ; or greatly increased heat of the foot, or of the 
joints about the leg, with acute sensitiveness and tenderness of pressure ; con- 
stant shifting of the weight from one to the other ; recumbency, provoked by 
a dread of standing upon the legs and feet ; swelling of the legs and feet, en- 
largement of the vessels about the hock and pastern joints ; the fore legs parted 
when in an erect position ; violent throbbing in the artery of the pastern joint ; 
expression of pain upon the horn of the foot being slightly struck ; incapability 
of standing ; and great dread of the strain on the fore legs produced by lying 
down, but evident relief following recumbency; want of firmness in the joints; 
tottering ; apparently paralytic weakness of the limbs ; tottering and trem- 
bling of the knees ; exceeding tenderness of the legs to the touch, the animal 
catching up the feet when the parts are touched. 

Summary. — Inflammation and congestion. Fever. Shooting pains. De- 
termination of blood to a part. Rush of blood to the head and face. Neuralgic 
pains about the head, face, and jaws. Congestion of blood to the chest and 
lungs. Alternation of heat and cold in a part. Coldness of the legs and ears. 
Tenderness to slight pressure on the affected part ; the animal flinches. Coat 
rough, staring. Great languor ; restless ; uneasy ; constant changing position ; 
groaning with pain ; thirst. Pulse full and bounding ; quicker than natural, 
or very quick. Breathing quick ; panting. Labored heaving of the flanks. 
Breath hot ; mouth dry and hot. Tongue swollen. Tongue brownish in the 
centre ; edges red, or tongue white. Indifference to food. Dung dry ; hard ; 
small in quantitj r ; pale, or blackish. Urine scanty ; dark color. Cough short 
and dry. 



MATERIA MBDICA. 539 

AGABICUS MTJSCABirS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Evident prevalence 

of constant itching over the whole surface of the hody, evinced by the constant 
recourse of the animal to rubbing or scratching itself against everything ; the 
prevalence of much scurf over the entire surface, and especially along the ridge 
of the back; scurf, especially about the tail; patchiness, or even genera 1 deci- 
dence of the hair or wool ; superficial heat ; development of ulcers in various 
parts ; mangy state of the shin; blotches or stains developed on various parts 
of the coat, the hair falling off and leaving the skin bare; skin ver}' rough where 
the hair has fallen off: sudden development of redness and inflammatory state 
of the skin, bearing much resemblance to the manifestations of erysipelas; a 
pustulous lumpy eruption appearing on various parts (of the horse), and generally 
first seen at the roots of the mane ; exudation of a mattery fluid and the for- 
mation of scabs; scabs which are cast carrying with them the scurf, skin and 
hair; excessive itching eviDced in the constant effort of the animal to bite or 
scratch the parts ; the skin becomes puckered and almost withered where laid 
bare ; sensitiveness of the bare parts to the touch; extreme sensitiveness of cold 
air, and a peculiar and general tenderness of the skin. 

In respect Cf the Movements. — Extreme restlessness ; constant change 
of position ; repeated efforts to bite, scratch, and kick at various parts of the 
body ; impatient stamping and pawing, as if annoyed by flies ; reluctance to 
be harnessed or put to work. 

Ill respect Of the Plllse. — The pulse is full, harch and accelerated simul- 
taneously with the redness and high inflammatory action of the skin ; or small 
and accelerated (sometimes remarkably rapid) simultaneously with the pustu- 
lous exudation or the scurfy scaling off of the scarf-skin. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Constipation ; small, detached, dry, 
dark, or yellow stools ; or ash-colored, white, dry, bullety evacuations. Very 
slow, difficult, and impeded passage of the excrements. 

In respect of the Urine. — Discharge scanty, and at distant periods; 
accompanied or followed occasionally by the discharge of a stringy phlegm 
from the passage. 

In respect of the Nose, Mouth, Throat, Teeth, Tongue, Muzzle, 
&C. — Nostrils excoriated, inflamed, and sometimes even ulcerated ; diminished 
or altered faculty of scent. 

AMMONIUM CABBOX1CVJL. 

Characteristic Sy^iptoxs. 
In respect of Skin and External Surface. — Enlargements of the 

small glands, especially about the joints ; excoriations between adjacent parts ; 
sweating particularly about the legs and feet ; a dry heat of the same parts, 
or, again, excessive coldness of the extremities simultaneously with increased 
development of heat about the head. The sweats are principally observable 



540 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

towards the morning, whereas the evening is usually ushered in with violent 
fits of shivering. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Drowsiness and aversion to motion in 
the daytime, followed by retarded, interrupted, restless, and unrefreshing sleep 
at night. Constant desire to change the position, evidently from pain and 
general uneasiness (as evinced by the deprecatory expression of the animal). 
Shrinking at the approach even of the regular attendant, with sudden move- 
ments and starting, expressive of peculiar timidity. 

In respect of the Temper and Disposition. — Fretful and intractable, 
perverse contraversion of the ordinary habits. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Evident difficulty and effort in evacu- 
ating the motions, being as it were squeezed out through a constricted and narrow 
orifice; hard, bullety, or stringy stools ; hard and dry evacuations, sometimes 
moistened externally with blood or followed by discharge of blood. Tingling and 
itching of the parts, evinced by the constant motion, or firm closing or clench- 
ing (?) of the tail downwards, as also by the repeated rubbing of the parts 
against the nearest object. 

In respect of Urine. — Constant inclination and effort to pass water, with 
scanty discharge ; increased discharge of water at night. Urine tinged with 
blood, or depositing a thick, whitish, gritty sediment. 

In respect of the Extremities and Bones of the Extremities. — 

It is in those portions of the structure that we should look for the most dis- 
tinct and positive indications for this remedy ; as, for instance, if there be 
stiff) ess of the legs generally, and of the joints in particular, after rest, and 
especially at night, removed or modified after some continuance of motion. 
Cracking sound in the joints on first moving ; apparent yielding, trembling, and 
want of strength in the legs to sustain the body ; enlargement of the veins of 
the legs ; swelling, enlargement, and tenderness of the bone and coating of the 
bone, especially below the knee and hock; or swelling and similar symptoms about 
the hock and pastern joints. Enlargement of the entire course of the tibia ; ten- 
dency to cracking of the skin and other integuments of the feet, brittleness of 
the horn or nails, and the formation and casting of dry harsh scaliness from 
the skin. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Here also we have striking indications for 
Ammonium carbonicum; as, for instance, if there be partial or total blindness 
of one or both eyes (evinced by the animal being indifferent to brisk motions, 
or to the extension of the hand before one or both eyes), without, however, 
any apparent change in the transparency of the eye ; paralysis of the optic 
nerve ; collection of matter on the eyelids ; stye and other formations along the 
margin of the eyelids ; motionless condition of the eyes ; cataract of the lens, 
or a white and completely opaque formation upon that portion of the, eye, or 
cataract upon the covering membrane of the lens ; bluish-gray, semi-opaque 
cataract ; the pupil dilated, immovable, glassy, but insensible of light or of ex- 
ternal objects. 

Ill respect of the Head. — Attacks of giddiness, evinced by reeling and 
sometimes falling. 

In respect Of the Appetite — Predominance of thirst over hunger. 

In respect Of the Mouth, Teeth, &C. — Bedness and swelling throughout 
the mouth ; absence of moisture in the mouth at night ; at other times in- 



MATERIA MEDICA. 541 

creased secretion of saliva ; obstinate and continued looseness of the teeth, 
evidently painful and imperfect mastication, the animal snapping irregularly 
at its food, and not resorting to the natural partly oblique motion of the jaws in 
eating. The gums inflamed, and readily provoked to bleed by being pressed ; 
the development of numerous little bladders on the tongue and over the inner 
surface of the cheeks. 



AJSIMONIVJSL CAUSTICU31 (Water of Ammonia). 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Violent spasm of the stomach ; affections of the lungs and bronchia ; dul- 
ness of the head ; difficult deglutition ; burning thirst ; vomiting of food or 
mucus ; difficult breathing ; excessive exhaustion and muscular debility ; can 
scarcely stand ; violent trembling ; the pulse increases in rapidity from hour 
to hour ; great tendency to start. 

Fever (typhoid) of putrid type, and offensive breath ; croup ; inflammation 
of the nostrils, throat, larynx, trachea, oesophagus, and bronchial tubes ; even 
with croupous formations of false membranes ; congestion to the lungs ; vio- 
lent oppression of the chest ; want of breath ; desire to draw a deep breath, 
which is prevented by pain ; hurried, heavy, rattling breathing ; abscess in 
the lungs. 

Ooryza and Catarrhal Diseases. — Used by veterinarians in many 
forms of dangerous disorder, — fevers with destructive tendency, affecting the 
lungs and stomach and skin ; erysipelas and scarlet fever ; malignant angina. 

AM31GJSIUM MUBIATICUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Cough generally severe; 

(In/, hoarse cough, becoming gradually more violent ; cough particularly after 
drinking ; the same on first leaving the stable (in respect of the horse) in the 
morning, these symptoms accompanied or followed by the expulsion of much 
thick phlegm from the nostrils ; the discharge from the nostrils of. a thick, 
tenacious character, ejected by sneezing (in respect of the dog, as in distemper) ; 
thick, husky cough, wheezing respiration; fits of coughing, which end in retch- 
ing ; thick breathing; rapid, oppressed, or interrupted respiration; frequent 
and laborious respiration, aggravated by motion. Symptoms of this kind fol- 
lowing and resulting from acute inflammation of the air-passages : deep cough 
and panting respiration ; short and painful breathing. Inspiration is effected 
by a single effort; expiration, on the other hand, is effected by a double effort; 
the motion of the flanks distinctly indicative of these remarkable distinctions ; 
the breath becomes offensive ;* bubbling in the chest. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Irregular and slightly accelerated, or weak, 
soft, and yielding ; pulsation of the heart very weak when in rest, but easily 

* With the ox, cow, &c, this is a peculiar symptom, because the breath, in 
health, is known to be pleasant, fragrant, and to convey the sensation of freshness. 



542 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

increased by motion ; sensation as if balls were rolling athwart the parts about 
the heart upon contact. 

In respect Of the Movements. — The animal is startled by being ab- 
ruptly moved ; lies on one side or the other, or upon the belly with its knees 
doubled under it, quickly rising again ; but most frequently it refuses to lie down 
at all ; the head does not positively droop, but is rather stretched out hori- 
zontally ; the animal is dull, sluggish, and apparently indolent, being averse 
to motion, and staggering when compelled to move. 

Ill respect Of Rumination. — First, the rumination is performed in an 
erect position, and is subsequently suspended altogether. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — When the symptoms here described return 
after an interval of improvement, following acute inflammation, we may re- 
mark the gradual return of the same absence of inclination to eat, accompanied 
with gradual or very rapid emaciation. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — A peculiar crackling 
sound upon pressure, shivering, coldness of the extremities ; the mucous mem- 
branes about the nostrils, mouth, tongue, eyes, &c, are pale, watery, puffed, 
or charged with thick phlegm or matter. Shivering, especially towards evening ; 
the coat is staring, rough, and glossless; the appearance of tumors about the parts 
surrounding the ears, as also about the neck, back, and Joins. The loss of flesh 
is very apparent from day to day, and the skin appears to cling to the bones. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — We have variously the most obstinate 
costiveness, or the most intractable relaxation; in the latter case the evacuations 
are slimy, or even watery ; the relaxation is almost invariably observed to suc- 
ceed the costiveness, when the latter has been the earlier symptom. 

Ill respect Of the Milk. — It rapidly fails. 

In respect of the Mouth, Nose, &C. — Adhesive or watery discharge 
from the nose, which becomes very offensive. Adhesive and offensive phlegm 
within the mouth. Ulcerations about the mouth, gums, and nostrils. 

Ill respect Of the Extremities. — We may notice tendencies to ulcera- 
tion, exfoliation, &c, as also stiffness and swelling of the joints; paralytic 
weakness and tottering ; intense coldness of the feet, which constitutes the dis- 
tinctive symptom of affections of a grave nature, involving the respiratory 
organs of cattle : occasionally there is convulsive jerking of the limbs. 

AWTI3IOWIUM CttUDUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Extremities, Skin and External Surface Gener- 
ally. — Corns and other callous excrescences; tumors in the vicinity of joints ; 
tumors and swellings, involving the muscle, tendons, ligaments of the joints, 
and membranes which surround the joints. The development of tumors in 
the anterior part of the knee-joint (in one knee at a time), which yield to pres- 
sure, but which are at first attended with no pain, nor any increased develop- 
ment of heat, or inflammation ; similar tumors, attended with considerable de- 
velopment of heat and evident inflammatory action; tumors occasioned by the 
accumulation of a watery fluid beneath the skin, or within the interior integu- 
ments of the joint. Hot, hard and painful swelling of the joints, particularly 



MATERIA MEDICA. 543 

of the knee-joint. Fungous excrescences about the feet. Scurf, succeeded by 
scales, which, upon being cast, betray corroding ulcers ; pustulous eruptions ; 
eruption of small pimples behind the ears ; chapping, and sores ; warts ; warts 
in the vicinity of the teats ; dropsical swelling of the legs, in combination with 
general swelling of the body. A cleanness of the limbs, with appearance of 
attenuation, in comparison with the dilatation of the rest of the body ; general 
dropsical swelling of the entire frame, the skin being dry externally, and the 
coat very rough. Drooping of the belly and holiowness of the flanks. 

Ill respect Of the Plllse. — Irregular, occasionally, or alternately acceler- 
ated and stow. Periodical acceleration of the pulse from noon till midnight every 
third day. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Thin, watery evacuations, with fre- 
quent return, and much evident urging. Evacuations preceded and accompa- 
nied with much pain, as evinced by the moaning or movements of the animal, 
and by the fretfulness and intractability which often result ; fetid and papes- 
cent evacuations, attended with considerable discharge of phlegm or blood, or 
the two mingled together, from the passage. 

In respect Of Urination. — Frequent and copious emission, sometimes 
also attended or followed by discharge of phlegm. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs, — Dry and shaking cough upon 

the first inspiration of the open air in the morning ; deep and protracted breath- 
ings; repeated drawing of a deep breath, sometimes interrupted ; oppressed and 
difficult breathing; complete suspension of breath, and convulsive effort to 
breathe at intervals. 

In respect Of the Mouth, Throat, Nose, &C — Pale hue of the mem- 
branes of the mouth and nostrils ; the mouth is either very dry, or there is an 
excessive secretion of thin, watery saliva, which pours from the mouth. The 
nose very dry, and the nostrils chapped and scurfy. The tongue loaded and 
white, or furred white on the upper surface, and bright red at the margins. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Suffusion of the conjunctiva, with a slightly 
yellow hue ; the accumulation of a clear fluid in the corners, of the eyes. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Dulness and dislike to motion ; inability 
to stand, from languor and lassitude, which are readily detected in the bearing 
of the animal, and incapability of remaining in a, recumbent position, whence 
the animal rises immediately, with a violent effort, strongly contrasted with 
its characteristic listlessness, and occasioned by impending suffocation. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Absence of appetite, which is supplanted 
by the prevalence of excessive and continued thirst. 

Summary. — Stomach disease ; gastritis ; surfeit ; chronic laminitis ; navic- 
ular lameness ; excrescences on the feet ; cramp-like pains in the stomach, 
which draw the animal up ; derangements from overfeeding ; irregular appe- 
tite ; loss of appetite. Great sensitiveness to cold weather. Oppressed and 
laborious breathing. Blotches and humors under the skin. Small hard lumps, 
or sluggish tumors about the neck and ears ; some form pustules, others scale 
off. Hard, callous excrescences ; dropsical swelling of the body and of the 
legs. Inflammation and swelling of the joints, especially the knee ; shooting 
pains in the legs ; inflammation of the tendons. Excoriation of the nostrils ; 
cracks and fissures about the mouth ; dryness of the mouth. Dung soft ; 



544 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

mixed with mucus, and sometimes blood ; constant secretion of mucus at the 
anus ; urine pale> copious. 

APIS MEL. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Skin dry and hot. Mouth and nose hot. Inflammation of the tongue, 
mouth, nose, and throat ; great soreness of the throat externally, he cannot 
bear to have it touched. Breathing short and difficult. Inflammation of • 
urinary organs. Suppression of urine. Dropsy ; anasarca ; dropsy of the 
chest, especially without thirst in dropsy. Dropsy of the head ; of the heart, 
and of the belly. Dropsy without thirst. 

Angina. — Inflammation of the fauces, especially right side ; red and in- 
flamed throat, which is red and dry ; urine scanty and dark-colored. Diarrhoea. 
Kapid and painful respiration, aggravated by lying down ; better on inhaling 
the fresh air while standing up. Worse from heat ; inflamed parts relieved 
by cold water. Erysipelatous inflammation of the skin. Urticaria, or nettle- 
rash ; eruptions like bee-stings. Swelling of the legs, which are cold. 

Has been used in typhoid fever with inflammation of the throat. 

ARNICA MONTAWA. 
Characteristic Symptoms. 

Ill respect of the Plllse. — As in affections generally arising from me- 
chanical causes, such as injuries occasioned by mere accident, or febrile action 
consequent upon difficult labor, and mechanical interference in the removal 
of the foetus, &c, we may remark a regular, iviry, hard, and accelerated pul- 
sation, or a full and rapid pulse, which is afterwards hard, accelerated, but 
small, one or the other of which generally accompanies the following manifes- 
tations. 

In respect of the Disposition. — Excessively timid and sensitive, or 
characterized by a kind of vindictiveness and an inclination to injure all who 
approach the animal. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Shivering, coming 

on by irregular fits, sometimes affecting the whole frame, and sometimes only 
particular parts; increased development of heat with rest, and at night ; sour- 
smelling sweat at night ; enlargement of the glands generally, and of the glands 
of the neck in particular ; distension of the veins towards the extremities ; 
acute sensitiveness of the loins to the touch, the animal flinching when those parts 
are pressed; increased development of heat about the loins ; the legs and ears 
cold when there is inflammatory action of the intestines, or of the natural heat, 
if there be no organic inflammation ; hardness and swelling of the belly ; in- 
flammatory swelling and tenderness of the feet ; in bare parts, or where the 
color and nature of the tumefaction can be remarked, it will be found puffed 
and red. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — The hind legs apart ; 
restiveness if compelled to turn or exert the limbs or parts of the body which 



MATERIA MEDICA. 545 

are the seat of pain, turning being evidently painful ; constant turning of the 
head towards the flanks ; if at large, the animal will wander listlessly from 
place to place ; the feet are quickly relieved in succession — one being con- 
stantly raised, and impatiently pawing the ground ; the animal seems to be 
looking for assistance, and is incessantly restless ; the head is stretched out, 
and rested upon the nearest support, or, if in a recumbent position, it is rested 
on the flank. 

In respect of the Mouth, Tongue, Muzzle, &c. — The muzzle is 

hot and dry ; the mouth open, and the tongue held out ; grinding of the teeth. 
In respect of the Expression. — Wild and staring expression. 

In respect of Discharges and Secretions. — Severe discharges of bright 

red blood; discharge of milk tinged with blood ; involuntary discharge of milk; 
drying up or absence of secretion of milk. 

In respect of Rumination. — It is totally suspended, except in the case 
of affections of a purely local character. 

In respect Of Excrements. — The evacuation of crude and indigested 
matters. 

In respect Of Urine. — Voided scantily — frequent urging, and, as the 
attempt to urinate becomes more frequent, the discharge becomes less, and 
ends in absolute retention. The urine is usually of a dark, reddish-brown, or 
bloody hue. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — General reluctance to eat, preceded by 
apparent eagerness; little or no food consumed ; apparent gratification at the 
offer of drink, which, however, the animal seems to shrink from when offered ; 
tendency to reject the food as soon as it is in the mouth, sometimes followed 
by discharges of thick, clotted blood from the mouth and nostrils. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Dry harsh cough ; cough, 
occasionally followed by discharge of blood from the mouth ; putrid and offen- 
sive breath ; the pulsations of the heart accelerated and increased in strength 
and fulness simultaneously with the fits of coughing ; short and difficult 
breathing ; anxious and irregular respiration, with the occasional drawing of 
a deep breath — suspended, as if space were wanting for sufficient expansion. 
These symptoms usually attended with restlessness and evident uneasiness in 
any position, the animal turning from one side to the other, lying down or 
rising, and as quickly returning to the position from which it has but just 
moved. 

Summary. — Contusions ; bruises ; contused wounds. Dislocations ; 
sprains ; fracture. Mechanical injuries, from falls or blows. 

Internal Use. — Sudden shock ; concussion ; partial paralysis of the ner- 
vous system ; paraplegia ; palsy. Congestion of blood to the head, with gene- 
ral coldness of the body ; shivering ; trembling. Whirling giddiness in the 
head after a very small quantity of food ; drowsiness. Breathing short ; pain- 
ful shootings in the chest. Lockjaw from injury. Boils on the skin ; food 
passes undigested. Urine red ; bloody. Inflammation arising from, or in con- 
nection with, wounds. (Also Aconite.) 



35 



•546 VETERINARY HOM<EOPATHY. 

ABSEJSTICU31 ALBUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Beneath the wool 
will be observed a yellowness, harshness, and dryness of the skin ; roughness 
of the coat, patchiness of the wool. The appearance of hard scurfy patches 
upon the skin, over various parts of the body, closely succeeding high inflam- 
matory action ; black quarter; discharge of offensive and bloody secretions from 
the nose and mouth ; the development of spreading and angry ulcerations, com- 
mencing about the belly, teats, and quarters, and rapidly extending through- 
out the frame ; the ulcers emit a fetid offensive odor ; black pustules on various 
parts of the body ; arid, harsh, and cold skin; the skin becomes loose and flabby, 
and emits a peculiar crackling sound upon pressure ; yellow and black spots 
become developed on the skin ; the wool (of sheep) is rapidly cast, or is so far 
disengaged that it may be pulled off with the greatest ease. General desquam- 
ation ; livid distension of the vessels where they are distinguishable at the sur- 
face ; the febrile symptoms assume a periodical character, and are followed by 
profuse and adhesive sweating. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Torpor and inanition ; with incapa- 
bility of motion ; total failure of strength, and incability of exertion, or of 
keeping an erect position ; if particular parts have been especially affected, the 
animal shrinks from pressure or contact about them : motion, if effected, ap- 
pears to modify the symptoms : generally, however, motion becomes impossible, 
and a recumbent and prostrate position is retained. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — The pulse is small, and much accelerated, or 
intermittent, or very feeble, and scarcely perceptible ; or it is tremulous and 
uncertain ; or it is accelerated, weak, and irregular. The pulsations of the 
heart are likewise irregular. 

In respect Of the Respiration. — Anxious, difficult, and noisy respira- 
tion ; difficult, short interrupted breathing ; an appearance of gasping for 
breath, as if choking. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Blood-streaked and excessively fetid ; 
dark, scanty, and difficult evacuations, likewise conveying an idea of utter 
putridity ; the evacuations are slimy, covered with offensive matter, or with 
grumous blood ; there is sometimes a discharge of sheer matter from the pas- 
sage, accompanied with evident urging : protrusion of the rectum, and evident 
soreness. Sometimes also we may notice unintermitted urging, without any 
result. Alternate costiveness and colliquative purging, ending in continued obsti- 
nate and fetid looseness; very acrid whitish evacuations. Evacuations emitted 
to a distance, as by a sudden and spasmodic effort, and often attended with, or 
composed of stringy phlegm : afterwards succeeded by the appearance of blood, 
and then of purulent matter (ulcers forming about the passage). 

In respect of the Urine. — Absolute retention of urine, such as might 
arise from paralysis of the bladder, or else involuntary and repeated but scanty 
discharges; cloudy, bloody, dark, or yellowish-brown urine. The suppression 
of urine sometimes suddenly alternated with violent and copious but involun- 
tary discharge. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 547 

In respect of the Mouth, Muzzle, Tongue, &c. — Brown, blackish, 

livid, dry, cracked, or tremulous tongue ; the membranes of the nose livid ; 
tongue apparently paralyzed ; tongue blistered, ulcerated, and coated with 
whitish adhesive matter ; mouth dry — the inside of the mouth and lips covered 
with pustules and ulcers ; the mouth emits an excessively offensive odor ; dis- 
charge of bloody matter, which is very offensive, from the mouth and nose; copi- 
ous discharges of blood from the mouth and nostrils; grinding of the teeth; 
gangrenous and malignant ulcerations in the throat ; the development of a 
multitude of white vesicles throughout the inside of the mouth ; parched con- 
dition of the throat, which provokes the animal to seek for drink constantly, 
with little power to swallow it, and with considerable repugnance apparently 
to swallowing much at a time ; looseness of the teeth. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Excoriation of the inner surfaces of the eyelids ; 
granulation of the eyelids ; pustular eruptions on the edges of the eyelids; ulcer- 
ation of the eyelids ; convulsive protrusion of the eyes ; sunlcen and dull ap- 
pearance of the eyes; contraction of the pupils; ulcers on the cornea; (Edematous 
swelling of the eyelids (in the ox or cow), particularly when the animal has been 
grazed on damp and marshy pastures ; palsy of the optic nerve (gutta serena) ; 
cancer of the eye, or general ulceration of the substance of the eye ; the eye suf- 
fused with a yellow tinge, especially in the corners ; the vessels of the eye are 
distended and red. 

In respect of the Disposition. — Excessive anxiety and restlessness, or 
motionless indifference to all that is passing ; keen distress, as depicted in the 
countenance of the animal ; peculiar indolence and apparent dread of exertion ; 
also absence of consciousness in respect of surrounding objects. 

In respect of the Appetite. — Absolute repugnance to all food 
— (a very characteristic symptom with the inferior animals, generally, which 
but rarely refuse all sustenance) — difficulty of deglutition, even of liquids, and 
incapability of drinking more than a scanty draught at a time. 

In respect of the Carcass. — There is rapid and progressive emaciation, 
or universal wasting away of the whole frame ; dropsical puffing, and enlarge- 
ment of the belly; swelling of the spleen ; distension of the stomach, with flatu- 
lency ; enlargement of the mesenteric glands (.?).; putrid flatulency; enlarge- 
ment of the glands of the groin ; the animal will shrink from the touch, if 
pressure be applied to the loins ; swelling under the jaw ; accumulation of 
vermin about the body ; the membranes generally assume a dull, leaden hue, 
and the skin adheres to the bone. Transpiration of cold sweat throughout the 
frame. 

In respect Of Expression. — Dull and anxious appearance ; cadaverous, 
sunken, and lifeless appearance. 
In respect of Rumination. — Total suspension. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Swellings of the joints, spreading over 
the greater portion of the limbs. The development of ulcers and black pus- 
tules about the extremities ; unwholesome excoriations ; the horny substances 
assume an unnatural hue ; there is constant necessity to change the position 
of the limbs for the sake of relief; from which we may deduce that a species 
of aching, rheumatic pain prevails ; sudden and convulsive twitching, and 
contraction of the limbs. The appearance of corrosive ulcerations about the 
feet. 



548 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

Summary. — Rapid failure of strength ; coldness of the body ; coldness of 
the legs and feet ; prostration considerable ; wasting of flesh ; poor, emaciated 
condition ; low fever ; difficult breathing ; breath short, gasping. Fits resem- 
bling asthma, threatening suffocation. Mouth and nose cold. Pulse weak, 
trembling. Tongue cracked or ulcerated ; white, brown, or blackish. Nos- 
trils ulcerated.; discharge from the nose thick, mixed with mucus and blood, 
sometimes very offensive. Eyes dim, glassy-looking ; white of the eyes yellow ; 
ulcers on the cornea ; swelling of the eyelids ; eyelids glued together with the 
secretion. Skin dry and burning ; yellow color of the skin ; ulceration ; sup- 
puration, with fetid smell ; black pustules ; scaly eruptions ; ulcers which re- 
semble lard, having hard, raised edges. General dropsy of the whole body, 
or of the legs only. Profuse sweating ; cold sweats. The skin is loose and 
the muscles flabby. Inflammation of the stomach. Evacuations dark, black, 
scanty, and very offensive ; constant attempts to relieve the bowel without 
effect ; dung mixed with froth, slime, or blood. Urine very scanty ; thick, 
dark, bloody, or of a yellow-brown color. Worms. 

ASAFGUTIDA. 
Characteristic Symptoms. 

Palpitation of the heart from physical exertion ; chorea ; inflammation, 
softening, and curvature of the bones ; caries of the bones ; diseases of the 
bones in those who have been mercurialized ; ulcers, especially those affecting 
the bones ; ulcers discharge a thin, ichorous, fetid pus ; painfullness of the 
bone to the touch ; ulcers with elevated, bluish edges ; ozsena, or chronic in- 
flammation and catarrh of the nose, with discharge of greenish and fetid pus ; 
coryza, with violent sneezing ; rheumatism of the shoulder ; cold swelling 
around the fetlocks. 



AUKUM METALLICUM, OB FOLIATUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Coldness of the 

whole frame, with dark, livid, or discolored hue of the mucous membranes ; 
angry or passive and fetid ulcers in various parts ; gangrenous affections gen- 
erally, resulting from acute inflammation, or from erroneous treatment of 
acute inflammations ; enlargements about the joints of the knefe, hock, &c. ; 
tumors round the joints, about the udder, or along the back ; tumors con- 
verted into gangrenous ulcerations ; profuse perspiration throughout the frame 
in the morning ; falling off of the hair. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Continued and profuse loose evacua- 
tions ; obstinate relaxation ; the motions peculiarly offensive, and generally 
charged with more or less blood and phlegm ; sometimes also black and very 
liquid. 

In respect Of the Pnlse. — Irregular, small, and/ee5?e. 

In respect of the Month, Throat, &C. — Flow of clear, watery saliva 
from the mouth,, which,, however, becomes thick, dark, charged with matter 



MATERIA MEDICA. 549 

or blood, and exceedingly offensive ; the interior of the cheeks swollen, of a 
deadened, livid color, and ulcerated ; ulceration and enlargement of the ton- 
sils ; livid ulceration of the gums and of the mouth throughout, emitting a 
very offensive odor. Sluggish ulceration. Inflammation of the tongue ; en- 
largement of the tongue ; large red or livid vesicles along the margin and at 
the base of the tongue, spreading rapidly, and developing virulent ulcerations. 

In respect Of the Nose. — Swelling of the nose, attended with internal 
inflammation and ulceration ; the formation of black, scabby scales over the 
interior surfaces of the nostrils ; discharge of fetid, dark, or yellowish matter' 
from the nose, becoming more offensive as it gradually grows darker ; exces- 
sive tenderness of the nose to the external touch. 

Ill respect Of the Eyes. — Superficial ulceration oftlie cornea; intense in- 
flammation of the eyes. 

Ill respect Of the Head and Neck. — Swelling, and very considerable 
enlargement of the head and neck ; the bony and anterior portions of the head 
intensely tender ; the animal wincing when the slightest indication is afforded 
of an intention to touch the parts, winch would evince that there is inflamma- 
tion and ulceration of the bone. 

BARYTA CAMBOJSICA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — The skin is dry, 

harsh, scaly, &c, emitting a peculiar species of creaking noise with every 
movement of the animal ; if grazed, broken, scratched, or otherwise injured, 
the healing is unwholesomely retarded; shuddering, in which the entire surface 
pf the body is involved ; perspiration during rest, and especially at night ; per- 
spiration deficient during motion, but exceedingly cold and clammy, with the 
deposit of a thick dew over the coat for many hours after motion or during rest. 
Exceeding sensitiveness of air and cold ; staring, dull coat, conveying a particular 
sensation of dryness and harshness to the touch; subcutaneous heat; universal ten- 
derness to the touch, the animal shrinking from contact in any part ; when 
pressed on the loins the animal moans, and gives strong indications of pain ; 
the hair or wool falls off in quantities ; emaciation more or less rapid. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — The characteristic symptom 
consists of a peculiar subdued, difficult, painful, feeble, guttural, and inward 
cough. 

In respect Of the Milk. — We have occasion to notice its manifest dete- 
rioration in quality, as well as the inadequate quantity yielded; the milk thickens 
very indifferently, has a bad flavor, and is of a bluish hue ; it turns sour far 
more quickly and invariably than milk from a cow in health, and yields but 
very inferior butter. 

In respect of the Procreative Functions. — With respect to the human 

being the provings seem to establish that there is diminished or suspended 
desire : with respect to the inferior animals, or, at all events, in regard to 
horned cattle, the rule is reversed. The imaginative faculties are peculiarly 
acute, and the sexual inclinations doubly susceptible, so much so, indeed, that 
pregnancy itself does not subdue the heat. 



550 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — The inclination to eat is so little altered 
from that of the state of health as to be likely to mislead a casual observer ; 
sometimes, indeed, we may observe increased appetite. As a general rule, how- 
ever, the animal will continue to feed well for a considerable time, failing, 
nevertheless, to make or maintain flesh. Occasionally, however, an increased and 
continual thirst is observable. 

Ill respect Of Rumination.— Retarded, sluggish, and incomplete. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — The evacuations are alternately hard, 
knotty, and insufficient, being detached with much effort and straining, or 
they are obstinately relaxed, resisting every palliative resource ; sometimes the 
presence of worms may be distinguished in the dung. 

In respect of the Mouth, Tongue, Nose, &c. — Dryness or watery 

salivation; fissures on the tongue ; fetid odor emanating from the mouth ; 
first, thin watery discharge from the mouth, nostrils, &c. ; the discharge is at 
first colorless and without smell, but subsequently becomes mingled with blood 
and thick matter, and then emits a very offensive odor; soreness of the throat, 
enlargement and redness of the glands of the throat ; sore throat always occa- 
sioned by the least chill. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Tottering, uncertain gait, with trem- 
bling and yielding of the legs. 

In respect of the Movements and Body Generally. — Emaciation 

more or less rapid, but continually progressive ; puffing of the body generally ; 
distension of the belly ; swelling and induration of glands generally ; languor 
and prostration of strength ; debility of the entire frame; incapacitation for 
motion ; position generally drooping, as if the parts were too heavy ; the animal 
is compelled to lie down, or assumes an erect position from time to time, lying 
down again very soon, but is evidently uneasy and restless in any position ; 
general nervous sensitiveness; the senses oversusceptible or deficient; the symp- 
toms generally are more distinctly developed on the left side; wherefore, in a 
recumbent position, the animal lies on one side only. 

BELLADONNA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Excessive increase 

of heat, particularly about the head, with considerable dilatation of the head, 
neck, and forearm ; intense heat and throbbing at the roots of the horns (in 
cattle), with enlargement of the temporal vessels. Enlargement and increased 
heat of the glands of the neck, throat, and jaws; heat, vivid redness, and swell- 
ing of the parts particularly affected ; acute sensibility of the spine to the external 
touch; the skin adheres to the ribs ; if examined closely, by parting the wool 
or hair, the skin will be found suffused with a bright red hue, and of an intense 
heat ; the animal is generally alive to the least touch, and the slightest pressure 
seems to cause intense pain ; staring coat. 

In respect Of the Movements. — At first there is a sort of drowsy stupor, 
which, however, is quickly followed by the most violent agitation ; furious at- 
tacks upon animate or inanimate bodies ; the animal plunges wildly against 
fixed objects ; the most violent career is pursued, the tail being arched and the 



MATERTA MEDICA. 551 

neck stretched forward ; oppressed, sluggish, and impeded movement, followed' 
by terrific and supernatural energy ; convulsive motion, sometimes alternated with 
spasmodic suspension of motion; sudden loss of power and motion in the whole 
or parts of the frame — or incessant motion, ending in a recurrence of stupor. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Hurried pulsation simply, or more frequently 
a quick and bounding, or full, hard, and accelerated pulse ; or oppressed, dif- 
fused, and indistinctly expressed (blended) ; or small and accelerated. Often, 
however, the pulsations in the temporal arteries continue full, bounding, and 
accelerated ; violent pulsation of the heart. 

In respect Of the Respiration. — Hurried panting breathing; violent 
heaving at the flanks, &c, preceded, however, with thick oppressed respiration 
in man^ cases ; the breath offensive ; signs of suffocation if the throat be but 
slightly touched. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Absence of alvine discharge, or costive, 
difficult, and partial. Evacuations hard, dry, and almost black (in ruminating 
animals) ; and equally hard and dry, but %jale (in the horse). Sometimes, also, 
frequent, small, dry evacuations, or constant and ineffectual urging. 

In respect Of Urine. — Thick, turbid, flocculent, whitish, reddish, or very 
dark urine ; or else very clear urine. Sometimes, also, involuntary discharges, 
in small quantities, or else copious and frequent discharge of clear, limpid 
water ; bloody urination. 

In respect Of the Throat. — Great heat, vivid redness, swelling, and 
excoriation of the throat, with enlargement and inflammation of the glands 
of the throat ; evident difficulty of deglutition, sometimes with an aversion 
to fluids. 

In respect of the Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, Muzzle, Nostrils, &c. — 

Great heat and dryness of the mouth, the tongue loaded with white adhesive 
phlegm ; general redness and excessive heat of the tongue ; or vivid redness 
and heat round the margins of the tongue. The nostrils are exceedingly dilated, 
and betray a bright scarlet hue round the interior margins; the muzzle is dry 
and harsh ; foaming at the mouth ; grinding of the teeth ; much white and 
adhesive phlegm collected in the mouth and throat ; discharges of blood from 
the mouth. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — The eyes are bright, sparkling, and inflamed ; 
the pupils dilated; the eye generally suffused with vivid redness; protruding, 
convulsed, or fixed or wavering ; the glance is furious ; the pupils are some- 
times contracted (though rarely), and generally immovable ; the eyelids become 
inflamed and red, and sometimes convulsed and quivering. 

In respect of the Disposition. — Wild, destructive, and uncontrollable ; 
the prevalence of fury rendering the animal as dangerous to itself in its ferocity 
and vindictiveness, as to others ; the peculiar antipathies are heightened to an 
extraordinary degree, as, for instance, that of the ox for the red color ; an in- 
clination to attack any object which is in its course, whether animate or inani- 
mate, or frenzy without method or consciousness. 

In respect of Expression. — Indicative of great pain, as well as of inco- 
herency ; repeated glances at the flanks, indicative of intense suffering. 

In respect Of Sounds. — Wild, loud, or shrill and unusual bellowings 
and cries. 

In respect Of Appetite. — Intense thirst, with aversion to drink, or with 



552 VETERINARY IIOMCEOPATHY. 

little capability of drinking ; precipitate deglutition of fluids ; aversion to food, 
or voracious and unnatural consumption of food. 

Ill respect Of the Carcass. — Intense heat, particularly about the crown 
of the head, the neck, back, and loins, the latter being peculiarly sensitive to 
the touch ; enlargement and inflammation of the vessels generally ; enlarge- 
ment, &c, of the glandular structures in particular — the latter, especially about 
the neck, throat, and jaws ; tottering gait ; falling down head foremost. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Great prominence of the vessels in the 
legs ; burning heat of the legs ; swelling of the legs and feet ; uncertain and 
faltering step, notwithstanding the furious precipitate movements ; the knees 
giving and bending forward under the weight of the body ; tremulous condition 
of the knees ; violent plunging with the fore feet ; the tail arched, and carried 
high, and constantly lashing the flanks. 

Summary. — Inflammation of the brain and its membranes. Heat about 
the head. Mad, staggering gait. Wild, furious look. The animal plunges 
and kicks. Foams at the mouth ; attempts to bite. Delirium. Eyes red, in- 
flamed ; especially the ball of the eye. Fixed look — pupil dilated. Amaurosis, 
or dimness of sight ; temporary blindness in one eye. Eyes protruded from 
the sockets. Ulceration of the nostrils. Nostrils dilated. Mouth hot. Mouth, 
throat, and tongue bright scarlet. Throat sore ; ulcerated. Glands enlarged ; 
tender to the touch. Glands swollen ; threaten to suppurate. Difficulty of 
swallowing. Skin of the body red. Bloodvessels of the head and neck enlarged . 
The spine is sensitive to the touch. Convulsive movements in the whole body. 
Pulse quick, hurried ; often hard and wiry ; sometimes full and slow. Evacu- 
ations hard, dry, small ; pale in color, with urging. Urine thick — dark color. 



BORAX. 

Employed chiefly for disease of the mouth ; aphthae, or thrush ; vesicles on 
the tongue. 

BROMINE. 

Croup. Affections of the lungs, especially of the right lung. Difficult breath- 
ing. Inflammations of the lungs, pleuro-pneumonia. 

BRYONIA ALBA. 

Characteristic Symptoms, 

Considered particularly in respect of Organs connected with the Digestive System, 
and the Apparatus of Circulation. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Scanty and infrequent evacuations ; 
the discharge of hard, dark, lumpy dung in small quantities ; dung often slimy, 
with glutinous phlegm with which it is evacuated ; excrements streaked with 
blood; the evacuations are totally suppressed, excepting the passage of a small 
quantity of liquid and very putrid excrement, which oozes out, or which ap- 
pears to be ejected with considerable straining and pain ; or (with the horse) 



MATERIA MEDICA. 553 

the excrements are dry, hard, detached in small quantities, and of a yellowish 
color, or ash-colored. In some instances, however, there is violent purging, 
with hot, painful, straining, corrosive evacuations, and constant desire, evinced 
by the movements of the tail. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Yellow, brown, or bloody ; very hot; saffron- 
colored ; frequent but scanty discharge of urine, becoming more frequent and 
less in quantity, and constant effort to pass water. Urine expelled with great 
effort and forcing, deeply colored with blood, or consisting chiefly of blood. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Quick, and hard pulse, at first full, degenerat- 
ing into smallness, but persistently hard, or very much accelerated and small; 
or, if there be absence of the peculiar tenderness which indicates internal or- 
ganic inflammation, the pulse is full, hard, and accelerated ; average number 
of pulsations (of horses and cattle) from 60 to 70 or 80 in the minute ; of dogs 
from 110 to 120. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — Reluctance to move ; 

motion evidently causing or increasing pain ; the animal lies upon the right side ; 
suffering is indicated by the constant effort to rest the muzzle against the flanks ; 
great restlessness, with inability to move, or dread of motion ; the head is 
stretched forward; the legs are either close together, the back being arched and 
the flanks puckered up, or they are held apart [particularly the hind legs). 
Movements indicative of continual pain, and pain throughout the body, and 
which seem to indicate a desire for assistance ; languor ; staggering or totter- 
ing carriage ; rapid loss of strength attends the symptoms, &c, &c. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Coldness of the ears 

and legs ; tenderness, and sometimes heat of the belly and flanks ; great heat 
at the root of the horn (in cattle) ; the flanks heaving ; dry heat about the 
loins ; shrinking from the touch at the loins ; dry heat throughout the body. 
Shivering fits, with or without cold sweating ; staggering, giddiness, and lan- 
guor preceding the chills ; dark yellow color of the skin. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Nose, &c. — intense heat 

and dryness of the mouth and throat ; a frothy salivation (foam) about the 
mouth ; mouth partly open ; tongue inflamed and enlarged ; breath hot ; the 
tongue very dry (of dogs) and hanging from the mouth; the mucous membranes 
of the mouth (and conjunctiva) of a dirty yellowish-red ; vomits of yellowish 
or greenish matter ; lips swollen, fissured, and dry ; muzzle very dry and hot; 
general swelling of the parts about the mouth ; sponginess of the gums ; the 
nose swollen, hot, and tender ; the nostrils distended, and sometimes of a peculiar 
inflammatory redness ; the interior of the nostrils inflamed and ulcerated. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Protruding, inflamed, and of a bright red or 
yellowish-red hue. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Quickened breathing ; 

breath hot, oppressed, accelerated, and difficult ; sometimes cough ; dry, suffo- 
cative cough ; constant drawing of a deep breath; burning heat of the chest. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Constant trembling of the fore legs ; 
the legs generally cold (moderately), but sometimes also characterized by heat 
(whenever heat of the feet and legs attends the symptoms above describ d) ; stagger- 
ing and yielding of the knees ; evident languor and incapability of sustaining 
the weight of the body ; the legs either placed apart or close together, or drawn 
up under the body, sometimes remaining unmoved for a long time (with the ex- 



554 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

ception of the bending of the joints\ and sometimes restlessly but languidly 
lifted from time to time, a movement evidently occasioned by aching pain. . 

Summary. — Breathing oppressed ; difficult, or short and catching. Irri- 
tation of the bronchial tubes. Rattling of mucus heard on listening at the 
chest. On taking breath the animal evinces pain ; catching stitches ; he looks 
round at his sides, and points his nose to the flank ; groans, as if he could not 
get relief from the pain ; he seems unwilling to move. The pain is evidently 
increased by motion. Tenderness of the body and flanks to pressure. Great 
weakness on slight movement, or walking a very short distance ; a sweat 
breaks out in patches on the body. Mouth and tongue dry and hot. Ears 
cold. Cough dry, short, and painful. Pulse quick, hard, wiry, or weak and 
thready. Dung scanty, or totally suppressed ; or a little foul-smelling, dark- 
colored liquid passes. Urine scanty — dark-brown color ; sometimes bloody ; 
and appears to pass with difficulty. 

CALCABEA CARBONICA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Swellings and indu- 
rations of the glands ; enlargements of joints and other parts ; swellings occa- 
sioning pain, or which are perfectly insensible ; unhealthy state of the skin, 
slow to heal if injured, and easily provoked to sluggish and obstinate ulcera- 
tion ; eruptions ending in scabbiness, or eruptions of numerous small pimples ; 
corns and other excrescences ; lumpy appearance and feel of the skin when the 
palm is drawn over it, or scurfiness of the skin ; great predisposition to chafing 
and excoriation of the skin, which becomes scabby and ulcerates within, instead 
of drying off and healing ; dryness and heat of the skin during motion, followed, 
after the least exertion, by profuse, colliquative sweats as soon as motion ceases ; 
periodical sweats appearing in the morning, apparently without any particu- 
lar cause ; sweats upon the chest only, at night ; periodical flushings of heat, 
which pass off quickly ; febrile attacks of heat and shivering, which return 
every day at a regular hour and towards evening, or every third day in the 
evening ; staring, rough, and gloomy coat, or very limp and glossy hair ; shed- 
ding of the hair or wool, especially of the mane. 

In respect of the Disposition and Temper. — Excessive timidity ; pe- 
culiar irritability and fretfulness ; excessive repugnance to exertion of any 
kind ; frowardness, intractability, and obstinacy. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — With perverse relaxation, discharge 
of blood from the anus ( ^specially if bright red) during evacuation or after it ; 
obstinate and continued looseness ; on the other hand, excessive and obstinate 
costiveness, and continued suspension of the dejections, followed or intersected 
from time to time by the dejection of small, hard, knotty evacuations, gener- 
ally containing crude and undigested matters. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Overfrequent discharge, sometimes with blood. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Morbid, fanciful, sometimes with total 
absence of thirst, and at other times with intense and insatiable thirst ; or 
with continued desire to drink, little being swallowed at a time ; the animal 
will leave wholesome food, such as it would prefer when in health, for green, 



MATERIA MEDICA. 555 

succulent, and unwholesome substances ; the appetite is sometimes also vora- 
cious but irregular, and the food, which puffs and bloats the animal for a time, 
seems to fail in nourishing it, or in arresting the gradual emaciation ; the ap- 
petite is absent altogether. 

In respect Of Ru min ation. — Slow, sluggish, and incomplete, or totally 
suspended. 

In respect of the Milk. — Involuntary discharge of milk; deterioration 
of quality and rapid failure of milk. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — involuntary limping, 

or sudden and unaccountable lameness; great uneasiness, and constant change 
of position; repeated shifting from one foot to another ; if in an erect position 
generally standing with one foot relaxed; evident want of strength ; drooping 
whether in motion or rest ; movements sluggish and languid ; when in rest, in- 
tense aversion to be disturbed, or to motion of any kind; desire to lie down ; lying 
entirely stretched out on the side, as if inanimate, and with the head prostrate 
and stretched out. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Generally feeble, accelerated, small and soft, 
during the febrile paroxysms ; irregular pulsations of the heart ; fluttering pul- 
sations. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Dilatation of the pupils, dull and inanimate 
expression of the eyes, or glassy, watery brightness ; the eyes very tender of 
exposure to strong light, and blinking when first turned towards the light ; 
watery discharge from the eyes, provoked by the least exposure to light or air, 
or continual watery discharge; the sight evidently dim, sometimes almost insensible 
of objects moving in front of the eyes. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Continued discharges of 
blood, attended with great weakness, following difficult labor or abortion. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Feeble, stifled, interned cough; 
short, abrupt, dry cough ; cough, with occasional discharges of blood from the 
mouth and nostrils, or with the discharge of thick, offensive matter ; acute sen- 
sitiveness of the chest to external touch or pressure; short, difficult, or wheezing 
respiration. 

In respect of the Carcass generally. — Puffing and unhealthy swelling 

or inflation of various parts of the body ; distension of the belly after eating ; 
general emaciation and wasting of the body; stiffness of the neck ; flabbiness of 
flesh ; hollowness of the flanks ; elevation and arching of the back ; apparently 
sudden attacks of debility, amounting to paralysis. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Swelling and sweating about the legs 
and feet ; distension of the veins of the hind legs in particular ; ulcerative 
soreness of the feet ; generally coldness of the legs and feet, sometimes alter- 
nated with excessive heat of the frog, and of the adjacent fleshy parts; or, in 
other animals, alternate burning heat (with dryness) and coldness of the feet ; 
stiffness of the legs, and especially of the joints ; fungous excrescences about 
the knees ; callous excrescences generally ; jxiralytic weakness, tottering, or lame- 
ness, suddenl}' intervening in the midst of motion or labor. 

Summary. — Period of dentition ; painful cutting of the teeth ; abscess ; 
scabby eruptions, which appear in clusters; excoriation of parts chafed by the 
saddle or harness. This medicine ma}' be employed with advantage while the 
horse is shedding his coat. Sweating, after but little exercise, especially about 



556 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

the chest ; the food does not appear to nourish the body ; poor condition ; ap- 
petite irregular, sometimes lost, at others voracious ; general weakness ; tot- 
tering gait ; enlargement of glands ; chronic swelling of the joints ; dung small 
in quantity ; pale color, and often mixed with food partly digested. 

CALCAMFA FHOS PHOBIC A. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Lameness ; rheumatic affections in the joints. Exostosis. Caries of the 
hones. Carious ulcers. Frequent emission of large quantities of urine, with 
languor and debility ; dark, sometimes burning urine. Much used to promote 
the ossification of the callus after fractures ; that is, to accelerate bony union. 

CALENDULA OFFICINALIS. 

Calendula is specific for flesh wounds, to promote their healing with the least 
amount of suppuration. 

Also for suggillations, bloody and serous infiltrations of the cellular tissue 
in open wounds and ulcers. 

Also for lacerated wounds, in which the tissues are torn, and bruised, and 
ruptured. 

Also for crushed wounds, or injuries in which the bones are crushed and 
mixed with the flesh (comminuted wounds). In such cases the pieces of bone 
must be removed even if amputation be not needed ; but this belongs rather 
to the human subject. 

In all cases of injuries, whatever remedy is most appropriate — Arnica for 
bruises, Calendula for flesh and lacerated wounds, Cicuta and Staphysagria for 
incised and punctured wounds, Hypericum for injuries of the nerves, Symphy- 
tum for fractures of bones— the selected remedy should be administered inter- 
nally as well as applied in the form of a liniment externally. 



CANNABIS SATIVA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Organs Of Generation. — Redness, swelling, and in- 
flammation of the parts ; copious and thick discharge from the parts ; protru- 
sion of- the womb from the bearing, commonly called " inversion of the iuom6," 
or " downfall of the calf -bag;" spasmodic and convulsive labor. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Small, wiry, and intermittent ; vibrating pul- 
sation of the heart communicated to the adjacent parts. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Straining attendant upon micturition ; water 
expelled with force ; urine turbid, and mixed with matter and blood, or redwater, 
in which blood prevails, or is passed almost pure ; drop-discharges of bloody 
urine, or only of blood. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Hard, small, and dry evacuations. 

In respect of the Movements. — Violent agitation immediately pre- 



MATERIA MEDICA. 557 

ceding parturition ; the animal rapidly changes position ; lies down, and im- 
mediately gets up again, leaps wildly, and paws the ground savagely. 

In respect Of the Respiratory Organs. — Respiration much accelerated, 
and snorting. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Lachrymation, more or less profuse ; the eyes 
partially closed ; the eyelids swollen, and bright on the inner side; streaks of 
red over the surface of the eye ; white specks, more or less opaque, on the sur- 
face of the cornea ; dimness of the cornea ; diminished transparency of the 
humor; altered color of the iris; pupils excessively contracted; unusual and ex- 
cessive tenderness of light; thickening of the eyelids ; moon-blindness. 

Principally employed in affections of the bladder, and urinary passages ; 
mucous discharges, and opacity of the cornea. In this latter case it may be 
used externally as well as internally. 



CANTHAHIS (CANTH AMIDES). 
Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Organs Of Generation. — Constant recurrence and 
continuation of heat, which remains unallayed by copulation; swelling of the 
bearing, and great heat in the rectum, about the region of the bladder ; swell- 
ing of the neck of the womb, and of the neck of the bladder, evinced by the 
difficulty in emission of urine, the constant urging, the drop discharges, or 
observable by examination ; inflammation of the womb before and after par- 
turition (the former case distinguishable by the condition of the lamb after 
birth, which dies in the course of the first two days, and is found to contain 
watery fluid in the intestinal cavities) ; enlargement of the sheath in the male; 
exceeding tenderness of the region of the bladder, bearing, or even of the flank 
generally, and liver, to the touch; pulsations, and pulsating vibrations, or thrilling 
of the parts. 

In respect of the Urine. — Difficult and scanty emission of urine, gener- 
ally bloody, and often in drop discharges, but not totally suspended ; emission 
of pure blood, drop by drop ; urine excessively hot and acrid ; very frequent 
micturition; the bladder distended with urine, which may be perceived by feeling 
the parts under the rectum ; urine sometimes very pale, with increased dis- 
charge ; urine escaping by jets, with difficulty and pain (evinced by the move- 
ments and cries of the animal), and suddenly profuse ; clear, watery urine, or 
saffron-yellow. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Hard, dry, knotty, hot, and as if 
burnt ; very pale, or dark, according to the difference of animals ; discharge 
of white, frothy matter, before, after, or without evacuation of excrement ; 
evacuation of bloody liquid excrements, without dislodgment of the dry, concreted 
charge of the rectum ; discharge of white, threadlike substances, and blood or 
phlegm ; bloody evacuations generally, when attended with great heat about 
the region of the bladder, liver, and of the flank generally. 

In respect of Organs connected with the Digestive Apparatus. — 

Inflammation of the liver ; tenderness and heat of the whole region of the 
stomach ; vomits of yellow or greenish matter. 



558 VETERINARY HOMGEOPATHY. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — The hind legs held 

apart; extreme uneasiness, and constant change of position; tremulous agita- 
tion of the hind legs and quarters ; the animal appears puckered up ; the ridge 
of the back is raised ; the animal constantly turns from side to side, looks 
pitifully at its flanks, and moans or howls ; the animal is very spiteful and 
irritable, and, if a dog, is disposed to bite even master or attendant, or shrinks 
from inspection. 

In respect of the Skin. — Dry, hot, and hard, especially about the 
urinary organs. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Quick and noisy. 

In respect of the Appetite. — Intense and parching thirst ; the animal 
drinks copiously, and with peculiar eagerness; there is little inclination to eat. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Month, Tongue, Throat, &c. — Muzzle 
and nose dry, hot, and hard; sometimes (when the liver is involved) suffused 
with a more or less intense yellow hue; the gums yellow, very sensitive, and as 
if scalded; the tongue swollen, and protruding from the mouth (mentioned of the 
dog) ; foaming at the mouth ; frothy salivation, or dryness of the mouth. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Yellow tinge, more or less intense, of the 
conjunctiva and iris. 

Summary. — Affections of the bladder ; urinary and generative organs. 
Tenderness about the region of the bladder, and across the loins, over the kid- 
neys ; sometimes extending to the liver. Constant straining to pass urine. 
Urine dark in color, or mixed with blood. Constant attempt to pass urine, 
without effect. Urine passed in very small quantity at a time. Bladder fully 
distended with urine ; yet not more than a drop or two can be passed. Pain 
intense —the animal moans , the dog howls. Skin of the mouth hot, dry, ex- 
coriated, or ulcerated. Foaming from the mouth. Appetite lost ; constant 
desire for drink. 

CARBOLIC ACID. 

This new and most invaluable remedy as an antiseptic seems to combine 
the best qualities of Arsenicum and Creasote in some respects, and to sur- 
pass them both in many others. 

Foot Rot in sheep comes within its sphere. Also thrush of the feet. 

Glanders has been cured by Carbolic acid alone. 

Farcy should be treated with this remedy, both internally and exter- 
nally. 

Important in malignant, putrid sore throat. 

Mange will yield more readity to the external application of Carbolic acid 
after the indicated constitutional remedy has been given for some time. 

Fetid Discharges from the head, and foul and offensive ulcerations require 
the external use of this drug, dissolved in proportion of one-tenth, to one- 
thirtieth of soft water. 

All infection-germs lurking in the system may be destroyed by the free use 
of Carbolic acid solution, one drachm of the strong solution (of which each 
drop represents a grain of the original drug) may be mixed thoroughly in one 
pint of water, and one tablespoonful, or four tablespoonfuls, may be given for 
a dose, according to the size of the horse or other animal. Thus while it may 



MATERIA MEDICA. 559 

not always be possible to cure a horse attacked with glanders, nor desirable 
even to attempt it in many cases, this powerful antiseptic may be relied on to 
destroy the germs of the disease already taken into the system. Taken in 
poisonous doses it will destroy all the vitality of the blood ; but in smaller doses 
its action is expended upon the infectious germs which may be present in the 
circulation. 

Lice and all other minute insects upon the external surface or burrowing 
may be effectually removed by bathing the affected parts with the first decimal 
dilution of the strong solution of Carbolic acid. Proud flesh may be reduced 
in the same manner ; and indolent ulcers, especially if tending to putridity or 
gangrene, may be made to assume a more natural appearance ; to put forth 
healthy granulations. 

Fistulous Openings may be made to heal up by injecting them with a 
weak solution of Carbolic acid. 

Dr. Foust, of Poughkeepsie, reports the use of Carbolic acid in the Epidemic 
Horse Distemper of 1872, with great success, losing but two horses out of four 
hundred ; while Dr. John Shaw, of New York, reports the loss of only four 
horses out of nine hundred and sixty, treated with this remedy for the same 
disease. Ten drops were given once a day to each horse. 

A horse affected with itch, treated for five months ineffectually by an allo- 
path, was cured in three weeks by Dr. Foust ; half an ounce of Carbolic acid 
was dissolved in a quart of water, the horse was washed with this, and Sul- 
phur given internally. 

In glanders, Dr. Foust found Carbolic acid useful, given in ten-drop doses 
in a little water, until the appearance of a decided change for the better ; then 
treating the case as an ordinary chronic catarrh. 

In mallenders he found Carbolic acid lotion (Carbolic acid one part, Glycerin 
four parts) perfectly curative. 

For worms in horses, Dr. Foust gave the acid in ten-drop doses, morning 
and evening, with the result of destroying the worms, and causing ulceration 
in the interior of the mouth. Under the influence of Mercurius and Graphites, 
succeeded by a few doses of Sulphur, the horse made a good recovery. 

In leucorrhoea, in alternation with Pulsatilla, Dr. Foust found Carbolic acid 
equally effective. 

CABBO VEGETABILIS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Sluggish, gangrenous, 

and fetid ulcers; ulcers which are easily provoked to bleed, or which discharge 
blood mixed with offensive, thick, and virulent matter. Kaw and sluggish 
abscesses, internal or external ; sensible vibrating throbbings in various parts 
of the body ; apparent insensibiliti/ of the external surface to the touch, or to 
pressure; acrid or cold sweats; general shivering. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Soft and yielding, or imperceptible pulse. 

In respect of the Movements. — Incapacitation, dulness, repugnance to 
motion of any kind ; slow and retarded motion ; absolute lethargy ; deep and 
drowsy tranquillity interrupted only by a sudden starting or twitching of 
various parts. 



560 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Thirst only at certain periods, and espe- 
cially during the cold fits of fever, otherwise equal absence of thirst or hunger ; 
unnatural voracity, followed by great distension of the belly (and of the rumen). 
Eating provokes flushes of heat, or profuse perspiration without heat. 

Ill respect Of the Excrements. — Obstinate and continued looseness, 
attended with rapid loss of strength ; liquid watery evacuations ; charged with 
viscid phlegm or matter, and of an excessively putrid odor, as if arising from 
organic decomposition; involuntary evacuations, smelling like rotten carrion; 
evacuations followed by the gathering together or puckering up of the body. 
Emission of worms in the excrements ; suspension of evacuations. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Dark-colored offensive urine, or dark and 
cloudy urine ; frequent and involuntary micturition ; urine sometimes very 
copious, watery, and clear. 

In respect Of the Organs Of Generation. — Extraordinary increase and 
continuance of heat or desire, as well as peculiar and morbid excitability of the 
genital functions, whilst all other functions and faculties are failing ; copulation 
unproductive, unsatiating, or leading to abortion. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Teeth, Throat, Nose, &c. : — The 

gums are ulcerated, retracted, and detached from the teeth; the teeth are affected 
with a continued obstinate looseness, which resists all treatment. The gums 
and teeth are readily provoked to bleed, and the bleeding often occurs without 
any apparent or immediate cause ; the gums are puffed, discolored, and un- 
healthy, conveying an idea of decomposition to the touch ; the interior of the 
mouth and the tongue are rough, — sometimes dry, and sometimes filled with a 
clear watery fluid ; watery salivation and involuntary discharge of clear saliva 
from the mouth. The muzzle is dry, cracked, and scaly ; sometimes, also, hot or 
yellow. The tongue appears immovable, as if paralyzed ; rattling of phlegm in 
the throat in breathing ; swelling , and livid hue of the throat; heat and dryness 
of the nostrils, sometimes succeeded by continued watery, hot, and acrid dis- 
charge, or continued and obstinate discharge of thin watery acrid matter from 
the nostrils ; discharges of blood from the nose, which occur frequently, and 
which are difficult to arrest. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Excessive heat at the base of the ear ; the ears 
are fixed and motionless ; redness, heat, or even ulceration of the ears (the head 
being carried low, generally a little on one side, and an occasional attempt 
being made by the animal to shake the head, which, however, evidently causes 
great pain) ; deficiency of ear-wax (which in browsing animals, especially, should 
be more abundant) ; the accumulatien of very thick offensive matter in the cavity 
of the ear. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Excessive shortness, op- 
pression, and difficulty of breathing, occasioned or aggravated by the slightest 
motion ; low, feeble, internal cough ; husky cough, and husky or apparently 
obstructed breathing, as from the presence of stagnant matter in the air-tubes. 
Obstinate chronic cough ; thick wind. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Ulceration of the extremities ; the ap- 
pearance of sluggish, obstinate, and offensive sores on the fleshy parts about 
the feet ; ulcers of a very offensive character about the legs ; apparent insensi- 
bility of the extremities to the touch, or great tenderness, as if there were inter- 
nal ulceration ; relaxation of the muscles ; utter inability to move, or paralytic 



MATERIA MEDICA. 561 

debility ; general coldness of the extremities ; sometimes, however, with inter- 
vening heat, especially of the fleshy parts at the bottom of the feet. 

Especially useful for painful windy colic ; constant discharge of wind from 
bowels. — See Lycopodium. 



CAUSTICUM. 
Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Interior redness of the eyelids and of the con- 
junctiva, redness and heat of the corners of the eye ; swelling and heat of the 
eyelids ; the eyes become agglutinated by the exudation of a thick adhesive 
matter. During the night the eyes are half open, or are opened with difficulty ; 
the sight becomes very suddenly obscured ; co.llous excrescences in the vicinity 
of the eyes; the eyelids are observed to quiver as if there were pricking pain ; 
extreme tenderness of light ; the eyelids, and even the eyes, become ulcerated — 
the animal is observed to blink, and to start from ordinary objects ; it ax>proaches 
its food even with great caution, and by first extending the muzzle and sniffing at 
it; white specks, more or less opaque, upon the surface of the cornea ; dimness 
of the eye, as if a film were drawn over it ; red streaks across the conjunctiva ; 
discoloration of the cornea and iris ; cataract ; contraction of the pupils ; watery 
and continued discharge from the eyes. 

In respect Of the Skin. — Casting off of the hair or wool ; shivering ; 
sweat in the open air, and during motion. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Accumulation of fetid matter in the cavity 
of the ears. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Month, Teeth, Nose, &c. — Eruptions or 

excrescences on the extremity of the nose ; continued obstruction of the nose 
distinguishable by the breathing, which is either effected through the mouth 
(partly open), when the animal will be frequently interrupted during eating 
or drinking, to draw a heavy breath ; or else the breath is snorting and noisy ; 
frequent fits of sneezing, especially in the morning ; the mouth is dry or filled 
with phlegm ; the inner side of the lips is ulcerated ; soreness of the throat, with 
constant effort at deglutition ; grinding of the teeth. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Burning thirst and eagerness to swallow 
cold water, which provokes the return of the symptoms. Sometimes an ap- 
parent eagerness to feed, followed by immediate satiation. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Evacuations very dry, hard, small, 
and insufficient, accompanied with constant desire to rub, or even lacerate, 
the parts, owing to constant and irritative itching. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Urine often charged with filmy or stringy 
substances ; very turbid and even bloody ; or profuse, watery, and clear ; urine 
very pungent and acrid, and causing great soreness of the parts ; urine discharged 
involuntarily, with every effort, such as sudden movement, sneezing, coughing, 
and the like. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Tremulous motion ; sudden lameness ; 
excessive irritation and constant uneasiness ; frequent or restless change of po- 
sition ; sudden jerking and convulsive motions throughout the body. 



562 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Deep hollow barking 
cough. 

Ill respect of the Extremities. — The formation of vesicular festers ; 
sudden inability to move, or to continue in an erect position. 



CHAMOMILLA VULGARIS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Movements (without distinct constitutional 

Symptoms). — Extreme restlessness, moving from one place to another; 
quickly changing the position ; gathering the body together ; curling up of the 
body (mentioned of dogs) ; continual uneasiness, with a peculiar moan, lowing, 
howl, or yelp, indicative of pain (all these being symptoms of colicky affec- 
tions) ; lying down and immediately rising again ; striking at the belly with 
the feet ; pawing the ground ; snapping at the belly with the muzzle. The 
animal keeps apart, seeks a sheltered place, and either continues constantly 
and restlessly moving or remains quite motionless. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Relaxed liquid evacuations, either 
more or less mixed with phlegm or not ; evacuations in general more copious 
and less consistent than in a state of health ; diarrhoea ; obstinate purging ; 
frothy evacuations ; evacuations mingled with stringy or filmy white sub- 
stances, and very frequent, fluid, and copious ; or reactionary costiveness. 

In respect of the Skin, and External Surface.— Roughness and 

harshness of the skin ; staring coat, general heat of the skin ; partial flushes 
of heat, alternated with chills ; heat, particularly of the head, root of the 
ears (or the ears are cold), and of the horns, &c, at night ; yellowness of the 
skin evinced in some parts ; with the worst febrile symptoms we may remark 
yellowness even extending to the hair, scaly eruption, and excessive irritation. 
More or less roughness of the coat. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, Nose, &c. — 

The muzzle either healthy, or heated and dry ; the tongue convulsively con- 
torted, dry and hot ; or fissured, and coated yellow ; the mouth dry and hot ; 
the interior of the cheeks red and swollen ; or else one side burning, red, and 
swollen, and the other unaffected ; yellowness of the surface about the mouth ; 
the muzzle dry and fissured, and the adjacent parts, particularly about the 
nostrils, swollen ; yellowness of the internal surface of the mouth ; the teeth 
are loosened ; the glands of the lower jaw swollen and inflamed, and very 
tender to the touch ; the nose is red, hot, and irritated, and afterwards af- 
fected with copious discharge, or with absolute suspension of any discharge ; 
scent very acute. 

In respect of the Urine. — Natural, turbid, or suffused with a saffron- 
yellow tinge. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Either natural or quick and hard ; hard and 
accelerated pulsation of the heart. 

In respect Of the Disposition. — Fretful, irritable, and unmanageable ; 
apathetic stupor, or often a spiteful and vindictive temper ; dull, inanimate, 
and depressed. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 563 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Diminished, irregular, and morbid ; want 
of appetite ; desire and preference for unwholesome food ; excessive eagerness 
to swallow cold drinks ; prevalence of thirst. Distension of the belly after 
eating and drinking. 

In respect of the Digestive Functions Generally. — Evident irregu- 
larity of digestion ; emission of flatulence, upwards and downwards ; excessive 
flatulence, with constant agitation in the intestines ; spasmodic pains (flatu- 
lent or spasmodic colic) evinced by the sudden gathering together of the ani- 
mal, by the raising of the back, and the drawing together of the legs ; yellows. 
Yomiting of sour-smelling, acrid, yellow or greenish substances ; vomiting of 
phlegm, or of undigested matters. 

In respect Of the Milk. — Viscid, stringy appearance of the milk, yellow 
tinge of the milk ; unnatural drying or diminution of the milk ; inflammation 
of the udder ; hard knotty tumors within the udder ; the teats are inflamed, 
and the discharge of milk is suppressed. 

In respect Of the Organs Of Generation. — Weakness, inadequacy, or 
suppression of the labor pains (especially in dry cold weather, or with expo- 
sure) ; excessive restlessness, anxiety, and frowardness ; swelling of the vagina, 
occasioned by retention of milk and contraction of the lacteal vessels ; swelling 
of the glands of the passage. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Contraction of the pupils ; spasmodic clench- 
ing, and dryness or quivering of the eyelids ; redness of the eyes ; yellowness 
of the eyes ; suffused yellow hue about the eyelids. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Dry cough, occasioned 
or aggravated by the pressure of the throat in the vicinity of the air-passages ; 
hoarse and noisy respiration ; suffocative cough ; cough always provoked by 
being suddenly disturbed, especially if the animal be tranquil and recumbent 
at the time. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Cracking in the joints ; the develop- 
ment of tumors about the joints of the legs, especially about the knee and 
hock ; tumors aggravated by a recumbent position. 

Often required for diarrhoea, especially of the smaller animals ; for jaundice 
shown by yellowness of the eyes, and for constant, short, hacking cough. 



CHINA, OH CINCHONA OFFICINALIS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Flabbiness, with 

suffused yellow hue of the skin observable in the bare parts, or by the parting 
of the hair ; roughness of the hair ; coldness of the greater part of the body, 
with heat about the head; falling off of the hair or wool ; greasy perspiration ; 
profuse sweating at night ; sweating during sleep, or easily provoked by move- 
ment ; violent fits of shivering, with coldness of the extremities, the shivering 
provoked or aggravated by cold drinks ; periodical attacks of shivering, alter- 
nated with flushes of heat, and generally recurring between noon and sunset ; 
sweat provoked about the edge of the neck, under the mane and along the back, 
by the least exertion ; swellings, as produced by the presence of water, either 



564 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

throughout the frame or in particular parts ; general unhealthy appearance of 
the skin, puffed or flaccid, with a staring coat, &c. ; the skin dry and distended, 
receiving and retaining for some time an impression from pressure ; symptoms 
of this kind following the sudden disappearance of a mangy or other cutaneous 
eruption, are particularly characteristic. Gradual distension of the whole cir- 
cumference of the stomach, and periodical enlargement or pufliness of the 
limbs ; drooping of the belly, and hollowness of the flanks ; rapid and com- 
plete emaciation and wasting of the body, the skin cleaving to the bones ; 
sweat of a peculiar and disagreeable smell ; the ears erect and motionless. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Generally small and weak ; or iceak, irregular, 
small and accelerated ; or, again, very languid, soft, and small ; pulsations of 
the heart sometimes scarcely perceptible. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Alternate costiveness and diarrhoea ; 
watery, slimy, and yellowish evacuations ; relaxed evacuations, characterized 
by the discharge of food totally undigested; or else, evacuations emitted with 
evident pain, and being hard, dry, and scanty, followed or accompanied by 
severe urging, soreness, and by protrusion of the rectum ; after which, if not 
from the onset, the purging sets in, the evacuations being discharged in a 
sudden jet with force, so as to cast them to a distance ; evacuations mingled 
with stringy and adhesive phlegm, forming long threads ; blood and phlegm 
mingled with the evacuations, or subsequently with very offensive matter; 
excessively copious and liquid evacuations after eating or drinking ; frothy 
dejections. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Slow and apparently powerless discharge of 
urine, the stream rather trickling down than being ejected ; turbid, reddish, 
or saffron-colored urine ; emission of blood instead of urine ; frequent and 
copious discharge of clear limpid urine. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Uneasiness of particular parts, and re- 
peated change of their position ; tremulous, weak, and faltering movements ; 
reeling gait ; apparent toppling, as if the body were too heavy ; languid and 
dispirited movements ; movements indicative of acute sensitiveness of particu- 
lar parts, or of the surface generally, when touched ; general dislike to exer- 
tion ; the legs gathered together under the belly. 

In respect Of the Disposition. — Dull and depressed, or apathetic and 
indifferent, or excessively sensitive and restless. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Gradual loss of appetite with the progress 
of disease, with or without excessive thirst ; apparent longing for various kinds 
of food, with inability to eat them when placed within reach ; continual and 
burning thirst ; continual inclination to drink, little being swallowed at a time ; 
whilst eating, the animal will rest its neck on the manger, and will masticate 
slowly, languidly, and imperfectly. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Nose, &c. — The mem- 
branes surrounding the mouth and nostrils pale and discolored ; the tongue 
covered with a yellowish fur, also frequently blackish and fissured ; the teeth 
very sensitive to the touch, pressure on the crown of the teeth evidently caus- 
ing great pain ; throat dry and sometimes swollen ; mouth generally dry and 
often sticky ; interior of the nostrils of a leaden or yellowish unhealthy hue. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Pupils exceedingly dilated, dull, immovable, 
and apparently little susceptible of external impressions ; the conjunctiva of a 



MATERIA MEDICA. 565 

pale yellowish tinge ; the membranes generally of a paler or less vivid color 
than when in a healthy condition ; dull, leaden, filmy appearance of the eyes. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Flaccidity of the muscles ; debilitation 
of the limbs ; uncertain and wavering action and coldness ; the coldness of the 
extremities always characterizes the aggravation of the other constitutional 
symptoms. 

Often needed for diarrhoea, jaundice, disease of the liver, weakness, dropsy 
of the belly, shiverings like ague fits. 



CICUTA VIROSA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Fits ; epilepsy ; violent spasms, especially those which come on after wounds, 
and lead to lockjaw, or the lockjaw may come on without previous spasm ; grind- 
ing of the teeth ; violent attacks of vertigo ; the patient falls down ; acts on the 
brain as Nux vomica does on the spinal cord, in producing spasms. 

CIMlCIFUGA BACJEMOSA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

One of the most valuable of the new remedies, Cimicifuga takes the first 
rank in the treatment of chorea, or St. Vitus's dance ; compare Ignatia. 

Myalgia and pleurodynia, or rheumatic neuralgia of the side, chest-founder, 
as it is sometimes called, will often yield to Cimicifuga. 

Kheumatism (muscular, nervous) of the lumbar regions (uterine rheumatism 
in the human subject), with weakness and trembling, and even spasmodic ac- 
tion of the muscles. In rheumatic affections of the heart it is often found use- 
ful ; palpitation of the heart. 

To prevent miscarriage in the human subject, it has been given with great 
success, especially in rheumatic patients. 

Dry cough ; urine pale and abundant ; stiffness of the neck and back. 

May be employed to facilitate delivery in calving in cows ; given in ten-drop 
doses, night and morning, for a week or two before the time. 

Ill respect Of the Pulse. — Cimicifuga reduces the pulse, and makes it 
irregular ; pulse quick and weak. Valuable in rheumatic fever. 

In respect Of the Head and Eyes. — Durness and heaviness of the head 
and eyes, as if caused by a cold. Indicated in rheumatic and neuralgic affec- 
tions of the eyes. 

In respect of the Nose. — Sneezing ; frequent sneezing and fluent coryza ; 
abundant coryza, of whitish mucus ; profuse coryza in the forenoon ; very pro- 
fuse, greenish, and slightly sanguineous coryza. Indicated in acute rheuma- 
tism, catarrhal attacks, with pains in the limbs, chilliness, heat, and fluent, 
watery coryza. 

In respect Of the Mouth and Throat. — Offensive breath ; dryness and 
soreness of the lips ; swelling of the back part of the tongue ; root of the tongue 
and fauces swollen ; dryness, soreness, and inflammation of the throat ; diffi- 
culty of swallowing. 



566 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

In respect Of Appetite. — Less of appetite. 

In respect of Abdomen and Stool. — Rumbling of flatulence ; periodic 
colic, relieved by stool ; constipation ; faeces hard and dry ; scanty diarrhoea, 
with straining ; rheumatic constipation. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Increased flow of pale, watery urine. 

In respect Of the Chest. — Short, dry, hacking cough ; pleurodynia, or 
false pleurisy ; palpitation of the heart. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Cimicifuga is most serviceable in ar- 
ticular rheumatism of the lower extremities, with much swelling and heat of 
the affected parts. 

CIJSTA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — The coat rough and 

staring ; general emaciation, unaffected or unmodified by abundance or quality 
of food ; drying, parching, and puckering of the skin, which, as the animal 
becomes lank and lean, adheres closely to the bones; the hair parted into dif- 
ferent directions, and irregularly turned all ways, by the dry, hard, and re- 
sisting scales of the scarf skin ; incorrigible chilliness. 

In respect of the Movements. — The animal paws and scratches the 
ground, and strikes at the belly with the feet or muzzle ; excessive uneasiness 
and restlessness ; the animal draws itself together, or (the dog) curls itself up, 
remaining, however, but a very short time quiet. The movements are, in 
general, indicative of griping and colicky pains ; the tail is arched, and con- 
stantly agitated ; frequent fits, with convulsions, loss of consciousness, and 
peculiar cries and contortions. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Alternate costiveness and diarrhoea ; 
discharge of worms (the long white worm or lumbricus, and the threadworm 
or ascaris) in the evacuations ; constant and evident irritation in the anus, 
especially before and after the evacuations, evinced by the motions of the tail, 
above described, and by the effort which the animal makes to reach, bite, or 
rub the parts. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — The appetite is increased, voracious, and 
morbid ; the food is consumed eagerly, and without proper mastication ; there 
is reactionary hunger shortly after eating, and the animal gorges, but never 
seems satisfied. There is little choice in the selection of food, or else desire 
for succulent herbage or rich food. In general, much thirst is present. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Convulsive twitching of the adjacent muscles ; 
dilatation of the pupils. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Dry, short, interrupted 

cough, generally followed by sounds expressive of pain or uneasiness ; the 
breath is hot and offensive ; coughing is generally provoked by drawing a long 
breath ; disposition to frequent deep and long inspiration, occasioned by the 
constant oppression and pinched sensation of the chest. 

In respect of the Carcass Generally. — Gradual and excessive emaci- 
ation ; stinted growth of young animals ; periodical and intermittent fever. 

In respect of the Teeth and Tongue. — Grinding of the teeth ; and 
the tongue generally clean. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 567 

In respect of the Pulse. — During the fever stages, we may observe a 
pulse considerably accelerated, but weak and small; at other times it will 
return nearly to the standard of health. 

Especially useful for animals affected with worms, roundworms, or pin- 
worms. Give in alternation with Calcarea or Sulphur. 



coccuzus. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Upon close examina- 
tion we shall find the skin and membranes generally paler than in a state of 
health ; the skin is intensely hot to the touch, whilst the animal's sensation 
of coldness will be evinced by his crouching, withdrawing from a current of 
air, huddling himself up in a corner, or even, if possible, seeking the fire for 
warmth ; eruptions of hard lumps or pimples, surrounded by a red ring ; per- 
spiration easily provoked by motion ; considerable itching and irritation of the 
skin, especially towards night (evinced by the animal's inclination to scratch 
and rub itself) ; convulsive trembling of the head in particular ; swelling and 
induration of the glands ; twitching, jerking, convulsive movements in various 
parts. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — The ball of the eye is convulsively turned ; 
the pupils are dilated, the eyes protrude, and have a peculiarly glittering ap- 
pearance ; the eyelids are inflamed, and there is a watery or thickish discharge, 
wherewith the li^s adhere, and the animal has some difficulty in opening its 
eyes ; the vessels of the eyes have a darkish and somewhat turgid appearance ; 
twitchings in the eyelids. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Nose, &c. — Thin and 

watery, or thick and purulent, ulcerative discharge from the nose ; the mouth 
is very dry, but there is no particular degree of thirst ; champing of the lower 
jaw ; foaming at the mouth, generally the precursor of a serious fit ; the throat 
is generally very dry. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Constipation, or, if the contrary, the 
presence of much phlegm, and even blood will characterize the looseness ; if 
relaxed, also, the phlegm and blood will soon predominate, and the evacuations 
will become insupportably offensive. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Close, condensed, husky 

cough ; or wearisome cough ; cough which recurs in paroxysms at particular 
periods ; cough as if from stifling ; interruption, or temporary suspension of 
breath. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Excessive excitability, 

with constant and protracted heat. 

In respect of the Digestive Functions. — Proneness to retching or 

vomiting, accompanied with wavering and incapability of walking ; sickness, 
with drivelling of saliva ; distension of the belly, with flatulency ; gradual and 
progressive loss of condition ; emaciation, spasms, and convulsions. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Convulsive movements of the limbs ; 
catching and twitching of the muscles and tendons ; gradual and progressive 



568 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

loss of condition ; spasmodic contraction and serration of various parts of the 
body. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Gradual deterioration of the appetite ; 
increasing thirst. 

In respect Of Disposition. — Gloomy, morose, and abstracted humor ; 
apparent unconsciousness of the presence of ordinary attendants ; the animal 
pays little or no regard to the voices which it is accustomed to obey. 



COLCSICUM ATJTUMNALE. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Alternate heat and 

coldness, particularly of the extremities, in which coldness, however, is pre- 
dominant ; the hair stands on end when the animal proceeds to micturate : 
swelling and puffiness of the belly and of the body generally ; dropsical 
swellings. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Constipation ; hard, difficult, and 
knotty faeces or suppressed evacuations ; slow, insufficient, and painful or 
difficult evacuations ; or, sometimes, involuntary discharge ; protrusion of the 
terminal intestine ; sometimes, also, very relaxed evacuations, mingled with 
blood and phlegm ; evacuations preceded and followed by severe colicky pains, 
as evinced by the movements. 

In respect of the Urine. — Scanty and very red; insufficient discharge 
of urine of a dark or bloody hue ; discharge of urine, accompanied with evident 
straining and painful urging ; sometimes, also, constant inclination to pass 
water, with increased emission of clear, limpid urine. 

In respect of the Movements. — Uneasy and constant change of posi- 
tion ; the animal is constantly rolling itself, pawing and scratching the ground, 
stamping with the hind feet ; the legs are alternately stretched out and drawn 
up close to the belly ; the animal lies down, but quickly and abruptly gets up 
again, turns uneasily from one side to the other, or seeks to huddle itself to- 
gether in a corner. 

In respect of the Appetite and Rumination. — Diminished appetite 
and imperfect rumination ; or morbid, voracious, and unnatural hunger, with- 
out proper rumination ; increased thirst. 

In respect Of the Tongue.— Eigidity and apparent insensibility. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Torpid condition and semi-absence of 
sensation in the extremities ; heat and swelling of the legs, or swelling with 
coldness of the legs ; the legs are distended with water, and retain an impres- 
sion after pressure ; the limbs are alternately hot and cold ; swelling of the 
fore legs only. 

In respect Of the Carcass. — Puffiness, swelling, and flaccidity; disten- 
sion of the belly with wind ; the stomach is exceedingly tender of the touch. 

Chiefly used for rheumatism, acute pains, distension of the abdomen, flatulent 
colic ; specific for dysentery with mucous (white) stools. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 569 

COLOCTJSTH. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Tongue.— Burning redness of the tip. 

In respect of the Stomach and Abdomen. — Pain in the stomach 

after eating ; colic and diarrhoea after taking food ; griping colic in the abdo- 
men ; terrible colic ; sudden colic pains in the belly, with distension ; discharge 
of urine ; gradually increasing constriction of the bowels. 

In respect Of the Stool. — Diarrhoea, with straining ; viscid, doughy, 
pap-like stools ; bloody stools ; dysentery ; dysentery, or diarrhoea renewed 
always after food or drink. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Difficulty of passing the urine ; dysuria, 
straining, worse before, during, and after urinating ; frequent, almost inces- 
sant desire to pass the urine, but very little is passed ; urine becomes turbid 
after standing. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Heaviness and trembling of the limbs; 
rheumatism and rheumatic pains in hip, knee, and upper portion of the leg ; 
cramps and painful contractions of the muscles of every part of the body. 

A most important remedy in violent colic, with distension or flatulent swell- 
ing and painful sensitiveness of the abdomen and bowels, made worse by eat- 
ing and drinking, and accompanied by diarrhoeic or dysenteric straining. 



CONIUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Retarded and sluggish, tremulous, or barely 
perceptible pulse. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Flaccid, flabby, and 

unhealthy condition of the skin ; livid color of the skin ; eruptions of various 
kinds, provoked by excessive exertion ; falling off of the hair, &c. ; pustulous, 
scaly, and scurfy eruptions on the skin ; ulcers emitting a blackish or bloody 
discharge ; ulcers which assume a sluggish, obstinate, and gangrenous char- 
acter ; discolorations, having the appearance of bruises, observable upon close 
examination of the skin ; swelling and permanent enlargement of the glands 
generally ; hard swellings ; great diminution of the natural heat ; enlargement 
of the bones (of the limbs), attended with excessive tenderness to the touch, 
indicating ulceration of the bones ; offensive, acrid sweats in j)articular parts 
of the body, but not general sweating. 

In respect of the Stomach and Intestines. — Noise and rumbling of 

flatulency in the intestines ; sudden and violent expulsion of wind ; distension 
of the stomach with wind ; spasmodic and colicky pains, evinced by the move- 
ments of the animal ; in some animals vomiting of phlegm and food ; excessive 
weakness of the digestive functions, evinced by the immediate and undigested 
passage of food, by the ready satiation of the appetite, and by the swelling 
and distension of the stomach. 



570 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

In respect of the Appetite. — Absence of appetite or voracious and 
morbid hunger, which is quickly satiated, but which returns immediately after 
eating ; with slow fever, total absence of appetite. 

In respect of the Nose. — Purulent and fetid discharge from the nose ; 
accumulation of thick, viscid, offensive matter in the nostrils, suddenly ejected 
by violent sneezing ; frequent sneezing ; the nostrils are of a livid or grayish 
hue. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, &c. — The gums are 
swollen ; there is extravasation of blood, with purplish hue about the gums ; 
the gums are easily provoked to blued ; the mouth is dry or salivated ; the 
tongue is rigid, motionless, and swollen ; the muzzle is usually dry and fis- 
sured, and of an unnatural leaden hue. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Loose evacuations of undigested food ; 
obstinate, exhausting, and continued diarrhoea ; or constipated motions ac- 
companied with excessive urging, or urging without effectual evacuation ; or 
bullety, hard, and difficult evacuations at distant intervals ; tremulous, tot- 
tering, and debilitated condition succeeding the evacuations, which are also fol- 
lowed with feeble, tremulous, and irregular pulsations of the heart. 

In respect of the Urine, and Urinary Organs. — Red, turbid, whitish, 
flocculent, or stringy urine ; writhing and wincing with pain during emission ; 
frequent emission at night ; copious, clear, and watery urine ; sudden inter- 
ruption of the stream before the completion of the discharge ; very frequent 
staling, which is almost involuntary ; swelling of the sheath ; swelling and 
induration of the canal both in the male and female ; swelling and induration 
of the glands connected with these organs. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Protracted, continued, 

but unproductive heat ; coition brief and inadequate ; spontaneous pollutions. 
In respect cf the Eyes. — Yellow suffusion of the sclerotica ; dull, filmy, 
glazed, and protruding eyes ; wavering and uncertain glance of the eye ; sud- 
den dimness of sight (evinced by the movement and direction of the animal) 
upon being first exposed to strong light ; chronic affections of the eyes gener- 
ally ; strong light wounds the eyes, which are partly closed ; spots more or 
less white and opaque upon the cornea ; discoloration of the cornea and iris ; 
unnatural conditions of sight ; the eruption of pimples and vesicles upon the 
eyelids ; soreness and sluggish ulceration of the eyes and eyelids ; discharge 
of watery fluid from the eyes. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Convulsive cough ; continued 

dry and suffocative cough ; cough aggravated in a recumbent position ; diffi- 
cult, sluggish, aud languid breathing ; shortness of breath induced by the 
least exertion. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Swelling of the joints, enlargements, 
splints, and other affections of the bones ; excessive languor of the limbs ; 
rigidity and inactivity of the joints ; dropsical and other swellings ; excessive 
coldness and apparent insensibility of legs and feet. 

In respect Of the Milk. — Spontaneous discharge of milk; the milk con- 
stantly oozing from the teats ; scanty supply of milk obtained by drawing ; 
the milk is much deteriorated in quality as well as diminished in quantity. 

Enlarged glands ; old contusions, and their consequences ; and diseases re- 
sembling cancer (hard nodes in the flesh), indicate this remedy. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 571 



CBOCUS SATIVUS. (Saffron.) 

Li respect Of the Eyes. — Dilatation of the pupils. 

In respect Of the Nose. — Violent sneezing. Discharge from the nose 
of a tenacious thick, dark-black blood (with cold sweat on the forehead). 

In respect Of the Abdomen. — Distension of the stomach and abdomen. 
Colic. 

In respect of the Genital Organs. — Flow of blood from the womb ; 

dark, stringy, or black, clotted, viscid blood. Flow of blood after miscarriage. 
Flow of blood from the least movement. Hemorrhage from various parts, the 
blood being black and viscid. The blood discharged is so viscid that it may be 
drawn into long strings. Chronic flow of blood, which is dark and clotted. 



CUPRUM ACETICU31. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Stomach and Intestines. — Some animals are affected 

with violent vomiting ; vomiting of glairy matter, water, slimy phlegm, and of 
blood, attended or followed by convulsions. 

In respect of the Appetite. — Excessive and insatiable thirst ; eagerly 
swallowing cold drinks ; morbid and unnatural appetite ; absence of appetite, 
followed by the voracious consumption of filth, &c. ; sometimes convulsive 
impediment to the deglutition, especially of liquids ; gulping, and difficult, 
sudden deglutition with a noisy effort. 

In respect of the Mouth, Throat, Muzzle, Nose, &c. — The mouth 

excessively dry ; champing of the lower jaw ; the throat hot, burning, brilliant 
red, glossy bright, and inflamed, the glands of the throat and neck swollen ; 
or clammy moisture of the mouth ; foam at the mouth ; frothy bubbling spume, 
or white creamy foam ; or else the mouth is full of a clear watery fluid ; or the 
tongue is clammy and coated white, or livid and protruding ; convulsive move- 
ments of the mouth, lips, and adjacent parts ; obstruction of the nostrils, or 
profuse watery discharge from the nose, or very fetid accumulation of thick 
matter, which is expelled from time to time with force ; discharge of a dark 
color and very offensive. 

Ill respect Of the Eyes. — The eyes are brilliant, wild, convulsed, pro- 
truding, and restlessly agitated. Eyes apparently starting from the sockets, — 
or equally characteristic is the convulsive closing of the eyes ; the eyes are 
bloodshot, inflamed, and either constantly rolling or fixed and staring ; the 
pupils appeal: insensible ; the sight is evidently dim and uncertain, or there is 
delirious imaginary sight, the animal recoiling as if from some terrifying object, 
which, in realit} r , is not present ; the eyes are inflamed, and charged with a 
thick yellow secretion which gathers over the eye ; there is sometimes opacity 
of the cornea ; the conjunctiva injected, often without the bright redness of 
inflammation, or sometimes exceedingly inflamed and of a vivid red, suffused 
color ; the development of an ulcer in the centre of the cornea. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Increased develop- 
ment of heat ; cold sweating, slow fever, general wasting away, and rapid loss 



572 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

of condition ; violent shivering, twitching, catching, and convulsive move- 
ments in various parts of the body. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Imperceptible, soft, small, and sometimes 
slow ; or soft and accelerated, slightly accelerated, and very small. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — With great increase of heat, constipa- 
tion; otherwise, violent and incessant purging, which accompanies the vomit- 
ing. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Dull, sullen quietness, with apparent 
insensibility and total unconcern for what is passing ; listless drooping pros- 
tration, or even torpor, or otherwise violent, unceasing, and furious rushing 
from place to place ; tearing or plunging against any object which is met 
with ; violent convulsive fits, with foaming, gnashing, and distortion of the 
body ; tendency to fall headlong, as if from sudden and precipitate giddiness ; 
the muzzle elevated, a movement which is usually accompanied by a peculiar 
long bellowing or howl, if the howl (as of the dog) it is immediately preceded 
by a short but perfect bark. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Short, oppressed, accelerated, 
suffocative respiration ; gasping for breath ; convulsive effort to stretch the 
neck as if to remove a tight and choking obstruction ; suppressed, stifled, and 
suffocative cough. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Rigidity and sudden contraction of 
the limbs — convulsive, or spasmodic, rigidity — convulsive writhing or jerking 
of the limbs. 

Has been found useful in fits and epileptic affections. 



DIGITALIS PUMPUBEA. 

Characteristic Symptoms, 

Especially to be Considered in Bespect of the Apparatus of Circulation. 

In respect of the PKlse. — Sluggish, languid, feeble, and small pulse ; 
very tardy pulsation, which, however, becomes accelerated by sudden exer- 
tion ; fitful and intermittent pulse ; very weak, and almost imperceptible 
pulse, the pulsation of the heart being excessively difficult to distinguish, and 
being rather a flutter, thrill, or more or less intense vibration, than a throb 
or pulsation ; very slow pulse, with or without other characteristics ; slow 
and small, slow and irregular, or slow and intermittent ; very small and feeble 
pulse ; irregular pulse, in which a distinct and stronger throb is occasionally 
observable ; irregularity of pulse, in respect of acceleration as well as of 
strength, becoming smaller with acceleration, or sometimes slightly more full, 
or becoming weaker as it is retarded, and at other times thicker, as it be- 
comes less active ; palpitation of the heart provoked by lying down. 

In respect of the Skin, and External Surface. — Scaling off of the 
skin, and casting of the coat, over the whole surface of the body ; leaden gray, 
bluish, yellow, or livid hue of the skin, generally, upon examination, and of 
the bare parts and membrnnes in particular ; general coldness of the body, 
with or without cold and clammy perspiration ; dropsical puffiness of the skin ; 
dropsical swellings generally, or in particular parts ; flaccidity of muscular 



MATERIA MEDICA. 573 

and tendinous parts ; flabbiness of the skin ; lankness of the body ; sunken 
state of the flanks ; hollowness of the loins, and general emaciation ; distended 
bloating of the skin, with tenderness on pressure ; the skin retains the im- 
pression of pressure ; or distension, with insensibility. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — Evident drooping, 
and uneasiness ; languid shifting from side to side, and inclination to lie down, 
but immediately gasping for breath, and getting up again ; incapability of re- 
taining a recumbent position ; prostration ; lethargic torpidity ; disinclination 
to move, and sluggish movements, &c. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Spontaneous and watery evacuations ; 
excrements of an unnatural color ; diarrhceic evacuations ; relaxed and profuse 
discharges, in which there is an admixture of blood and phlegm, and in which 
these matters often predominate. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Frequent, but scanty, discharge of very hot 
urine ; or total suspension of urination ; water evacuated with evident effort, 
difficulty, and pain ; constant, but ineffectual, urging to pass water ; dark- 
colored, red, and bloody urine ; discharge of blood only ; or profuse or sponta- 
neous discharge, alternately with retention, or scanty emission. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Oppressed and laborious 

breathing in a recumbent posture ; peculiar husky cough. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Torpor, stiffness, and excessive coldness 
of the legs and feet ; swellings in the knee and hock-joints ; swelling, with pe- 
culiar tenderness of the foot, evinced by the cautious manner in which it is 
grounded ; symptoms of this kind in one or more of the feet simultaneously ; 
development of pimples, emitting a whitish-yellow matter, and quickly form- 
ing a crust, which, in casting, leaves an ulcer ; dry, or purulent ulcers in the 
feet ; fetid and putrid discharge from the ulcers ; falling off of the hoofs, or 
permanent induration and lameness. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Diminished, irregular, and sometimes 
morbid or absent ; increased thirst ; thirst especially recurring at certain 
periods ; distension of the stomach after eating or drinking ; rumination sus- 
pended, or slow, indolent, and imperfect. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Month, Tongue, &c. — Excoriated gums 

and tongue, with increased secretion of saliva ; the mouth sometimes dry ; a 
quantity of white phlegm about the mouth, throat, and tongue ; offensive sal- 
ivation ; sometimes, even, putrid smell of the mouth ; puffed and livid tongue ; 
the tongue bloated, and of a dead, leaden color ; clamminess of the mouth ; 
ulceration of the tongue ; the muzzle, and the membranes of the nostrils and 
mouth, partake of the peculiar morbid hue of the skin, above described (see 
"Skin," &c); flaccid and bloated gums; emitting blackish blood when 
touched. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — The eyelids adhere with the abundant dis- 
charge of thick viscid matter which exudes from them ; the inner side of the 
eyelids is characterized by the peculiar livid or leaden hue which is observable 
in the skin ; corrosive discharge of water from the eyes, whenever they are ex- 
posed to cold air or undue light, or on first going into the outer air and light; 
vivid redness and inflammation, extending to the conjunctiva ; sideway cast 
of the eyes, occasioned by the protrusion of the membranes Trom the inner 
corner over the surface of the eye ; enlargement of the vessels about the eye ; 



574 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

/■ 

or prominent enlargement of a few, or of a portion, of the vessels of the eye, 
which have a dark and turgid appearance (as in distemper) ; granulating ulcers 
on the cornea, sometimes perforating the cornea, and admitting of the exuda- 
tion of the humor from within ; the cornea has a filmy and clouded appearance. 
Dropsical conditions ; pulse weak, irregular, intermittent ; heart and liver 
diseases often indicate this remedy. 

nnosEiiA BOTUJsrniFOLiA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
Especially considered in respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — 

Cough, accompanied with vomiting of food ; cough, attended with the dis- 
charge of thick adhesive matter ; cough from the interior of the chest ; dry 
cough ; spasmodic cough, of which the paroxysms end in violent fits of retch- 
ing, with or without discharge ; cough, particularly provoked or aggravated 
"by lying down ; long fits of coughing, which terminate in the suffusion of a 
livid bluish hue over the membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyes, or, with 
the distension and vivid redness of the vessels of the eyes ; cough, which in- 
duces discharges of bright red blood from the nose and mouth ; cough, termi- 
nating in suffocative paroxysms ; fetid odor of the breath attending the cough ; 
extreme hoarseness ; difficult and wheezing respiration ; impeded breath ; 
cough, with vomiting of bilious matter, sometimes vomiting of blood, and 
generally with the discharge of a quantity of slimy matter. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Accelerated and irregular. 

In respect of the Mouth, Throat, Tongue, &c. — Great difficulty and 
effort in the deglutition of solid substances ; swollen puffy state of the throat ; 
swelling of the throat, and back part of the palate proceeding to ulceration ; 
gangrenous ulceration of the palate and tongue ; the tongue is covered with 
slimy white saliva, and protrudes from the mouth ; soreness of the throat ; 
constant effort in the throat, as if to expel an accumulation of matter ; dis- 
charges of blood from the mouth ; quinsy, or strangles, of pigs ; the glands 
under the throat intensely swollen. 

In respect cf the Head and Neck. — Palsied state of the head, and 
general swelling and enlargement of the neck. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — The animal is feeble and 
languid in all its movements, owing to the rapid exhaustion and debility 
which supervene ; the animal has a strong disposition to lie down, but is com- 
pelled to move, by the evident aggravation of suffering attendant upon a 
recumbent posture. 

In respect Of the Nose. — Continual and thin watery discharge, or con- 
stant and excessive dryness of the nose ; discharges of blood from the nose, 
either spontaneous, or easily provoked by coughing, &c. ; ulceration, and black 
pores. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Increase of thirst, especially in the morn- 
ing ; averseness to solid food, owing, probably, to the pain occasioned by it in 
the act of deglutition ; diminished appetite. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Coldness of the parts 
about the mouth or nose, frequently of the cheeks ; or general trembling and 



MATERIA MEDICA. 575 

shivering, with heat of the head, or intense coldness of certain parts ; some- 
times, a peculiar affection of the glands on either side of the neck, consisting 
of the appearance of elevated tufts of hair, which are of an unnatural color, 
hard and rough, and around which the parts are peculiarly tender, and red 
or livid. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Evacuations frequent, "bloody, or 
charged with phlegm. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Dark-colored urine ; urine emitting a strong 
odor ; frequent inclination to micturate ; scanty drop-discharge. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Intense coldness, and the exudation 
of cold sweat ; sudden spontaneous limping, occasioned by a paralytic affection 
of the legs ; great weakness, trembling, wavering and uncertainty of gait. 

In respect of the Conditions of Aggravation. — The symptoms have, 
throughout, a tendency to be aggravated at night, or when the animal lies 
down. 

DULCAMARA. 

Characteristic Symptoms 
In respect of the Skin, and External Surface. — The development 

of pustular or vesicular eruptions of various kinds upon the skin ; eruption of 
minute and numerous red, clustered vesicles, or of small clustered vesicles, 
surrounded by a red surface of the skin ; milk crust ; eruption of small white 
vesicles or pustules about the nose, mouth, eyes, and ears (but rarely elsewhere), 
which suppurate, and then form whitish scabs or crusts (a bluish-white), 
almost peculiar to sucking calves ; eruption of numerous vesicles or granula- 
tions of a whitish color, in all parts of the cellular tissue ; development of the 
last-named eruption, particularly on the fleshy parts of the thigh, along the 
neck, around the jaws, and over the belly, about the shoulders, and even under 
the tongue ; subcutaneous invermination, or the presence of the worm known 
by the name of Cysticercus cellulosa, as evinced by the above-described eruption ; 
thickening of the skin ; falling off of the hair ; adhesion of the bristles (of the 
pig) ; swelling about the roots of the hair ; desquamation of the skin in patches ; 
the bristles easily drawn ; the drawing of the bristles followed by a slight dis- 
charge of blood ; eruptions of small, round, reddish vesicles, in clusters, which 
provoke the animal to rub and scratch itself severely, and which bleed upon 
being so scratched or rubbed ; general red appearance of the skin, occasioned 
by the presence of these eruptions, and called, by some, by the name of red 
sweat ; humid eruptions, which exude a thin matter upon friction, and which 
then form into scabs ; scaty, vesicular eruptions ; dry, scaly excrescences ; 
warts ; itching, pustular, suppurative eruptions, concreting into scabs, and 
particularly developed about the thighs, belly, and quarters ; parched, harsh, 
arid dryness, with heat of the skin ; swelling of the glands, with or without 
induration ; sweat of a particularly offensive odor ; sweating throughout the 
body (a symptom which prevails chiefly at night) ; exudation of offensive 
sweat, attended with increased and copious emission of urine (also offensive) ; 
frequent fits of shivering and shuddering ; very sudden puffing and swelling 
of the body all over. 



576 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Ill respect of the Pulse. — Accelerated, hard, and full, or small and ir- 
regular. 

In respect of the Disposition and Temper. — Apathy, indifference, 

abstractedness ; the animal being apparently unconcerned for what occurs 
to it. 

In respect of the Carcass generally. — Puffiness ; general tumefaction ; 

dropsical swellings ; languor, and excessive lassitude ; paralysis of the hind 
quarters, evinced by the inability of the animal to support itself on the hind 
legs ; general loss of strength, and apparent weariness of the whole body ; 
unpleasant odor emanating from the bod}' ; distension after eating ; swelling 
and induration of the glands of the nape of the neck. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — Position prostrate ; mo- 
tions slow, languid, and, at last, even, partial ; drowsy during the day, rest- 
less at night ; the animal totters in walking. 

In respect of the Nose. — Discharge of bright red (arterial) blood from 
the nose ; discharge of very hot, acrid blood ; obstruction of the nose by the 
swelling of the membranes ; inflammatory heat of the nose between the eyes ; 
stoppage and heat, aggravated by cold air. 

In respect of the Mouth, Throat, Tongue, &c. — Pale color of the 

membranes in the interior of the mouth, sometimes with the presence of blu- 
ish livid spots ; copious secretion of saliva ; eruption of pimples, and vesicles, 
and even development of ulcers throughout the mouth ; clustered vesicles be- 
neath the tongue ; puffed, ulcerated, and detached gums ; sponginess of the 
gums ; thick coating of more or less viscid phlegm over the tongue ; puffiness, 
tumefaction, and discoloration of the tongue, or excessive dryness of the 
tongue ; tongue immovable, as if paralyzed ; soreness of the throat, with swell- 
ing of the glands of the throat ; the roof of the mouth is parched, and in- 
tensely hot. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Sometimes undiminished, or morbidly 
voracious, or there is, apparently, excessive hunger, and eagerness to attack 
the food, but immediately followed by disinclination to eat ; vomiting, princi- 
pally of tenacious phlegm ; intense thirst, with increased secretion of tenacious, 
adhesive saliva, and dryness of the tongue. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Diarrhoea, accompanied with vomiting, 
and more or less thirst; loose evacuations of mingled dark phlegm aud excre- 
ment ; very watery diarrhoea, attended with considerable griping, and colicky 
pain, as evinced by the movements of the animal ; relaxed evacuations mingled 
with blood and phlegm ; sometimes, also, constipation. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Urine mingled with tenacious phlegm ; turgid, 
whitish, flocculent urine ; spontaneous emission of urine ; drop discharges ; 
suspension of urination ; scanty, or very copious and offensive urine ; copious 
urine (at night especially) attending the profuse sweating ; dark-colored, or 
red and heated urine ; discharge of phlegm from the passage, with or without, 
or before urination. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Intense coldness, with utter prostra- 
tion, amounting to paralysis ; incapability of the legs to bear the weight of the 
body ; vesicular or pustular eruptions, or eruptions of clustered vesicles (see 
" Skin and External Surface,") about the fleshy parts of the limbs ; callous 
excrescences of various kinds ; warts ; appearance of clustering vesicles about 



MATERIA MEDICA. 577 

the knees and other joints ; puffiness of the legs ; scaling off of the scarf-skin 
about the lower parts of the legs and the feet. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Moist cough; cough 

which provokes a discharge of blood ; catarrhal hoarseness ; coughing, which 
occurs in drawing a deep breath ; breathing oppressed and difficult, but some- 
times also natural, easy, and unimpeded. 

Summary. — Affections resulting from wet weather, or long standing in 
the rain or water. Catarrh. Common cold. Rheumatic pains, with coldness 
of the skin. Stiffness about the loins and lumbar region. Dropsical swelling 
of the legs, or the whole body. Puffy swelling about the fetlock joint. Navic- 
ular lameness. Enlarged single glands. Red tettery eruptions. Scabs on the 
skin. Looseness of the bowels. Diarrhoea from cold and wet. Cough from 
wet weather — having a rough hoarse sound. 



EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Swelling, redness, and adhesion of the eyelids ; 
exudation of a thick, yellowish, and sometimes stringy matter, which accumu- 
lates along the margins of the eyelids, and especially in the corners of the eye 
(the inner corner more particularly) ; excessive heat, redness, and swelling of 
the whole inner surface and margin of the eyelids ; development of ulcers on 
the margin or inner side of the eyelids ; appearance of many minute, bright 
red pimples around the eyes ; abundant exudation of creamy or sometimes 
bloody matter from the eyelids and eyes ; the eyes are partially closed ; streaks 
of red on the white of the eye ; discharge of clear but corrosive and scalding 
fluid from the eyes, aggravated by exposure to the open air or strong light ; 
the eyes are exceedingly tender of the light ; the eyelids are compressed and 
contracted, and the pupils are excessively contracted ; the cornea appears 
clouded ; the iris becomes discolored ; the transparent humor of the eve is less 
clear than in health ; development of spots, at first gray or bluish (and after- 
wards white and opaque), more or less opaque, on the surface of the eye ; the 
surface of the eye is suffused, vivid red, with more or less vivid redness of the 
conjunctiva ; the development of an ulcer in the centre of the cornea ; cicatrices 
on the cornea ; the conjunctiva is more or less injected. 

In respect of the Head and Cerebral System. — The animal is affected 

with stupor; sometimes it is more or less wild; it is evidently delirious, the 
habits being totally changed, and there being a rambling, incoherent manner; 
the animal does unnatural and senseless things ; if loose, the animal has a 
disposition to wander without purpose, and wiU even lose itself, or appear 
lost, in its usual haunts ; the animal looks vacantly and stupidly at every- 
thing, and does not seem to recognize its- usual attendants ; great uneasiness 
during the day. 

In respect Of the Nose. — Violent and rattling snorting, to expel the ac- 
cumulation of thick, adhesive matter or phlegm, whieh collects in the nostrils ; 
the development of pimples (just within the nostrils on either side), which 
emit a thick, yellowish, or dark brownish matter ; the nostrils are very sore 

37 



578 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

and excoriated, and the animal starts back when they are touched ; excessive 
discharge from the nose, sometimes very thin and watery, and at others thick 
and viscid ; discharges of blood from the nose, particularly provoked by the 
snorting, and other efforts made by the animal to expel the accumulation of 
phlegm and matter ; profuse and spontaneous discharges of blood. 

In respect of the Mouth and Throat. — Accumulation of more or less 
thick and tenacious phlegm in the mouth and throat, which is expelled with 
an effort, and with which the muzzle is often observed to be smeared ; frequent 
and gaping yawns ; discharges of blood from the gums. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Constipation, often preceded by severe 
diarrhoea ; sometimes natural. 

In respect of the Urine. — Increased and frequent discharge ; sometimes 
natural. 

In respect of the Appetite. — The animal refuses food, and suffers from 
insatiable thirst, and drinks frequently and copiously ; sometimes the appetite 
is natural in every respect. 

In respect of the Movements. — Imbecile ; idle ; purposeless ; or indo- 
lence and reluctance to move ; sometimes, also, the movements are in most 
respects natural. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Torpor, and apparent absence or dimi- 
nution of sensation ; or, again, sudden and unaccountable swelling ; some- 
times, also, the extremities are in every respect in the ordinary condition of 
health. 

Principally used for diseases of the eyes, catarrhal affections, and influenza, 
involving eyes, nose, and even the bronchia, and causing cough. 



FEKRV31 MUMIATICUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Lameness of the shoulder ; spitting up blood ; hemorrhage from the lungs ; 
cramps in the legs ; bright red crystals in the urine ; general lameness in the 
joints ; excessive languor ; painful lameness in the thigh ; cough, with bloody 
expectoration ; miscarriage ; diarrhoea. 

Many of these symptoms are found under other preparations of iron ; but 
this, which is sometimes called the chlorinated or muriated tincture of iron, is 
believed to be able to do all the good that can be obtained from iron in any 
form. 



GELSEMINUM. 
Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Eruption like measles. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Frequent, soft, weak, intermittent ; in men and 
animals Gelseminum often increases the rate and frequency of the pulse ; some- 
times even the volume of the pulse seems increased ; but generally it is dimin- 



MATERIA MEBICA. 579 

ished. Pulse fluttering. These various symptoms of the pulse seem to indi- 
cate that this remedy may be useful in dilatation of the heart, especially in 
rheumatic patients. 

In respect Of Appetite. — Alternate increase and loss of appetite. 

In respect Of Excrements. — Bowels loose, but great difficulty to dis- 
charge anything ; slow stool. 

In respect Of Urine. — Urine much increased in quantity. May prove 
useful in spasms of the ureters from the passage of calculi. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Causes prostration and exhaustion of 
the nerves of voluntary and involuntary motion ; causes paralysis. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Heaviness of the lids ; difficulty of opening the 
eyes ; dryness of the eyes ; dilatation of the pupils ; amaurosis ; dimness of 
sight ; blindness ; total blindness, with dizziness. 

In respect Of the Nose. — Watery discharge from the nose ; sneezing ; 
bloody, mucous discharge from the nose ; bleeding from the nose. In men 
Gelseminum is considered a specific for colds in the head (catarrh), accom- 
panied by a discharge of watery fluid from the nose, hoarseness, cough, sore- 
ness in the throat and chest. 

In respect Of the Jaws. — Stiffness of the jaws ; difficulty of opening the 
mouth. 

In respect of the Month, Tongue, and Throat. — Dryness of the 

mouth ; dryness in the fauces ; tongue thickly coated, red, raw, and painful ; 
dryness, irritation, and soreness of the throat (paralytic) ; difficulty of swal- 
lowing. 

In respect Of the Limbs. — Weakness and (paralytic) loss of motion in 
the limbs ; rheumatism in the legs ; with weakness in the knees. 

Gelseminum bears some resemblance to Khus tox. It may be very usefully 
given in rheumatism, especially of the legs, with some swelling, but much 
greater painfulness ; pains worse at night ; and the swelling changing from 
one part or joint to another every day or two. 



GLOJSOINE. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

This powerful remedy is suited to the most violent attacks of pain in the 
head, and congestion to the head, even that caused by the sun's intense heat. 
But the difficulty is, in the absence of the subjective symptoms afforded by 
human sufferers, to determine its indications in the corresponding affections 
of domestic animals. But the principal circumstance which produces in these 
animals such a congestion as Glonoine cures, that is, exposure to the heat of 
the sun (sunstroke), may usually be relied on to suggest this remedy, then a 
comparison of the attendant symptoms may determine its choice. 

In respect Of the Head. — Throbbing and fulness in the top of the head. 
Throbbing in the sides of the head and temples, and rush of blood there. 
Throbbing in the forehead and rush of blood in arteries of the neck. Fulness 
and violent throbbing at the back of the head. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Pupils dilated. 



580 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

In respect Of the Face. — Stiffness of both jaws. Gaping and drowsi- 
ness. 

In respect Of the Neck and Back. — Stiffness in the nape of the neck. 
Gaping and disposition to stretch backwards. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Stiffness, or trembling of the limbs. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Accelerated, irregular, intermitting pulse. 
Full and hard, throbbing pulse. 

In respect Of the Skin. — Profuse perspiration. 

In respect of the Sleep. — Drowsiness. Great inclination to sleep. 

GRAPHITES. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Development of a 

vesicular, scaly eruption, accompanied with the most intense and continual 
irritation, as evinced by the continual effort made by the animal to scratch, 
rub, or bite itself; eruption, of the character of mange, or degenerating into 
mange. The skin flabby and flaccid, emitting a peculiar crackling sound upon 
pressure ; the wool easily torn off ; appearance of blackish or brownish spots 
or patches upon the skin, which are so communicated to the hair or fleece, as 
to discolor that also ; unhealthy and livid hue ; disposition to ulcerate or to 
fester after the slightest injury ; malignant and ulcerative vesicles in various 
parts — humid oozing, and finally scabby and scaly eruptions ; sores engender- 
ing proud flesh, and discharging an offensive matter ; disposition to excoria- 
tion ; red spots or patches upon the skin ; a 'peculiar parched and harsh dry- 
ness of the skin, unmodified by any transpiration of moisture ; general increase 
of heat and prevalence of irritation. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Hard and accelerated. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Sometimes a craving inordinate degree 
of hunger at first, attended, however, with repugnance to almost every kind 
of food, and followed by total loss of appetite, and the predominance of intense 
thirst, more especially in the morning, and after eating. Distension and 
bloatedness of the body after eating ; tightness and inflation of the belly, ac- 
companied with heavy and insuperable drowsiness after eating. 

In respect of Rumination. — Suspended. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Whitish, hard, lumpy, knotty, and 
very offensive evacuations ; very hard evacuations, with obstinate costiveness, 
and characterized by hardness and distension in the region of the liver ; large 
lumpy evacuations ; the costiveness is generally followed by still more intrac- 
table diarrhoea, with soft pappy evacuations ; the appearance of worms of va- 
rious descriptions in the dung; the development of brownish, reddish, or black- 
ish excrescences of the nature of hsemOrrhoids under the tail. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Scanty, dark-colored urine, depositing a 
whitish or brick-colored sediment ; urine of a peculiar acerbity of smell ; spon- 
taneous urination ; drop discharges. Severe urging, and evident pain and 
difficulty in urination. 

In respect of the Stomach and Intestines. — Apparent tightness and 



MATERIA MEDICA. 581 

fulness, with hardness of the belly ; hardness, with enlargement of the belly ; 
exceeding tenderness of the region of the liver to the touch, the animal winces 
and shrinks away when pressed in the lower part of the flank ; very offensive 
flatulency ; the stomach is evidently distended with wind. In some animals 
we may notice continued and violent vomiting, as attendant upon these symp- 
toms. 

Ill respect Of the Movements. — Dull, listless, and inanimate — the ani- 
mal can hardly be compelled to stir. It stands motionless, with the head 
drooping, with a gloomy, distressed appearance ; or it separates from its com- 
panions, and continues to wander slowly by itself. 

In respect Of the Disposition. — Dull and inanimate, listless, dispirited. 

In respect of the Eyes. — The eyes dull, the vessels of the eyes charac- 
terized by the presence of a yellowish-brown fluid — or, subsequently, the ves- 
sels assume a brighter red, and inflammatory hue. The eyes are half closed ; 
the conjunctiva is more or less injected, the cornea being dull, semi-opaque, 
and suffused with a faint yellow hue ; the upper lids of the eye droop, and the 
animal appears incapable of raising them ; the eyelids are swollen, and exude 
a copious discharge of thickish matter ; dry matter gathers in crusts about the 
lids and lashes ; there is more or less profuse lachrymation, — the eyes are in- 
flamed, and of a suffused vivid red color, somewhat modified by the yellowish 
tinge into a turgid brown-red, and excessively tender of the daylight. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Accumulation of offensive matter in the ears ; 
or peculiar parched dryness of the cavity of the ear, and want of the habitual 
quantity of ear-wax. The animal is almost insensible to sound when motion- 
less, but appears to quicken in hearing with motion. Scaly, scabby, vesicular 
and pustular eruptions, or excoriation round the roots of the ears, and behind 
them. 

In respect Of the Nose. — The internal membrane of the nose becomes 
pale, discolored, and even livid ; there is ulceration of the interior of the nos- 
trils ; the nostrils are fissured or sore ; the cavity of the nose is sometimes in- 
tensely dry and parched, and the sinews are totally obstructed, or there is 
thick, tenacious, yellow-brown, blackish, or watery discharge from the nose, 
all offensive, but especially the former kinds, which degenerate into putridity 
as the color becomes darker. Discharge of offensive matter from the nose,-^- 
dry, chippy incrustations in the nostrils; excessively offensive smell from the 
nose conveyed by the breath ; black pores ; bleeding at the nose, chiefly ob- 
servable towards night, and especially when the fever symptoms have run 
high ; the scent is sometimes (though rarely) morbidly quickened for a brief 
interval. 
In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Gums, Throat, &c. — 

Accumulation of phlegm in the mouth, which adheres to the palate ; the 
mouth is parched and dry, or there is excessive secretion of saliva ; the mem- 
branes of the mouth and gums are pale, ash-colored, and degenerate into a 
purplish and livid hue ; the mouth and gums emit a very offensive smell, verg- 
ing upon putridity ; the tongue, first pale and ash-colored, becomes purplish 
or livid ; vesicles and even ulcers are developed on the tongue ; the throat is 
sore and discolored — it is also puffed and swollen, and there is evident diffi- 
culty of deglutition. The muzzle is stained brownish, or blackish. 

In respect of the Carcass Generally. — Total loss of strength and 



582 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

condition ; prostration, and incapacity of action, as from general paralysis ; 
utter emaciation, and the animal wastes away to a mere skeleton. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Callous excrescences, arid dryness, 
and fissures, swelling, rigidity and distortion of the limbs ; inflexibility of the 
swollen joints ; vesicular eruptions on the inner side of the joints and between 
parts which are adjacent, and liable to come into contact ; gnawing ulcerative 
vesicles ; excoriation ; rigidity and torpor ; burning heat of the feet, or more 
frequently continual coldness of the feet ; swelling and distortion of the 
joints and structural parts about the feet ; gnawing ulcerative vesicles and 
parched deadened scaliness about the feet ; flatness of the heel ; absence of 
elasticity in the hoof. Enlargement of the frog ; swelling and protrusion, or 
descent of the sole to the level of the crust. 



HAMAMELIS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Venous or passive hemorrhages, from the lungs, and nose, and uterus. Epis- 
taxis purpura. Bleeding piles. Dysentery, with stools largely loaded with 
blood. Burning, scanty, high-colored, bloody urine. Slight hacking cough ; 
spitting of blood from the lungs ; vomiting of blood from the stomach, which 
is thick and dark. Much used in the shape of "Pond's Extract," as an exter- 
nal application for pains, rheumatism, &c, &c. 

JEEELLEBORUS NIGER {Christmas Rose). 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Rigidity of the limbs. Violent shaking of the head. Falling off of the 
hair and nails. Head burning hot. Swelling of the face and tongue. Blis- 
ters on the tongue and in the mouth. Dropsical swelling of the belly. Dul- 
ness ; drowsy, stupid state. General dropsy in alternation with Arsenicum. 
Dilatation of the pupils. Pale, cedematous swelling of the face. Insensible 
rigidity of the tongue. Frequent desire to urinate ; but passing only a small 
quantity. 

Stiffness of the cervical muscles ; stiffness of the neck. Palpitation of the 
heart. 

Sudden watery swelling of the skin of the whole body. Spasmodic rigidity 
of the limbs. 

HEPAR STJLPHTJRIS CALCAREUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect Of the Pulse. — Accelerated, small, and barely perceptible. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus.— Deep, dull, and insonor- 

ous cough ; the lowing, barking, and other sounds emitted by animals being 
feeble, insonorous, and as it were muffled or stifled ; coughing, followed by 



MATERIA MEDICA. 583 

sneezing ; suffocative cough, which ends in fits of retching, but without dis- 
charge, or with the expulsion of phlegm (sometimes copiously), or of blood, 
more or less pure, vivid, and red, or simply tinging, or appearing in thready 
streaks amongst the phlegm. Occasionally cough, which provokes watering 
of the eyes ; a peculiar internal, muffled, apparently painful, hoarse, rattling, 
feeble, and gurgling cough ; short, accelerated, hurried, uneasy respiration ; 
wheezing inspiration with double and grunting respiration. Kespiration, as 
it were, puffing, and effected with an effort ; panting respiration ; difficulty of 
breathing, apparently aggravated by lying down. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — The development of 

sluggish pimples upon the chest; excessive tenderness of the chest to the 
touch, the animal shrinking when touched or pressed in that part, as if goaded 
or stung; eruption of festering tubercular pimples, which are excessively tender 
of the touch ; unhealthy festering skin, difficult of healing, and affected with 
passive and sluggish ulceration ; ulcers, of a putrid or cancerous description, 
emitting a rotten, rancid odor. Upon close observation, a yellowish tinge 
will be observable in the skin, the animal is frequently provoked to scratch 
and rub itself by a heat and irritation of the skin, and the friction will be ob- 
served to develop some white vesicles on the surface ; swellings, indurations, 
and nodosities in the glands of the neck and between the fore legs. Adhe- 
sive, sour sweat, heat and sweating about the chest and ears, or sometimes 
even about the eyes ; parching heat (generally at night), or sometimes tran- 
sient flushes of heat, terminating in sweating. Day-sweats, provoked by the 
least exertion ; clammy, cold sweat about the head ; staring coat ; the coat 
loses all gloss and becomes dull and sombre ; falling off of the hair ; gradual 
attenuation of the whole frame ; fever symptoms returning periodically to- 
wards evening. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — At first no apparent alteration, then 
morbid increase of appetite, voracity, and hankering after succulent and un- 
wholesome food ; the food so taken often passing totally undigested ; eating, 
followed by considerable thirst, with the development of the febrile symptoms, 
and the unmodified progress of the attenuation. The morbid appetite gradu- 
ally disappears, and there is total absence of appetite, accompanied by con- 
stant and excessive thirst. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Dry, hard, and whitish evacuations, 
which are followed, however, by continued and obstinate relaxation ; relaxed 
evacuations of excrements, mingled with blood, phlegm, and matter, and in 
which the latter often predominate ; soft but scanty and evidently painful 
evacuations, with much urging, and subsequent discharge of thin, serous, 
and very offensive matter, often followed with sweating between the hind 
legs ; sour-smelling, whitish, stringy, or- loose evacuations. 

In respect Of Urine. — Dark-colored and hot, sometimes bloody, in- 
creased emission at night ; copious emission of pale, watery urine ; scalding, 
acrid urine ; discharge of blood occasionally occurring after micturition ; red 
and inflamed circumference of the outer extremity of the passage. 

In respect Of the Organs Of Generation. — Organic debility, with in- 
creased sensibility and excitability of the functions ; constant desire, espe- 
cially in the female ; constant heat, without energy ; soreness beneath the 
parts ; swelling and excoriation of the bearing in the female ; cancerous ul- 



584 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

ceration of the glands connected with the genital organs, or sympathetic 
ulceration of other glands, especially of those appertaining to the lacteal ap- 
paratus. 

In respect of the Milk. — Gradual diminution, and readily spoiled in 
standing ; sour. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Throat, Nose, &c. — 

Yellow hue of the skin surrounding these parts ; yellowish or brownish tinge 
of the membranes of the mouth and nose generally ; abundance of watery fluid 
in the mouth ; increased secretion of saliva ; swelling of the tonsils ; dry, 
parched condition of the throat ; soreness and tumefaction of the throat ; ulcers 
of a creamy appearance, in the mouth ; unhealthy color of the tongue ; tongue 
ashy, loaded with a creamy fur, &c. ; the gums are tender to the touch, as 
evinced by the wincing and shrinking of the animal upon pressure ; the gums 
swollen and inflamed, but generally of a purplish-red hue, or tinged with 
yellow ; redness, swelling, soreness, tenderness, and inflammation of the nose ; 
discharge from one nostril; tenderness, and ulceration with incrustations in 
the nostrils ; the scent either totally deficient, or temporarily and morbidly 
quickened. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Hearing dull and obtuse ; accumulation of 
more or less fetid matter in the ears ; incrustated eruptions around and be- 
hind the ears ; irritation of the ears, attended with heat and redness. 

In respect of the Eyes. — The eyes obscured, dim, and filmy ; sunken 
within the orbits, the ball of the eye at the same time protruding prominently 
from the lids ; clenching of the eyelids ; inflammator} 7 heat and redness of the 
eyelids and eyes ; tenderness of light ; spots more or less white and opaque 
upon the cornea ; ulceration of the cornea ; watering of the eyes, and adhesion 
of the lids at night. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Cracks and fissures about the legs and 
feet, especially the latter ; and swelling of all the joints, more or less, singly 
or simultaneously. 

In respect of the Conditions Attendant upon the Symptoms 

Enumerated. — Parturition appears to modify all the symptoms, or even to 
suspend them for a time. 

Summary. — Suppurative condition of the glands. Strangles. Cracked, 
chapped, ulcerated condition of the skin. Grease. Putrid-smelling ulcers 
and wounds. Small lumps or tuberosities under the skin. Swelling of the 
glands in the neck. Unhealthy condition of the skin ; every slight injury be- 
comes raw, and is disposed to ulcerate, instead of healing quickly. 



SYOSCYAMUS NIGEM. 
Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Accelerated, heavy, and full ; bounding or 
oppressed. 

In respect Of the Head. — The head and neck stretched out horizontally ; 
furious shaking of the head ; swinging the head first on one side then on the 
other ; evident giddiness, evinced by the animal wheeling or whirling round, 



MATERIA MEDICA. 585 

tottering, wavering, and eventually falling ; the animal turns to the left, sinks 
and crouches, and gnashes at or tears the ground ; the animal falls headfore- 
most ; eager plunging of the muzzle into water, if at hand ; delirium, more or 
less violent. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Convulsive distortion, oblique and inapposite 
glance, or squinting, peculiar to the rabid disease of animals ; the eyes are 
dazzling, sparkling, brilliant, and protruding ; spasmodic closing of the eye- 
lids ; the eyes are fiery, staring, fixed or wandering, and convulsed ; the pupils 
are inordinately dilated ; the sclerotica is suffused with fiery redness ; the eye- 
lids are swollen ; there is evidently a second sight, or imaginary sight engen- 
dered by delirium ; excessive susceptibility and excitability, provoked or ag- 
gravated by the sight of red objects (respecting cattle) ; these symptoms are 
generally preceded by dulness and insensibility of the eyes and of sight. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Impetuous, headlong, furious ; wildly 
rushing hither and thither, plunging precipitately at every object which occurs 
in the way of the animal ; staggering career, tail arched, tearing up the ground, 
or the animal is unable to raise itself from its haunches, owing to the paralytic 
affection of the hind legs and quarters ; it makes ineffectual attempts to get 
up, and bears an anxious, deplorable expression ; these symptoms are generally 
preceded by a comatose, drowsy, inanimate, and completely lethargic condition. 

In respect of the Disposition. — Wild and incoherent, without method 
or purpose ; or, on the other hand (as in rabid disease), methodical malignity ; 
overweening disposition to do mischief; disposition to 6t'te, lacerate, or destroy 
everything which is in the way ; these symptoms are usually preceded by a 
gloomy, sullen, or deplorable quietude and taciturnity, during which the animal 
appears totally unconscious of sounds or objects to which it has been accustomed. 

In respect of the Stomach, and Apparatus of Digestion. — Tight- 
ness, distension, and tenderness of the belly ; vomiting of watery fluid, attend- 
ant upon giddiness ; vomiting of phlegm mingled with blood ; vomiting of 
blood, of food, or even of filth and excrements ; after vomiting once or twice, 
there is sometimes total corruption of the appetite, and the animal, in such 
cases, never recurs to its natural food, but falls eagerly upon its own excre- 
ments, or other foul and disgusting offal. 

Ill respect of the Appetite. — Violent and insatiable thirst ; repugnance 
and complete aversion to the natural food ; the animal avoids its proper 
food, when offered, with apparent horror ; or, at other times, attacks it eagerly, 
but without swallowing, or even retaining it in the mouth, dropping it as soon 
as it is seized ; inordinate, morbid, and depraved hunger ; the animal falls foul 
of the most putrid filth, which it gulps with eagerness ; or, at other times, it 
gathers up minute threads, straws, and such other peculiar articles ; the ani- 
mal consumes its own ordure ; it hunts up every possible corner in which uri- 
nation might have taken place, and licks each of them very assiduously ; in- 
satiable, burning thirst, fearfully intense; for some time the animal will 
continue to seek for water, and will lap it up with eagerness and very hurriedly, 
but when (as is the case) the paralysis of the jaws and tongue, so peculiarly 
characteristic, ensues, the animal will be observed to plunge its muzzle deep 
into water, as soon as within reach. 

In respect of the Excrements. — At the outset constipation, charac- 
terized by evident and constant desire to evacuate, with small, insufficient. 



586 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

and rare evacuations ; symptoms which are succeeded by spontaneous discharge 
of loose, unrestrained evacuations, often containing peculiar substances not 
ordinarily found in the contents of the stomach, or in the evacuations ; 
watery diarrhoea ; diarrhoea evidently unattended with any pain, or even with 
consciousness of the discharge. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Spasmodic retention of urine or retention 
occasioned by spasm of the bladder ; total absence of discharge ; spontaneous 
discharge of urine, occasioned by paralysis of the bladder ; scanty emission, 
with constant urging, or copious emission of clear, pale urine. 

In respect Of the Organs Of Generation. — Great increase, and insa- 
tiate permanency of heat ; swelling and redness of the bearing, or the same 
symptoms sometimes followed by utter prostration and paralytic incapacity of 
the functions. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Tongue, Nose, &c. — 

Intense dryness and heat of the mouth succeeded by copious secretion of viscid 
saliva, or of saliva tinged with blood ; the tongue totally paralyzed, dry and 
parched ; tongue vividly red, but soon degenerating into a purplish violet, or 
livid hue ; dryness of the tongue, accompanied with a fur of a dusky-brownish 
hue upon it ; offensive smell issuing from the mouth ; spume exuding from the 
corners of the mouth, or mouth filled with white foam ; drivelling of foam, 
with giddiness and precipitate falling ; swelling, redness, and afterwards pur- 
plish color of the gums ; the teeth are covered with adhesive phlegm ; teeth 
convulsively clenched ; throat dry, red, and hot ; tonsils and glands generally 
swollen ; fauces paralyzed ; incapacity of deglutition ; the nose and muzzle 
burning hot, and dry ; discharges of blood from the nose. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Intense heat, with redness and dryness of the 
internal cavity ; obtuse and almost insensible hearing. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Burning heat, and 
dryness at the roots of the horns, and of the head generally ; equal or little less 
heat and dryness throughout the surface of the body ; trembling and shocks of 
various parts of the body ; local or general paralysis ; universal shuddering; 
development of brown spots, or of large pustules on the surface generally ; 
dryness and roughness of the skin ; jerking, twitching, and convulsive move- 
ments throughout the body ; twitchings, like rapidly-succeeding pulsations on 
the surface ; vibrating depression, or drooping of the head and neck ; convul- 
sive movements of the eyelids ; coldness of all parts of the body except the head ; 
gangrenous, malignant-looking spots or festers ; excessive susceptibility and 
tenderness of the ridge of the back or course of the spine, to the touch. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — The four legs are gathered together, 
and the back arched ; shuddering of the limbs, coldness of the limbs ; shocks 
and convulsive jerking and twitching of the limbs ; sudden paralytic affections 
of the limbs, — the hind legs especially, — pawing and tearing the ground. 

In respect Of the Respiratory Organs. — Short, and greatly accelerated 
respiration ; panting gasping breath ; cough, in quickly successive fits, whether 
in rest or motion. 

Summary. — Convulsions. Coldness of the body, with heat in the head. 
Shrieking ; mad, furious rage ; plunging ; beating the head against the man- 
ger ; then falling down unconscious. Wild delirium ; foaming at the mouth. 
Eyes red, inflamed, fixed — protruding from the sockets ; pupils dilated ; or a 



MATERIA MEDICA. 587 

wild, rapid movement of the eyes. Violent shaking of the head. Difficulty 
of swallowing, from spasm and constriction of the muscles of the throat. 
Swelling in the throat. Jerking in the tendons ;' twitching of the limbs. 
Trembling of the body. The dung and urine may pass without the power for 
expulsion ; the sphincters of the bladder and anus being paralyzed. Retention 
of urine, from spasm. 

HYPERICUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Especially useful in all cases of wounds in which the substance of the 
nerves is injured ; as in wounds of the extremities which threaten lockjaw 
from that reason. As valuable in injuries of the nerves as Arnica is in those 
of the flesh or muscles. Weakness and trembling ; constant drowsiness ; tear- 
ing pains in different parts ; vertigo ; delirium ; colic ; erysipelas of the face ; 
dilatation of the pupils ; bloatedness of the neck and of the abdomen ; thirst ; 
tenesmus ; difficulty of breathing ; palpitation of the heart. 

IGWAT1A AM ABA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Disposition. — Pining of the young when separated 
from the dam, and of the dam on separation from her young ; desolation ; un- 
easy restlessness, with grief; great agitation of this nature in the morning, on 
first moving ; grief, expressed by a peculiar neighing, lowing, bleating, or 
whining ; dislike of companionship ; sullenness ; disposition to remain apart ; 
dread of mankind, even of the constant attendants, and also of other animals 
of the same species ; predisposition to take alarm. 

In respect of the Appetite. — Irregular and fitful appetite ; appetite 
easily satiated ; want of appetite, and even averseness to both food and drink ; 
inclination to eat succulent and unwholesome food ; or a positive repugnance 
to green and succulent food ; eating produces distension, hardness, and tight- 
ness of the belly ; the distension of the belly painful upon pressure. 

In respect of the Digestive Functions, and Stomach generally. — 

The region of the spleen, on the left side, is very tender and susceptible to the 
touch ; flatulence, accompanied with colicky pains, as evinced by the move- 
ments of the animal, more especially at night ; pulsation in the belly ; rumbling 
and bubbling of wind in the intestines ; retching and vomiting of food, or of 
bilious matter and tenacious phlegm ; vomiting of watery fluid ; thirst, either 
accompanying the vomiting or without the latter symptom, and mostly ac- 
companying the febrile manifestations. 

In respect Of Rumination. — Indolent, irregular, and imperfect. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Very large, lumpy, whitish, or yellow- 
ish evacuations, which are ejected slowly, and with much straining and effort ; 
protrusion of the intestine during evacuation ; the presence of threadworms in 
the lower intestine (which are, however, rarely ejected in the evacuations) ; 
contraction of the alvine orifice ; continued and painful irritation and itching 
of the parts, as evinced by the lashing and clenching of the tail, and by the 
continual inclination of the animal to rub the parts ; hard, knotty evacuations, 



588 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHT. 

ejected only after repeated and fruitless efforts, or subsequently slimy, blood- 
stained, and relaxed evacuations, accompanied with noisy gurgling in the in- 
testines, and with evident colicky pains, evinced by the disposition of the 
animal to roll itself, to strike at the belly with the feet, and to huddle the 
limbs up close to the belly, &c, &c. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Sweating, below the bear- 
ing and between the thighs ; imperfect heat ; transient swelling of the bearing, 
without continued or fructifying heat. 

In respect of the Skin, and External Surface. — Sweating whilst eat- 
ing ; general heat, particularly of the head, with coldness of the extremities ; 
fits of shivering, allayed by covering, or other external warming appliance; 
fitful and sudden flushing of heat ; excoriation of the skin, especially in parts 
which are liable to come into contact ; irritation and itching of the skin, pro- 
voked or aggravated by the warmth induced by exercise in the open air ; 
general itching and irritation of the skin, readily mitigated by friction ; erup- 
tion, of the character of nettle-rash ; falling off of the hair. 

In respect Of the Head. — Reeling, from giddiness ; tossing the head 
backwards. - 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Inflammatory redness ; swelling of the vessels 
of the eyes, and of the upper lid ; pupils dilated and fixed ; convulsive rolling 
of the eyes ; exceeding tenderness of light ; watery discharge from the eyes, 
provoked by exposure to strong light ; adhesion of the eyelids. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Dulness of hearing, and swelling of the adjacent 
glands. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Nose, &c. — Incrustations 

and fissures on the muzzle and lips ; the lips are dry, fissured, and either 
bleed spontaneously, or are easily provoked to bleed ; convulsive twitchings of 
the muscles about the cheeks; similar jerking and twitching of the corners of the 
mouth ; constant yawning ; tetanic clenching of the jaws ; the tonsils are 
swollen, inflamed, and indurated ; ulcers are developed about the tonsils ; the 
throat is sore, red, and inflamed, the palate the same ; difficulty of swallowing 
fluids, occasioned by spasmodic closing of the throat ; more or less foaming at 
the mouth ; the tongue is enlarged, so as to be exposed to be bitten ; the tongue 
is moist and coated ; white accumulation of phlegm in the mouth ; sour 
smell from the mouth ; the nose is dry and swollen ; the nostrils are sore and 
ulcerated ; discharges of blood from the nose. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Gloomy tranquillity, and repugnance 
to motion ; convulsive, spasmodic, and spontaneous movements ; epileptic and 
other convulsions ; sudden rigidity of the whole body, or of particular parts ; 
very heavy or very light sleep ; startled at the slightest noise or motion. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Convulsive jerking ; tension, rigidity, 
or torpor ; excessive tenderness of the soles of the feet, the animal carefully 
picking its way, and grounding the feet very cautiously. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Hoarse, dry cough ; short, 

sudden, and fitful cough ; continual cough, day and night ; spasmodic, exhaust- 
ing cough ; cough, recurring at night ; cough, attended with watery discharge 
from the nose ; difficulty, shortness, and oppression of breath, with or without 
palpitation of the heart ; constant, deep inspirations, and sudden or interrupted 
respirations. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 589 

IPECACUANHA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Coldness of the ex- 
tremities, with profuse perspiration of the cold parts ; rigor and shivering, ac- 
companied with coldness of the limbs, muzzle, &c. ; considerable heat, with 
little shivering, or considerable shivering, with little increase of heat (the 
chills, and shivering fits are attended with thirst) ; the febrile symptoms are 
accompanied with vomiting (the tongue being sometimes clean, sometimes 
foul) ; the shivering fits are provoked or aggravated by covering, or by other 
appliances of external warmth ; sudden accession of heat within doors, at- 
tended with perspiration and reeling ; coldness of the ears, shivering of the 
ears ; fits of stretching, uneasiness, and languor, sometimes with sweat about 
the head, before the shivering fits are developed ; eruptions of small vesicles or 
pustules upon the fleshy parts of the legs ; pallid hue of the membranes about 
the mouth, &c. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Irregular, intermittent, or soft. 

In respect of the Movements. — Wavering, reeling, and tottering gait, 
with or without falling (giddiness). 

In respect of the Digestive Organs Generally. — Retching, provoked 

by cold drinks ; puffiness in the region of the stomach ; vomiting, provoked 
by inflexions of the body, or by lowering the head ; profuse secretion of thin, 
clear, watery fluid in the mouth ; vomits, consisting either of undigested food 
or pure water, or of slimy, yellowish, greenish matter ; vomits, having a pecu- 
liarly sour smell ; vomiting, accompanied with thirst, or with foul smell ema- 
nating from the mouth ; vomiting simultaneously, with loose diarrhceic evac- 
uations ; vomits, consisting of bright red (arterial) blood, or of dark substances 
or black matter ; colicky and griping pain indicated by the movements. 

In respect Of the Milk. — Mingled with blood, or tinged with blood, 
without the presence of any symptoms of local inflammation. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Sometimes black evacuations ; diar- 
rhoea, mingled with blood and phlegm, and of a whitish flocculent appearance ; 
diarrhoea, the evacuations being mingled with blood and phlegm ; relaxed 
evacuations, simultaneously with vomiting ; evacuations of a slimy and bloody 
nature, followed by convulsive urging ; yellowish or greenish evacuations, very 
loose, and emitting a putrescent odor ; loose, frothy, purulent evacuations ; 
loose evacuations, having an appearance of fermentation. 

In respect Of Urine. — Urine scanty and red, or bloody, or which de- 
posits a thick reddish-brown sediment ; discharge of matter from the passage. 

In respect of the Appetite. — Excessive disgust of food. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Throat, Nose, &c. — 

The muzzle, nose, and adjacent parts, are very cold ; difficulty of swallowing ; 
swallowing performed with an effort or gulp ; tenderness of the mouth ; pro- 
fuse accumulation of thin watery fluid in the mouth ; yellowish or whitish 
coating of the tongue ; the skin about the mouth is red ; convulsive jerking of 
the lips ; small vesicular elevations over the inner surface of the lips ; dis- 
charges of blood, chiefly bright-red blood, from the nose. 



590 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Discharges of bright-red 

arterial blood, or of dark clots. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Cough, attended with 
discharges of blood from the mouth and nose, and sometimes, also slightly, 
from the eyes ; cough, attended or followed by retching and vomiting ; dry 
spasmodic cough. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — The limbs are rigid, or convulsively 
agitated. 

Summary. — Diarrhoea. Dysentery. Vomiting. Asthma of dogs. Loose, 
fermented, frothy evacuations. Excrement mixed with mucus and blood. 
Evacuations black, resembling pitch. Discharge of blood from the nose and 
mouth. Swelling in the region of the stomach. Total loss of appetite. 
Vomiting of food in dogs, which appears to be only half digested. Panting ; 
difficult respiration ; threatened suffocation. Suffocative cough— dry. Irrita- 
tion in the bronchia. Convulsive startings in the limbs. Stiffness and 
arched condition of the back. 



KALI BICHROMICVM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Head. — Heaviness, and throbbings in the head. Ver- 
tigo every two hours, lasting for twelve hours, with extreme prostration of 
strength. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Redness and inflammation of eyes ; heaviness 
and soreness of the eyes. The eyes are inflamed, with yellow discharge. 
Eyelids inflamed and much swollen. Yellow color of the whites of the eyes, as 
in jaundice. 

In respect Of the Nose. — Watery discharge, with soreness of the nose. 
Much thick clear mucus from the nose. Sneezing ; soreness, and swelling of 
the nose. Stuffing up of the nose ; masses of thick dark phlegm (like scabs) 
are discharged from the nose. Soreness and ulceration of the interior of the 
nose ; especially of the partition between the nostrils (septum narium). Bleed- 
ing frequent from the nose ; offensive smell from the nose. Loss of smell. 
Fetid discharge from the nose. Caries of the bones of the nose. 

In respect of the Mouth, Tongue, and Throat. — Ulceration of the 

lips. Dryness of the mouth and throat. Tongue dry ; ulcer on it ; tongue 
smooth, red, or cracked. Redness, swelling, inflammation, or ulceration in 
throat. Formation of a tenacious, yellowish, false membrane in the throat. 
(Diphtheria and croup, in the human subject.) 

In respect of the Appetite and Stomach. — Loss of appetite. Nausea, 

vomiting. Ulcer in the stomach, with vomiting of mucus and blood. 

In respect Of the Stool and Urine. — Constipation ; bloody stools, or 
mucus and blood ; urine yellow ; scanty ; high-colored ; red. Complete sup- 
pression of urine, with small pulse and excessive prostration of strength. 

In respect to Genitals. — Yellow, ropy leucorrhcea, that can be drawn 
out into strings. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — False membranous forma- 
tions in the nose, fauces, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes. Cough with 



MATERIA MEDICA. 591 

expectoration of tough stringy mucus, similar to that from the nose. Chronic, 
hoarse cough ; worse in the morning. Great difficulty of breathing. 

In respect of the Back, Neck, and Limbs.— Chronic rheumatism ; 

stiffness in the back, and nape of the neck ; stiffness in the shoulder-joint ; 
rheumatic pains in the limbs, worse at night. 

In respect Of the Skin. — Eruption like measles. Large, painful ulcers, 
with dark centre, and overhanging edges. Sloughing sores. Ulcers with in- 
flamed, bright red border, hardened base, movable on the subjacent tissues 
and with a blackish spot in the centre. Abrasions readily ulcerate. 

General Symptoms. — Excessive weakness; small pulse ; debility emacia- 
tion ; stiffness all over ; rheumatic pains and stiffness in all the joints. Pains 
which change about, from one part to another. Symptoms worse or are pro- 
duced in hot weather ; worse in the morning. Nasal gleet ; with fluent, acrid 
discharge (coryza), which excoriates the parts over which it flows. Chronic 
catarrh ; especially when rheumatic affections are also present. Cough with 
rattling sound, as if of loose but tough mucus in the chest. Rheumatic affec- 
tions, which change from one part to another ; are worse in the morning, from 
cold, and even in summer. (Rheumatism worse in winter requires rather Rhus 
tox.) Ulceration of the throat and glottis. Stringy saliva. Loss of appetite. 
Colic at night, abdomen sensitive to pressure. Constipation ; stools scanty, 
knotty, dry. Urine dark, watery, strong smelling. 



KALI CABBONICTJM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Yellowish or reddish 

spots or patches upon the skin, provoked to emit a sanious fluid by being 
rubbed or scratched; the animal is constantly scratching or rubbing itself; 
the skin is extremely tender of being touched, as if there were subcutaneous 
soreness ; red, burning, tender, and itching swellings ; parched dryness of the 
skin, with absence of perspiration, by obstruction of the pores ; harsh, chippy 
roughness of the skin to the touch ; the skin feels like dried fish-skin ; or else, 
perspiration is very easily provoked by the slightest exertion, or there is 
sweating at night ; falling off of the hair ; dry, harsh sensation of the hair to 
the touch ; the development of malignant and ulcerative vesicles on the skin, 
in various parts ; callous excrescences ; staring, rough, glossless coat ; extreme 
sensitiveness and tenderness of the chest, in particular, to the touch ; flaccid, 
unhealthy puffiness of the skin ; eruption of small vesicles throughout the cel- 
lular tissue ; subcutaneous invermination ; the bristles easily drawn, and the 
extraction followed by slight oozing of blood ; subcutaneous lumps and nodosi- 
ties, sometimes terminating in external development and suppuration ; nodosi- 
ties of this kind especially about the neck (of well-bred horses) ; frequent rigors 
and chills in the daytime ; shivering fits towards night. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Irregular and slightly accelerated ; or soft and 
wavering, without acceleration or fulness ; or very small, and somewhat hard, 
or rather wiry. 



592 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

In respect Of Rumination. — Diminished and imperfect ; rumination is 
performed in an erect position ; or if casually the animal lies down to rumi- 
nate, it quickly gets up again; rumination suspended. 

In respect Of the Appetite — Increased and morbid hunger, without 
much feeding when food is offered ; appetite gradually diminished or deterio- 
rated ; daintiness in respect of food ; the animal appears to seek eagerly after 
food which is not offered to it, but when offered, picks at it a little, and leaves 
it } distension and tightness of the belly after the least food ; evident inaction 
of the stomach ; coldness of the stomach ; accumulation of wind in the intes- 
tines, with partial or abundant repulsion of flatulency. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Heat and swelling of the 

testes ; excessive exaltation of sexual instinct ; nymphomania, or else abso- 
lute depression and suspension ; discharge of blood or floodings during preg- 
nancy ; corrosive discharge of whitish or yellowish matter. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Discharge of worms of various kinds 
with the excrements ; inaction of the terminal bowel ; slow and difficult dis- 
charge of large lumpy evacuations ; constipation, alternated with diarrhoea ; 
excrements mingled with blood and phlegm, or terminating in continued and 
debilitating diarrhoea. 

In respect of the Urine. — -Constant urging to stool, with scanty and 
imperfect discharge, or very frequent discharge of urine. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Threat, Nose, &c. — 
Pallid, sickly, or yellowish hue of the muzzle, and of the parts about the 
mouth, eyes, and nose ; fissures, and exfoliation of the lips ; bloated and ulce- 
rated lips ; discoloration, and unhealthy leaden hue or redness, with swelling 
of the gums ; the tongue swollen, and, as well as the mouth, characterized by 
the development of vesicles more or less ulcerative ; mouth and tongue excori- 
ated ; abundant secretion of somewhat adhesive saliva ; offensive odor (bor- 
dering on rottenness i emitted from the mouth ; considerable collection of 
phlegm in the throat and over the palate ; difficulty of swallowing, from inac- 
tion of the muscles of the throat ; internal ulceration of the nose ; burning heat, 
redness, and swelling of the nose ; development of pustules on the nose ; dis- 
charge of blood from the nose in the morning ; the nose very dry, or charac- 
terized by watery, thick, yellowish, greenish, or bloody discharge of phlegm 
and matter. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Dry cough morning and 
evening, and during the night ; hoarseness, and diminished power of intona- 
tion ; the neighing, lowing, bellowing, bleating, barking, &c, becomes feeble, 
muffled, and stifled ; shortness of breath, or impeded or oppressed breathing, 
attended with palpitation of the heart, and throbbing of the enlarged lobe of 
the right or left lung, provoked by the slightest exertion ; a hard swelling is 
felt in either side, or in the left side particularly, which communicates a pal- 
pable pulsation ; swelling and induration, or excessive protuberance of the 
glands of the neck and nether jaw ; wheezing, anxious, laborious, and moan- 
ing respiration. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Rough and fissured skin ; coldness, 
torpor, and numbness ; stiffness of the joints ; tumefaction of the legs and feet, 
the latter especially; stiffness of the limbs and joints, provoked or aggravated 
by cold or by violent exertion ; trembling of the fore legs. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 593 

KALI SUZPHUKATUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Severe, continued, and debilitating 
diarrhoea ; diarrhoea, as oecasionied by sudden chill or check of perspiration, 
by being exposed to sudden changes of temperature, or to inclemency of 
weather ; diarrhoea, more especially such as that occasioned by excessive or 
very succulent or flatulent food ; diarrhoea, as occasioned by browsing frosted 
grass ; very liquid evacuations, generally mingled with viscid phlegm ; exces- 
sively relaxed evacuations, evidently attended with considerable pain ; flatu- 
lent diarrhoea, especially after drinking, and still more frequently if there has 
been copious drinking immediately after severe exertion. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — The animal lies stretched 
out at full length, and can barely be induced to move, or lies flat on the flank, 
the legs being drawn up close to the belly, and the head stretched backwards ; 
or else, the animal maintains an erect position, the head stretched forward, 
almost without motion, and moaning continually ; or the animal shrinks in- 
stinctively, and as if with horror, from food or drink ; in very severe cases, 
the animal becomes insensible, falls in moaning, and struggles violently, 
ejecting small quantities of sour green matter from the mouth and nostrils. 

In respect Of Rumination. — Rumination is suspended. 

In respect of the Pulse. — In common, it is slightly accelerated, and 
even sometimes fluttering and irregular, but these are casual and fitful symp- 
toms. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Extreme and most unusual degree of 
coldness ; rigidity, with excessive coldness of the limbs ; icy coldness of the 
ears. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Scanty and turbid. 

In respect Of the Mouth and Throat. — Deglutition difficult and im- 
peded, perhaps occasioned, to a certain extent, by the constant rising and up- 
ward expulsion of flatulency ; considerable accumulation of phlegm in the 
mouth ; increased secretion of watery saliva. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — The whole of the 
belly, and especially the left side, inordinately puffed up ; the flank is hard and 
distended, and does not yield to pressure ; or else, with more moderate symp- 
toms, there is slight heaving of the flanks. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Heavy, impeded breath- 
ing, or the breathing slightly accelerated ; palpitation of the heart operating 
to oppress the breath. 

KBEOSOTE. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Head. — Dulness ; vertigo ; heaviness ; beating and 
throbbing in the head ; falling off of the hair. 

In respect Of the Eyes, — Eedness and swelling of the lids ; chronic 



594 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

swelling and thickening of the borders of the lids ; flow of tears, hot, acrid ; 
suppuration of the eyes. 

Ill respect of the Ears. — Inflammation and swelling of the ears. 

Ill respect Of the Nose. — Sneezing ; bleeding of the nose ; fetid smell of 
the nose, with loss of appetite. 

In respect of the Stool and Urinary and Genital Organs. — Con- 
stipation, with hard, dry stool ; diminished secretion of urine ; frequent desire 
to urinate, with copious emission, especially at night ; clear urine, with copi- 
ous discharge ; profuse, acrid, or bloody discharge from the womb and vagina ; 
corrosive, badly -smelling discharge, with debility ; burning and swelling of the 
bearing. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Wheezing, spasmodic cough ; 

difficult and anxious breathing ; shortness of breath ; heaviness and oppression 
of the chest. 

General Symptoms. — Chilliness ; nightly pains ; decay of the teeth as 
soon as they appear. 

Especially adapted to putrid diseases. In its therapeutic effect, as well as 
in its chemical nature and smell, it much resembles Carbolic acid. 



LACHESIS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Full and bounding pulse ; intermittent or 
irregular pulse ; small pulse, with or without acceleration ; feeble and quick- 
ened pulse ; small and intermittent pulse ; very quick pulse, with exhaustion. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Dry parching heat 
towards night, and until midnight ; sometimes excessive heat, confined almost 
exclusively to the extremities, but generally extreme coldness, particularly of 
.the lower extremities, if not of the whole surface of the body ; profuse, and 
'often fetid, sweat following the hot stage ; slow, hectic, nervous, or periodical 
; fevers, attended with gradual or rapid loss of strength and condition ; fever 
rrecurring at night, or every other night, or every third or fourth night, and 
^attended with progressive wasting of the body ; rigors, and violent shivering 
and trembling, even during the greatest prevalence of heat ; cold and, occasion- 
.ally, bloody sweat; cold or bloody sweat, with progressive emaciation and 
shedding of the bristles (of pigs) and of the hair (of animals generally) ; the 
last-mentioned symptom often accompanied with general redness of the skin ; 
a suffused redness of the pores of the skin, with excessive, continual, and in- 
-tolerable irritation ; oozing of blood through the pores of the skin ; extravasa- 
tion of blood beneath the scarf skin ; ulcerative and other wounds and sores, 
which are easily provoked to bleed, and which continue to bleed long and pro- 
fusely ; ulcerative sores, encircled by vesicular or pustular eruptions, or by 
subordinate ulcers ; the skin is variously yellowish or greenish, or characterized 
by a livid, leaden, or purplish, or even blackish tint, particularly in the vicinity 
of the sores, &c. ; red, and intensely irritative and itching lumps beneath the 
skin ; putrefaction and detachment of the flesh from the ulcers when they have 
assumed a cancerous or rotten character ; wounds which assume a malignant, 
rmortilying aspect. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 595 

In respect Of the Disposition. — Peculiar versatility ; transitions from 
intense excitement and acute nervous susceptibility, to sullen, morose, apa- 
thetic, and indifferent humor, or utter depression, or vice versa, frantic delirium. 

In respect of the Head. — Sudden fits of falling, occasioned by rush of 
blood to the head and brain (when there is intense heat, and sometimes throb- 
bing, at the root of the horn or ears) ; giddiness, with staggering and reeling, 
and, finally, with precipitate fall; excessive giddiness, evinced by reeling, &c, 
especially after lying down, or first assuming an erect position ; throbbing in 
the temples ; excessive tenderness of the head (particularly between the horns 
or ears) to the touch, the animal suddenly dropping or shaking its head when 
so touched. 

In respect Of the Throat. — Excessive dryness of the throat, sometimes 
merely local, but generally extending through the entire cavity of the mouth 
to the palate, gums, and glands. Continual effort at deglutition abruptly ar- 
rested as if it were by the pressure of some hard extraneous body in the throat ; 
gulping, or convulsive effort to swallow, attended with & frightful gasp; inflam- 
matory swelling, redness, and soreness of the throat ; swelling, redness, and 
parched heat of the glands of the throat ; development of tumors in the throat ; 
incapability of swallowing liquids especially ; the slightest pressure, or even 
touch applied to the throat, occasions evident torture to the animal ; the act 
of swallowing even the saliva occasions severe suffering, as evinced by the 
movements of the animal ; the symptoms have usually the appearance of being 
more intense after sleeping, or of being alleviated by eating solid food. Swell- 
ing and often intense redness of the tonsils ; the development of fetid and sup- 
purating, or even putrid ulcers in the back part of the mouth and in the throat ; 
considerable collection of very adhesive, glutinous, or stringy phlegm in the 
throat. 

In respect of the Nose. — -The nose is obstructed as if internally swollen; 
profuse discharge of bright red blood from the nose ; profuse discharge of blood 
of any color, or particularly of dark and blackish blood from the nose ; dis- 
charge of matter from the nose ; the edges of the nostrils are red, swollen, fis- 
sured, and excoriated, and there are incrustations of dry or humid scabs in the 
interior of the nostrils ; chronic, dry affection of the nose, as of cold, either 
characterized by stoppage of the nose, by thin, hot, acrid, or watery discharge, 
or by copious exudation of thick sanious matter, with soreness and inflamma- 
tion of the nose ; or, also, by profuse, hot, corrosive flow of tears ; or, again, 
by incessant sneezing. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Diminution and insufficiency of ear-wax; dry- 
ness, with or without heat, or swelling of the ears ; severe swelling of the in- 
ternal cavity ; discharge of blood from the ears ; altered sense of hearing, either 
to intense acuteness, or to dulness almost amounting to insensibility or deaf- 
ness. Incrustations, scabs, excoriations, and eruptions of pimples or vesicles 
behind and around the roots of the ears. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Gums, Tongue, &c. — intense 
dryness, with or without inflammatory swelling, of the whole interior of the 
mouth and of the tongue, or profuse secretion of watery fluid in the mouth ; 
copious and watery salivation ; the tongue is fissured and of a bright, vivid 
redness ; intense inflammation of the tongue ; tumefaction, puffed, or bloated 
state of the tongue, with brownish or blackish hue, and motionless rigidity, as 



596 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

if completely paralyzed ; the gums are swollen and so tender as not to bear the 
slightest touch ; the teeth are generally loosened, the gums being retracted 
from the immediate circumference of the teeth, although so bloated as to rise 
above the usual degree, and apparently to lessen the length or protrusion of 
the teeth ; the teeth are brittle ; discharge of blood more or less bright from 
the mouth. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Absolute repugnance to all food, or repug- 
nance to the usual food, with morbid craving after unnatural or even filthy 
things ; intolerable and unquenchable thirst, with or without total inability to 
swallow liquids ; vomiting sometimes immediately supervenes after eating ; or 
eating is followed by reeling, giddiness, and precipitate falling. 

Ill respect Of the Excrements. — Convulsive closing of the anus, with 
or without slow, difficult, hard, and generally scanty evacuations. Dry, hard, 
knotty, and discolored excrements, with very constipated condition ; evacua- 
tions, whether hard and costive, or soft and relaxed, more or less discolored 
with blood, or with brownish, blackish, or frothy, or bloody-looking matter ; 
expulsion of blood only, or of bloody phlegm ; alternation of costiveness and 
looseness ; or, more properly, obstinate and continued looseness, becoming 
more and more gangrenous, succeeds to the previous costiveness ; evacuations 
especially dark and very relaxed, or liquid evacuations of a fetor almost amount- 
ing to putrescence ; the various conditions of the excrements often more ex- 
plicitly characterized by the protrusion of hemorrhoidal tumors, especially of 
bleeding tumors, and by protrusion of the intestine ; spontaneous evacuations 
occasioned by paralysis of the hind quarters. 

In respect Of tlie Urine. — Frothy urine ; urine mingled with blood ; 
brownish urine ; yellowish-red urine ; continual urging to micturate ; frequent 
and profuse discharge, or spasmodic urging, with difficult, scanty discharge or 
even retention ; paralytic incontinence of urine, with spontaneous discharge. 

In respect Of the Milk. — Diminished secretion or total drying up of the 
milk ; milk of an altered quality, curdling or readily turning sour, or separating 
the denser and whiter fluid from the bluish and watery, either by wavy floc- 
culent agglomerations, or even by precipitating instead of consistent, super- 
ficial creaming. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Discharge of the peculiar 

glairy fluid from the bearing, which announces parturition or abortion ; bloody 
and mucous discharges ; discharges of dark and fetid matters mingled with 
blood. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Close, stifled, suffocative 

cough ; breathing accelerated, short, oppressed, panting, and heaving, attended 
with violent, continued, or fitful palpitation of the heart. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Skin symptoms as previously de- 
scribed ; trembling or absolute paralysis of the limbs, especially of the hind 
quarters, the animal being planted upon its haunches, and making ineffectual 
efforts to move, at the same time howling or bellowing pitifully. 

Staggering gait. Head confused. Sufferings from long standing in the heat 
of the sun. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 597 

LBDTJM T ALV STBE. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Rapid deposition of 

morbid fat, which as quickly wastes away ; false condition ; general bloatedness 
of the whole surface of the body ; development of yellow and black spots or 
patches on the skin ; bluish or livid spots over the whole surface ; fever fits in 
the evening ; violent and cold shiverings ; perspiration easily provoked ; scaling 
off of the scarf skin ; casting of the hair or wool ; peculiar patchy decidence of 
the wool or hair ; the wool is readily pulled out ; dry, scaling, vesicular erup- 
tions ; swelling of the glands of the throat ; the skin is flabby and ill-conditioned ; 
the muscular fibre is relaxed and flaccid, and incapable of proper tension ; there 
is considerable enlargement of the belly, and greater puflaness as the flesh falls 
away; crackling sound upon pressure of the skin, especially of the flanks; 
general dropsical swelling. 

In respect of the Eyes. — The protuberance at the inner corner of the 
eye is red, and the small vessels of the corner of the eye are turgid ; the vessels 
of the eye are filled with a brownish serous fluid ; the protuberance in the 
corner of the eye is sometimes yellow ; the vessels of the eye are red and dis- 
tended ; there is considerable swelling and inflammatory redness of the small 
protruding gland in the corner of the eye ; the inflammatory redness extends 
to the surface of the eye and to the eyelids ; the pupils become excessively 
dilated ; hot and scalding watery discharge from the eyes ; accumulation of 
thick, yellowish, or brownish matter along the margins of the eyelids and in 
the corners of the eyes, and causing adhesion of the eyelids. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Gums, Threat, Ncse, &c. — 

Purplish, livid, or leaden hue of the membranes ; tumid, bloated, and purple 
tongue; the gums and the interior surfaces of the mouth, generally, are easily 
provoked to bleed ; the breath exceedingly fetid, owing to the fetor emanating 
not only from progressive intestinal decomposition, but occasioned by the local 
condition of the membranes. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Increase of thirst in comparison to the 
more or less rapid decrease of the appetite ; feeble, maudlin, or dainty hunger, 
which is readily appeased ; craving for cold water ; internal heat, manifested 
by constant and absorbing thirst ; peculiar thirst of hectic fever. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Catching of the breath ; 

interrupted respiration ; breathing momentarily suspended and terminating in 
cough ; accelerated or puffing respiration ; or thick, oppressed breathing, ag- 
gravated by motion. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — At first constipation, resulting in pro- 
tracted and unmanageable diarrhoea ; excessive flatulency and frequent expul- 
sion of wind ; the diarrhceic evacuations early present an admixture of blood 
and phlegm, which continue to increase (in proportion to the excremental 
matter). 

In respect of the Urine. — Frequent and profuse discharge ; or constant 
inclination or urging to stale, followed by inconsiderable emission and the im- 



598 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

mediate return of the urging ; the urinary passage is swollen and obstructed, 
and the orifice nearly closed. 

Ill respect of the Extremities. — Inflamed or dropsical swelling of the 
limbs ; hot swelling of the legs above and below the knee-joint ; tenderness of 
the soles of the feet, evinced by the cautious manner in which the animal picks 
its way and grounds the feet ; hard and distended tumefaction of the Avhole leg, 
and of the knee-joint in particular ; stiffness of the joints in general, and of the 
pastern and fetlock joints especially ; stiffness of the knee, with distension of 
the skin ; cracking of the knees when moving ; trembling of the knees, whether 
in rest or motion ; nodosities in the joints generally. 



LYCpBODIUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Increased heat at 

the root of the horn ; arid dryness of the skin ; scaly dryness ; rough and harsh 
feeling of the skin to the touch ; cracking, puckering, and wrinkling of the 
skin ; bare spots, occasioned by the total decidence of the hair or wool from 
certain places ; large red patches, spots, or stains upon the skin ; variegated 
dandriff; callous vesicular eruptions of a broAvnish color, intersected in all 
directions, in the midst of dense incrustations, by cracks and fissures ; sore- 
ness and local incrustations ; absence of sufficient vital heat ; fetid or adhe- 
sive sweating at night ; slow nocturnal fever, — the chill occurring towards 
evening. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Craving, morbid, immoderate, or unnatu- 
ral appetite ; a total absence of appetite ; if any false appetite before eating, 
the touch of food immediately induces an apparent repugnance to eat ; thirst, 
constantly recurring at night. 

Ill respect Of Rumination. — Suspended, or indolent, languid, and im- 
perfect. 

la respect of the Excrements. — Pale and putrid evacuations ; obsti- 

emission of phlegm, mingled with blood 
flatulent distension of the belly after evacuating ; 
sometimes ulceration during pregnancy. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Incontinence and spontaneous emission; 
strong and constant inclination and urging to stale, and very frequent dis- 
charges of urine ; blood is passed instead of water ; dark-colored urine ; yel- 
low-brownish urine ; saffron-colored urine. 

In respect Of the Organs of Generation. — Development of an inflam- 
matory scarlet petechial protuberance at the extremity of the organ, or in the 
interior of the bearing, accompanied by thick, yellowish or creamy discharge. 
Constant irritation of the bearing in the female, evinced by her rubbing the 
parts against trees, walls, and the like harsh and rough surfaces ; undue and 
continued dryness of the vagina. The formation of nodosities, calculi, and 
hard lumpy tumors about the lacteal glands. 

In respect of the Stomach and Digestive Functions Generally. — 

Enlargement of the region about the stomach, so tender that the animal 



MATERIA MEDICA. 599 

shrinks from the slightest touch or pressure. Enlargement and hardness of 
the liver and adjacent parts, also very tender to the touch ; crampy, clawing, 
stinging pains about the liver, spleen, and stomach, evinced by sudden in- 
terruption, retention, and catching of the breath ; distension and appearance 
of excessive repletion in the stomach generally. Spontaneous flow of water 
from the mouth, occasioned by acid rising and nausea. Vomiting of bilious 
yellow or greenish matter ; or vomiting of undigested food and bile — some- 
times also of blood. Fits of vomiting, which frequently occur at night, or be- 
fore feeding in the morning. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Yellowness of the skin of the adjacent parts ; 
faint yellow hue of the conjunctiva ; suffused brownish-yellow hue of the mem- 
branes of the eye ; the eyelids are red, inflamed, and coated with purulent 
matter, which agglutinates. There is more or less bright, vivid, inflamma- 
tory redness of the eyes, with extreme contraction of the pupils ; specks, more 
or less opaque, upon the cornea ; ulceration of the cornea ; the formation of 
ulcers on the inner side of the eyelids ; tenderness of light and lachrymation, 
provoked by exposing the eyes to the strong light of day, or even to artificial 
light ; watery discharge from the eyes ; development of stye upon the eyelid ; 
the sight is obscured by a whitish matter, which overspreads the surface of 
the transparent parts ; discoloration of the iris. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Internal inflammation and ulceration ; accu- 
mulation of matter in the ears. The animal starts at the least noise, but 
the ears are motionless, or hang in a peculiar listless manner, but are never 
erect or in play. In other cases the animal appears unconscious of sound. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Month, Teeth, Gums, Throat, £c. — 
Dryness, heat, and yellowish hue of the muzzle and mouth, and similar color, 
more or less brownish or leaden, of the membranes of the nose and mouth 
generally. The glands of the nether jaw swollen ; — the upper lip slightly en- 
larged ; paleness and ulceration of the lip. The gums swollen and ulcerated ; 
the teeth yellow, and further characterized by a peculiar and continual (not 
spasmodic) grinding ; the mouth is dry ; the superficial membranes being tense, 
anu the tongue enlarged, dull, and stagnant, or characterized by peculiar 
spontaneous motion. The tongue is also excessively foul, loaded with a yel- 
lowish-brown or blackish-brown fur. Bleeding of the mouth ; noisome, rotten, 
putrid smell of the mouth ; the nostrils obstructed, or characterized by in- 
creased susceptibility of scent ; discharges of blood from the nose ; twitching 
of the muscles of the nose ; swelling, with a very offensive discharge ; dryness 
and heat of the nose ; — incrustations within the nostrils ; ulceration of the 
nostrils. Heat, dryness, and inflammatory redness of the throat ; redness, in- 
flammation, and suppuration of the tonsils. 

In respect Of the Fulse. — Hard and accelerated, or very small and ac- 
celerated. » 

In respect Of the Organs Of Respiration. — Accelerated respiration, 
with panting, and heaving of the flanks ;— cough at night, or after deglutition 
of fluids Hoarseness and roughness of respiration. Continual, small, sub- 
dued, dry cough. Cough, with ejection of blood and matter, or of both. 
Short, laborious breathing ; oppressed breathing, accompanied by an acceler- 
ated and more perceptible, but feeble and fluttering pulsation of the heart ; or, 
in other cases, by a full, thick, impeded, and forcing palpitation. 



600 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Callous excrescences ; spontaneous 
trembling ; coldness ; coldness, alternated with heat and swelling ; cold sweat, 
with excoriation ; spontaneous oscillation of the hind quarters ; distortion and 
swelling of the joints ; enlargement of certain tendons (conglobate glands) ; 
splint ; windgalls and bog-spavin, ringbone. 



MERCURIAL PREPARATIONS. 

Merc, vivus; Merc, corros., Merc, jodatus. 

MBBCUMIUS COHBOSIVUS. 

This preparation of Mercury is more suited to severe straining and bloody 
(and mucous) stools in dysentery, especially when the irritation involves the 
urinary passages also. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Head. — Stupor. Vertigo. Violent rush of blood to 
the head. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Swollen, staring, glassy eyes ; contraction of 
the pupils. 

In respect of the Month and Threat. — Inflammation of the throat ; 
gums and lips swollen ; profuse flow of saliva of a disgusting smell. 

In respect of the Stomach and Bowels. — Vomiting, even of blood ; 

inflammation of the stomach, with gangrene. Ulcers in the stomach. Ex- 
cessive colic, with distended and painful abdomen. Diarrhoea, bloody, with 
straining of the bowels, and complication with the bladder, bloody urine; vio- 
lent dysentery, bloody evacuations ; discharge of blood from the bowel. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Irregular, small, contracted pulse ; quick, 
feeble, tremulous pulse. Hectic fever, chilliness. Cold sweats. General 
symptoms : emaciation ; spasms ; convulsions ; paralysis. 

Much used (even externally as a lotion and as an injection) to heal up ab- 
scesses and ulcerations used for spavins ; thickening of tendons, and bursal en- 
largements. 

3IEMCVBIUS JODATUS (Iodide of Mercury). 

This chemical combination of Iodine and Mercury preserves many of the 
qualities of each of its elements. It will be found valuable in glandular swell- 
ings, especially in the throat. Compare Iodine. Merc. jod. has been recom- 

but Phytolacca is far better. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 601 

MERCURITJS VIVVS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Hurried, or accelerated and irregular ; small 
and tremulous, or slow and tremulous : slow and intermittent ; small and ac- 
celerated ; tremulous and accelerated, or irregular, small, and tremulous. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Profuse and colli- 
quative sweats ; profuse sweating at night, and during rest ; sweating while 
eating or after eating ; saffron-colored sweat ; offensive sweat ; sweat with a 
peculiar sour and nauseous odor. Eecurrence of the fever-symptoms towards 
night ; shivering, rigors, and coldness of the entire frame upon waking ; rigors, 
attended with intense coldness of the extremities, or with the manifestation of 
a leaden or livid hue of the skin, upon examination, or evinced in the bare 
parts. Intense heat of the head between the ears, or at the root of the horns, 
as well as (with dryness) of the muzzle, and of the eyes, mouth, throat, neck, 
and adjacent parts, with extreme coldness of the rest of the body, characterized 
by the exudation of cold profuse sweat, settling like dew upon the coat, and 
accompanied with violent shivering and trembling of the body and limbs. 
Inflammation and ulceration of the glands generally ; pustular, moist, oozing 
eruptions, which quickly form incrustations, and which bleed very readily 
when touched, the scales being easily removed by friction ; pustular eruptions 
exuding thick matter ; enlargement and excrescences of the bones ; affections 
of the bones generally ; swelling, enlargement, thickening, and hardening of 
the coatings of the bone ; abscesses of the joints ; mealy, dry, irritative, vesic- 
ular eruptions ; livid and spreading gnawing ulcers, characterized by the 
presence of proud flesh, and bleeding upon the least touch. Yellow color of 
the skin, conveyed to the transpiring fluids. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Gums, Tongue, Throat, Nose 

&C. — Yellow or blackish color of the muzzle ; the interior of the mouth in 
flamed and swollen, red and excoriated, or bluish, or ash-colored and bloated 
ulcers in the vicinity of the salivary glands, with copious and excessive secre 
tion of very offensive, or even bloody saliva. Extreme dryness of the mouth 
or, otherwise, a profusion of viscid phlegm in the mouth. Eruption of nume 
rous small white vesicles in the mouth ; aphthae ; blistered and ulcerated mouth 
carious ulceration of the palate. The tongue puckered, and feeling shrivelled 
to the touch, as if scalded ; the tongue hard, swollen, inflamed, ulcerated, 
motionless, or quivering. Moist tongue, with thick, white coating of phlegm ; 
or dry tongue, with blackish coating. Suppurative inflammation of the tonsils ; 
swelling, redness, and severe inflammation of the throat, and adjacent parts. 
Continual and ineffectual effort to swallow or very convulsive deglutition. 
Fluids cannot be swallowed, and are ejected through the nostrils in the effort. 
The teeth blackened, loose, and cast out. The gums ulcerated, or bluish and 
very tender ; gums characterized by proud flesh, and readily provoked to bleed ; 
gums parted from the surface of the teeth. The lips rough, harsh, dry, and 
of a dark-bluish or brownish color. Yellow incrustations about the lips and 
muzzle. The corners of the mouth scabby, cracked, and ulcerated. The 
glands of the lower jaw inflamed and swollen ; the jaws clenched and fixed. 
The bones of the nose large and very tender. Constant fits of sneezing. 



602 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — The margins of the eyelids ulcerated and 
scabby ; the eyelids red, tumid, and inflamed ; extreme tenderness of light ; 
inflammation of the eyes ; the conjunctiva or sclerotica vividly red ; copious 
watering of the eyes ; eyes fixed and sparkling ; scabs concreting around the 
eyes ; injection of the vessels of the sclerotica, or of the outer corners of the 
eyes. Spasmodic serration of the eyelids. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Insufficient quantity of the cerumen ; tender- 
ness, inflammation, and swelling of the adjacent glands. Excrescences of the 
nature of proud flesh in the ears, emanating from their excoriated and ulcer- 
ated condition. 

In respect Of the Milk. — Unnatural drying up of the milk. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Great restlessness and uneasiness; 
inabilit}' to stand up long together, and equal inability to retain a recumbent 
position ; the animal stands motionless, with the head stretched out, or paces 
abstractedly backwards and forwards ; disposition to remain apart : phrensy, 
furious delirium ; plunging with the head against solid objects ; reeling to the 
left, staggering, and falling precipitately. After falling, champing furiously, 
or lashing with the tail; frantic and precipitate career ; convulsive and spasmodic 
movements ; or totally inert, torpid, motionless, and senseless prostration. 

Ill respect of the Appetite. — Total loss of appetite ; or craving appe- 
tite, which the utmost voracity cannot appease ; appetite unnaturally increased ; 
craving after improper food, or inclination to eat things unfit for food ; dainty 
appetite, which is glutted at the first mouthful ; night and day, continual, 
intense, unquenchable, and burning thirst. 

In respect of the Digestive Functions Generally. — Violent fits of 

vomiting, with spasmodic and convulsive twitches and contortions. 

In respect of the Stomach and Intestines. — Excessive tenderness of 

the chest and upper part of the stomach ; the region about the liver is so tender, 
that the animal cannot bear the slightest touch ; the animal winces and shrinks 
when the hand is laid upon the flank ; great soreness and tenderness of the 
region about the navel, and of the stomach generally, to the touch ; the belly 
hard, knotty, and distended. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Hard, knotty, dense (very pale and 
yellow, or very dark) evacuations ; constant but ineffectual urging ; or very 
loose evacuations, more or less mingled with blood, and characterized by the 
presence of much phlegm ; phlegm, mingled with blood, evacuated with severe 
straining ; saffron-colored, brown, or red discharges of excrement, excessively 
offensive, and even putrid, and more or less qualified by the presence of bile 
and phlegm ; frothy evacuations ; threadworms observable in the evacuations. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Very frequent and profuse discharges of 
urine (usually accompanied with and characterized by excessive wasting of 
the body) ; urine very dark, bright yellow, blood color, or creamy ; turgid, 
thick, flocculent, or depositing a rust-colored sediment ; urine excessively 
offensive ; discharge of blood in the place of urine ; discharge of flocculent or 
thready phlegm after staling. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation in the Female. — Flooding 

discharges of bright red arterial blood from the womb ; protrusion of the 
vagina ; swelling and induration, with extreme tenderness of the udder and 
lacteal glands ; suppurative ulceration of the lacteal organs. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 603 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Dry cough; continual 

hoarseness and huskiness ; husky, stifled, and insonorous cough ; ejection of 
pure hlood from the mouth and nostrils by coughing ; accelerated, short, dif- 
ficult, panting, or oppressed inspiration ; heaving of the flanks. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Convulsive movements (more dis- 
tinctly developed in the extremities) ; in other respects as regards the bones, 
cuticle, glands, hair, &c, &c, the general symptoms before recited may be 
locally applied. 

Summary. — Catarrh ; common cold. Soreness of the throat. Enlarged 
glands, before and after suppuration. Abscess of large size, secreting a thin, 
badly-smelling pus. Mange. Grease. Swelling of the legs ; moist, oozing 
eruptions, that form a thick scab. Abscess in, and swelling of, the joints. 
Diseases of boue ; hardening or caries of the bones. Pains in the teeth of dogs. 
Sweating in horses after a meal. Heat about the head and ears, with coldness 
of other parts. Yellow color of the skin of the mouth, nose, and white of the 
eyes. Interior of the mouth ulcerated, or inflamed and swollen. Mouth hot, 
dry. Tongue dry and parched, or with a yellow-brown, or even blackish coat. 
The teeth become blackish, loose, and ultimately fall out. Throat swollen and 
ulcerated ; difficulty in swallowing. Nostrils red and inflamed, with copious 
discharge. Foul-smelling discharge from the nose. Breathing oppressed; 
heaving of the flanks. Cough frequent ; incessant cough ; sometimes hoarse, 
apparently from irritation. Pulse irregular, weak, small, tremulous. Con- 
siderable weakness of the body and legs. Pain and tenderness, in the region 
of the liver, and stomach, to very slight pressure. The animal flinches. In 
dogs the belly feels hard and knotty. Excrement passed in small lumps, cov- 
ered with a slimy mucus. Diarrhoea, consisting of mucus, or slime and blood. 
Worms, both ascarides and the teres. Urine brown, thick, or sometimes 
bloody. 

3IJEZEREJJ31 ( Daphne). 

Mercurial affections, especially those involving the periosteum and bones. 

Inflammation of the periosteum, or covering of the bones, particularly of the 
fore leg, with aggravation at night. 

Ulcers of the bones, with disease of the soft parts ; fistulas of tlie bones. 

Bheumatic pains, of one side, with chills and shuddering, aggravated by the 
touch, and by motion of the affected parts. 

Swelling of the glands. 

Ulcers, sensitive and easily bleeding ; painful at night ; the matter from them 
forms a scab. 

Leucorrhcea, corroding, of semi-transparent mucus. 

Cough, deep, hollow, hoarse, with vomiting after eating. 



MILLEFOLIUM (Yarrow). 

Principally used for hemorrhages of almost every kind ; flow of blood from 
the nose, lungs, kidneys, bowels, and genital organs ; dysentery ; haemorrhoids, 
or bleeding piles ; hsematuria, or bloody urine ; flow of blood after or with 
abortion; leucorrhoea. 



604 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

Dose. — From three to ten drops, from thirty minutes to two or three hours, 
according to the size of the patient and the urgency of the symptoms. 

MUMIATIS ACIDUM. 
Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Intermittent ; feeble, accelerated, and inter- 
mittent ; or small, accelerated, and intermittent. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Black pores, black 

pustules ; putrid and gangrenous ulcers, with red and elevated eruptions ; 
eruptions of a scaly or crustaceous description ; vesicular eruptions, terminat- 
ing in patchy, scabious surfaces ; eruptions of the nature of mange, character- 
ized, in respect of muriatic acid, by a peculiar parched, harsh, and continual 
dryness of the skin, and by the rare occurrence of perspiration ; coldness of the 
whole frame predominates over heat ; shivering fits, which do not terminate in 
heat, however transient ; shivering, with constant yawning and stretching (ab- 
sence of thirst) ; hot fits, accompanied with excessive uneasiness and restless- 
ness (absence of thirst) ; sweating sometimes occurring during the first sleep, 
but rarely. 
In respect of the Movements and Position. — Repugnance to motion 

or exertion ; unconquerable indolence ; excessive inclination to lie down and 
to remain undisturbed, and apparently perfectly apathetic ; upon rising, reel- 
ing giddiness supervenes ; the animal staggers, wheels to the left, totters, and 
falls, after which nothing will succeed in rousing it for some time ; it appears 
insensible and indifferent. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Putrid ulceration wherever sores 
occur upon the legs ; continual coldness of the feet and legs ; more or less in- 
tense swelling of the knees ; tottering movements from the yielding or bending 
of the knees under the weight of the body, which they have not strength to 
sustain ; total inertia of the tendons and ligaments ; muscular debility, in- 
creased by the morbid state of the bones and coating of the bones ; flaccid 
muscular fibre ; trembling of the knees and of the limbs generally. 

In respect Of the Respiratory Organs. — Deep and groaning breathing ; 
internal gurgling, stifled or sobbing, insonorous, husky cough, indicative of 
internal decomposition ; obstinate and continual hoarseness ; the peculiar 
moan emitted by the animal strongly resembles that uttered by the female on 
the point of labor or of aborting (sometimes with the small, wiry, intermittent 
pulse of aborting, and forcing, with pains also of a similar description). 

In respect Of the Milk. — Decrease and drying up of the milk. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Diminished, or entirely absent ; or in 
other cases morbid and voracious appetite, attended with intense thirst. 

In respect of the Rumination. — Totally suspended. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Inertia of the rectum, which renders 
the evacuations slow and difficult ; very small evacuations ; loose and liquid 
evacuations, attended or followed with considerable squeezing of the parts, in- 
dicative of local heat, pain, or inconvenience occasioned by the discharge ; 
purple and distended hemorrhoidal tumors ; spontaneous discharge of liquid 
evacuations, mingled with a serous fluid, in the act of staling ; protrusion of 



MATERIA MEDICA. 605 

the intestine, provoked by the act of staling ; ejection of blood with the evacu- 
ations ; bleeding hemorrhoidal tumors. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Colliquative discharges of clear watery urine ; 
constant inclination to micturate, and copious discharge. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation in the Female. — Forcing, 

apparently muscular action, having considerable affinity to the throes of labor 
or abortion, and arising from contraction of the womb. 

In respect of the Stomach and Intestines. — Repletion of the belly 

and distension, with flatulency. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — The eyelids are red and swollen. 

In respect of the Ears. — Crustaceous, ulcerative, or vesicular eruptions 
in the ears. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Tongue, Teeth, Nose, 

&C. — The muzzle is characterized by scabs and incrustations, or eruptions of 
a pustular or vesicular character, without incrustation ; bloatedness of the 
nether lip ; putrescent condition of the gums ; the mouth is dry, whilst the 
tongue is paralyzed ; the tongue parched ; ulcers and pustules on the tongue ; 
deadness or torpor of the tongue ; copious salivation ; the throat sore ; discharge 
of serous and malignant matter, or of thick, yellow matter, from the nose ; the 
nose ulcerated and stopped up. 



NATRU3I MUB1ATICUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — The hair falls off in 

large quantities, or may be removed by the handful at a time ; scurfiness of 
the skin ; swelling of the veins ; horny or other callous excrescences ; exces- 
sive sensitiveness of the region of the stomach, flanks, and back ; those parts 
quiver, or are spontaneously retracted, from the touch ; copious and over- 
abundant perspiration with the least exertion ; perspiration on first passing 
from rest to motion, whether in the morning or at any other time ; perspira- 
tion which is very long in drying, or which is aggravated (sometimes) by the 
friction used to dry the animal ; the animal shivers ceaselessly ; general tendi- 
nous flaccidity and relaxation ; the hair or wool lank or limp ; the wool loses 
all its elasticity ; the close spiral curl of the wool becomes extended ; gradual 
and increasing appearance of hair amongst the wool ; coarseness, or very great 
attenuation of fibre ; stagnant and excessive, or deficient yolk ; the fibre of the 
wool is harsh to the touch ; flabbiness of skin and emaciation. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Hot and swollen ; hearing evidently dull and 
obtuse ; thick matter discharged from or accumulated in the ear. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Tongue, Gums, Nose, 

&C. — Fistulous ulceration ; or putrid ulceration and inflammation of the 
gums, with puffy swelling ; teeth dislodged ; vesicles in the mouth ; vesicles 
on the tongue ; profuse secretion of saliva ; the tongue apparently insensible 
on one side ; scurfiness of the nose and muzzle ; muzzle yellowish or gray ; 
vesicular eruptions about the nose ; muzzle and lips dry, fissured, harsh, and 
rough ; great deterioration or total suspension of the scent ; the animal is ob- 



606 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

served frequently to sink the nose between the fore feet or paws, and to rub it 
severely, or to be constantly rubbing one side of the nose or the chin upon the 
manger, &c, movements which are provoked by boring at the nose. 

In respect of the Appetite. — Craving and eager seizure of the food, 
without, however, eating at all, or with inclination to eat only a few mouth- 
fuls ; apparent abhorrence of food, the animal shrinking from it, and crouch- 
ing in an opposite corner when food is placed in the manger, trough, &c. ; 
total absence of appetite, and continual thirst ; inflation of the belly, and un- 
easiness after eating, characterized by a peculiar grunting with sudden expul- 
sion of the breath. 

In respect of the Stomach and Intestines. — Loud rumbling of wind 

in the intestines ; excessive distension ; vomiting of undigested food, and 
sometimes of bile. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Continued, alternated or intermittent 
and periodical costiveness ; ineffectual and continual urging, or urging with 
deficient discharge ; evacuations hard and dry (or sometimes hard and covered 
with glairy slime), and detached piecemeal, — or, as a first symptom, or after, 
or alternately with, costiveness — excessive and mucous relaxation ; long-con- 
tinued diarrhoea, with discharge of matter, or sometimes of blood ; very 
frequent evacuations, with protrusion of the intestine ; spontaneous evacua- 
tion. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Spontaneous discharge of urine. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Excessive and continual 

heat ; heat unappeased by copulation. ( These symptoms are further charac- 
terized by excoriation, vesicular eruptions, and constant itching of the parts, 
as also of the thighs, and interstices between the thighs.) 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Continual, husky, inter- 
nal cough ; morning cough ; hoarse or moist cough, or with ejection of blood 
or phlegm, and vomiting ; chronic cough, — or spasmodic cough, in a recum- 
bent position ; short, obstructed, difficult, hoarse, or wheezing respiration, 
with violent palpitation of the heart, or with periodical or irregular palpita- 
tion ; offensive breath. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Constant tearfulness ; great weakness of the 
eyes, with blinking or drooping of the eyelids ; discharge of matter from the 
eyes, and adhesion to the lids ; sometimes, also, continued irritation of the 
eyes, with heat, redness, or dryness, almost amounting to inflammation. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Great inclination to lie down, which, 
however, provokes or aggravates the sufferings, so as to compel the animal to 
get up again ; continual changes of position from the recumbent to the erect, 
and vice versa, with uneasiness ; or indolent weariness, and repugnance to ex- 
ertion ; if put to work, the animal moves languidly, and with a drooping gait ; 
twisting, screwing, and curling movements of the tail. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Uncertain, faltering, stumbling step, 
with oscillation of the legs, caused by paralytic debility ; swelling and cold- 
ness of the legs and feet ; the cutaneous symptoms as already described. 

Has been used successfully for rot in sheep. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 607 

NITHI ACII>TJM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse.— Intermittent and irregular. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Coldness over the 

whole surface of the body ; constant coldness ; sweating, accompanied with the 
emission of an odor, like that of urine, from the skin ; heat, rarely developed, 
but if present, accompanied with great dryness of the skin, and occurring 
chiefly, if not solely, at night ; black pores ; brown or reddish spots and patches ; 
stained muzzle ; callous excrescences and protuberances ; carious affections ; 
cracking of the skin ; falling off of the hair, &c. ; great tenderness of the scalp, 
and of the bony parts, produced by ulceration of the bones ; withering away 
of the frame, with puckered skin, lankness, and protrusion of the bones ; in- 
flammatory swelling, oozing, and even bleeding, of the urinary organs ; swell- 
ing of the glands of the neck, and between the fore legs. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — The animal is reluctant 

to move, stands with the legs apart, especially the hind legs, — sometimes, also, 
the fore legs, — or with the legs stretched forward and backward, as if in the 
position for staling ; or with the legs closely huddled together under the belly ; 
or else it lies down stretched upon the flank, and with the head stretched 
backwards. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Nose, &c. — The muzzle 

is discolored and stained ; black or brownish spots on the muzzle ; black pores 
on the muzzle; lips swollen, cracked, and discolored ; glands of the nether jaw 
swollen ; scabby clustered vesicles on the muzzle ; intense dryness of the mouth 
(with thirst) ; the whole of the internal surfaces of the mouth are scarified ; 
putrid and rotten smell emitted from the mouth ; increased secretion of saliva, 
the gums swollen and bleeding, the teeth loose and yellow ; the development 
of a single malignant ulcer ia the throat ; the tonsils red and swollen ; the nose 
emits a very offensive smell, as of rottenness ; breathing through the nostrils 
renders this fetor more perceptible and offensive ; black blood discharged from 
the nose, or very dark and putrid matter. 

In respect of the Eyes. — The upper lid falls over the eye ; the eyes are 
very tender of light, and discharge much water when opened by force and ex- 
posed to the light ; the conjunctiva and iris are discolored ; there are spots on 
the cornea ; development of ulcers on the cornea, which perforate it, and allow 
the aqueous humor to exude from within ; granulating discharge ; the con- 
junctiva is red and inflamed ; the lids are much swollen, and the inner surface 
is ulcerated ; the margins of the eyelids are either scabby or blackish ; the eyes 
are hollow and sunken. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Morbid and irregular ; sometimes craving, 
sometimes deficient, but rarely wholly suspended ; intense thirst. 

In respect Of Rumination. — Very imperfect, — never occurring during 
recumbency, — and sometimes entirely suspended. 

In respect Of the Milk. — First, deterioration, with copious secretion; 
sometimes suffusion of red, or very minute thready streaks of red, — then di- 
minished secretion, and even total drying off of the milk ; drying off of the 
milk during pregnancy. 



608 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

In respect of the Stomach and Intestines. — Flatulent distension, 

with continual rumbling, or rather bubbling (and shrill sound) in the intestines. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Evacuations characterized by the 
presence, or even predominance, of undigested food, and being very offensive ; 
very loose and putrid evacuations ; blackish evacuations, with rotten smell, or 
evacuations with very black blood, emitting an intolerably putrid odor ; very 
frequent evacuations ; these symptoms are often preceded by a species of cos- 
tiveness peculiarly dry, — hard, and often difficult evacuations, — or by costive- 
ness with irregular discharges. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Spontaneous emission of excessively offensive 
urine. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Oscillation and giving way of the 
joints, especially of the knee, pastern, and fetlock. 



JSTUX VOMICA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Full and hard, either with or without accel- 
eration ; small and intermittent, or intermittent, small, hard, and accelerated; 
small, wiry, quick pulse. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Profuse and offensive 

sweat ; cold, clammy, and offensive sweat ; sour-smelling sweat ; sweating 
chiefly in the latter part of the night ; chills, with partial heat and shivering, 
ending in sweating, and chiefly occurring in the evening, during the night, or 
towards morning ; great languor, with uneasy and pitiable expression before 
the fever fits ; crouching together, and huddling up in a heap, or seeking shelter 
and covering ; the animal burying or coiling itself in the litter during the fever 
fits ; livid spots or patches on the skin, having the appearance of extra vasated 
blood ; the skin is very cold during the shivering fits, and especially at the ex- 
tremities, the muzzle being dry, and often livid ; the skin, on close observation 
(as well as the membranes of the mouth), will be remarked to have a yellowish 
hue, or to have less of the bright flesh-color than usual. (This is particularly 
noticeable in white pigs. ) 

In respect Of the Movements. — In this respect there is an extraordinary 
variation ; we may remark, however, on the one hand, the animal standing 
immovably, with the back bent, the legs closely huddled together, moaning, 
but apparently insensible ; or a drowsy, stupid, lethargic condition, the animal 
remaining coiled up for hours together, and barely even raising the head, or, at 
all events, showing no inclination to answer the call ; or, after the least exer- 
tion, the first action of the animal is to lie down, which it does in a peculiar 
drooping manner, — rather falling than extending itself gradually ; or, on the 
other hand, there may be a peculiar and characteristic restlessness, especially 
after eating or drinking ; the animal gets up from one place, moves to another, 
at a slow and measured pace, — with the head hung down, — and drops down 
again (often with a moan or whine), — immediately afterwards repeating the 
same operation, and so on, until the lethargic drowsiness supervenes, and it 
becomes stupid ; at other times, every such movement terminates in a giddy 
fit, with whining, and revolving motion— (usually to the left), as of a kitten 



MATERIA MEDICA. 609 

after its own tail, only slow and deliberate, not dancing — these revolutions 
quickly ending in a precipitate fall ; or again, we may observe a peculiar and 
rapid muscular vibration, as in chorea ; or rapid and twittering oscillation of 
parts of the body and limbs ; or vertical oscillation of the head and neck ; or 
convulsive tendinous twitches, with torsion, &c, of the limbs, when in a re- 
cumbent position. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Sweat, with coldness of the thighs, 
chiefly during the night ; oscillation, wavering, tottering, and trembling of the 
legs, and sudden yielding and forward motion of the knees under the weight 
of the body when standing ; the legs are sometimes almost insensible, and will 
bear a severe blow without any signs of pain ; at the same time they are cold, 
and often very clammy. 

In respect Of the Stomach. — Vomiting after eating or drinking, espe- 
cially when the characteristic uneasiness is intense, or more particularly when 
giddiness is its particular feature ; sour-smelling, acid, frothy vomits, some- 
times, also, blackish, or occasionally clear and watery vomiting of phlegm and 
froth only ; hardness, tightness, and excessive distension of the belly after 
eating ; swelling, particularly of the left flank, but of both flanks more or less ; 
side way enlargement of the stomach, giving the animal a peculiar appearance 
from behind, as if the flanks were loaded ; the belly is very tender of the touch ; 
excessive tenderness of the region of the liver, the animal shrinking from the 
slightest touch, or cowering before it is touched ; the stomach is puffed up with 
wind, which is not expelled. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Accelerated or laborious 

respiration, or impeded breathing, or simply rapid and panting respiration ; 
dry, hoarse cough ; coughing, provoked by first moving, or by first going into 
the open air ; breathing heavily, with the head extended, and moaning. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Redness of the conjunctiva, with prominent or 
protruding condition of the eyes ; bloodshot eyes, extravasated blood discolor- 
ing the eyes, the sclerotica sometimes yellowish ; the eyelids swollen and red, 
and the eyes sometimes very tender of the light. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Throat, Hose, &c. — 
The muzzle dry and hot ; the mouth and tongue are intensely dry ; the tongue 
thickly coated with white, sometimes very adhesive phlegm ; the palate is 
swollen and inflamed ; accumulation of white or yellowish phlegm in the 
mouth ; offensive, death-like odor, emitted from the mouth ; ulceration of the 
gums ; swelling and putrescence, with bleeding of the gums ; the uvula and 
tonsils are swollen and inflamed; dark brown color, or even sooty color of the 
tongue, surrounded by the vivid redness of the margins ; the tongue cracked, 
or torpid ; looseness of the teeth ; the nose is hot, dry, and inflamed, the scent 
intensely quickened, or very dull-; stoppage of one nostril, with thick or watery 
discharge from the other, or watery discharge from both nostrils, or dischai^e 
of clotted, coagulated, sometimes pale, but, more frequently, very dark blood. 

In respect of the Appetite. — The animal ceases to eat (or to rumi- 
nate), or else there is very fitful appetite ; generally thirst, occasionally attended 
with aversion to drinks. 

In respect of the Excrements. — The presence of threadworm in the 
evacuations ; prolonged and severe costiveness, with intestinal inertia ; slow, 

39 



610 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

difficult, and partial evacuations ; excrements concreted into enormous lumps, 
which cannot pass without separating ; the anus closes tightly in the midst of 
the evacuation ; semi-liquid evacuations, or evacuations of loose matter con- 
taining hard lumps ; loose evacuations, tinged with blood, or mingled with 
thick or watery phlegm, and which are insufficient ; swelling about the alvine 
orifice, which is tightly closed ; slimy and loose evacuations ; costiveness and 
looseness in alternation. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Frequent discharge of pale urine ; or very 
scanty discharge of dark-colored, or even blood}' urine, or difficult drop-dis- 
charge of urine. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — increase in the sexual in- 
stinct ; very strong heat ; swelling, redness, and intense heat of the bearing 
(in the female), with or without protrusion of the vagina. 

Summary. — Loss of appetite. Costiveness. Piles in dogs. Evil effects 
of overdriving, or putting a horse beyond his pace. Uneasiness ; restlessness ; 
trembling of the limbs. Sudden failure of strength. Convulsive fits. Vomit- 
ing of food soon after the meal. Uneasiness after food. Stomach distended. 
Contractive cutting pain, which draws the animal up into a heap, like colic, 
accompanied by obstinate constipation. Fseces too large to pass. Coldness ; 
shivering. Twitching in the muscles. Dulness ; stupid look ; difficult to 
move ; takes no notice when spoken to. Drowsiness. Constantly lying down. 
Pulse full and frequent. The head seems too full of blood. Eyes red, in- 
flamed. Eyelids red and swollen. Nostrils obstructed. Fetid smell from 
the mouth. Rheumatic pains in the back, manifested by an arched condition. 
Locked-jaw. Coat rough, staring. 

OPIUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Intermittent, imperceptible, slow, small, or 
very full pulse,— the pulse being either accelerated or hard, constitutes a dis- 
qualifying condition in the inferior animals as regards opium ; we may some- 
times observe a degree of acceleration in the pulse, which, however, in general 
subsides, as the more characteristic symptoms supervene ; we know of no in- 
stance in which hardness of pulse has been associated with these symptoms ; 
the peculiar characteristic features are slow, full, and impeded pulse ; small- 
ness and intermittency are generally associated with and illustrative of other 
characteristic morbid manifestations ; the imperceptible or suppressed pulsa- 
tion is also strongly associated with total senselessness and convulsive mus- 
cular action. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — General coldness, 

with local heat, particularly of the head and root of the horns, — or, some- 
times, heat of the body with coldness of the extremities, and intense coldness 
of the ears ; scaling off of the scarf skin ; bluish patches upon the skin ; puffy 
irregularities of the surface, without discoloration ; occasionally hot sweats ; 
bloatedness and swelling of the veins of the head in particular, or only of the 
head ; peculiar sunken appearance of the sides of the head. 
. In respect of the Eyes. — Hollow appearance of the eyes ; eyes wide 



MATERIA MEDICA. 611 

open and convulsed, or half closed, fixed, glassy, protruding, and convulsed ; 
peculiar prominence of the eyeball, with intensely dilated and immovable pu- 
pils ; eyes as if starting from the sockets ; drooping, and even reversion, or 
sometimes quivering of the eyelids ; redness, and inflammatory appearance of 
the conjunctiva ; distortion of the eyes, which remain fixed. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — Lethargic prostration ; 

or if standing, reeling and staggering, and falling headlong, after which the 
animal generally remains motionless ; sometimes furibond motions at first, 
quickly succeeded by inability to move, and insensibility ; the animal retains 
the position in which it falls ; if standing, the animal seems to have all the 
weight of its body thrown forward, the head, neck and shoulders stretching 
forward beyond the usual position, so that the fore legs have a backward, 
slanting direction, and are planted beneath the belly instead of the shoulders ; 
or, otherwise, the animal has a backward inclination of the body, and even 
falls upon the haunches, the hind legs being extended under it ; convulsive, 
muscular movements throughout the body. 

In respect of the Month, Tongue, Throat, &c. — Distortion of the 

mouth, and muzzle and lips swollen ; mouth open, with the lower jaw hang- 
ing down, or the mouth closed in some animals (such as the pig), with dejec- 
tion of the muzzle ; convulsive twitchings around the mouth and muzzle ; 
abundant salivation, or dryness of the mouth, with intense thirst ; the teeth 
loose ; the tongue swollen, immovable, and often protruding and livid, or even 
black ; convulsive movements, and closing of the throat, so as to render swal- 
lowing impossible, — swallowing of liquids in particular, which return through 
the nostrils ; the throat swollen and dry, and often of a purplish hue. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Total absence of appetite, and intense 
thirst ; determined aversion to all food, or especially to the natural food, some- 
times with appetite for filthy and unnatural things, or gulping of nauseous 
and unnatural substances. . . 

In respect of the Digestive Functions Generally. — Vomiting, with 

convulsive torsions ; ejection of strange and unnatural substances (such as 
straw, wool, rags, &c, &c, or even of excremental matter), or even of thick 
black blood in the vomits (of dogs). 

In respect of the Head. — Fits of giddiness as soon as an erect position 
is assumed, with whirling, reeling, and headlong fall. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Dry, lumpy, hard (generally very 
dark) and most offensive evacuations ; spontaneous evacuations ; discharge of 
froth or foam in the place of excrement. 

In respect of the Urine. — Total suspension of discharge ; or insufficient 
emission of dark and even bloody urine, or discharge of blood with or without 
urine. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Unnatural heat. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Cough in attempting to 

swallow ; hoarse, roaring, snorting, impeded, thick and oppressed respiration ; 
interrupted respiration ; intermitting of breathing, or suspension of breath. 
Eespiration very slow, thick and laborious, with irregular and semi-convulsive 
heaving of the flanks. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Paralysis of the legs, and especially 
of the hind legs and quarters, evinced by these being dragged behind it by the 



612 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHT. 

animal, in which there is total want of muscular power in those parts. Ten- 
dinous jerkings and twitchings ; sudden and convulsive movements of the 
muscles and tendons, and contortion of the limbs ; swelling of the veins, numb- 
ness of the legs and feet, or trembling of the limbs. 

Summary. — Staggers, or a comatose, drowsy state. Constipation. Insen- 
sibility of the nervous system. Locked-jaw. Backward bending of the body. 
Attacks of staggering, threatening apoplexy. Dull, stupid, sleepy look. The 
horse hangs down his head, or leans on the manger. Heat in the head. 
Strong pulsation in the bloodvessels about the head. Pulse slow and full. 
Eyes fixed ; pupils dilated. Breathing slow, apparently obstructed. Jerking 
and convulsive movements in the limbs. Constipation, or black evacuations, 
which are very offensive. Urine difficult to pass, or retained. 



PETBOLETTM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — The animal throws all its weight upon 
the left side in standing. The feet in general are cold, but there is a charac- 
teristic and burning heat of the soles of the feet, particularly about the heel, or 
in the hollow parts between the frog and the crust ; enlargement of the heel, 
and swelling of the soles of the feet, — which, upon close examination, or upon 
the removal of superfluous excrescences, will exhibit red or bluish spots or 
patches. Cracking sound of the joints upon first moving, particularly weak- 
ness, trembling, swelling, or overhanging of the knee or hock ; irregular curv- 
ature of the joints ; paralytic affections (evinced by oscillation and giving way 
of the joints). 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Dry, hoarse, or suffoca- 
tive cough at night ; gurgling or rattling sound emitted from the air-passages ; 
the breathing becomes impeded and difficult in the open air ; breath very 
offensive. Herbaceous smell, or such as that emanating from heated (fer- 
menting) vegetable matter. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Evacuations are lumpy, hard, scanty, 
and voided with considerable effort. The presence of worms (especially lum- 
bricus) in the evacuations ; or great relaxation and very frequent evacuations 
during the day. Phlegm and blood mingled with the excrements ; sudden 
attacks of diarrhoea towards the latter part of the night. Offensive emission 
of flatulency after the bowels have been freely discharged, and constant bub- 
bling in the intestines during the continuance of the diarrhoea. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — Kepugnance to rising 

in the morning, and great inclination to lie down at night. Striking at the 
belly with the feet, or drawing the legs up close to the body. Sometimes great 
uneasiness, and great inclination to be continually rolling, — at the same time 
gathering the legs up, or crouching in a huddled position, or lying as closely 
coiled together as possible. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Generally fulL, but sometimes becoming small 
and wiry. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Flushes of heat, 
or general heat, particularly at night ; heat with sweating at night. Tendency 



MATERTA MEDICA. 613 

of the skin to crack, especially in the folds adjoining joints, beneath or within 
the joints, and in parts which are occasionally in contact. Red and brown, or 
bluish spots and patches upon the skin. Excoriation, roughness, or scabbiness 
of the skin, which separates or inverts the hair, or which scatters it in different 
directions. The surface of the skin is very tender, and the skin generally flabby 
and unwholesome. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Morbid increase of appetite, sometimes 
amounting to voracity, with imperfect mastication, and preference for succu- 
lent and unwholesome food, which almost invariably sets the teeth on edge, and 
renders the animal incapable of masticating dry food, such as chaff, grain, hay, 
&c, when he will be observed to eat the latter, if at all, in a peculiar snapping 
manner ; using the lips and incisors only, and avoiding mastication with the 
molars ; eating, followed by drowsiness or irritability and uneasiness ; violent 
thirst from time to time. 

In respect of the Month, Teeth, Throat, &c. — Herbaceous smell of 
the mouth. Accumulation of phlegm in the mouth and throat, or the mouth 
very dry. TVhite coating on the tongue. 



PHOSPHORUS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Full and hard ; hurried, small, and wiry, or 
slow and feeble. 

In respect of the Milk. — Milk stained or tinged with blood, with general 
inflammatory symptoms ; or milk of an unnatural flavor, bitterish, scanty, and 
difficult in the milking. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Dry scaling off of the 

scarf-skin ; progressive or periodical decidence of the hair or wool ; bare patches 
about the head ; vesicular eruptions depositing dry scabs, and leaving a fish- 
skin roughness or scaliness. Insignificant wounds have a tendency to prolonged 
and copious bleeding. Yellow or brownish spots or patches upon the skin ; 
morning sweats ; hectic fever symptoms ; increased development of heat at 
night, and cold extremities. Rough, gloomy, and staring coat ; the hair actu- 
ally stands on end, or is lank and weak. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus, — Catarrhal cough ; hoarse 
and husky cough ; internal cough. Continual dry cough, or dry cough espe- 
cially in the daytime, in the open air, or during the prevalence of cold dry wind ; 
pressure of the throat, gullet, or chest externally provokes coughing ; rapid 
succession of inspiration and expiration ; short, accelerated, and laborious 
breathing, aggravated by motion; equality of interval between the inspirations 
and expirations ; or else, ancj, more frequently respiration effected by a double 
effort (as in broken wind) ; wheezing respiration, even during rest ; or peculiar 
whistling sound attending the respiration, especially after rapid motion up an 
ascending inclination. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Continued and papescent looseness 
of the evacuations, attended with progressive loss of strength ; diarrhoea, in 
which phlegm and blood are predominant. Sometimes these symptoms are 
preceded by costiveness, with very slow, difficult, and peculiarly dry evacuations. 



614 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Profuse discharge of colorless urine ; or in- 
terrupted discharge of thick, turgid, reddish urine. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Increased susceptibility of 

the sexual instinct attending the gradual and progressive atony and debility 
of every other organ. The animal is continually in heat, even during preg- 
nancy, or after copulation. Impregnation, generally leading to premature or 
fruitless labor. The symptoms appear to be allayed, or suspended for a time, 
by parturition. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Threat, Nose, &c. — The mouth 

is intensely dry, the muzzle being dry, hot, and fissured. Puckering or shriv- 
elling of the skin throughout the mouth, like that produced by continued satu- 
ration of the hands with hot ash-water. Dryness and whiteness of the tongue ; 
soreness of the mouth, with accumulation of adhesive phlegm, or dry, white, 
frothy saliva ; the throat dry, and the tonsils swollen. Snorting, with dis- 
charge of watery or thick yellow and purulent matter from the nostrils. 
Snorting, with expulsion of blood, or blood mingled with phlegm or matter ; 
tenderness, redness, and heat of the nose, or dry and scabby concretions in the 
nostrils ; offensive odor from the nose, or sneezing. Great deterioration of scent. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Yellowish or faint yellow color of the sclerotica 
and conjunctiva ; the eyelids are swollen, and the animal appears to suffer 
when opening them, so that they are quickly closed again ; or there is continual 
blinking and profuse watering of the eyes, aggravated by motion, especially 
against the wind ; affections incidental to inflammation ; redness of the con- 
junctiva ; turgid swelling of the glands at the corners of the eye, or redness 
of the glands. Squeezing closure of the eyes. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Insensibility of the extremities, swell- 
ing of the legs and feet ; dry, harsh, rough, and cracking skin on the ex- 
tremities generally ; contractions, swelling, and stiffness of the joints, or de- 
bility with oscillation ; swelling of the knees and hocks, with local heat ; the 
extremities, generally, are very cold, and the skin is cast off, the hair falling, 
or being easily rubbed off. 

Summary.-— Cough continual, dry ; tormenting cough. Breathing difficult, 
short, rapid ; rendered worse by motion ; profuse sweat. Coat rough and dull- 
looking ; it loses all gloss. The coat drops, or rubs off in patches. Mouth hot, 
dry. General weakness. Desire to get away from the open air. Evacuations 
generally loose. Urine thick. Pulse soft, rather quick ; sometimes feeble. 
General condition of the animal depressed. 



JPELOSBMOBI ACIDUM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Lameness, without apparent cause ; 
limping progressively worse ; the feet hot and very tender to the touch ; more 
or less separation of the hoof from the coronet ; the formation of ulcers about 
the coronet and the fleshy parts of the feet, attended with an offensive but 
thin discharge ; granulating ulcers, with proud flesh, and bluish appearance ; 
falling off of the hoofs, — softening of the horn ; the crust becomes too long, and 



MATERIA MEDICA. 615 

the superabundant parts are irregularly broken ; deepseated and spreading, 
corroding ulceration of the feet ; the inner side of the pastern joints very sore, 
and exhibiting rawness, with more or less proud flesh ; the space between the 
hoofs swollen and inflamed ; separation of the toes by the ulcerative process, 
the toes being parted as far as the biflex canal ; inflammation of the sensible 
parts of the hoof; inflammation of the biflex canal, with enlargement and 
stiffness of the adjacent parts. Discharge of oily, fatty adhesive matter over 
the forepart of the feet. Concretions of matter with dirt. Accumulation of 
thick matter about the hoofs. 

In respect of the Skin, and External Surface. — Puny bloatedness, 

often with the appearance of fattening (at first), accompanied with and char- 
acterized, however, by a peculiar indifference, dulness, and languor ; puflmess, 
succeeded by rapid emaciation, flaccid and flabby skin ; the development of 
blackish, brown, or yellowish spots or patches upon the skin, with decidence 
of the hair or w T ool in patches ; crackling sound upon the pressure of the 
flanks, and of the surface generally ; watery and waving tumors in various 
parts. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Nose, &c. — The mem- 
branes of the mouth, nostrils, eyes, &c, discolored, — pale or yellowish, or 
even of a dusky gray or blackish color. Yellowness, dryness, or brownish, 
stained and ulcerated muzzle ; the tongue stained brownish or yellowish. 
Degenerating into livid or leaden color, Yellowish color of the teeth degen- 
erating into blackness. Swollen, detached, and bleeding gums. Dryness of 
the mouth, or accumulation of adhesive phlegm ; incrustations on the nose, 
and in the nostrils. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Dilated pupils ; the vessels of the corner of 
the eye filled with yellowish matter ; yellowness of the caruncle (gland at the 
corner of the eye), sometimes followed by inflammatory redness. The eyes 
sunken and hollow, the conjunctiva injected ; the eyes dull and heavy. Down- 



In respect Of the Appetite. — Gradual deterioration and decrease 



In respect of Rumination. — Suspended. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — At first costiveness, with hard evac- 
uations, succeeded by very loose evacuations, with undigested food ; continued 
and unmitigated looseness ; slimy, (very loose) serous evacuations ; papescent 
and spontaneous discharges ; blackish, liquid, fetid, and even putrid dis- 
charges. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Profuse and colliquative, and frequent dis- 
charges, of clear and watery urine ; or urine of a milky or creamy character. 
"Weakness of the limbs. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — Dulness, indifference, 

lassitude ; aversion to motion ; constant recumbency. 

In respect of the Pulse. — Intermittent and irregular. (Consult, more- 
over, the foregoing article on Phosphorus. ) 



616 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

PHYTOLACCA JDECAJSTJDBA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Muscular System. — Rheumatism of the muscles 

of the chest, abdomen, and back. Periosteal rheumatism. Rheumatism with 
enlargement of the glands ; chronic rheumatism, worse in damp weather ; 
rheumatism of the fibrous tissues covering the bones and nerves. 

In respect Of the Glands. — Swelling and induration of the glands. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Flow of tears ; catarrhal or rheumatic in- 
flammation of the eyes. Granular inflammation of the lids. Yertigo ; dim- 
ness of vision. 

In respect of the Nose. — Coryza ; flow of mucus from one nostril or 
the other. Indicated in acute and chronic nasal catarrhs ; and in old and 
badly smelling discharges from the nose. 

In respect of the Mouth and Throat. — Tenderness and heat on the 
roof of the mouth, and on the tongue ; profuse secretion of saliva. Rough- 
ness, dryness, soreness in the throat. Congestion and inflammation of the 
back part of the mouth and fauces. Diphtheritic inflammation and ulceration 
of the throat. Fauces covered with a dark-colored, false membrane. Breath 
excessively offensive. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Raging appetite. Hungry soon after 
eating. 

In respect of the Stomach and Bowels. — Vomiting of food. Much 

wind in the stomach and bowels. Fetid flatus is discharged. Rumbling in 
the bowels. Diarrhoea, especially in the morning ; stool soft, dark, with un- 
digested food. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Dark-red urine, which stains the vessel. Al- 
buminous urine. Increased quantity of urine. 

In respect of the Generative Organs. — Leucorrhrea. Flow of blood 
from the womb. Inflammation, swelling, induration, and suppuration of the 
bag (or udder) of cows and other animals (of the mammae in the human sub- 
ject) . For the garget, so-called, or induration of the cow's bag, the Phytolacca 
has long been a popular remedy in this country (America), and almost equally 
unknown in Great Britain. Given in season it will entirely remove the whole 
difficulty, and prevent suppuration of the udder ("gathered breast" in women). 
On this account in some sections of the country it goes by the name of garget. 

PLATIWA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect Of the Pulse. — Small, wiry, and intermittent. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Excessive and continual 
heat ; intense susceptibility of the sexual instinct ; throes attending labor and 
abortion ; excessively violent discharge of blood from the womb ; discharge of 



MATERIA MEDICA. 617 

bright red or dark blood, but not of clots ; diminished or suspended motions 
of the foetus ; shining, red, or yellow discharge from the bearing ; swelling or 
protrusion, with forcing movement in the bearing ; difficult, convulsive, and 
long-continuing labor, without remission of the throes ; intense violence of the 
throes, ending in the downfall of the calf-bag (or inversion of the womb), which 
hangs out from the bearing, and is either characterized by intense redness or 
by a purplish hue. 

In respect Of the Milk. — Sometimes diminished, or even dried up ; or 
natural and healthy. 

In respect of the Movement and Position. — Great uneasiness ; con- 
stant change of position — now lying, now standing ; when standing, the ani- 
mal rests its head upon the manger ; or if lying down, the head is stretched 
upon the flank ; more than usual length of time for recumbency, or standing 
longer than usual, sometimes perfectly motionless ; sometimes pawing the 
ground, or even leaping convulsively. 

In respect Of the Breathing. — Laborious, interrupted, and convulsive ; 
with panting, violent, and noisy expiration ; heaving of the flanks, and moan- 
ing or bellowing ; rapid succession of inspiration and expiration. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Lankness and hollow- 

ness of the loins, with enlargement and drooping of the belly. 

In respect of the Appetite and Rumination. — Disinclination to eat, 
total loss of appetite, increased thirst, or absence of thirst, and suspended 
rumination. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Tongue, Nose, &c. — 

More or less dryness (with or without heat) of the muzzle ; dryness and crack- 
ing of the lips and muzzle ; the gums fissured ; the throat hot and dry ; dryness, 
heat, and stoppage of one nostril ; convulsive yawning. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Convulsive trembling or twitching of the eye- 
lids ; the eyes prominent or convulsed, the pupils moderately dilated or con- 
tracted. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Violent effort in the expulsion of hard, 
small, detached, and insufficient evacuations ; frequent piecemeal evacuations ; 
obstinate looseness. 

In respect of the Urine. — Red and scanty ; very frequent emission in 
small quantities, but with a perfect stream. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Lassitude (with disposition to relieve 
them), and sometimes torpidity. 



POnOPHYLLTJ31 PELTATUM (May Apple). 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Perspiration of the head ; vertigo while standing ; inclination to fall for- 
wards. Heaviness of the eyes, with heat and throbbing of the temporal arte- 
ries. Grinding of the teeth at night ; mucus on the teeth. Appetite vora- 
cious, satiated with but little food. Diarrhoea immediately after eating or 
drinking. Thirst. towards evening, and during fever. Vomiting of food soon 
after a meal ; followed by uneasiness after food. Colic, with retraction of the 



618 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

abdominal muscles, commencing at daybreak. Prolapse of the bowel. Loss 
of strength after an evacuation. Constipation, with flatulence. Morning 
diarrhoea, with natural stool in the evening ; evacuations of dark yellow 
mucus. Weakness and stiffness of the knees. Coat soft, flabby, with mois- 
ture ; the symptoms are worse in the morning, better in the evening. 
Used also for jaundice and congestion of the liver. 



PULSATILLA NIGMICAWS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Accelerated, strong, full, and soft ; or slow, 
full, and soft ; quick, small, and wiry pulse ; feeble and barely perceptible 
pulse ; hurried pulse ; pulse sluggish, or sluggish and yielding ; sometimes also 
slow and continuous, or impeded and struggling. 

In respect Of the Milk. — Bluish appearance of the milk. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Constant desire to lie down, or rest- 
less and uneasy movements occasionally ; sluggish and heavy movements ; 
drooping appearance ; arching of the back ; crouching in corners, avoiding 
light, noise, or the presence of other animals ; tottering, stumbling, oscillat- 
ing, and uncertain pace. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — General bloatedness 

of the body, dropsical swellings, falling off of the hair, displaying the general 
development of incrustations of a bluish-white color, over the skin about the 
muzzle and mouth chiefly ; eruption of small whitish pustules, chiefly or only 
about the mouth and muzzle ; whitish oozing pustules, similarly, and which 
in drying leave a whitish mealy crust ; violent itching and constant . scratch- 
ing, or rubbing of the nose against the legs or on the manger, &c, attending 
the scaling off" of the mealy crust, which is quickly replaced by new and simi- 
lar incrustations ; shivering, with coldness towards evening ; coldness and 
torpor of one side ; heat and dryness, or partial sweats at night ; heat, fol- 
lowed by profuse sweating ; periodical flushes of heat and sweating ; colliqua- 
tive and offensive sweats ; sweats, whether partial or general, predominating 
at night. 

In respect of the Appetite. — Generally want of appetite, with invinci- 
ble repugnance to food ; sometimes fitful and voracious appetite, followed by 
frequent and considerable emission of wind, and by inflation and distension of 
the belly after eating ; absence of thirst, alternated with intense desire for 
fluids, cold water in particular. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Nose, &c. — Eruption of 

whitish and small pustules about the muzzle, mouth, &c, as already described 
in speaking of the "skin and external surface ;" milk-crust of calves; puffy 
swelling of the muzzle and lips ; dryness and heat of the muzzle ; puffed and 
bluish swellings, with casting of the skin, or scaling off* of scabs from the skin, 
or great tenderness of the muzzle, nose, and lips ; the teeth loose ; thick, yel- 
lowish, or ashy coating on the tongue ; mouth open, with protruding tongue ; 
insensibility of the tongue as regards the touch ; adhesive and abundant 
phlegm in the mouth ; profusion of watery salivation ; putrid smell of the 



MATERIA MEDICA. 619 

mouth, and, almost invariably, great dryness of the mouth when fasting ; in- 
flammation of the throat, with dark hue, and distension of the vessels ; the 
tonsils and the back parts of the palate are swollen and inflamed, and the in- 
flamed parts, generally, are covered with thick, white, glutinous, and adhe- 
sive phlegm ; fetid, thick, yellowish-greenish discharge from the nose, or stop- 
page of the nostrils, or of one nostril, with discharge of blood ; the nostrils are 
ulcerated ; stoppage and dry heat of the nostrils, or of one nostril ; great de- 
terioration of scent; the nose generally swollen. 

Ill respect Of the Head. — Reeling giddiness, without precipitate falling ; 
wheeling and oscillation, with uncertain and wavering pace, occasioned by 
heaviness and whirling of the head. 

In respect of the General Bearing and Condition. — The animal se- 
cludes itself, crouches and coils itself up, and remains in a heavy, drowsy, 
lethargic state, with, however, constant moaning, occasional trembling, and 
frequent uneasy movements ; the muzzle buried beneath the flank, but fre- 
quently raised to yawn, when wakeful ; wakefulness is accompanied with 
slow, uneasy movements, and anxious whining, but without change of posi- 
tion, and with constant return to the characteristic drowsiness. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — The eyelids are red and swollen ; the margins 
of the eyelids, in particular, are inflamed, the inflammation sometimes ex- 
tending to the whole of the inner surface of the lid, and involving the eye 
itself, with redness of the conjunctiva, and swelling and redness of the carun- 
cle ; staring appearance of the eyes after parturition ; the eyes and eyelids are 
dry, or there is profuse watering of the eyes, or abundant secretion of thick, 
yellow, adhesive matter, forming into strings about the corners of the eye ; 
the pupils are in general contracted, but sometimes, also, there is alternated 
dilatation with contraction of the pupils ; red pimples on the margins of the 
eyelids, rising to a yellow head, charged with thick, stringy matter, or the 
development of peculiar pustulous elevations in the corners of the eyes. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Redness, heat, and inflammatory swelling of 
the ears, with deficiency of ear-wax ; accumulation of thick, yellow matter, 
and obtuseness of hearing. 

In respect of the Digestive Functions Generally. — Yomiting of 

phlegm, food, bilious, and acrid matter ; vomiting of blood, excessive tender- 
ness of the belly to the touch, evinced by the animal shrinking from, or cau- 
tiously avoiding contact, and casting round the head with an expression of 
pain, upon the application of the hand to those parts ; vomits, attended with 
violent shivering, and generally occurring after eating or drinking, but more 
frequently the latter. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Sometimes costiveness, but more fre- 
quently, or secondarily, frequent, very loose, liquid, watery, bilious, frothy, 
bloody evacuations ; or evacuations mingled with bubbling phlegm. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Spontaneous drop discharge, or very copious 
and frequent discharge of clear, pale, watery urine ; or else scanty discharge 
of dark, sometimes reddish urine ; frothy urine, or urine mingled with phlegm ; 
emission of urine in an interrupted stream. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Heat and swelling of the 

bearing ; before, during, or after parturition, discharges of blood from the 
womb ; discharges of black, clotted blood, or of blood mingled with jelly-like 



620 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

globes, or with the admixture resembling the raw white of an egg ; swelling 
of the udder ; heat, and excessive tenderness of the udder ; the teats, one by- 
one, become swollen, hard, knotty, and very tender, with the development of 
hard tumors in the teats. 

In respect Of the Respiratory Organs. — Frequent and panting respi- 
ration, with heaving of the flanks, and violent, full, bounding palpitation of 
the heart ; or slow, languid, impeded, and laborious breathing ; or short and 
impeded respiration ; catarrhal cough, shaking cough, or cough which seems 
to disturb the whole frame ; cough which provokes retching, or even vomiting, 
or which terminates in a violent gasp, and with the utmost stretching forward 
of the neck and muzzle (horizontally), as if to relieve some choking obstruction 
of the throat ; thick, yellow matter, ejected in coughing. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Swelling of the legs, or of the coronet 
only, or of the coronet and the circumference just above the knee or hock ; 
dropsical swelling of the legs and feet, or inflammatory swellings, with great 
increase of superficial heat ; enlargement of the veins of the legs ; internal 
tenderness of the legs and feet, evinced by the animal shrinking only upon 
severe pressure; trembling, tottering, and giving way of the joints ; weak, 
languid, indolent, and shuffling motion of the feet ; swelling of the soles of the 
feet, so as to destroy the concave retrocession of the sole, and to depress the 
surface to the level of the crust. 

Summary. — Affections of mucous membranes. Catarrh ; common cold. 
Indigestion. Gastritis : inflammation of the stomach. Appetite generally 
lost. May be voracious. Mouth and lips swollen ; puffy. Eyelids inflamed, 
red, and swollen. Eyes red ; conjunctiva inflamed and engorged. Profuse 
flow from the eyes ; watery secretion. Nostrils ulcerated ; constant discharge 
of yellow or greenish pus. Troublesome, shaking cough ; worse towards night. 
Inflammation and dropsical swelling of the legs and feet. Evacuations loose, 
frothy. 

Pulsatilla has been found useful during the period of parturition in animals ; 
also for abortion ; and, with Belladonna, in inflammation of the udder. 



BHUS TOXICODENDRON. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Slow, heavy, irregular, impeded, and tremu- 
lous pulse. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Paralytic insensibility, and coldness 
of the limbs ; inflammatory local swellings in joints, and adjacent parts, espe- 
cially affecting the tendons, ligaments, and muscles, as distinguishable by fol- 
lowing the course of the tendinous continuations springing from the affected 
part, or connected with it, when the parts which are in the course of such 
tendons, &c. , will be very tender to the touch throughout, whereas adjacent 
parts will sustain pressure without shrinking ; stiffness and weakness of the 
limbs, especially of muscular parts, exhibited on proceeding to move, or by 
yielding and failing during motion, and extreme tremulation of such parts 
after every effort or exertion, however trifling ; paralytic incapacitation of the 



MATERIA MEDICA. 621 

legs and feet ; local swellings, with stiffness on first moving, modified by move- 
ment, but considerably aggravated after it, and in rest ; affections of joints 
and sinews, which cause a peculiar catching, snatching lameness, on first 
moving ; swellings, with stiffness of the joints and sinewy parts, causing par- 
ticular tenderness of grounding the feet when in motion ; affections of the same 
kind, attended with a short, broken, irregular, interrupted, and limping pace ; 
the hock, knee, pastern, and fetlock joints are particularly affected ; oscillating 
on the inner side of the hock ; overhanging of the knee ; hard swellings, which 
convey the idea of elasticity (like india-rubber to the touch) ; tendinous, and 
other contractions. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Vesicular eruptions 

of various kinds ; vesicular eruptions terminating in scabious incrustations, 
and in desquamations, involving decidence of the hair ; periodical heats and 
chills ; chills succeeded by heat, worse at night ; evanescent flushes of heat, 
with sweating of the belly ; continual sweating, or sweating in the morning. 

In respect of the Head. — Reeling and staggering giddiness. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Craving and irregular ; aversion to food, 
with more or less intense thirst. 

In respect Of Rumination. — Either natural (healthy), or totally sus- 
pended. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — In the early stage, almost invariably 
costiveness, or alternate costiveness and looseness ; or subsequently, in the 
majority of cases, very great relaxation of the bowels, with discharge of bloody, 
frothj*, mingled red and yellow, or ash-colored, or creamy and white evacuations. 

In respect of the Urine. — Continual and very frequent and abundant 
discharge of urine, or even spontaneous emission ; dark, turbid urine, whitish 
and turbid urine ; diminished discharge ; drop discharges ; pale, watery urine, 
leaving a white deposit. 

In respect of the Stomach and Intestines. — Bloated or flatulent 

puffing of the belly. 

In respect of the Eyes. — The eyes, and enveloping membranes, are red 
and swollen ; watery swelling around the e3'es ; gloomy, inanimate eye ; ex- 
cessive discharge of water from the eyes ; the lids are swollen ; the eyes and 
eyelids both inflamed ; excessive, vivid redness, or brownish, turgid appear- 
ance of the eyes, and contiguous vessels. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Throat, Neck, &c. — 

Discoloration of the muzzle ; brown-red stains, or vesicular eruptions on the 
muzzle ; muzzle dry and hot ; pimples on the parts adjacent to the mouth, 
nostrils, muzzle, &c. ; peeling of the skin, or casting of scaly supercrescences ; 
dryness of the nose, with sneezing, or violent snorting, and considerable dis- 
charge of peculiar colored matter, or of gelatinous phlegm from the nostrils ; 
swellings and induration of the glands of the nether jaw ; dry, and brownish- 
reddish, or yellowish lips ; foul smell emanating from the teeth ; dislodgment 
of the teeth, and excessive tenderness of the teeth to. pressure, however slight ; 
jarring of the teeth, and tenderness of the gums, as evinced by the peculiar 
snatching method of mastication, and by the avoidance of hard, dry food, how 
great soever be the inclination of the animal to eat it, as evinced by the eager- 
ness with which it is at first seized ; the dog collects bones, but, after attempting 
to crack them, merely licks them; dryness of the mouth, attended with intense 



622 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

thirst, or accumulation and drivelling of yellowish or reddish saliva ; very 
profuse secretion of saliva ; tenacious phlegm in the mouth, which, when the 
mouth is opened, appears to adhere from the upper to the lower jaw in threads, 
or thin semi-transparent membranes ; the tongue is dry and dusky ; internal 
swelling of the throat, with gulping, straining, and difficult deglutition of dry 
substances, but no impediment to the swallowing of soft and moist food. 

Summary. — Strains ; sprains. Affections of the tendons, ligaments, and 
synovial membranes. Diseases of joints. Rheumatism. Paralysis. Disloca- 
tions. Drawing, tearing pains, increased during rest, relieved by motion. 
Hot swelling of a part, which is very tender to pressure. Drawing pains, 
especially in the limbs. Swelling of the legs and feet ; tenderness and swelling 
of the joints. Stiffness and rigidity in the back. Pain and tenderness across 
the loins, or injury to the loins from drawing too great a weight ; overstraining 
a part. Wounded and inflamed tendons. Diseases of the periosteum. Spavin 
and ringbone. Pustular and scabby eruptions. Erysipelatous inflammations. 
Swelling of the eyelids and the adjacent parts. Inflammation and swelling 
of the glands, especially those under the jaw. Eestlessness, lying down and 
getting up. Shivering and shaking on going into the open air. Profuse sweat 
breaks out on very little exercise. Staggering gait ; appears likely to fall down. 
The animal is excessively weak. 



HUT A GMAVBOLBNS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Extremities. — -Paralytic stiffness of the pastern ; 
swelling of the veins of the legs ; rigidity of the coronet and hoof ; yielding 
and oscillation of the thighs, the animal falling upon its haunches ; the animal 
is unable to stand without trembling or oscillation ; sudden and unaccount- 
able limping, with yielding and shrinking of the lamed limb ; softening of the 
bones of the legs ; dislocation of joints ; swelling, induration, and permanent 
tenderness of the pastern and coronet ; injuries of the coffin-bone, as if occa- 
sioned by a sprain ; enlargements, and permanent induration of the coatings 
of the bone ; paralysis of the hind-legs and quarters in particular, with trail- 
ing of those parts, but incapability of rising, or standing upon them. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Shortness and difficulty of 

breathing, attended with palpitation of the heart ; interrupted and irregular 
breathing ; temporary suspension of respiration ; intermittent respiration, 
with irregular pulsation of the heart. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Incapability of retain- 
ing the foetus, or even expulsion of the ovum ; imperfect and unproductive 
pregnancy ; habitual slinking. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Rheumatic weakness of them. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 623 

SABIJSTA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 
In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Nymphomania, of mares ; 

excessive increase and susceptibility of the sexual instinct ; frequent, but im- 
perfect and unproductive copulation ; continual swelling, redness, and irrita- 
tion of the bearing ; swelling, distension, and tenderness of the udder ; dis- 
charge of a red or yellowish glairy fluid from the bearing ; discharges of bright- 
red or clotted blood from the bearing ; floodings ; weakening or cessation of 
the motions of the foetus ; regular succession of forcing at the bearing, evinced 
by alternate dilatation and contraction, with a peculiar shooting effort ; in- 
version of the womb (downfall of the calf-bag) ; false appearances of abortion ; 
constant predisposition to abortion .; endemic or epidemic prevalence of abor- 
tion ; inflammation of the womb, with violent after-pains, and forcing. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Increased frequency, often with scantiness 
of emission ; retention of urine, or drop discharge ; continual urging to stale, 
but without emission, or with scanty emission ; discharge of blood, or of urine 
mixed with blood. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — Longer continuation 

of recumbency, or the like of motionless, erect posture, or else great uneasi- 
ness, with alternate lying down and getting up, in quick succession ; or getting 
up with a sudden and violent spring ; the head, during erect position, rests on 
the manger, or upon some other level and horizontal object ; or, during re- 
cumbency, upon the flank. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Accelerated, and often con- 
vulsed respiration ; heavy, noisy breathing, with heaving of the flanks. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Dull, heavy, downward look, — or staring 
look. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Alternate hardness and softness of 
the evacuations ; discharge of blood following a hard evacuation ; soft and 
very relaxed evacuations. 

In respect of the Stomach, &C. — Drooping of the stomach, with down- 
ward distension, and hollowness of the flanks ; extreme distension of the 
belly with flatulency, relieved by violent expulsion of wind attending the 
evacuations. 

In respect of the Head. — Reeling giddiness. 

This remedy is very useful to prevent miscarriage, and discharge of blood 
from the womb. 

SABSAJPABILLA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Urinary Organs. — Frequent desire to urinate, with 
scanty emission. Straining in the bladder. Pale copious urine ; slimy, flaky, 
clayey, sandy urine. Gravel in the urine. Obstinate constipation with urging 
to urinate. Rheumatic affections with decrease in the urine. 



624 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

This remedy is used, sometimes in alternation with Lycopodium, to facili- 
tate the passage of calculi from the kidneys or bladder. Ulcers from abuse 
of mercury. Copious mucous leucorrhcea. 



SEC ALB COMNUTTJM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Hurried pulse ; full and accelerated pulse ; 
small, slow, imperceptible or irregular pulse ; or a pulse partaking of any com- 
bination of these characteristics. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Great roughness and 

dryness of the skin ; the skin insensible ; severe pressure causes no flinching ; 
local, black, and very decomposed sores ; sores which end in complete mortifi- 
cation ; gangrene (particularly of the mouth and genital parts) ; bloody, pus- 
tular, and vesicular eruptions, which terminate in utter decomposition ; dry- 
ness and heat of the skin (when the pulse is hurried, small, and wiry), or cold, 
clammy, and copious sweating, with a feeble, retarded, and imperceptible 
pulse ; the belly is intensely cold ; coldness extending to the back and to the 
limbs, but unattended with shivering ; rapid decidence of the hair or wool, 
and casting of the skin. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Gangrene of the bearing; 

black gangrenous swelling of the bearing ; excessively convulsive throes, with 
difficult labor ; continued violence of the throes, without the expulsion of the 
foetus ; violent expulsion of the foetus, with a convulsive effort, and inversion 
of the womb ; the womb, on protruding, has a deep violet color ; the vagina 
and bearing have a deep violet color ; intermittency or feebleness of the 
throes, or total suppression of the throes, with inanition, and with total cessa- 
tion of the foetal motions ; sudden diminution and drying up of the milk at 
an advanced period of pregnancy ; profuse discharge of very black and liquid 
blood from the womb ; or discharge of blood, provoked by the least exertion ; 
excessive and too long-lasting and fetid discharges of blood after parturition. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — Disposition to con- 
tinue unusually long motionless, and in one position, whether erect or recum- 
bent, with dull and depressed appearance ; disposition to lethargic tranquillity ; 
or sudden fits of restless agitation, with scratching or pawing of the ground, 
and unaccountable leaping or plunging ; very intense weakness, and total in- 
ability to remain erect. 

In respect of the Excrements. — First, costiveness, without evacua- 
tion ; suppression of evacuations, followed by profuse, liquid, frequent, slimy, 
dark, or even black and bloody, evacuations ; spontaneous discharge ; evacua- 
tions containing worms of various kinds ; excessive relaxation, attended with 
sudden debility. 

In respect of the Urine. — Retention, or drop discharge ; or abundant 
and frequent discharge of very pale urine, or of whitish, chalky-looking urine. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — impeded and interrupted 
respiration ; or quick panting, and difficult breathing, with violent palpita- 



MATERIA MEDICA. 625 

tion of the heart ; or slow and laborious breathing, with thick blending, and 
slow and irregular pulsations of the heart. 

In respect of the Eyes. — The eyes hollow, sunken, and cadaverous, 
with dull or savage look ; downcast or convulsed, and fixed ; the pupils either 
intensely contracted or dilated ; sometimes apparent unconsciousness or insen- 
sibility of sight. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Nose, &c. — Discoloration 

of the muzzle ; the muzzle dry ; sometimes very hot, or dry without great 
heat ; distension of the jaws, and convulsive action of the muscles about the 
mouth ; the teeth are loose, and often dislodged ; grinding of the teeth ; dis- 
charges of blood from the nose ; great dryness of the mouth, tongue, and 
throat ; foaming at the mouth ; bloodstained or greenish foam ; swelling of 
the tongue. 

In respect Of the Appetite and Stomach. — Intense and unquench- 
able thirst ; repugnance to all kinds of food ; vomitings of undigested yellowish 
or bilious matter ; slimy vomiting ; vomiting of perfectly black, bilious, and 
bloody matter, which is quite liquid, or sometimes lumpy. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Dropsical swelling of the legs and 
feet ; complete gangrene, characterizing the development of sores on the legs, 
&c. ; distortion of the limbs and joints. 

S. cornutum acts powerfully on the uterus ; important to prevent abortion. 



SBJPIA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Full, or full and accelerated pulse. 

In respect Of the Organs Of Generation. — Soreness and excoriation 
of the bearing, extending between the thighs to the udder ; tenderness of the 
udder generally, and soreness of the teats in particular ; copious and exces- 
sive perspiration about the genital parts ; oozing eruptions in, and corrosive 
discharges from, the bearing ; inversion of the womb ; excessive throes and 
continued forcing after parturition ; violent discharges of blood after partu- 
rition. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Short, oppressed, and 

■difficult breathing ; discoloration or development of patches on the hair or 
skin of the chest, with irregular, fitful, intermittent, or bounding pulsations 
of the heart ; moist, husky, or gurgling cough ; dry cough, with arching of the 
back, and drawing up of the stomach ; cough, with excessive tenderness of the 
chest upon pressure ; cough, provoked by the slightest pressure on the chest 
or throat. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — General perspiration 

at night, or cold sweats at night ; sweating, which comes on unaccountably, 
during rest ; or colliquative sweats as soon as motion or exertion commences, 
continuing, also, long after the exertion has ceased, and becoming still more 
profuse within doors, in the stable, &c, after labor in the open air ; heat of 
the head and roots of the horns, &c, with coldness of the extremities, and 
sometimes of the quarters ; general deficiency of heat ; extraordinary tender- 

40 



626 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

ncss of the whole body to the touch ; the animal shrinks from contact in any 
part ; knotty protuberances and excrescences ; eruption of white blisters or 
bladders on the skin ; patchy discolorations of the skin and hair ; hard or 
suppurative swelling of the glands ; passive ulceration; slow, stubborn, indo- 
lent, vesicular eruptions, with or without incrustation of scabs. 

In respect of the Gait, Movements, and Position.— Dejected ap- 
pearance ; drooping ; excessive startling at the slightest noise, or every time 
the animal is approached ; the animal seems to be afraid of those who are in 
the constant habit of attending upon it and feeding it ; the animal becomes 
tired, slow, and evidently exhausted, dragging the limbs languidly along, and 
prone to slacken pace, or to stop altogether, after any little exertion ; inclina- 
tion to continue drowsy during the day, and to become restless and agitated 
at night ; quailing, tottering, vacillating, and uncertain step. 

In respect of the Appetite.— Voracious hunger, quickly satiated, and 
followed by great uneasiness ; or repugnance to all food, and absence of appe- 
tite ; sometimes absence of thirst during the sweating, and at other times ex- 
cessive and intolerable thirst night and morning. 

In respect of the Digestive Functions Generally.— Bilious vomit- 
ings, or vomiting of hard, lumpy food ; pulsation perceptible externally in the 
pit of the stomach ; doubling up of the body, indicative of colicky pains. 

In respect Of the Excrements.— Expulsion of wind and phlegm only, 
with violent urging to evacuate ; evacuations passing slowly, but suddenly 
effected by the discharge of small, detached lumps, with considerable mucous 
or slimy fluid ; evacuations mingled with matter like the raw white of an egg ; 
putrid, acid-smelling, or frothy, and sometimes bloody, diarrhoea ; protrusion 
of the intestine. 

In respect Of the Urine.— Discharge of urine, which, upon- settling, de- 
velops a coagulation of blood heavier than the aqueous fluid ; sometimes copi- 
ous discharge, with fetid urine; but more frequently suppressed urination, 
with continual and ineffectual urging or scanty discharge of dark reddish, or 
sandy-looking urine. 

In respect Of the Eyes.— Inflammatory redness, and swelling of the 
eyelids ; redness, swelling, and soreness of the whole interior surface of the 
eyelids ; inflammation, with ulceration of the eyelids ; inflammatory redness 
of the sclerotica ; paralytic incapacitation for motion, as regards the eyelids ; 
the animal is unable to open its eyes, which, however, are not necessarily 
agglutinated ; peculiar glassy appearance of the eyes, with contracted pupils, 
and discolored conjunctiva and iris ; yellow or brownish and turgid appear- 
ance of the vessels of the eyes ; swelling and redness of the caruncle ; intense 
tenderness of light ; ulcer on the cornea ; white or jelly-like spots upon the 
cornea ; appearance like proud flesh in the ulcerations. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Throat, Nose, Ac- 
Muzzle hot and dry ; stained, discolored, yellowish, or brownish appearance 
of the muzzle ; development of black-looking tumors on the muzzle and about 
the nose ; callous excrescences, with harsh roughness of the skin ; warts on 
the muzzle ; scurfy or scabious pustules or vesicles on the muzzle. ; the mouth 
and tongue dry ; tongue coated and white, or covered with vesicles ; the inside 
of the mouth swollen ; the mouth emitting a very offensive odor ; throat in- 
flamed : tonsils inflamed and suppurating ; softening, decay, and looseness of 



MATERIA MEDICA. 627 

the teeth ; also, bleeding of the teeth ; the gums much swollen ; gums easily- 
provoked to bleed, or spontaneously bleeding, or sometimes ulcerated, with 
discharge of blood more or less abundant, and generalty very dark from the 
ulcers ; swelling, and acute tenderness of the glands of the nether jaw, and 
yellow color around the mouth ; the nose emits an offensive odor ; the nostrils 
are ulcerated, with or without the formation and decidence of scabs ; profuse 
watery discharge from the nose, with sneezing ; or accumulation of dry, 
caking matter in the nostrils, which obstructs them ; great predisposition to 
discharge of blood from the nose ; or frequent and even spontaneous discharge 
generally of very dark blood ; or habitual bleeding of the nose after exertion. 
In respect of the Extremities. — Callous excrescences, warts, and 
corns,--and general cutaneous symptoms, as already described under the 
head of "skin and external surface ;" also, development of ulcers on or about 
the joints, which do not appear to impede action or cause suffering ; malig- 
nant vesicles, terminating in ulceration of the heel ; sudden quailing, falter- 
ing, and sometimes collapse of the quarters ; the legs and feet are swollen and 
cold, or cold without swelling ; the joints and limbs generally become stiff 
during brief rest after exertion, the pace being short, constrained, and jarring - y 
swelling of the soles between the frog and crust ; or descent even of the frog, 
so that the nether or ground surface of the foot is deprived of the concavity so 
essential to elasticity, &c. ; excessive protrusion and swelling of the sole, so 
that it projects beyond the crust. 



SILICEA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. • 

III respect Of the Pulse. — Small and accelerated, or feeble and almost 
imperceptible pulse. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface.— Sweating after mod- 
erate exertion ; exhausting sweats in the morning ; frequent but evanescent 
heat, and predominating coldness ; predisposition of the skin to convert the 
slightest sore into malignant ulceration ; swelling (hard or suppurative) of the 
glands ; predisposition to the development of proud flesh ; fungus in the knee ; 
malignant suppurative process affecting membranous tissues in particular ; 
suppurative processes in general ; carbunculous tumors and excrescences ; en- 
largements of the nature of conglobate glands ; fistulous sores, ulcers, or pus- 
tules, or predisposition in the affected parts to tubercular development ; tuber- 
cular character assumed by every eruption ; or tumors or enlargements which 
assume a hard and permanent character ; swelling or rigidity affecting joints, 
or the course of bones ; or swellings which impede the action of particular 
parts ; casting of the hair, and sometimes also of the skin ; the hair is cast in 
patches, by the eruption of patchy or clustering pustules or vesicles, which 
ooze and form scabs, whereby the hair is dislodged ; watery tumors generally, 
and indurated tumors about the udder and teats ; hard and knotty lumps de- 
veloped in various parts of the body ; tumors which undulate when touched, 
or when the animal is in motion, but which are not susceptible of impression ; 
wasting away of the body. 

Ill respect of the Excrements. — Very hard, lumpy evacuations, which 



628 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

are slowly expelled with much effort, and often with moaning and painful ex- 
pression ; or purely serous discharge, having the odor of decomposed animal 
matter. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Constant urging, with difficult and scanty 
discharge ; sandy-looking urine, or sometimes dark reddish-brown urine. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation, &c. — Predisposition to 
abortion ; discharges of blood from the womb ; inflammation of the udder and 
teats ; general hardness and knotty swellings in the udder and teats ; abscesses 
and* other lymphatic tumors in the lacteal organs, or fistulous ulceration of the 
parts ; dropsical swelling of the scrotum in the male; discharges of blood from 
the womb in the female, provoked by the suckling of the young ; redness, itch- 
ing, and soreness of the bearing. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Diminished inclination to eat ; or, at 
first, unaltered or morbidly voracious appetite, with the presence of the 
earlier skin symptoms, and gradual decrease of appetite to loathing of all 
food, with increased and continual thirst as the pulse becomes smaller and 
quicker ; thirst with, however, desire to drink little at a time, and very fre- 
quently. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Nose, &c. — Muzzle hot and dry, 

or discolored and covered with a dry, fissured, scabby eruption ; the lips 
swollen, the corners of the mouth ulcerated ; very frequent and violent sneez- 
ing, or sneezing which is interrupted and incomplete ; the nostrils are in- 
flamed ; the animal is constantly rubbing the extremity and sides of the nose ; 
continued stoppage of one or both nostrils, with intense dryness and heat ; 
there is continual appearance as of a cold. 

In respect Of the Ears. — Internal swelling of the ears, with hardness 
and swelling of the adjacent glands, and evidently obtuseness of hearing. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Great tenderness of light ; fistulous ulcera- 
tions, particularly of the lachrymal gland ; perforating ulceration of the 
caruncle ; swelling and redness of the eyelids ; redness of the conjunctiva ; 
cloudiness of the transparent parts of the eyes, with or without discoloration 
of the iris ; fungi or ulcers, or simply jelly-like or white specks or dots upon 
the cornea ; the eyelids spasmodically closed, or agglutinated. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Suffocative, dense, stifled 
cough at night, and sometimes continual loud sonorous coughing ; or low, in- 
ternal, husky, gurgling cough ; short, dry cough, with excessive tenderness of 
the chest, the animai wincing when the hand is simply passed over, and 
coughing or giving vent to a whine or moan when the finger is applied with 
any force to the centre of the chest ; short, accelerated breathing, with pant- 
ing ; or slow, oppressed respiration, with heaving of the flanks ; or constant, 
interrupted sighing, the animai being suddenly arrested in the effort to draw 
a long breath by pain, and effecting the respiration by several short puffs, and 
very slowly. 

In respect Of the Extremities.— Yielding and quailing of the limbs ; 
coldness of the extremities generally ; coldness, but occasionally heat, of the 
extremities of the ears ; swelling of the whole length of the legs, or from the 
hock and knee to the coronet ; swelling and induration of the circumference of 
the coronet, and of the circumference of the pasterns ; inflammation, with 
swelling, of the knees or hocks, with or without fungus ; ulcerations, the 



MATERIA MEDICA. 629 

ulcers assuming a dead white, dirty hue ; foul odor from the feet ; enlarge- 
ment and protuberance of the soles of the feet between the crust and frog. 

Silicea is chiefly useful in softening or inflammation of the bones and peri- 
osteum, fistulous ulcers, low, poor condition of body ; also after Hepar or Sul- 
phur, during the healing of an abscess. 

SJPIGBLIA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Inflammation of the margins of the lids, with 
ulceration ; inflammation of the whites of the eyes ; the upper lids hang down 
as if paralyzed (ptosis) ; rheumatic ophthalmia ; great sensitiveness of the eyes 
to the light. 

Ill respect Of the Chest. — Shortness of breath ; difficulty of breathing ; 
spasms of the lungs in rheumatic affections of the heart ; palpitation of the 
heart; unusually strong beatings of the heart; rheumatism of the heart; 
tumultuous beating of the heart ; violent beating of the heart, with enlargement 
or dilatation, and great distress. 

General Symptoms. — Chilliness in the morning ; rheumatic lameness ; 
great debility. All the sufferings are worse in the afternoon. 



SrOWGIA MARINA TOSTA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Hard, sometimes suppressed and barely dis- 
tinguishable ; or very extraordinarily hurried and hard ; or full, hard, and 
accelerated ; or very hurried, small, and gradually attenuating pulse, which 
becomes less and less distinct ; pulsation of the heart hard and perceptibly 
hurried. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — intense and burn- 
ing heat of the whole body ; skin intensely hot and dry ; yielding distension 
of the skin about the head or various parts of the body, such as that of inflated 
bladders, occasioned by the generation and incarceration of noxious gases be- 
neath the scarf-skin, or even within the true skin, and which is characterized 
by a peculiar hollow sound, such as that produced by tapping an inflated 
bladder with the finger ; swelling of the glands in various parts of the body, 
with or without induration ; occasional flushes of heat ; often there is general 
shivering over the whole body, or especially about the back, flanks, and quar- 
ters ; and peculiar crawling irritation of the skin appears to prevail, as evinced 
by local quiverings like those provoked by flies ; the animal rubs or scratches 
the part repeatedly, and the friction develops a deep redness of the skin, at- 
tended with great local heat. 

In respect of the Movements and Position. — The first appearance 

of the sudden puffing of the skin is attended by a peculiar stupor, which, how- 
ever, is quickly succeeded by violent pawing of the ground and rolling ; or, 
sometimes, there is wild and frenzied excitement, the animal arches its tail, 
stretches out its neck, elevates the muzzle, lows or bellows, or howls furiously, 



630 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

and plunges onward, evidently in furious delirium ; or, again, the animal will 
sometimes seek water, and roll or wallow in it, as if to cool the intense and 
fiery heat of the skin : we may also remark a strong disposition to lie down, 
and to remain quite tranquil, in recumbency. 

In respect Of the Milk. — First decrease, and deterioration of quality, — 
then watery, bluish, or serous milk ; and, finally, total suppression or drying 
off of the milk. 

Ill respect Of the Appetite. — Repugnance to all solid food, and eager 
pursuit of cold water ; intense and burning thirst ; in other instances dimin- 
ished appetite, quickly glutted ; and, again, occasionally, ravenous and con- 
tinual hunger, unappeased by eating. 

In respect of Rumination. — Suspended. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, <fec. — Mouth and tongue 
intensely hot, parched, and dry ; sometimes grinding of the teeth ; or numerous 
white vesicles on the mouth and tongue, with burning heat ; swelling of the 
gums, with evanescent redness, but constant heat, and generally with intense 
dryness ; the muzzle is dry to the degree of being parched, and excessively 
harsh to the touch, and is of a scorching heat ; the glands of the lower jaw are 
swollen ; great enlargement of the glands of the neck, so that they hang down. 

In respect of the Eyes. — The eyelids puffed, the eyes dim and filmy ; or 
watering of the eyes, with vivid redness ; or weight in the upper lids, and the 
eyes half closed. 

In respect of the Evacuations. — Very hard and dry ; dry, and as if 
burnt (even in cattle) ; sometimes, also, we may notice loose and pale evacua- 
tions, and the discharge of worms in the excrement. 

In respect of the Urine. — The characteristic symptom in respect of the 
urine consists in the unfrequent but copious discharge of very clear, pale urine ; 
we may also occasionally notice spontaneous discharge, and even a scanty dis- 
charge ; or discharge in an attenuated stream, as if the orifice were contracted ; 
or thick, turbid, sometimes whitish or dusky, sometimes yellowish urine ; 
frothiness is also a common symptom. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Hollow, deep, rough, 

hoarse, or barking cough ; cough which is loud and sonorous ; weak, hush/, 
wheezing sound, emanating from the throat; racking cough, with dry heat of the 
throat ; cough which appears to emanate from the nostrils ; peculiar rattle in 
the throat (i. e., in the air-passages) at every breath ; accumulated and difficult 
breath, or breathing anxious and impeded; rattling in the throat (i. e. y the 
air-passages), as if some body, as a valve, were flapping within it. 

Summary. — Loss of appetite ; lassitude ; giddiness — disposed to fall to 
one side, or backward ; rush of blood, with heat on the forehead. Difficulty 
in opening the eyes. Dry 3r fluent discharge in the nostrils. Accumulation 
of fluid or mucus in the mouth ■ vesicles on the tongue ; intense thirst. Stool 
hard, or first portion hard — second soft. Ascarides. Frequent passing of 
urine —small stream and frothy ; inability to retain it. Constriction in the 
larynx. Difficult respiration, as if the larynx were closed by a plug. Hollow 
and constant cough ; respiration slow, deep, as when exhausted ; nurried 
panting ; wheezing ; distension of the veins, and arrest of breath. Weariness 
in the knees when walking, as if they would give wa) ; tension, as if the 
muscles of the lej^s were too short. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 631 

SQUILL A MARITIMA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Violent throbbing of the artery of the 

pastern ; flinching and retraction of the foot when the horn is lightly struck ; 
excessive heat of the feet ;* separation of the hoof from the coronet, particularly 
towards the heel ; convexity of the sole ; pumiced foot ; or flatness of the sole, 
that is, projection of the sole to the level of the crust; brittleness of the hoof; 
contraction, raggedness, tenderness, brittleness, and roughness of the frog ; 
offensive discharge from the cleft of the frog ; diminution of the horn ; accu- 
mulation of concreted matter, which is cast, and exposes the sensitive part of 
the frog ; fungous granulations, arising out of ulceration of the frog ; gangre- 
nous, spreading, and corrosive ulceration ; decidence of the horn ; fungous 
excrescences on the crust, sole, and frog. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Dry and burning 

heat ; dry and intense heat of the parts affected, generally, with coldness of 
the limbs (in sound parts) and of the extremities of the ears ; general heat of 
the body ; muscular throbbing in various parts, and violent pulsations in the 
affected parts in particular ; swelling, with or without high inflammatory 
action of the glands, but tending to induration ; local heated parts, generally 
or frequently attended with severe itching and irritation, manifested by the 
movements of the animal; such parts are also very tender in general, the 
animal betraying pain, induced by its very attempt to allay the irritation ; 
complete mortification attending sores, developed in various parts. 

In respect of the Movements. — The animal has a great disposition to 
lie down, but is slow to effect its purpose, appearing cautious of drawing the 
feet sufficiently under it ; the animal shifts restlessly from one foot to the other, 
suddenty snatching first one and then the other from the ground, and striking 
at the ground, but cautiously avoiding the actual concussion or contact ; after 
continuing these restless movements for a considerable time, the animal lies 
down, rather by dropping than in the habitual manner. 

In respect of the Eyes. — The pupils considerably dilated, or occasion- 
ally contracted, the eyes being constantly wide open, fixed, and staring. 

Ill respect of the Pulse. — Full, hard, and accelerated, — or hurried, 
small, and wiry. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, &c. — The muzzle stained 

—dark brown, blackish — cracked, or scabby, and always dry and hot, generally 
burning and parched. The mouth is open, dry, and hot. The breath hot, and 
often offensive. The teeth are discolored. The throat dry, and the tongue 
characterized by the appearance of vesicles, more or less malignant. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Variously, repugnance to all solids (the 

* The prevalence of inflammatory symptoms constitutes the distinct characteristic 
of Squilla ; the additional symptoms recited are rather the consecutive results than 
the direct and specific manifestations. So long, however, as acute inflammation 
subsists, the action of SqiriUa is identified. The complications imply the develop- 
ment of additional features, which, however, do not annul the first specific feature. 



632 VETERINARY HOMEOPATHY. 

more common case), or unnatural voracity. Appetite wanting (with indiffer- 
ence and dejection), or intense and continued thirst, with preference for very 
cold drinks, and dislike to warm mashes and the like. 

In respect Of the Evacuations. — Offensive evacuations, principally 
consisting of undigested food ; thready evacuations, with the presence of thin 
and stringy membranes, and often of worms. Constipation, with hard and 
imperfect evacuations, or diarrhoea, with very dark-colored evacuations, and 
excessive flatulency ; or brownish loose evacuations, or even black and liquid 
excremental matter ; evacuations, with more or less admixture of blood. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Profuse and colliquative discharge of pale 
clear watery urine ; very constant and unrestrained micturition ; or sometimes 
scanty, red (bloody), dark-colored, and very hot discharge ; forcing of the parts 
after the discharge, and, finally, ejection of blood. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Rapid difficult breathing ; 

anxious respiration (the animal lying extended flatly on the flank, with the 
head stretched backwards, and standing with the fore legs apart) ; moaning 
with every respiration, and lying, or standing with the mouth open, not 
breathing through the nostrils. Cough, which convulses the stomach, and 
shakes the whole frame ; hoarseness, and rattling in the throat, terminating 
in cough. Frequent, interrupted, and dry cough. 
Violent cough. Congestion of the lungs. Lancinations in the chest and side. 



staphysa GMIA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Blackness, and premature decay of the teeth ; intolerable pain in the de- 
caying teeth ; caries of the teeth and of the bones in patients which have been 
mercurialized. Flow of water from the mouth. Extreme hunger, even when 
the stomach was full of food. Constipation. Diarrhoea, worse after drinking 
cold water. Copious and frequent flow of urine ; frequent emission of urine 
at first watery, then dark yellow ; frequent and scanty discharge of dark-col- 
ored urine ; reddish or dark-yellow urine flows drop hy drop ; painful discharge 
of urine. Glandular swellings. Abscesses. 

Useful in incised, punctured, and cut wounds ; even in stabs. Swellings, 
inflammation, and caries of the bones. Nodes on the joints or bones ; exos- 
toses. General debility. (Scrofulous affections in the human subject.) In- 
flammation of the joints threatening suppuration. 

SULPHUR.* 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Accelerated, hard and full, or increased ra- 
pidity, with either of the other characteristics ; or occasionally the pulse hard 

* Sulphur, one of the most important medicaments known, as applied to the 
treatment of human disease, is, if possible, still more universally useful in the treat- 



MATERIA MEDICA. 633 

or full, without much acceleration ; or sometimes even hard (i. e., wiry) and 
thin. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Chills, with shiver- 
ing, in the open air — the like towards night, — and during the night shivering 
fits, involving the whole body, or particular parts only, such as the chest and 
back in particular ; chills, followed by intense heat, and afterwards by sweat- 
ing, and which occur at all times of the day or night ; colliquative sweats, 
which constantly recur at irregular periods, and without any periodical order. 
Sour-smelling sweats ; sweats which are developed on particular parts only, 
especially on the extremities (as the fore legs, the chest, back and flanks) ; 
the glands generally may be found swollen and inflamed, or the swelling and 
inflammation may be followed by induration on the one hand, or by suppura- 
tion on the other ; the animal is very sensitive of having the hair reversed, 
the skin being generally acutely sensitive and tender ; continued and excessive 
decidence of the hair and wool, large surfaces remaining bare, and being sore, 
cracked, and excoriated ; scurfiness and .peeling off of the skin, the skin gener- 
ally sore, cracked, and excoriated, even under the hair ; the development of 
ulcers, surrounded by puffed and tumid edges, which, as well as the surround- 
ing surface, are either of an inflammatory, vivid, or darkened hue, or purplish, 
and even of a dark livid color. Ulcers, surrounded by numerous pustules, 
partaking of the same character, color, and appearance as the ulcers ; and 
sometimes constituting minor ulcers, which become merged ; discolored spots 
and patches, on various parts of the body ; patches of a brownish or blackish 
color on the skin, or premature white patches ;- intense and constant itching 
and irritation of the skin, the animal perpetually scratching and rubbing 
itself, and thereby provoking excoriation and cracking of the skin ; bleeding 
of the parts so chafed ; the formation of scales over chafed parts ; dread of the 
application of cold water to the skin ; oozing pustular eruptions, or oozing of 
chafed parts, terminating in yellow, red, and sometimes black incrustations ; 
oozing of yellow matter ; swelling, red, or mottled and puffy eruption on va- 
rious parts, but without the development of irregularities of surface, and 
without discharge ; bladder-like flaccid tumors, containing matter, generally 
bare (the hair being shed) ; or hard, distended, tight, hot tumors, without 
much alteration of color ; or highly inflammatory abscesses ; lumpy, hard, and 
knotty concretions or swellings ; lumpy swellings, and hard irregular eleva- 
tions about the udder ; ulcers developing proud flesh, or discharging blood- 
streaked, thick, yellow, lumpy, and very offensive matter, or easily provoked 
to bleed ; extreme emaciation of the whole frame ; decidence of the hair of the 
tail (or rat-tail), and sometimes also of the mane. The generation of lice, 
which rarely, if ever, takes place in a state of health ; lice, especially behind 
the horns and ears ; lice upon mares, sheep, lambs, calves, and pigs ; flaccidity 
of the skin generally ; the flesh (of pigs) retaining the impression of pressure ; 

raent of diseases incidental to the subordinate animals. In some respect or other, it 
embraces features appertaining to every disease, and appears in the trebly impor- 
tant aspect of a prophylactic, immediate, and consecutive remedy : (1) During the 
prevalence of epidemic or endemic disease; (2) during the course of disease; (3) 
during the continuance of after-effects, when the system is unable to effect a perfect 
reaction without further aid. 



634 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

in drawing the bristles, the roots will be found black and bloody ; a profusion 
of small watery pimples between the fat and the external skin (of pigs), and 
the development of red patches, with slight elevations, first between the fore 
legs, about the groin, and on the inner side of the thighs, and sometimes be- 
coming general all over the body. 

In respect Of the Movements. — Uneasiness and restlessness, the ani- 
mal continually changing position., and alternately stretching and huddling 
itself up ; weariness, languid motion, and dread of exertion or movement, the 
animal being slow and tardy to be put in motion, but improving with action ; 
drooping, languid, and sometimes faltering, tottering, and quailing gait ; the 
head is stretched far forward, but carried low, and is rarely elevated, and 
never carried long in a horizontal position. The ears are generally turned 
back or drooping, but rarely erect ; striking the animal seems to cause much 
pain, but does not accelerate its pace ; sometimes the animal, if found continu- 
ally lying down, and if disturbed, cannot be thoroughly roused, and only 
moves away (often with an expression of suffering and dejection) to lie down 
again in another place ; in other cases the animal is never known to lie down, 
except occasionally, and even frequently, to roll (especially the horse if at 
grass), but always sleeping in an erect position, and being very easily roused : 
the animal is continually rolling itself; or it stands with the fore legs apart, 
or sometimes with the hind legs apart, or sometimes also with the back arched, 
the head much lowered, and all four legs closely huddled together ; sometimes, 
again, the animal will not eat from the rack, or even, in some instances, from 
the manger, but prefers to gather its food from the ground, and to eat with 
the muzzle continually lowered : sometimes, again, the animal will not even 
drink from any vessel placed on the ground, but paws and overturns the pail, 
or other vessel so placed, and only drinks when it is placed or held on a level 
with the head, as, for instance, in the manger. 

In respect Of the Head. — Reeling giddiness, with staggering, and with 
or without faltering ; staggering, reeling, and quailing, upon first assuming 
an erect position, or uncertain pace, occasioned by giddiness upon first being 
put in motion. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Redness and inflammation of the conjunctiva 
and sclerotica ; redness and swelling of the caruncle; discoloration of the iris ; 
vivid redness and suffusion of the whole eye ; injection of the conjunctiva ; 
cloudiness of the transparent structure of the eye ; sometimes a faint yellow 
appearance of the sclerotica, or turgid brownish hue of the caruncle, and of 
the vessels of the eye. Spots, more or less opaque and white, upon the surface 
of the eye ; accumulation of grayish fluid about the cornea ; or suffusion of 
semi-opaque adhesive matter over the whole surface of the eye ; excessive dry- 
ness, with heat of the inner and outer surfaces of the eyelids at night, and 
within doors ; or copious watering of the eyes in the open air, when exposed 
to strong light or to cold wind ; extreme dimness of sight with close contraction 
of the pupils ; the margins and the whole of the inner surface of the e3^elids are 
extremely red and inflamed, sometimes even ulcerated, in which case the ulcer- 
ation extends to the cornea ; vesicles developed over the inner surface of the 
eyelids, and upon the cornea itself ; pustular eruption around the eyes ; quiv- 
ering and trembling of the eyelids ; accumulation of matter in the eyes, and 
upon the eyelids, and adhesion of the lids at night. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 635 

In respect Of the Ears. — The ears are generally cold, except at the 
root and within the cavity, where there is increase of heat ; excoriation and 
cracking of the skin behind and round the root of the ears ; scabs on the ears ; 
lice behind the ears. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Increased and inordinately ravenous ap- 
petite, when eating is followed (often by vomiting) by great uneasiness, or by 
torpor, and by inflation and distension of the stomach of long continuance ; 
generally, however, we observe decreased appetite, if not absolute repugnance 
to solid food, with continual thirst. 

In respect of the Intestines. — Hardness, swelling, and tenderness of 
the region of the liver. Sometimes, also, equal tenderness of the belly (both 
ascertained by the movements of the animal on pressure of the parts). 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Inflammation and swelling 

of the bearing ; discharges of somewhat pale blood from the womb, or occasion- 
ally of very black blood ; intense increase of sexual instinct and constant heat ; 
swelling and inflammation of the udder and of the lacteal glands ; red swelling 
and general inflammation of the udder, involving the teats ; soreness, excoria- 
tion, with dry and burning heat, and sometimes bleeding ulceration of the 
teats ; excessive flaccidity of the scrotum (in the male). 
In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Gums, Tongue, Throat, Nose, 

&C. — Dryness and heat of the muzzle ; or dry, rough, and fissured muzzle 
and lips ; discoloration of the muzzle ; ulceration of the muzzle, with scabby 
incrustation ; eruption of clustered vesicles about the corners of the mouth ; 
swelling and inflammation of the glands of the nether jaw ; tense and swollen 
gums, discharging matter and blood ; looseness, dislodgment, and bleeding 
of the teeth, with or without retraction of the gums ; the teeth are covered 
with dark-colored and adhesive phlegm or matter ; the skin of the interior of 
the mouth is dislodged in patches ; the tongue is thickly coated white or brown- 
ish, and is hot, Assured, very harsh (or rather rough, besides the natural harsh- 
ness), and intensely dry ; aphthous vesicles are developed on the tongue, and 
throughout the mouth ; the tongue is sometimes moist during fasting, but the 
mouth generally is hot and dry ; the mouth emits a very offensive odor, par- 
ticularly after eating, or the first thing in the morning, and there is sometimes 
a profuse secretion of saliva ; the throat is dry and sore, and the glands are 
swollen, vivid red, and inflamed ; discharge of thick, yellow, or blackish matter 
or phlegm from the nose ; the nostrils are stopped and dry, hot, cracked, and 
scabby, or severely ulcerated, or copiously discharge a thin, watery, hot secre- 
tion ; the scent is variously affected — sometimes peculiarly acute (but not sus- 
ceptible of distinctions of scent), and sometimes materially diminished, if not 
totally deficient ; polypus of the nose. 

In respect of the Milk. — Spontaneous discharge ; deterioration of 
quality ; secretion of thin serous milk, which yields no cream ; milk of a bluish, 
watery character ; milk seriously diminished, if not totally deficient. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Costiveness, with constant urging ; 
discharge of hard, dry, dark, or pale, lumpy evacuations, detached piecemeal, 
and incomplete ; or discharge of phlegm, with hard knotty evacuations ; # or 
with diarrhoea, and very loose and frequent evacuations ; inflation and disten- 
sion of the belly, and much uneasiness ; very profuse discharge of liquid fasces, 
with shivering, distress, and evident debility ; spontaneous evacuations ; 



636 VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY. 

evacuations varied in consistency and color ; discharge of phlegm and froth 
with the evacuations, or sometimes of bloody matter, or blood-streaked phlegm ; 
swelling, redness, and soreness of the anus, and protrusion of the intestine. 

In respect of the Urine. — Copious and frequent discharge (with a strong 
jet) of clear, pale, watery urine ; or retention or very scanty discharge, with 
or without continual and severe urging ; very offensive urine ; urine with the 
presence of greasy, oily matter floating on the surface ; urine mingled with 
blood, phlegm, and froth ; redness, swelling, and inflammation of the bear- 
ing, &c. 

In respect of the Respiratory Organs. — Snoring, noisy, or rattling 

respiration ; thick and puffing breath ; short and interrupted breathing ; im- 
peded and difficult respiration, with intermissions of suppression of breath, 
and deep and gasping breathing ; heavy, panting, or heaving respiration, with 
full, hard palpitation of the heart, which is sometimes observable by sight, 
without contact ; moist cough, with gurgling of phlegm in the throat ; hoarse 
and moaning cough ; dry cOugh, which sometimes provokes retching, and is 
aggravated by lying down, or by eating, or occurs chiefly towards night, and 
during the night. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Nodosities and swellings of the joints ; 
the skin symptoms in general, as already described under the head of "Skin 
and External Surface ;" vesicles emitting matter, and forming scales in the 
fold of the joints, or in the creases of joints ; enlargement of the bones of the 
limbs in particular parts— the small bone of the lower portion of the leg espe- 
cially ; spontaneous raising and contracting of the legs ; weakness and failing 
of the legs ; swelling of the legs in general ; development of warts on the ex- 
tremities ; red spots or pimples, attended with great tenderness, on the inner 
side of the thighs ; stiffness and numbness of the legs ; sweating of the legs 
and feet, with great coldness; convexity, swelling, heat, soreness, or flatness 
of the soles ; swelling, with rigidity and obstruction of the joints of the legs 
generally ; affections involving the bones or sinews ; enlargement of glands ; 
coldness of the feet, or intense local heat in the sole, and about the particular 
parts affected ; suppurative sores about the feet in particular ; decidence of the 
horn ; fungous excrescences, and separation of the coronet and crust ; affection 
of the nature of spavin, splint, windgall, &c. ; dropsical puffing of the legs. 

Summary. — Chiefly in diseases of long standing, or those forms which 
follow, or result from, acute attacks. Obstinate skin diseases. Suppurations. 
Strangles. Surfeit. Mange. Grease. Cystitis. Worms. Voracious appe- 
tite. Sluggish abscess. Ulcerations. Rapid loss of flesh. Out of condition. 
Coat rough and staring. [Sulphur is especially useful when the animal is re- 
covering from acute disease; but should not be repeated too frequently .] Drowsi- 
ness ; sleep unsound ; disquiet — rising up and lying down ; jerking in the 
limbs when lying down ; starting of the whole body. Profuse sweat, some- 
times day and night. Coldness about the ears. Staggering upon first coming 
into the open air. Timid ; soon frightened. Ulcers on the cornea. Swell- 
ing of the lips. Ulcers in the mouth and on the tongue. Tumor in the throat. 
Weakness in the legs ; they seem unable to bear the weight of the body. 
Cracks and ulcers on the teats. Constant cough ; sometimes hoarse and 
rough. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 637 

SULPHURIS ACIJDU3L 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Loss of appetite and great debility ; diarrhoea, with great debility ; hard 
stool of small black lumps, mixed with blood ; hemorrhages of black blood 
from the various outlets of the body ; leucorrhcea, with bloody mucus ; milky 
or transparent leucorrhoea ; profuse perspiration, with great debility ; cough, 
with expectoration of blood. 

Sulphuric Acid becomes an invaluable remedy in aphthce, or stomacace, with 
debility, or other of the above symptoms concomitant. Indispensable in pur- 
pura hemorrhagica, oftener seen in the human subject ; but sometimes appear- 
ing more or less plainly in domestic animals, especially in certain typhoid 
conditions, and characterized by red spots, which become larger and darker 
(black and blue), and accompanied with discharges of black blood from the 
nose, gums, mouth, fauces, anus, and urethra, with rapid prostration of 
strength. This remarkable group of symptoms, indicating decomposition of 
the blood and loss of its vitality, is often seen in the advanced stages of the 
various forms of cattle plague, rinderpest, pleuro-pneumonia, and other malig- 
nant disorders. 

Consequences of mechanical injuries, bruises, and contusions, showing the 
above-mentioned black and blue spots, are often removed by this remedy. 
Contusions, with excoriation. 

Cough, with expectoration of blood. 

Ulcerations, dark and discolored, looking like mortification. 

Small quick pulse. Weakness in the limbs ; unable to stand. 

Sulphuric Acid should be borne in mind in treating forms of disorder with 
great and rapid prostration ; and may be compared with Arsenicum, from 
which it may often be distinguished by an entire absence of thirst : Arsenicum 
has burning thirst, for little or for much ; Sulphuric Acid has little, if any 
thirst at all. 

SYMPHYTU31 (Comfrey). 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Fractures of the bones ; contusions and injuries of the bones and periosteum ; 
indolent and scorbutic ulcers. Given internally, and at the same time applied 
externally. 

TARTARUS EMETICTJS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — Full or tremulous, or even feeble, and barely 
perceptible pulse ; or full, quick, and soft pulse ; or simply accelerated and 
full ; or quick and irregular (unequal) pulse. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Nose, &c. — Muzzle or 



638 VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY. 

snout dry, not cracked, and sometimes convulsively distorted ; the tonsils and 
throat swollen, red, and inflamed, and then purple or livid, ulcerated and 
gangrenous ; gangrenous ulcer on the tonsils ; tongue protruding and covered 
with saliva (of pigs) ; roughness of the throat, with gurgling and difficult deg- 
lutition (strangles of pigs) ; parched and fissured lips, often with scaling off of 
the skin ; the tongue often moist, sometimes clean, and sometimes also coated 
brown ; profusion of saliva in the mouth ; ulcerated nostrils, or profuse watery 
discharge from the nostrils, with continual sneezing, and deterioration or de- 
ficiency of scent. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Mangy eruptions on 

the skin ; sudden manifestations of redness of the skin, with oozing, decidence 
of hair and bristle, intolerable irritation, and the development of sores, which 
become incrusted with scabs. Redness, glossy swelling, and inflammation ; 
swelling, with vivid redness of the skin ; discoloration of the skin extending to 
the hair (especially visible in white or light-colored coats, or in animals which 
have little hair) ; falling off of the hair in large patches, leaving the skin un- 
covered, and betraying the rough, scabby, sometimes rust-colored surface ; 
eruption of pustules, surrounded by a vivid red surface of the skin, forming a 
distinct ring around the pustules ; excessive itching of the skin over a consid- 
erable extent around the margins of passive or sluggish ulcers ; colliquative 
and frequent sweating, especially about the affected parts (if local) ; often cold 
sweats and profuse night sweats ; most frequently cold and shivering prevail, 
but sometimes there are intervals in which the whole surface of the body is 
affected with intense and burning heat ; sometimes, also, the heat involves 
every part except the ears and extremities. 

In respect of the Movements. — Uneasy, restless, and agitated, with 
strong inclination for recumbency and quiet, but constant disturbance induced 
by the irritation of the parts affected. 

In respect Of the Head, <&C. — Swelling and general enlargement of the 
neck and glands of the neck, with continual tremulous agitation or oscillation 
of the head. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — The animal seems to have strong incli- 
nation to eat, but eats little, and, after beginning eagerly, quickly leaves its 
food ; craving and inordinate hunger, but with inclination for particular 
kinds of food only ; the animal eats little, without, however, total loss of ap- 
petite, but is, nevertheless, affected with intense and continual thirst, and 
drinks with avidity ; or again, in some instances, there is total absence of ap- 
petite. 

In respect of the Digestive Functions Generally. — Convulsive 

retching, accompanied with diarrhoea and discharge of liquid or frothy evacu- 
ations, and with positive sinking as if in a swoon ; continual and copious vom- 
iting, with watering of the mouth ; foul, sour-smelling, and bilious vomits, or 
vomiting of food ; vomiting of phlegm only accompanying similar evacuations 
(with excessive looseness). 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Alternate costiveness and diarrhoea ; 
very loose, papescent, slimy, or coaty evacuations ; yellow, or bloody and 
loose, or even spontaneous, evacuations. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Spontaneous emission ; bright, vivid red 
urine, depositing threads as it were of coagulated blood ; turbid urine, of a 



MATERIA MEDICA. 639 

dark brown, or sometimes yellowish color ; very copious discharge of urine, 
apparently attended with considerable pain, and emitted in a small stream ; 
slow discharge of very abundant urine. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Cough, attended with 

vomiting of food immediately after eating ; hollow-sounding, rattling, gur- 
gling, and purring cough ; a hoarse, purring, rattling respiration, occasioned 
by the presence of considerable loose phlegm on the chest ; suffocative cough, 
with roaring or purring in the air-passages ; short, difficult, and impeded, or 
slow, deep, and oppressed respiration, with violent pulsations of the heart, 
observable by sight without contact. 

Ill respect Of the Extremities. — Extreme itching and irritation of the 
extremities ; intense coldness and numbness of the legs and feet, except there 
be local inflammation, when the affected part will often be intensely hot, and 
the remaining portion of the limbs characterized by icy coldness ; the joints 
become stiffened and numbed by inaction, and quail or yield upon first being 
exercised. 

Summary. — Inflammation of the lungs ; difficult breathing. Respiration 
rapid. Copious accumulation of mucus in the chest. Loud rattling of mucus. 
Pulse rapid, weak. Constant flow of saliva from the mouth. 



TEREBINTH. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Recommended for dropsy, catarrh of the bladder (chronic), hsematuria or 
hemorrhage from the kidneys, and for tapeworm (taenia). 

In respect Of the Nose. — Watery fluid from the nose, from one nostril, 
or from both ; violent bleeding at the nose. 

In respect of the Stool. — Thin, yellow stools, with discharge of taenia 
and ascarides ; from giving large doses. 

In respect of the Urinary Organs. — Inflammation of the bladder ; 
diminished urine ; complete suppression of urine ; scanty, red, and even 
bloody urine ; a slimy sediment in the urine ; discharge of blood from urinary 
organs ; blood thoroughly mixed with the urine, forming a dirty, reddish- 
brown, or blackish fluid ; urine depositing a muddy, white-yellow, or slimy 
sediment. 

In respect of the Chest. — Dry cough ; difficulty of breathing. 

General Symptoms. — Stiffness of the limbs ; dropsy ; general languor ; 
fever, with violent thirst. 

THUJA. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect of the Organs of Generation. — Swelling of the sheath (in 
the male), with excessive susceptibility of sexual instinct in the male and 
female ; continued and constant heat, often unappeased by copulation, and 
continuing after the development of pregnancy ; callous excrescences, as 



640 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

warts, internally and externally, about the parts ; ehancrous ulcers ; exces- 
sive and constant perspiration of the parts ; flaccidity of the scrotum, with 
glandular swellings, and clammy sweat ; sweating of the thighs and adjacent 
parts ; swelling and soreness of the bearing. 

In respect of the Skin and External Surface. — Redness and swell- 
ings, with considerable development of inflammatory heat ; eruption of red 
and irregular patches, with more or less elevation ; great tenderness of the 
parts affected, as if from subcutaneous ulceration ; the animal cannot bear 
the slightest touch, but nevertheless appears to be relieved after pressure ; 
purple swelling of the superficial arteries ; twitching of the limbs or muscles 
in particular parts ; partial jerkings, trembling, and agitation of particular 
parts ; variegated patches upon the skin ; continual or very predominant 
shivering, with partial and intermittent flushes of heat ; symptoms generally 
which affect the left side most distinctly. 

In respect Of the Eyes. — Vivid redness of the sclerotica ; hard, tense, 
red, and indurating swelling of the eyelids ; knotty protuberances along the 
margins of the eyelids ; watering of one eye (on the side most affected) ; the 
development of humid, suppurating, pustular eruptions around the eyes, with 
decidence of the hair of those parts. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Throat, Nose, <&c. — incrustations 

of red, rustj-looking, or brown, or blackish scabs about the muzzle ; muscular 
twitching and jerking of the lips and muzzle ; excoriation ; swelling, with 
redness, purple, or livid, or deadened blue-whitish color of the gums ; acceler- 
ated action of the salivary glands ; inflammation and swelling of the salivary 
glands ; profuse secretion of saliva ; aphthous vesicles, more or less malignant, 
and sometimes terminating in gangrenous ulceration in various internal parts 
of the mouth; bloody saliva; ehancrous ulceration of the throat, and of the 
tonsils in particular ; continual repetition of the operation of deglutition, or 
constant gulping ; swelling redness, or purple hue of the tonsils ; the tongue 
swollen, and excessively tender ; frog tongue ; swelling, cracking, vivid red- 
ness, or sometimes purple or livid hue, with the suffusion of a shining, slimy 
fluid, along the sides of the tongue, and under the tongue. 

In respect of the Appetite. — Diminished or deteriorated appetite, or 
rather the appetite is spoilt, with or without decrease of inclination for food, 
but almost invariably with appetite easily glutted ; periodical thirst ; thirst 
which occurs during the night, or which is intense in the morning, so that the 
animal will not feed until after drinking. 

In respect of the Excrements. — Continual constipation with inaction 
of the stomach, and long suspension of discharge ; or with large, hard, lumpy, 
dry (or bloody) evacuations. 

In respect Of the Urine. — Frequent and copious discharge, the urine 
being pale, clear, watery, and the discharge being followed by a continuing, 
spontaneous dripping of urine ; bloody or flocculent urine, generally more 
scanty than if clear ; thick, woolly sediment, settling into cloud-like, undulat- 
ing agglomerations. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Heavy, impeded, op- 
pressed breathing, with continual heaving of deep and sighing breath. 

In respect of the Extremities. — Swelling of the veins of the limbs ; cal- 
lous excrescences ; puffing of the legs ; coldness and torpidity of the extremi- 



MATERIA MEDICA. 641 

ties ; crackling sound of the joints when moving, especially when stretching, 
which frequently occurs ; trembling of the legs and feet ; parting of the coronet 
and hoof ; suppuration and internal ulceration of the soles, and in the fissures 
between the frog and bar of the feet ; ulcerations of the pasterns, about the 
knees, and in the fold of the joints generally. 



VBBATB UM ALB UM. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

In respect Of the Pulse. — The pulse is chiefly characterized by attenu- 
ation, becoming almost imperceptible ; smallness, slowness, or softness (yield- 
ing) ; we may also observe an accelerated, or hurried, small and intermittent 
pulse. 

In respect of the Skin, and External Surface. — Excessive coldness 

of the whole surface of the body, sometimes followed with intense heat ; pre- 
dominance of icy coldness, with cold and clammy sweat ; flushes of heat about 
the head, with lethargic, drowsy sleep, or with frantic wildness, furious move- 
ments, and precipitate falling ; intense coldness of the body generally, with in- 
tense heat at the root of the horns or between the ears ; dry, harsh, chippy, 
scabious eruption ; the hair or wool becomes lank ; the elasticity of the wool 
becomes deteriorated ; the hair and wool are shed, and the skin itself scales 
off, with very dry, and sometimes bluish scurfs ; the skin sometimes assumes 
a peculiarly mealy appearance ; mealy eruption, chiefly about the muzzle, 
eyes, and ears (especially in suckling calves) ; milk-crust ; eruption of small, 
white pimples, which ooze, and dry into a scabby, whitish, or slightly bluish 
surface, the hair being cast, and the incrustation itself being cast, to be suc- 
ceeded by another ; the heat and shivering (coldness) are alike attended with 
thirst, generally very intense and insatiable, and indicative of violent internal 
fever ; extreme tenderness of the roots of the hair, when reversed ; flabby, 
flaccid skin, and excessive emaciation. 

In respect Of the Head. — Reeling, staggering giddiness, with falling 
headlong ; sometimes cold, clammy sweating of the head. 

In respect of the Stomach, and Digestive Functions Generally. — 

Immediately after the intense and general coldness and shivering, vomiting, 
which is generally accompanied with severe purging, and great prostration 
of strength, evinced by the tottering and sinking down of the animal, and by 
its inclination to lie down, or by a drooping and semi-inanimate appearance ; 
frothy, bilious, black, bloody, or slimy vomiting, very frequent and copious, 
or continual, decreasing in quantity, with very little discharge, and with in- 
creased predominance of froth and phlegm ; inflammatory heat of the stomach, 
with vomiting of blood, and excessive tenderness of the whole surface of the 
stomach ; vomiting, provoked by drinking, however small the draught ; vomit- 
ing, excited even by change of position ; excessive flatulency, and noisy emis- 
sion of wind ; hard distension, and acute tenderness of the belly ; the inflam- 
matory, intestinal symptoms, accompanied with rapid and excessive weakness, 
and with obstinate constipation and absence of any evacuations, or with large, 
hard, lumpy, dry, and sometimes bloody evacuations. 

41 



642 VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 

In respect Of the Excrements. — Constipation, in such cases and with 
such conditions as just mentioned, or violent and continued purging ; purging, 
with evacuations of the same character as that of the vomits ; spontaneous 
evacuations ; purging, simultaneously with vomiting. 

In respect of the Urine. — Spontaneous discharge of urine; yellow, 
thick, muddy, but scanty urine ; suppression of discharge, or urging to urinate 
without secretion of urine ; discharge of pure blood. 

In respect Of the Appetite. — Intense aversion to solid food, with in- 
satiable and burning thirst, — warm drinks, even, are repulsed, but cold water 
is swallowed with eagerness ; total want of appetite ; a rapid, ravenous, crav- 
ing hunger, with immediate satiation ; the slightest participation of food or 
drink is immediately followed with vomiting and purging. 

In respect of the Ears. — Icy coldness of the ears. 

In respect of the Eyes. — Turgid, yellowish or brownish color of the 
vessels of the eyes ; faint yellowness of the conjunctiva ; slightly leaden hue of 
the eyes ; the whole surface of the eye is suffused, vivid red, and the look wild 
and staring ; or the eye is filmy, and the look downcast ; the eyelids intensely 
hot, dry, and red, or there is copious watering of the eyes ; severe contraction, 
or moderate dilatation of the pupils ; convulsed, fixed, prominent, or glassy, 
sunken, but shiny eyes ; cadaverous hollowness of the eyes ; coldness of the 
margins of the eyelids, with brownish, blackish, or dusky color. 

In respect of the Muzzle, Mouth, Tongue, Throat, Nose, &c. — 

The muzzle hot, dry, narrow, contracted, and, as it were, pinched, — and 
sometimes dry and cold, but never moist and cold ; yellowness, or bluish livid 
color of the muzzle, or cracked, dry, and blackish ; the teeth grinding, and 
sometimes loose ; burning heat of the mouth generally, and of the tongue in 
particular ; clamminess, with dryness, or parched mouth and tongue ; foam- 
ing at the mouth ; yellow coating, and dead, heavy weight of the tongue, 
which is motionless, and sometimes protrudes ; fissured, black, or purple and 
very dry tongue ; the palate intensely dry and adhesive ; the throat dry, red, 
and so much swollen as effectually to obstruct it ; continual dryness, and 
sometimes, also, purplish color of the throat. 

In respect of the Movements. — Tottering and reeling with every at- 
tempt to move ; incapability of retaining an erect position, or sinking when it 
is assumed ; or trembling, and convulsive movements of the body generally ; 
sudden incapacitation for motion ; or occasionally, precipitate and violent 
career, with wild and furious movements, ending in headlong fall. 

In respect Of the Extremities. — Icy coldness, and trembling; con- 
vulsive jerking, paralytic weakness, and tottering or quailing ; sudden tume- 
. faction of the limbs. 

In respect of the Respiratory Apparatus. — Hollow cough from the 

■ depth of the chest ; dry cough, with watering of the mouth, and drivelling ; 
oppressed, difficult, interrupted, and suspended respiration ; excessive shortness 
of breath, with panting with every movement, — attended with violent, and 
thumping, or fluttering pulsation of the heart ; slow, impeded, or irregular 
breathing, with heaving of the flanks. 

Summary. — Pains in the limbs. Loss of strength. Coldness of the body. 

'Cold sweats. Convulsive movement of the limbs. Froth at the mouth. 

vColic— cutting pains in the belly. Liquid evacuations. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 643 

HYDRASTIS. 

Characteristic Symptoms. 

Loss of appetite ; faintness ; constipation ; cough, with expectoration of 
thick, yellow, very tenacious mucus, stringy and profuse. 

This remedy has been much used in human practice, and to a less extent 
by veterinarians, for affections of the mucous membranes, such as discharges 
from the nose, and from the vagina — catarrh and leucorrhoea. 

It has been given internally, and applied as in the form of a lotion made by 
mixing one ounce of the tincture with fifteen ounces of water. 

Its beneficial action has also been displayed in a similar manner when ap- 
plied to indolent ulcerations, especially those of the mucous membranes ; 
" Erosions and superficial ulceration of the vagina, with tenacious discharge." 
In simple ulcers Hydrastis, thus externally and internally employed, is found 
very efficacious. 

In ulcerations of the mucous membrane of the mouth, stomacace, used as a 
wash it is invaluable ; also in those of the throat. For this latter the muriate 
of hydrastia is preferred.* 

* Hale's "New Remedies," 2d edition, p. 572. 



TABLE OF ANALOGOUS KEMEDIES, 



WHEREBY THE ADMINISTRATOR MAY BE ASSISTED (WHEN THE SYMPTOMS RESIST 
THE EMPLOYMENT OP ANY PARTICULAR REMEDY, WHICH MAY CONTINUE, AP- 
PARENTLY, TO CORRESPOND WITH THE SPECIFIC ACTION OF SUCH REMEDY, AS 
PREVIOUSLY EXHIBITED WITHOUT EFFECT) IN THE SELECTION OF ANOTHER 
REMEDY MORE DIRECTLY APPROPRIATE TO THE CASE, AND ACCORDING TO THE 
INDICATIONS AFFORDED IN THE MATERIA MEDICA. 

Aconitum — may, with due reference to the specific action, he superseded by 
Arnica, Belladonna, Cantharides, Hyoscyamus, Nux v., Spongia, or Sulphur. 

Arnica — similarly superseded by Aconitum, Chamomilla, China, or Mercurius. 

Arsenicum album — similarly superseded by Calcarea, Carbo veg., China, Digi- 
talis, Graphites, Lachesis, Phosphorus, Khus, and Veratrum. 

Belladonna — similarly superseded by Aconitum, Bryonia, Hyoscyamus, Lache- 
sis, Opium, and Sulphur. 

Bryonia — similarly superseded by Aconitum, Belladonna, Nux v., Opium, and 
Pulsatilla. 

Calcarea carbonica — similarly superseded by Arsenicum, Baryta, Carboniea, 
Calcarea, China, Graphites, Kali carb.,. Nitri acidum, Phosphorus, Ehus, and 
Silicea. 

Carbo vegetabilis — similarly superseded by Arsenicum, Baryta c, Calcarea, 
China, Graphites, Kali carb., Phosphorus, Khus, and Sepia. 

China — similarly superseded by Arsenicum, Baryta c, Calcarea, Carbo veg., 
Graphites, Hepar s., Ipecacuanha, Kali sulph., Mercurius, Phosphorus, Phosphori 
acidum, Khus, and Veratrum. 

Cocculus — similarly superseded by Belladonna, Cuprum a., Hyoscyamus, and 
Veratrum. 

Conium— similarly superseded by Hepar s., Silicea, and Thuja. 

Cuprum aceticum — similarly superseded by Belladonna, Cocculus, Hyoscyamus, 
and Veratrum. 

Drosera — similarly superseded by Ipecacuanha and Spongia. 

Hepar sulphuris — similarly superseded by Mercurius, Muriatis acidum, Nitri 
acidum, and Kuta graveolens. 

Hyoscyamus — similarly superseded by Aconitum, Belladonna, Camphor, Coccu- 
lus, Ignatia, Lachesis, Opium, Squilla, and Veratrum. 

Ignatia amara— similarly superseded by Chamomilla, Cina, Cocculus, Hyoscya- 
mus, Ipecacuanha, Sepia, Sulphur, and Veratrum. 

Ipecacuanha — similarly superseded by Arnica, Carbo veg., China, Cocculus, 
Ignatia, Nux vom., and Petroleum. 

Lachesis — similarly superseded by Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Lycopodium, Mer- 
curius, Nitri acidum, Sulphur, and Veratrum. 
( 644 ) 



TABLE OF ANALOGOUS REMEDIES. 645 

Ledum palustre — similarly superseded by Digitalis. 

Lycopodium — similarly superseded by Bryonia, Calcarea, Cantharides, Graph- 
ites, Nitri acidum, Khus, and Sulphur. 

Mercurius vivus— similarly superseded by Aconitum, Antimonium c, China, 
Dulcamara, Hepar s., Nitri acidum, Pulsatilla, Sepia, and Silicea. 

Nitrum acidum — similarly superseded by Hepar sulph., Mercurius, Muriatis 
acid., Khus, and Sulphur. 

Nux vomica — similarly superseded by Aconitum, Bryonia, Carbo veg., China, 
Cocculus, Ignatia, Ipecacuanha, Mercurius, Pulsatilla, and Sulphur. 

Opium — similarly superseded by Camphor. 

Phosphorus — similarly superseded by Arsenicum, Baryta c, Calcarea, Carbo 
veg., Kali carb., Kali sulph., Sepia, Sulphur, and Veratrum. 

Pulsatilla — similarly superseded by Arnica, Bryonia, China, Cocculus, Ignatia, 
Nux vomica, Petroleum, Khus, and Sulphur. 

Rhus toxicodendron— similarly superseded by Arsenicum, Bryonia, Calcarea, 
Carbo veg., China, Cocculus, Mercurius, Kuta, Squilla, and Sulphur. 

Sabina — similarly superseded by Arnica, Belladonna, Ipecacuanha, Platina, and 
Sepia. 

Secale cornutum — similarly superseded by Arnica, Belladonna, Platina, Sa- 
bina, and Sepia. 

Silicea — similarly superseded by Kuta graveolens. 

Spongia — similarly superseded by Drosera, Hepar sulphuris, Ipe cacuanha, and 
Tartarus emeticus. 

Squilla — similarly superseded by Dulcamara, Nitri acidum, Kuta graveolens, 
Silicea, and Tartarus emeticus. 

Sulphur — similarly superseded by Aconitum, Arsenicum, Bryonia, Calcarea, 
China, Digitalis, Nitri acidum, Nux vom., Phosphorus, Phosphori acidum, Khus, 
Sepia, and Silicea. 

Tartarus emeticus — similarly superseded by Cocculus, Drosera, Ipecacuanha, 
Spongia, Sulphur, and Veratrum. 

Thuja — similarly superseded by Agaricus muse, Ammonium carb., Antimo- 
nium c, Digitalis, Graphites, Kali carb., Natrum m., Phosphori acidum, and Pul- 
satilla. 

Veratrum — similarly superseded by China, Cocculus, Cuprum a., Hyoscyamus, 
Ipecacuanha, Opium, Khus, Silicea, and Tartarus emeticus. 

/ 



LIST OF FORTY REMEDIES 

MOST FREQUENTLY EMPLOYED, WHICH ARE PUT UP IN A 
CONVENIENT BOX. 



Aconite, 
Ammo, caust., 
Apis mel., 
Arnica m., 
Arsenicum, 
Belladonna, 
Bryonia, 
Calcarea carb., 
Calendula, 
Cantharis, 



Carbolic acid, 

Causticum, 

China off., 

Colchicum, 

Conium m., 

Euphrasia, 

Graphites, 

Hamamelis, 

Hydrastis, 

Hypericum, 



Hepar s. c, 
Ipecacuanha, 
Kali bich., 
Lycopodium, 
Mercurius viv., 
Nux vomica, 
Phosph., 
Phosph. acid, 
Phytolacca a., 
Pulsatilla, 



Eh us tox., 
Kuta, 
Sepia, 
Silicea, 
Spongia t., 
Sulphur, 
Sulphuric acid, 
Symphytum, 
Tartar em., 
Veratrum a. 



LIST OF TWELVE REMEDIES 

FOR EXTERNAL USE, AND LARGER DOSES ^OR QUANTITIES THAN 
REQUIRED FOR THE OTHERS. 



Aconite, 
Ammo, caust., 
Arnica, 



Calendula, 
Camphor, 
Carbolic acid, 



Hamamelis, 
Hydrastis, 
Hypericum p. 



Rhus tox., 
Symphytum, 
TJrtica urens. 



( 646 ) 



A BEIEF NOTICE 



MEDICINES WHICH MAY BE USED EXTERNALLY. 



TINCTURE OP ACONITE. — This remedy may be applied externally in all 
cases of acute local inflammation. When there is at the same time inward fever, 
its external use will greatly aid its internal exhibition. 

For external application, twenty drops may be thoroughly mixed with one pint 
of soft warm water, and the inflamed parts bathed with this five minutes at a time, 
once in three or four hours. 

In sudden congestions, violent forms of acute disease, and inflammatory fevers, 
both local and general, this tincture may be used internally. Five drops should be 
dissolved in one pint of water, and a tablespoonful given once in one, two, or three 
hours, according to the violence of the attack ; taking care to diminish the frequency 
of the dose as the inflammation subsides. 

AMMONIUM CAUSTICUM. — This powerful remedy is sometimes used, in 
cases of congestion, and others also, in larger doses than common. And it being 
the remedy most to be relied on in some dangerous emergencies, it is put up in the 
box with larger vials. 

TINCTURE OF ARNICA. — This remedy is specific against the local ill effects 
of a bruise, contusion, blow, or external lesion of any kind, by which the skin has 
not been broken. When the hair has been grazed off, and the skin has been injured 
without producing a discharge of blood, also, Arnica is invaluable. It should also 
be employed in all cases in which horses are chafed by any part of their harness or 
by the bow of the saddle, if recourse be had to it before blains or sores are estab- 
lished about the parts. It is not uncommon for cattle, when turned out to graze, 
to blemish the coat by rolling or rubbing themselves, in which cases also Arnica 
should be employed as soon as the blemish is discovered. It has furthermore been 
found very advantageous to wash the legs from the hock and knee-joints downwards 
with arnicated lotion after an animal has been exposed to overexertion. It has also 
been employed with pre-eminent success for the casualty so common (in summer) 
with cattle at grass, viz., the stings of insects. 

TINCTURE OF CALENDULA is preferable to Arnica in all cases in which 
there has been much discharge of blood, or whenever the skin or flesh has been 
much lacerated, or, again, for application to all wounds which must necessarily sup- 
purate before healing. "When the wound is irritable and inflamed, and a poultice 
is required, add to it two or three wineglassfuls of the lotion. 

(647 ) 



648 MEDICINES USED EXTERNALLY. 

TINCTURE OF CAMPHOR. — The specific remedy for poisoning by fly-blisters 
(Cantharides), and used for embrocation in rheumatism, and as an external and in- 
ternal stimulant. See Materia Medica. 

CARBOLIC ACID. — The external use and mode of preparing the lotion of this 
remed}' are set down in the Materia Medica and preceding portions cf this work. 

HAMAMELIS. — Lotion made by mixing one ounce of the tincture with fifteen 
ounces of soft water. It is applied to bleeding piles. See Materia Medica. 

HYDRASTIS. — Lotion made by mixing one ounce of the tincture with fifteen 
ounces of water. This is a convenient proportion, and readily made with the aid of 
a pint bottle. First put in one ounce of the tincture, then gradually add water, 
shaking by turns, till the bottle is full, and you have the lotion exactly made in the 
prescribed proportion of one part in sixteen. 

Hydrastis lotion is used in nasal discharges, and to promote the healing of indo- 
lent ulcerations. 

HYPERICUM. — Lotion prepared as above. Used for incised and punctured 
wounds, and especially for those in which the nervous substance is injured. 

RHUS TOXICODENDRON. — This remedy is specific as an external applica- 
tion in all cases in which a sprain has been the manner of a local injury. It em- 
braces all external lesions affecting tendons, sinews, joints, and the like. Lotion pre- 
pared as above. 

SYMPHYTUM. — Used in lotion, prepared as above, as a dressing for injuries 
involving fractures of the bones, and to promote their reunion. 

TINCTURE OF URTICA (URENS) DIOICA has been found specific against 
the stings of insects. It should be selected preferably to Arnica, when the stings 
have produced considerable swelling and there is burning heat and excessive ten- 
derness of the surface to the touch, so much so that the animal shrinks from exami- 
nation, and that when touched the skin quivers. 

The Urtica urens will be found useful in all burns and scalds, when the integu- 
ments and subjacent tissues are not destroyed, and when the injury is confined to 
the skin. 

When used for stings, the pure tincture of Urtica may be touched to the affected 
part once in half an hour, or once an hour, till the swelling begins to go down. 

When applied to burns, this remedy will more quickly relieve the inflammation 
if mixed with warm water, and applied quite warm, once an hour. For burns the 
lotion should consist of six parts of pure soft water to one of the tincture. At first, 
in severe cases, the lotion should be used afresh every quarter of an hour by means 
of a linen rag bound about the parts, and resaturated at such intervals ; but, when 
the severest effects of the injury have been overcome, it will be sufficient to re- 
moisten the rag at intervals of three hours during the first day, and to bathe the 
parts with the lotion twice a day afterwards. 



GLOSSARY* 



OF TECHNICAL TERMS EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK. 



[N.B. — With few exceptions, names of diseases are not here set down, since they are sufficiently 
explained where they occur.] 



Abortion. Miscarriage. 

Abscess. A collection of matter. 

Anthrax. A carbuncle. 

Arthritic. Pertaining to joints. 

Articulation. A joint. 

Bishoping. Fraudulently marking a 
horse's teeth. 

Bronchia. Air-passages, or " pipes " in 
the lungs. 

Bronchitis. Inflammation of the bron- 
chia. 

Byre. A cow-house. 

Calculus. A stone in some internal or- 
gan. 

Calculi. Stones. 

Catarrh. A cold in the head or chest. 

Chronic. Long standing. 

Caries. Ulceration of the bone. 

Concussion. Violent shaking. A shock. 

Congenital. Existing at birth. 

Contagious. "Catching." 

Contagion. Transmission of disease by 
contact with morbid matter. 

Constipation. Costiveness. Inactivity 
of the bowels. 

Couching. An operation for cataract. 

Coup de soleil. Sunstroke. 

Convalescent. Recovered from sick- 
ness. 

Convulsions. Spasms. 



Cornea. The clear portion of the eye- 
ball in front. 

Coryza. Flow of water from the nose. 
Cold in the head. 

Decimal (dilution or trituration). 
Made in proportion of one to ten. 

Desquamation. Peeling or scaling off 
of the skin. 

Diabetes. Profuse flow of urine. 

Diabetes insipidus. Urine profuse and 
tasteless. 

Diabetes mellitus. Urine profuse and 
containing sugar. 

Diuresis. Very great secretion and dis- 
charge of urine. 

Dyspnoea. Difficult breathing. 

Ecchymoses. Dark spots in or under 
the skin. 

Emaciation. Loss of flesh. 

Emphysema. A condition of the lungs 
in which air escapes from ruptured 
air-cells. 

Engorgement. Morbid accumulation 
of blood in any organ. 

Epidemic (disease). Belonging to the 
whole population ; as if from the poi- 
soned air affecting all alike. 

Epizootic. A disease prevailing among 
animals ; (corresponding to epidemic 
in man). 



Enlarged from Moore. 



( 649 ) 



650 



GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. 



"Wind in the bowels. 
Movement felt of fluid in 



Equine. Relating to horses. 
Extravasation. Blood escaping from 
the vessels into the neighboring tissue. 
Fermentation. Decomposition. See 

Zymotic. 
Fetid (or foetid). Having a putrid, or 

offensive smell. 
Fistula. A long, narrow, ulcerated 

channel. 
Flatulence. 
Fluctuation. 

a cavity. 
Frenzy. A sudden attack of madness. 
Ganglia. Knots of (involuntary) ner- 
vous substance. 
Ganglionic. Relating to the involun- 
tary nervous system. 
Gangrene. The beginning or first stage, 

of mortification. 
Glands. Organs which secrete some 
fluid or substance ; (or small bodies, 
like the cervical glands in man, which 
do not apparently secrete anything.) 
Granulations. Minute growths, like 
grain, which spring up in wounds 
when healing. 
Gluten. A product of wheat or other 
flour ; applied also to that element of 
hides from which glue is obtained. 
Hcematuria. Bloody urine. 
Hemiplegia. Paralysis of one side only. 
Hemorrhage. Flow of blood, bleeding. 
Homoeopathy. A method of healing 
the sick by giving small doses of sub- 
stances, which in large doses cause 
similar diseases in healthy persons. 
Hybridization. Breeding from differ- 
ent species, as the ass and the mare, 
which results in what are called hy- 
brids, the latter being entirely incapa- 
ble of reproduction. 
Hypochondrium. The region on either 
side immediately beneath the lower 
ribs. 
Incubation. Breeding. Period inter- 
vening between the entrance of a poi- 
son into the body, and the develop- 
ment of its effects. 
Inflammation. A local (physiological) 
excitement ; the part takes on a more 



active blood circulation, and is hot, 

swollen, and painful. 
Inoculation. Imparting a disease by 

depositing its morbid product beneath 

the skin. 
Interdigital space. Space between the 

clefts of the hoof, in cloven-footed ani- 
mals. 
Intestinal canal. The bowel, from the 

stomach to the anus. 
Larynx. The upper part of the wind- 
pipe. 
Lesion. Any hurt, or injury, or morbid 

condition of tissue. 
Lumbar region. The loins. 
Luxation. Dislocation of a joint. 
Mastication. Chewing. 
Meteorization. Swollen up with air. 

See Tympanitis. 
Muco -purulent. A mixture of mucus 

and pus. 
Mucus. Fluid secreted by a mucou3 

membrane. 
Necrosis (necrosed). Death of a por- 
tion of bone; the stage of disease of 

bone subsequent to caries. 
Olfactory. Relating to the organ of 

smell. 
Ophthalmia. Disease (inflammation) 

of the eye. 
Osseous. Bony. 
Ossified. Changed to bone. 
Paralysis. Loss of power of motion 

(or of sensation). 
Paraplegia. Paralysis of both sides. 

See Hemiplegia. 
Parasite. A minute vegetable growth, 

or animal, which dwells and feeds upon 

the body of a larger animal. 
Paroxysmal. Occurring in spells, or in 

fits. 
Pathological. Relating to disease. 
Parturition. Giving birth to young. 
Pharynx. The back of the mouth. 
Photophobia. Morbid sensitiveness (or 

fear) of the eye to light. 
Potency. Relating to the strength of 

homoeopathic medicineo. 
Prepuce. Foreskin. 
Puerperal fever. Milk fever. Fever 



GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. 



651 



after calving. " Dropping after calv- 
ing." 
Purulent. Relating to pus or matter. 

Pustular. Relating to or resembling 
pustules. 

Rabies. Madness, like hydrophobia in 
man. 

Rectum, Portion of the bowel next 
the anus. 

Respiration. Breathing. 

Respiratory murmur. Sound of the 
air passing in and out of the lungs. 

Rumination. Chewing the cud. 

Salivation. Profuse flow of spittle or 
saliva. 

Sanies (sanious). A thin, watery, of- 
fensive discharge. 

Schneiderian membrane. The mucous 
lining membrane of the nose. 

Slinking. Abortion. Miscarriage. 

Serrated. Shaped like saw-teeth. 

Spasms. Convulsions. 

Spaying. Removing the female geni- 
tals (ovaries). 

Symptoms. Name applied to morbid 
appearances which result from some 
disease, and are taken to represent it ; 
any apparent deviation from perfect 
health may be the symptom which in 
whole or in part declares the disease. 

Thorax. Cavity of the chest. 

Traumatic. Relating to or resulting 
from a wound. 



Trituration. Grinding. 

Trocar. A pointed instrument having 
a tube slipped over it ; the whole being 
thrust into a tumor containing fluid, 
the instrument (stylet) is withdrawn, 
and the tube left for a spout, through 
which the fluid passes. 

Tympanitis. Flatulent expansion of the 
abdomen. 

Ulcer. A sore on the surface. 

Ulceration. Formation of an ulcer. 

Ureter. The canal or tube from the 
kidney to the bladder. 

Urethra. The tube from the bladder 
outwards. 

Uterus. The womb. 

Vagina. The passage leading to the 
womb. 

Vertebra. One of the back bones. 

Vertigo. Giddiness. Dizziness. 

Vesical. A small elevation of the skin 
containing clear fluid. 

Vesicular. Relating to vesicles. 

Visceral. Relating to the viscera or 
bowels. 

Zymotic disease. An infectious dis- 
ease, like glanders, in which, according 
to the former ideas, there was a putre- 
factive ferment of the blood ; but in 
which the blood is now believed to be 
infected by the poisonous or even liv- 
ing germs of malignant disorder. 



INDEX. 



N. B. — The numbers refer to the numbered paragraphs in this work, — not to the pages. 



Abortion, 338 

treatment of, 339. 
Abrasions. 412 
Abscess in lungs, 475 
Abscesses, 435 

general treatment of, 436 

modes of opening, 437 

various kinds of, 438 

serous, 440 
Advantages of Homoeopathic treatment, 1 
Afterbirth, removal of, 342 
Anasarca, 463 
Angina, sore throat, 451 

treatment of, 453 
Aphthae (thrush of the mouth), 162 
Apoplexy of horses, and other animals, 
124 

treatment of, 129 

splenic, 296 

treatment of, 298 
Appetite depraved, 250 

loss of, 249 
Asthma, 227 

treatment of, 228 

Bandages (for wounds), 428 
Bees, stings of, 470 
Bishoping, 38 
Black quarter, 299 

treatment of, 300 
Blackwater, 330 

treatment of, 331 
Bladder, inflammation of (cystitis), 326 

treatment of, 327 
Blain, 163 

treatment of, 164 
in dogs, 165 

treatment of, 166 
Blear eyes, 141 
Bleeding from the lungs, 224, 476 

treatment of, 225 
Blennophthalmia, 141 
Blood, discharge of from womb after 

delivery, 343 
Boar, the, qualities of, 101 
Bog spavin, 386 
Bone spavin, 378 

treatment of, 383 
Bones and periosteum, diseases of, 456 
treatment of, 457 



Bots in horses, 267 
Bowels, inflammation of, 254 
treatment of, 255 
mcussion of, 130 
treatment of, 130 
inflammation of, 128 
fever, frenzy, 128 

treatment of, 129 
insects in, in cows, 136 
water on, 133 
hydatids of, 134 

treatment of, 135 
Braxy in sheep, 297 

treatment 
Broken down, 403 

treatment of, 411 
knee, 393 
Bursal enlargements, 384 
treatment of, 390 



Calculi, 336 

treatment of, 337 
Calves, earliest treatment of, 64 

weaning of, 65 
Canker (in the mouth), 167 

treatment of, 169 
Carbuncular diseases, 295 
diseases in pigs, 301 
treatment of, 301 
Carriage horse, rules for choice of, 23 
Cartilages ossified, 382 

treatment of, 383 
Castration and spaying, 352 
of pigs, 357 
of colts, 353 
of calves, 354 
of tup-lambs, 355 
constitutional treatment of, 355 
Catarrh, epidemic (see Horse), 182 
of nose, 152 

treatment of, 154 
amongst sheep, 185 
treatment of, 187 
Cattle disease of Texas, 180 
treatment of, 181 
plague of Great Britain, 178 

treatment of, 179 
teeth and horns of, 70 
hides and glutens of, 70 

( 653 ) 



654 



INDEX. 



Cellulitis, 447 

treatment of, 448 
Choking, 471 

treatment of, 472 
Chorea (St. Vitus's dance), 235 

treatment of, 236 
Cicatrix (of wounds), 426 
Clipping of horses, 56 
Colic, gripes, 252 

treatment of, 253 
Concretions, 268 

treatment of, 269 
Constipation, 270 

treatment of, 271 
Consumption, 464 
Contraction, 371 

Contused wounds, treatment of, 430 
Corns, 372 
Coryza, 152 

treatment of, 154 
Cough in general, 208 

classification of, 209 

from dentition, 210 

pharyngeal, 211 

laryngeal, 212 

tracheal, 213 

bronchial, 214 

pulmonary, 215 

broken- winded, 216 

consumptive, 217 

chronic, 218 

remedies for, 219 

chronic, of sheep, 201 
horses, 202 
Cow-pox, 293 

treatment of, 294 
Curb, 402 

treatment of, 411 
Cuts, 412 

Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), 
326 

treatment of, 329 
Cysts, 455 

Delivery, mechanical means for, 63 
Diabetes insipidus, 332 

treatment of, 333 
mellitus, 332 

treatment of, 333 
Diaphragm, spasm of, 466 
treatment of, 467 
Diarrhoea, 258 

treatment of, 259 
Diet of animals during treatment, 11 
Diseases of poultry, 119 
Distemper of dogs, 188 

treatment of, 189 
Diuresis, profuse staling, 332 

treatment of, 333 
Dog, qualifications, varieties, rearing, 
&c., 85 
intelligence, superior organism, and 

adaptation by training, 86 
physical construction of, 87 



Dog, the teeth of, 88 

breeding, rearing, feeding, &c, of, 

89 
parturition of, 90 
Dogs, distemper of, 188 

treatment of, 189 
Dose of medicine, 15 
repetition of, 16 
Draught horse, rules for choice of, 24 
Dropping after calving, 284 
treatment of, 285 
cases of, 286 
Dropsy of the chest, 229 
treatment of, 231 
of the belly, 230 

treatment of, 231 
of the heart, 469 
Ducks and geese, varieties of, 110 
food of, 111 
breeding, 112 
Dust and hair balls, 268 

treatment of, 269 
Dysentery, 260 

treatment of, 261 
Dysuria, 335 

treatment of, 337 

Eczema, or non-parasitic mange, 311 

treatment of, 412 
Effects, constitutional (of wounds), 427 
Emaciation, 460 
Epilepsy, 236 

treatment of, 238 
Erysipelas, St. Anthony's fire, 321 

treatment of, 322 
Examination of animals for detection of 

disease, 5 
Exercise of horse, 47 
Eyes and eyelids, diseases of, 137 
Eyelids, warts and excrescences on, 147 

thickening of, 148 

ulceration of margins of, 149 

inflammation, simple irritative, of, 
138 
treatment of, 140 
Eyes, specks on the lens of, 142 

opacities of the cornea, 142 

cataract, 143 

blindness, how prevented, 144 

amaurosis, 145 

glass eye (gutta serena), 146 

polypus, excrescences on, 151 

chronic catarrh of, 141 

Fang-hole, or secondary mark, 39 
Farcy, 157 

treatment of, 158 
Feeding of the horse, 48 

food green or fresh, 50 

dry, 51 

rack feeding, 52 
Feet, inflammation of, 360 . 
treatment of, 361 

pumiced, 373 



INDEX. 



655 



Feet, and shoeing, general treatment of,54 
Fever, brain, 128 

treatment of, 129 
simple, irritative, 278 
treatment of, 280 
inflammatory, 279 

treatment of, 280 
typhoid, 281 

treatment of (cases), 282 
typhus, 283 

treatment of, 283 
milk, 284 

treatment of, 285 
puerperal, 284 
Filiaria, worm in the eye, 150 
Fits, 237 

treatment of, 238 
Fleas, 304 
Foaling, 26 

Food, green or fresh, for ox and cow, 67 
t-founder o 
sheep, 363 

treatment of, 364 
Foot, puncture of, 375 
Foot-rot of sheep, 365 

treatment of, 366 
Foot, wound of, puncture of, 375 

inflammation of from lesion, 376 
Foreskin, inflammation of, 481 
Founder, foot, acute, 360 
treatment of, 361 
in foot of cattle, 362 
sheep, 363 

treatment of, 364 
Fractures of the different bones, 458 

treatment of, 459 
Frenzy of brain, 128 

treatment of, 129 

Garget, 349 

treatment of, 350 
Gastritis, 247 

treatment of, 248 
Giddiness, 123 

treatment of, 129 
Glanders, 156 

treatment of, 158 
Gleet, nasal, 153 

treatment of, 154 
Gloss-anthrax, 163 

treatment of, 164 
Goat, valuable points of, 54 
Granulation, excessive (of wounds), 422 
Grease, 391 
Grooming, 46 
Gunshot wounds, 432 

Hematuria, 330 

treatment of, 331 
Haemoptysis, 476 
Haemorrhoids, 477 

Head affections, various names of, 120 
Heart, enlargement of, 468 

dilatation of, 468 



Heart, dropsy of, 469 

palpitation of, 465 
Hemorrhage, stoppage of, 419 
Hock, capped, 406 

treatment cf, 411 

conformation of (plates), 377 
Hoose, 182 

treatment of, 187 
Hoove (hooven), 243 

treatment of, 244 
Horse, accessory treatment and manage- 
ment of, 48 
Horse Distemper of 1872, 176 

treatment of, 177 
Horses, age of, as indicated by teeth, 30 

breeding of, 25 

breaking in, 28 

teeth of, as an index of age, 29 

carriage, rules for choice of, 23 

draught, rules for choice of, 24 

saddle, rules for choice of, 21 
caution in using, 22 

chronic cough of, 202 

rearing and weaning of, 27 

varieties of, 17 
Houses for cows and oxen, 68 
Hunter, rules for choice of, 18 

and racer, training of, 19 

precaution in using, 20 
Hydatids of the brain, 134 

treatment of, 135 

Incised wounds, treatment of, 428 
Incisors, distinction of temporary and 
permanent, 34 
temporary or milk, 35 
Indigestion, 245 

treatment of, 246 
Inflammation in general, 277, 280 
of the bladder, 326, 329 

bowels, 254, 255, 256, 260 
brain, 128, 129 
bronchial tubes, 191, 200 
eyes, 138, 140 
feet, 360, 361, 37 
foreskin, 481 
kidneys, 323, 324 
liver, 274, 276 

lungs of cattle, 197, 200, 221, 
222 
dogs" 199, 200 
horses, 196, 200, 220, 222 
pigs, 198, 200 
sheep, 200 
membrane, lining of wind- 
pipe, 190, 200 
mouth, 170, 171 
neck of bladder, 327, 329 
spleen, 275, 276 
tongue, 170, 171 
womb, 346 
Influenza among horses, 184 

treatment of, 189 
Insanity in animals, 121 



J 



656 



INDEX. 



Insanity in animals, treatment of, 122 
Insects, stings of, 413 

Jaundice, or yellows in cattle, 274 

treatment of, 276 
Joint, open, 394 

Kidneys, inflammation of, 323 

treatment of, 324 
Knee, broken, 393 

Labor, injuries occasioned in, 395 
Lacerated wounds, 412 

treatment of, 429 
Lambs, early treatment of, 77 

weaning of, 78 
Laminitis, acute, 360 

treatment of, 361 
Lameness, detection of, 395 

groggy, navicular disease, 367 
treatment of, 368 
Lampas, 454 
Legs, swelling, 391 

oedematous swelling of, 463 
Leprosy, 305 

treatment of, 305 
Leucorrhoea, discharge from vagina, 479 

treatment of, 480 
Lice on oxen, cows, &c, 302 

treatment of, 303 
Liver, inflammation of in cattle, 274 

treatment of, 276 
Lockjaw, 239 

treatment of, 240 
Lungs, acute inflammation of, amongst 

horses, 196-200 

cattle, 197-200 

dogs, 199-200 

pigs, 198-200 

bleeding from, 224, 476 
treatment of, 225 

congestion of, 226 

abscess in, 475 
Lymphatitis, 445 

treatment of, 446 

Mallenders, 391 
Mange in cats, 309 

treatment of, 310 
in dogs, 308 

treatment of, 310 
in horses and cattle, 306 

treatment of, 310 
in pigs, 309 

treatment of, 310 
non-parasitic (eczema), 311 

treatment of, 312 
in sheep, 307 

treatment of, 310 
Marasmus, 461 
Measles, 289 

treatment of, 290 
Medicinal treatment of wounds, 433 
Medicines, dose of 7 15 



Medicines, the form of, 13 
Megrims, 131 

treatment of, 132 
Mercurial poisoning (salivation), 174 

treatment of, 175 
Mouth and tongue, inflammation of in 
horses, 170 
treatment of, 171 
Mumps, 449 

treatment of, 450 
Murrain, 183 
treatmeni 
Myalgia, 416 

treatment of, 417 

Nasal discharge in pigs, 186 
Navicular disease, 367 

treatment of, 368 
Neck of the bladder, inflammation of, 327 

treatment of, 329 
Nephritis, inflammation of kidneys, 323 

treatment of, 324 
Nose, catarrh of, common cold, coryza, 
152 
treatment of, 154 
collections of pus in, 155 

Open joint, 394 

Ophthalmia, specific, periodical, catar- 
rhal, 139 
treatment of, 140 
purulent, 141 
Ox and cow, varieties of, 57 

teeth and horns of, 69 
breeding and rearing of, 58 
feeding of, 66 
pregnancy of, 59 
abortion of, 60 

premonitory signs of, 61 

Palpitation of the heart, 465 
Palsy, 240 

treatment of, 242 
Paralysis, 240 

treatment of, 242 
Paraplegia, 240 

treatment of, 242 
Parasites, vegetable (ringworm), 313 

treatment of, 313 
Paroxysms, puerperal, 348 
Parturition, 62 

means for assisting, 63 

difl&cult, 340 

treatment of, 341 
Patella, luxation of, 392 
Pericarditis, 469 
Periosteum and bones, diseases of, 456 

treatment of, 457 
Peritonitis, 256 

treatment of, 257 
Pigeons and doves, 114 

various breeds of, 115 

habits of, 116 

breeding, rearing, &c, lit 



INDEX. 



657 



Pigeons and doves, feeding of, 118 
Phthisis pulmonalis, 464 
Pig, general remarks on, 94 

various breeds of, 95 

physical construction of, 96 

teeth of, 97 

sties, litter, feeding, &c, of, 98, 99, 
100 
Pigs, young, breeding, rearing, &c, 101 

weaning of, 105 
Piles, 477 

Plan, general, of the work, 3 
Pleurisy, 192 

treatment of, 200 

amongst dogs, 193-200 
horses, 194-200 
ox and cow, 195-200 
Pleuro- pneumonia in horses, 220 
in cattle, 221 

treatment of, 222 
Poisoned wounds, treatment of, 432 
Poll evil, 159 

treatment of, 160 
Polypus, excrescences on eyes, 151 
Potency of medicines, 14 
Poultry, varieties of, 106-107 

breeding, rearing, &c, of, 108 

feeding of, 109 

diseases of, 119 
Pregnancy and parturition of sow, 104 
Preventive ti 
Prurigo, 319 

treatment of, 319 
Pulse, method of ascertaining, 6 

of the dog, 10 

horse, the ass, the mule, 7 
ox and cow, 8 
sheep and goat, 9 
Punctured wounds, treatment of, 431 
Puppies, rearing of, 91 

training of, 92 

feeding, &c, of, 93 
Purpura hemorrhagica, 478 
Pus in nose, 155 
Putrid sore throat, 452 

treatment of, 453 

Quittor, 375-474 

Pvabies, 232-233 

treatment of, 233 
Ranula, 473 
Red water, 330 

treatment of, 331 
Remarks, preliminary, 2 
Remedy, selection of, 12 
Rest (for wounds), 424 
Rheumatism, 414 

treatment of, 415 
Rinderpest, American, 180 
treatment of, 181 

(cattle plague of Great Britain), 178 
treatment of, 179 
Ringbone, 381 



Ringbone, treatment of, 383 
Ringworm (vegetable parasites), 313 

treatment of, 313 
Roaring, 205 
Rot in sheep (liver), 272 

treatment of, 273 

foot, in sheep, 365 
treatment of, 366 

Saddle-galls, 316 

treatment of, 316 
Salivation (mercurial poisoning), 174 

treatment of, 175 
Sallenders, 391 
Sandcrack, 374 
Scab in sheep, 307 

treatment of, 310 
Scarlatina, 287 

treatment of, 288 
Sexual instinct, increase of, 358 

decrease of, 359 
Sheep, general remarks on, 72 

various breeds of, 73 

wool of, 74 

breeding, rearing, shearing, &c. ,of,75 

parturition of, 76 

milk of (ewes), 80 

catarrh amongst, 185 

chronic cough of, 201 

teeth of, as indications of age, 82 

shearing of, 83 
Sheepskin, uses of, 81 
Shins, sore, 380 

treatment of, 383 
Shoeing of horses, 55 
Side-bones, 382 

treatment of, 383 
Sinus, 439 
Sitfasts, 318 

treatment of, 318 
Slinking, 338 

treatment of, 339 
Sloughing (of wounds), 423 
Small-pox, 291 

treatment of, 292 
Sniffling in pigs, 186 

treatment of, 187 
Sore throat, angina, 451 
treatment of, 453 

malignant or putrid, 452 
treatment of, 453 
Sow, the, qualities of, 103 

pregnancy and parturition of, 101 
"Spanish fever," 180 
Spasm of the diaphragm, 466 

treatment of, 467 
Spavin, bog, 386 

bone spavin, 378 

treatment of, 883 
Spaying of ewe lambs, 356 
Spleen, inflammation of, 275 

treatment of, "276 
Splenic apoplexy, 296 

treatment of, 298 



42 



658 



INDEX. 



Splint (plate), 379 

treatment of, 383 
Sprains, 396 

of the neck, 397 
back, 398 
shoulder, 399 
hip, 400 
stifle, 401 
back tendons, 403 
hock, 405 
ligaments of the femur, 407 

patella, 408 
fetlock joint, 409 
loins, 410 
treatment of, 411 
Stable, temperature of, 44 

litter of, 45 
Staggers, mad, treatment of, 129 
stomach, sleepy, 126 
treatment of, 129 
Staling, profuse, 332 

treatment of, 333 
Stings of insects, 413 

bees, 470 
Strangles, 168 

treatment of, 169 
Stringhalt, 234, 235 

treatment of, 235 
Sunstroke in horses, 125 

treatment of, 129 
Surfeit (urticaria), 314 

treatment of, 315 
Sutures (for wounds), 425 
Synovial membranes, 385 4 
Swelling of the legs, cedematous, 463 

Teats, soreness of, 351 
Teeth, permanent, development of, 36 
of the "mock," of, 37 
changes of, indicating age, 40 
tusks, the, 41 

collateral circumstances of, 42 
of horses, index of age, 29 
structural alterations in, 31 
back molars or grinders, 32 
anterior, or incisors, 33 
and horns of cattle, 69 
Tetanus, 239 
Texas cattle disease, 180 

treatment of, 181 
Thorough-pin, 387 
Thrush in feet of horses, 369 

treatment of, 370 
Ticks on sheep, 303 

treatment of, 303 
Tongue, inflammation of in horses, 170 
treatment of, 171 
protrusion of in horses, oxen, and 
dogs, 172 
Treatment, medicinal, of wounds, 433 



Trismus, 239 

treatment of, 240 
Turkeys, rearing of, 113 
Tympanitis, 243 

treatment of, 244 

Ulcers and sloughing, 441 
varieties of, 442 
general treatment of, 443 
Urinating, difficulty of, 335 

treatment of, 337 
Urine, bloody, 330 

treatment of, 331 
scanty, 334 

treatment of, 337 

Vagina, discharge from, 479 

treatment of, 480 
Vertigo, 131 

treatment of, 132 

Warbles, 317 

treatment of, 317 
Warts, 320 

treatment of, 320 
Weed or lymphatitis, 445 
treatment of, 446 
Wheezing, 206 
Whistling, 207 
Wind, broken, 204 

thick, 203 
Windgalls, 388 
Windpipe, inflammation of, 190 

treatment of, 200 
Withers, fistulous, 161 

treatment of, 161 
Womb, blood from after delivery, 343 

inflammation of, 346 

inversion of, 344 
Worm in the eye, 150 
Worms, in horses, cattle, 265 

treatment of, 266 
Wounds, dressing for, 420 

indolent, 421 

of the flesh, 418 

granulation excessive of, 422 

sloughing of, 423 

rest for, 424 

sutures for, 425 

bandages for, 425 

constitutional effects of, 427 

cicatrix of, 426 

incised, treatment of, 428 

lacerated, treatment of, 429 

contused, treatment of, 430 

punctured, treatment of, 431 

poisoned, 432 

gunshot, 432 

medicinal treatment of, 433 




FIGURE OF A HORSE, 

Showing the External Diseases. 

1) Dental Fistula; 2) Salivary Fistula ; 3) Mumps, Parotitis ; 4) Swelling of the Keck • T> 

Veinous Fistula ; 6) Fungus caused by pressure of the harness ; 7j Fistulous withers 8) Infill 

caused by pressure of the saddle ; 9) Rat's-tail ; 10) Fungus on the knee ; 11) Crown-scab ■ 1* 19? 

Contraction of the Hoof; 13) Tumor at the point of the Elbow; 14, 14) Curb • 15^1 MalanHrS 

16 „ Ex °o S n t0 ?n S 5 ^ 7 ' 23 ' It ' BurSal E ^rgements I 18) Timber toe ; 19 Injury from pr^sml of tl e' 

1 29 ; ) Inaviu Wfi fc Tl^W^ ? 0< * ; 25 i R »e ; 26, 33, 34) CrackedToof ffi ffi 
its, 29) Spavin ; 30, 31) Cracked Heel, Grease ; 32) Coronal Fistula. ' 



LIST OF WOEKS 

ON 

HOMGEOPATHIC VETERINARY PRACTICE 

IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



A MANUAL OF HOMOEOPATHIC VETERINARY PRACTICE : designed 
for Horses, all kinds of Domestic Animals and Fowls ; prescribing their proper 
treatment when injured or diseased, and their particular care and general man- 
agement in health. Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, 1873. 

This is the latest, fullest, and best book on the subject in Homoeopathic 
literature. 

NEW MANUAL OF HOMCEOPATHIC VETERINARY MEDICINE; or, 

the Homoeopathic Treatment of the Horse, the Ox, the Sheep, the Dog, and 
other Domestic Animals. By F. A. Gunther. Translated from the first 
German edition, with considerable additions. From the London edition. Bos- 
ton : 1871. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, pp. 368. Price, $1.50. 

NEW MANUAL OF HOM(EOPATHIC VETERINARY MEDICINE. An 

easy and comprehensive arrangement of Diseases, adapted to the use of every 
owner of domestic animals, and. especially designed for the Farmer living out 
of the reach of medical advice, and showing him the way of treating his sick 
Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, and Dogs, in the most simple, expeditious, and 
cheap manner. By J. S. Schafer. Translated from the German, with nu- 
merous additions from other veterinary manuals, by Charles J. Hempel, M.D. 
New York: 1S73. Boericke & Tafel. 1 vol , 8vo, cloth, pp 321. Price, $2. 

THE HANDY-BOOK OF VETERINARY HOM(EOPATHY : or, the Homoeo- 
pathic Treatment of the Horse, the Ox, the Sheep, the Dog, and the Swine. 
By John Rush, Veterinary Surgeon. From the London edition, with numer- 
ous additions by Jacob F. Sheek, M.D. New York : 1872. Boericke & Tafel. 
1 vol., 18mo. , cloth, pp. 144. Price, 50 cents. 

VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY ; comprising rules for the general treatment 
of all Domestic Animals; namely, the Horse, Cow, Ass, Mule, Sheep, Goat, 
Dog, Pig, Fowls, Ducks, Geese, Turkey, Pigeons, Rabbits, &c, with regula- 
tions for the Homoeopathic treatment of diseases incidental to them, and a brief 
inquiry into the Distinctive Indications of Age and Soundness. London. 
James Leath : 1851. 1 vol., 18mo, cloth, pp. 474. Price, $4. 

OUTLINES OF VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHY: comprising Horse, Cow, 
Dog, Sheep, and Hog Diseases, and their Homoeopathic treatment. By James 
Moore, M.R.C.V.S. Sixth edition. London: Henrv Turner & Co". 1871. 
1 vol., 18mo, cloth, pp. 295. Price, $2.50. 

THE TEXT-BOOK OF VETERINARY HOMCEOPATHIC PRACTICE; con- 
taining a Description of the Diseases of the Horse, Dog, Ox, Cow, Sheep, and 
Pig ; with the most approved treatment. Also, a Summary of Symptoms, 
from the Mat. Med. Pura. Third edition. By Harry Gooday; edited and 
revised, with notes and additions, by Henry James Surman. London: 
Leath & Ross. 1 vol., 8vo, cloth, pp "l92. Price, $1.75. 



Those wishing thoroughly to study HOMCEOPATHIC VETERINARY PRAC- 
TICE will do well to lay in all of the above works, since each has certain distinc- 
tive features of its own, which well repay the outlay. 

Books will be sent free by mail by remitting published price to the undersigned. 

All medicines called for in these works may also be procured at 

BOERICKE & TAFEL'S 

Homoeopathic Pharmacies at 
NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, and SAN FRANCISCO. 

(. 1 \ 



HOMCEOPATHIC WORKS, 

SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR DOMESTIC USE. 



THE HOMCEOPATHIC DOMESTIC MEDICINE, by Joseph Laurie, M D. 

Edited and revised, with numerous important additions, and the introduction 

of the new remedies, and a repertory by Robert J. McClatchey, M.D. 

Third American edition. New York: Boericke & Tafel, 1873. 1 vol., hall" 

morocco, 8vo, pp. 1034. Price, $5. 
Of Laurie's work over 21,000 copies were sold in England, and of this improved 
American edition, the third edition has been issued within two years. It is, with- 
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especially adapted to those having already some knowledge of the Homoeopathic 
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MANUAL OP HOMCEOPATHIC PRACTICE, for the use of families and pri- 
vate individuals, by A. E Small, A M.,M. D., &c, &c. Fourteenth edition. 
New York: Boericke & Tafel, 1871. 1 vol., half morocco, 8vo., pp. 851. 
Price, $3. 
This work is especially adapted for those having never used Homoeopathic medi- 
cines before, as its explanations and directions are peculiarl} r plain and oasily under- 
stood. 

THE STEPPING-STONE TO HOMOEOPATHY AND HEALTH. Second 
American from the seventh London edition, by E. H. Ruddock, M.D., &c, &c. , 
with alterations and additions, adapting it to the climate, diseases, and customs 
of Americans, by the American editor. Chicago: Halsey Brothers. 1 vol., 
cloth, 12mo, pp. 259. Price, $1.25. 
This work is the best of the smaller works on Domestic Practice in print, and has 

a very large circulation; the directions are short, concise, and plain, and the low 

price brings it within reach of all. 

THE TEXT- BOOK FOR DOMESTIC PRACTICE. Being plain and concise 

directions for the administration of Homoeopathic medicines in simple ailments. 

By Samuel Morgan, M.D , physician to the Bath Homoeopathic Hospital. 

New York: Boericke & Tafel. 1 vol., 21mo, cloth, pp. 191. Price, 60 cent-. 

This little work is specially adapted for travellers' use ; its small size also suiting 

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HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINE CASES, with accompanying works, are found 
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The above works will be found at all Homoeopathic Pharmacies, and will be sent 
free of charge by the undersigned on receipt of published price. 

All medicines called for in these works may also be obtained, pure and reliable, of 

BOERICKE & TAFEL'S 

Homoeopathic Pharmacies in New York, Philadelphia, 

Baltimore, and San Francisco. 

Complete catalogues of our publications, comprising over one hundred and 
twenty different works, besides numerous pamphlets, will be sent free on applica- 
tion. Address 

BOERICKE & TAFEL, 

145 Grand Street, New York. 

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